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Journal articles on the topic 'Cutaneous Horns'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Lalehparvar, Sanaz, Ayesha Mohiuddin, and Irene Labib. "Successful Excision of Cutaneous Horns in the Foot and Application of a Full-Thickness Pinch Skin Graft for Primary Closure." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 107, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-155.

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Cutaneous horns (cornu cutaneum) are chronic, dense, hyperkeratotic cutaneous lesions resembling the horn of an animal. These lesions are associated with a variety of benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous diseases. Cutaneous horns are often found on the upper parts of the body, such as the face, neck, and shoulders. These lesions rarely occur in areas with no sun exposure, such as the feet. We present the case of a 51-year-old man with two cutaneous horns on the lateral aspect of the third digit of the left foot. Treatment consisted of excision of the lesions and application of a full-thickness skin graft from the ipsilateral sinus tarsi.

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2

Namdeo, Ratnakar, Raghav Garg, Sajith K. Mohan, and Kashinath Singh. "A giant cutaneous horn of oral commissure: a case report." International Surgery Journal 8, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 2225. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20212743.

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Cutaneous horn is a conical, circumscribed, dense hyperkeratotic protrusion from skin with epithelial cornification. It is also known by the Latin name ‘Cornu cutaneum’. This rare medical entity resembles animal horn but histological disparity is present between both. They are more commonly present in sun exposed sites or areas that are prone for actinic radiation, burns and hence frequently seen in forearm and upper part of face. Only few cases have been reported with cutaneous horns in unusual sites. Cutaneous horns occurring in oral cavity or perioral regions are extremely rare. The significance of knowing about this dead keratinous cutaneous horn is that it may occur as a part of or in association with a wide range of underlying pathologies, either malignant, premalignant or benign. Majority are due to benign pathologies. We report an unusual presentation of cutaneous horn in left oral commissure of a 45-year-old gentleman which is an extremely rare perioral location for such an ailment.

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3

Kumar, Sunil, Priyank Bijalwan, and Sunil K. Saini. "Carcinoma Buccal Mucosa Underlying a Giant Cutaneous Horn: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Oncological Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/518372.

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Cutaneous horn is a conical, dense, and hyperkeratotic protrusion that often appears similar to the horn of an animal. Giant cutaneous horns are rare; no incidence or prevalence has been reported. The significance of cutaneous horns is that they occur in association with, or as a response to, a wide variety of underlying benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous diseases. A case of giant cutaneous horn of left oral commissure along with carcinoma left buccal mucosa is reported here as an extremely rare oral/perioral pathology.

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4

Chatterjee, Gobinda, and Atul Jain. "Giant cutaneous horns." Indian Journal of Medical Research 144, no. 2 (2016): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.195059.

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5

Görgü, Metin, Gürcan Asian, Meltem Ayhan, and Bülent Erdoğan. "Gaint Cutaneous Horns." Annals of Plastic Surgery 43, no. 6 (December 1999): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-199912000-00020.

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6

Ramji, Ashwath Narayan. "Cutaneous horn in a sun-protected site harbouring unusual malignancy." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 4 (March 26, 2019): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20191291.

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Cutaneous horns are conical, circumscribed projections formed by desquamation and layering of keratin. Although they can appear on the skin anywhere on the body, they are most commonly seen on the sun-exposed surfaces, and are often associated with solar keratosis. Cutaneous horns are most often benign, however they are a potential site of malignancy and may harbor premalignant or malignant lesions, the most common being squamous cell carcinoma, the causal relationship being straightforward and both squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous horns can be equated with the common epithelial maker keratin. Other histological types of malignancies are not usually noted in conjunction with cutaneous horns. Here we describe a patient with a cutaneous horn over the volar aspect of the right forearm, a sun-protected site, harboring basal cell carcinoma, an infrequent finding.

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7

Shoeb, Mohammad Fazelul Rahman, and Sanna Adappa. "Unique Presentation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma as Giant Cutaneous Horn." International Surgery 103, no. 9-10 (September 1, 2019): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00313.1.

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Cutaneous horn is a conical, dense, and hyperkeratotic protrusion that often appears similar to the horn of an animal. Giant cutaneous horns are rare; no incidence or prevalence has been reported. The significance of cutaneous horns is that they occur in association with, or as a response to, a wide variety of underlying benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous diseases. Herein we report a unique case of a 60-year-old male with a giant cutaneous horn (size: 10 cm × 2 cm) projecting from the left angle of mouth, which is extremely rare. Wide local excision of the growth was done. Histopathologic examination showed verrucous carcinoma with negative margin. There is no recurrence after follow-up of 2 years.

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8

Shahi, Sudha, Tika Ram Bhandari, and Tridip Pantha. "Verrucous Carcinoma in a Giant Cutaneous Horn: A Case Report and Literature Review." Case Reports in Otolaryngology 2020 (January 31, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7134789.

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Background. A cutaneous horn is a common clinical entity which usually presents as a cutaneous lesion. Because of its subtle nature, patients usually tend to present late unless the lesion is big or complications develop. Because of its resemblance to animal horn, it has been given the term “horn.” Cutaneous horn seems to have a remarkable history. Though cutaneous horn is benign most of the times, chances of malignancy (20–25%) should be kept in mind. Old age, giant cutaneous horn carries more chances of transformation into malignancy like in our case. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment is required in all cases. Case Presentation. We report a case of a 74-year-old farmer with a cutaneous projection measuring ∼8 × 5 × 3 cm3 over the medial surface of the right pinna for 1 year. It started as a small projection which was progressively enlarging. The primary reason behind him presenting to us was cosmetic reason since it resembled an animal horn. The projection was not associated with pain or similar lesions anywhere else in body. Understanding the malignancy risks and the cosmetic benefits, he was planned for excision biopsy of the horn. He had no systemic signs of malignancy. Histopathological reports were consistent with malignancy. Conclusions. Cutaneous horns are usually benign lesions and mostly found in the head and neck region. Because of the chances of malignancy, cutaneous horns should undergo surgical removal and biopsy for early and definitive diagnosis and management.

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9

Sehgal, Virendra N., Devinder M. Thappa, and Sanjiv Jain. "Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Cutaneous Horns." International Journal of Dermatology 31, no. 5 (May 1992): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03967.x.

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10

Oludiran, OlugbengaO, and VictorJ Ekanem. "Cutaneous horns in an African population." Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 4, no. 3 (2011): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.91253.

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11

Thappa, DevinderMohan, and AmiyaKumar Nath. "Crab-like appearance of cutaneous horns." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 75, no. 3 (2009): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.51260.

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12

Singh, Onkar, Vipin Venugopal Nair, Priya Ranjan, Sunil Gaba, and Kamlesh Kumar Singh. "Cutaneous Horns: enigma – Remembering Lady Dimanche." Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery 37, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljs.v37i4.8639.

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13

Michal, Michal, Michele Bisceglia, Antonio Di Mattia, Luis Requena, Julie C. Fanburg-Smith, Petr Mukensnabl, Ondrej Hes, and Frantisek Cada. "Gigantic Cutaneous Horns of the Scalp." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 26, no. 6 (June 2002): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200206000-00014.

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14

Yu, R. C. H., D. W. Pryce, A. W. MacFarlane, and T. W. Stewart. "A histopathological study of 643 cutaneous horns." British Journal of Dermatology 123, s37 (July 1990): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb04455.x.

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15

YU, R. C. H., D. W. PRYCE, A. W. MACFARLANE, and T. W. STEWART. "A histopathological study of 643 cutaneous horns." British Journal of Dermatology 124, no. 5 (May 1991): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00624.x.

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16

Bondeson, Jan. "Everard Home, John Hunter, and Cutaneous Horns." American Journal of Dermatopathology 23, no. 4 (August 2001): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000372-200108000-00014.

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17

Sharma, V. K., A. Achar, M. Ramam, and M. K. Singh. "Multiple cutaneous horns overlying lichen planus hypertrophicus." British Journal of Dermatology 144, no. 2 (February 2001): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04045.x.

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18

Moscona, Rony, and R. C. Yu. "A histopathological study of 643 cutaneous horns." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 91, no. 7 (June 1993): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199306000-00073.

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19

Maarouf, M., A. Hendricks, K. S. Culpepper, and V. Y. Shi. "Multiple eruptive cutaneous horns on the scalp." Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 44, no. 8 (January 2, 2019): 906–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ced.13866.

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20

Kumar, Piyush, Joyeeta Chowdhury, and RameshChandra Gharami. "Multiple cutaneous horns due to discoid lupus erythematosus." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 80, no. 5 (2014): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.140315.

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21

Koerber, H. R., and P. B. Brown. "Quantitative analysis of dorsal horn cell receptive fields following limited deafferentation." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 2065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.5.2065.

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1. To test the hypothesis that subtotal deafferentation of dorsal horn cells can stimulate plastic changes in their receptive fields (RFs), diffuse deafferentation of the cat hindlimb dorsal horn was produced by transection of L7 or L6 and L7 dorsal roots. The following single-unit cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptor RF properties were compared between operated and control dorsal horns: 1) distance of RF center from tips of toes, 2) RF length-width ratio; and 3) RF area. 2. In both L7 and L6-L7 rhizotomized animals there was an increased incidence of silent electrode tracks in the most deafferented portion of the hindlimb map (the foot and toe representation). In the rhizotomized L6-L7 animals, there was also an increased incidence of symmetrically placed tracks in deafferented and control dorsal horns, in which cell RFs had no mirror-symmetrical components. In addition, cells in the lateral half of the L6 and L7 dorsal horns exhibited a proximal shift in the location of their RFs. In the rhizotomized L7 animals there was a distal shift of RFs in the L5 segment at long survival times. RFs had lower length-width ratios in L5 and L6 at short survival times and in L6 at long survival times. 3. In intact preparations, dorsal horn cells normally respond to inputs via single or small numbers of low-threshold cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Because these rhizotomies do not remove all inputs from any given area of skin, the deafferentations would produce only patchy loss of input from individual receptors. Therefore observed changes cannot be accounted for entirely by loss of afferent input, suggesting that some reorganization of dorsal horn cell RFs occurred. We conclude that the threshold stimulus for plastic change is less than total deafferentation of dorsal horn cells. At least some of the mechanisms underlying these changes may be active in normal animals in the maintenance of the somatotopic map or in conditioning.

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22

Lowe, Franklin C., and Andrew R. McCullough. "Cutaneous horns of the penis: An approach to management." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 13, no. 2 (August 1985): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(85)70177-6.

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23

Dincy Peter, CV, and Anne Jennifer. "Multiple giant cutaneous horns in a renal transplant recipient." Indian Journal of Dermatology 61, no. 1 (2016): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.174156.

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24

Peirs, Cedric, Radhouane Dallel, and Andrew J. Todd. "Recent advances in our understanding of the organization of dorsal horn neuron populations and their contribution to cutaneous mechanical allodynia." Journal of Neural Transmission 127, no. 4 (April 2020): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02159-1.

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Abstract The dorsal horns of the spinal cord and the trigeminal nuclei in the brainstem contain neuron populations that are critical to process sensory information. Neurons in these areas are highly heterogeneous in their morphology, molecular phenotype and intrinsic properties, making it difficult to identify functionally distinct cell populations, and to determine how these are engaged in pathophysiological conditions. There is a growing consensus concerning the classification of neuron populations, based on transcriptomic and transductomic analyses of the dorsal horn. These approaches have led to the discovery of several molecularly defined cell types that have been implicated in cutaneous mechanical allodynia, a highly prevalent and difficult-to-treat symptom of chronic pain, in which touch becomes painful. The main objective of this review is to provide a contemporary view of dorsal horn neuronal populations, and describe recent advances in our understanding of on how they participate in cutaneous mechanical allodynia.

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25

Sundberg, J. P., M. K. O'Banion, A. Shima, C. Knupp, and M. E. Reichmann. "Papillomas and Carcinomas Associated with a Papillomavirus in European Harvest Mice (Micromys minutus)." Veterinary Pathology 25, no. 5 (September 1988): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500504.

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Papillomaviruses, group-specific papillomavirus antigens, or extrachromosomal papillomavirus DNA were detected in cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and pulmonary tumors affecting a colony of European harvest mice (Micromys minutus). Skin lesions were classified as acanthomatous hyperplasia, epidermal inclusion cysts. squamous papillomas, inverted papillomas, trichoepitheliomas, and sebaceous carcinomas. Cutaneous horns (hyperkeratotic papillomas) were on mucocutaneous junctions of one animal. One mouse, with a cutaneous sebaceous carcinoma, had multiple pulmonary keratinaceous cysts. Papillomavirus antigens, detected by the avidin-biotin technique, were in 20 of 31 lesions tested. In contrast, by Southern blot hybridization all 28 lesions tested contained papillomavirus DNA. Papillomavirus DNA was demonstrated in two often benign cutaneous lesions by in situ hybridization.

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26

Herrero, J. F., and P. M. Headley. "Cutaneous responsiveness of lumbar spinal neurons in awake and halothane-anesthetized sheep." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 1549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.4.1549.

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1. To compare the responsiveness of lumbar spinal neurons to peripheral sensory stimuli under normal physiological conditions and under halothane anesthesia, we performed a study in sheep that were prepared chronically. This permitted recordings to be made in the same animals either when they were awake and free from recent surgery, drugs, and training and only partially restrained or when they were anesthetized with halothane. 2. We recorded 261 units in dorsal and ventral horns under conscious conditions. Of these, 19% had no detectable receptive field (RF) and 44% had responses dominated by proprioceptive inputs; these units were not investigated in detail. The remaining 96 neurons (37%) had clearly defined cutaneous RFs. Of these, most (72%) had wide-dynamic-range (WDR; convergent, multireceptive) properties, 19% were low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTMR), and 9% were high-threshold mechanoreceptive (HTMR). These units with cutaneous RFs were investigated in greater detail. 3. The spontaneous activity under these awake conditions was low (< 4 spikes/s) for nearly all units in all three categories. The mechanical threshold of the most sensitive (central) part of the cutaneous RF was assessed with von Frey bristles. Thresholds were < 5 mN for all LTMR neurons, < 1-30 mN for WDR neurons, and > 80 mN for HTMR neurons. The size of the low-threshold cutaneous RFs was significantly larger for WDR neurons (mean 46 cm2) and HTMR neurons (45 cm2) than for LTMR neurons (24 cm2). The RFs were distributed all over the ipsilateral hindlimb. Large RFs were mostly proximal, whereas small RFs were distributed relatively evenly over the limb. 4. Recordings were made from a further 165 units while the animals were under halothane anesthesia. With 86 neurons having cutaneous peripheral RFs, the proportions having LTMR, HTMR, or WDR characteristics were very similar to those in awake animals. Under halothane the ongoing activity of WDR units was slightly (but significantly) less. The threshold to von Frey bristle stimulation was significantly higher only for WDR units, in both dorsal and ventral horns. The mean size of cutaneous RFs was significantly larger in all classes of units recorded under halothane anesthesia. For WDR units this was true for cells in both dorsal and ventral horns. This effect on mean values was due to a larger proportion of units with very large fields under anesthesia, particularly in the dorsal horn. 5. Comparison of the data from conscious animals with published results of acute experiments indicates that acute recording conditions do not distort the relative distribution and resting characteristics of these three functional categories of lumbar spinal neurons as much as might have been expected. 6. Halothane does not have major effects on the resting sensory responsiveness of spinal neurons with cutaneous RFs. The increase in RF area, which contrasts with most results from acute studies, is likely to be due to a dampening of descending inhibitory control mechanisms.

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27

Chambô Filho, Antônio, João Basilio de Souza Filho, Christine Chambô Pignaton, Ingrid Zon, Alan Santos Fernandes, and Lia Quintaes Cardoso. "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a case with exuberant cutaneous horns in nipples." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 89, no. 4 (July 2014): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20143020.

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28

Mencía-Gutiérrez, Enrique, Esperanza Gutiérrez-Díaz, Irene Redondo-Marcos, José R. Ricoy, and Juan P. García-Torre. "Cutaneous horns of the eyelid: a clinicopathological study of 48 cases." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 31, no. 8 (July 22, 2004): 539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00226.x.

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29

Berkley, K. J., C. H. Hubscher, and P. D. Wall. "Neuronal responses to stimulation of the cervix, uterus, colon, and skin in the rat spinal cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.2.545.

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1. Previous studies in the rat have shown that the hypogastric nerve conveys input from the cervix and uterus mainly to the T13-L3 segments of the spinal cord, whereas the pelvic nerve conveys input from the cervix and vaginal canal mainly to the L6-S2 segments. 2. To study the effects of this input, the dorsal horns of the T13-L1, L6-S2, and L4-L5 segments in 13 decerebrate, T10-spinalized, unanesthetized, and paralyzed adult female rats in estrus were searched for neurons responsive to gentle mechanical stimulation of the cervix. The 87 neurons found were then further tested for their responses to gentle mechanical stimulation of the skin and to distension of both uterine horns, distension of the colon, and shearing stimulation of the colon and vaginal canal. 3. Neurons responsive to cervix stimulation, primarily by excitation, were readily found in the ventral part of the dorsal horn in T13-L1 and throughout the dorsal horn in L6-S2. Cervix-responsive neurons were less readily found throughout the dorsal horn in L4-L5, where 25% were inhibited by the stimulation. All but one neuron had cutaneous receptive fields. 4. The 30 cervix-responsive neurons in T13-L1 had large bilateral cutaneous receptive fields covering the perineum and hind-limbs. Most (76%) also responded, primarily by excitation, to uterine distension, as well as to colonic stimulation (59%). More than half were activated by both types of stimulation. 5. The 33 cervix-responsive neurons in L6-S2 had cutaneous receptive fields in the same regions as those in T13-L1, but generally smaller, particularly for neurons in the dorsal part of the dorsal horn, many of whose receptive fields were confined to the perineum. The L6-S2 neurons also exhibited less convergent input from other visceral structures, particularly the uterus. Fewer neurons (42%) responded to uterine distension, mostly by being inhibited, whereas about the same proportion (51%) responded with excitation to colonic stimulation. Only 24% responded to both uterus and colon. 6. All 24 cervix-responsive neurons in medial L4-L5 had small cutaneous receptive fields on the toes, and the neurons received less convergent input from other visceral structures (25% from the uterus, 33% from the colon, 13% from both). 7. These results indicate the presence of an extensive system of neurons throughout the caudal spinal cord of the rat, concentrated in separated thoracolumbar and lumbosacral segments, that is concerned with input from the reproductive tract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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30

Limone, Leah E., and Robert M. Baratt. "Transcutaneous Lateral Alveolar Ostectomy for Standing Surgical Extraction of Mandibular First Molar in an 8-Year-Old Miniature Horse." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 37, no. 1 (March 2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898756420928327.

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An 8-year-old, 125 kg (275 lb) female miniature horse was evaluated for a persistently thickened left mandible and cutaneous fistula. Pulp horn defects were identified in pulp horns 1 and 3 of tooth 309 and occlusal pulp exposure was detected with a dental explorer. Radiography of the left mandibular dental quadrant revealed changes consistent with apical infection of tooth 309. Following the failure of oral extraction, a standing surgical approach was taken for transcutaneous lateral alveolar ostectomy and extraction. Roots were sectioned at the level of the furcation and elevated from the surgical site, and the remaining reserve crown was luxated and repulsed into the oral cavity. Healing of the surgical site and alveolus was uncomplicated.

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31

Hudson, Andrew D., Natasha K. Klimas, and Cloyce L. Stetson. "Filiform Verrucous Sarcoidosis of the Face: A Warty Report." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475418763590.

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Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory condition of unknown etiology. Variability in the cutaneous features of sarcoidosis is profound, and its protean manifestations affirm the condition’s designation as one of dermatology’s “great mimics.” Cutaneous phenotypes of sarcoidosis include but are by no means limited to ichthyosiform, alopecic, erythrodermic, angiolupoid, and verrucous variants. Verrucous sarcoidosis is an exceedingly rare manifestation, and previous reports of this phenotype are limited to 15 cases. Most cases in the extant literature presented on the extremities, with clinical features mimicking that of a common wart, or as verrucous crateriform nodules, ulcers, or cutaneous horns. Only 4 previous reports of facial verrucous sarcoidosis exist in the literature, and to our knowledge, no prior cases have demonstrated filiform lesion morphology. Here we present a case of filiform verrucous sarcoidosis in an otherwise healthy, middle-aged African American man, devoid of internal organ involvement and limited to the face, histopathologically confirmed by the presence of characteristic granulomata devoid of lymphocytic infiltrates.

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32

Jhuang, Jie-Yang, Shu-Lang Liao, Jia-Huei Tsai, Hsiao-Ching Chang, Kuan-Ting Kuo, and Jau-Yu Liau. "Extraocular well-differentiated sebaceous tumors with overlying cutaneous horns: four tumors in three patients." Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 41, no. 8 (July 1, 2014): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cup.12321.

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33

Ozturk, S., Y. Cil, M. Sengezer, T. Yigit, M. Eski, and A. Ozcan. "Squamous cell carcinoma arising in the giant cutaneous horns accompanied with renal cell carcinoma." European Journal of Plastic Surgery 28, no. 7 (December 6, 2005): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00238-005-0004-3.

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34

Falk, Elizabeth, Christian E. Lange, Sammuel Jennings, and Lluis Ferrer. "Two cutaneous horns associated with canine papillomavirus type 1 infection in a pit bull dog." Veterinary Dermatology 28, no. 4 (April 2, 2017): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.12439.

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35

KOMORI, Shinobu, Takuo ISHIDA, and Makoto WASHIZU. "Four Cases of Cutaneous Horns in the Foot Pads of Feline Leukemia Virus-negative Cats." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 51, no. 1 (1998): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.51.27.

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36

Tambe, Katya, Tristan T. Q. Reuser, Raghavan G. Sampath, Joyce Burns, Harpreet Ahluwalia, Jeremy D. Bowyer, Bimal Kumar, and Soupramanien Sandramouli. "A Prospective, Multicentre Study of Malignant and Premalignant Lesions at the Base of Periocular Cutaneous Horns." Orbit 31, no. 6 (December 2012): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2012.689080.

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37

Chen, Wang, Wang Wei, Lei Yan-Jun, Wang Ji-Ying, Dong Xiao-Ping, Wang Jian, Sheng Rui-Hong, et al. "Multiple huge cutaneous horns overlying verrucae vulgaris induced by human papillomavirus type 2: a case report." British Journal of Dermatology 156, no. 4 (April 2007): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07734.x.

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38

Nahlieli, Oded, Abraham M. Baruchin, Yehoshua Shapira, and David Ben-Dor. "Cutaneous horns occurring on the head and neck region: Report of four cases and review of the literature." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 55, no. 11 (November 1997): 1309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2391(97)90190-7.

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39

Carlstedt, Thomas, V. Peter Misra, Anastasia Papadaki, Donald McRobbie, and Praveen Anand. "Return of spinal reflex after spinal cord surgery for brachial plexus avulsion injury." Journal of Neurosurgery 116, no. 2 (February 2012): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.7.jns111106.

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Motor but not sensory function has been described after spinal cord surgery in patients with brachial plexus avulsion injury. In the featured case, motor-related nerve roots as well as sensory spinal nerves distal to the dorsal root ganglion were reconnected to neurons in the ventral and dorsal horns of the spinal cord by implanting nerve grafts. Peripheral and sensory functions were assessed 10 years after an accident and subsequent spinal cord surgery. The biceps stretch reflex could be elicited, and electrophysiological testing demonstrated a Hoffman reflex, or Hreflex, in the biceps muscle when the musculocutaneous nerve was stimulated. Functional MR imaging demonstrated sensory motor cortex activities on active as well as passive elbow flexion. Quantitative sensory testing and contact heat evoked potential stimulation did not detect any cutaneous sensory function, however. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this case represents the first time that spinal cord surgery could restore not only motor function but also proprioception completing a spinal reflex arch.

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Wang, Wei, Chen Wang, Shuqing Xu, Chen Chen, Xiaomei Tong, Yu Liang, Xiaoping Dong, et al. "Detection of HPV-2 and identification of novel mutations by whole genome sequencing from biopsies of two patients with multiple cutaneous horns." Journal of Clinical Virology 39, no. 1 (May 2007): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2007.01.002.

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Khasabov, Sergey G., Patrick Malecha, Joseph Noack, Janneta Tabakov, Keiichiro Okamoto, David A. Bereiter, and Donald A. Simone. "Activation of rostral ventromedial medulla neurons by noxious stimulation of cutaneous and deep craniofacial tissues." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00125.2014.

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The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) projects to the medullary and spinal dorsal horns and is a major source of descending modulation of nociceptive transmission. Traditionally, neurons in the RVM are classified functionally as ON, OFF, and NEUTRAL cells on the basis of responses to noxious cutaneous stimulation of the tail or hind paw. ON cells facilitate nociceptive transmission, OFF cells are inhibitory, whereas NEUTRAL cells are unresponsive to noxious stimuli and their role in pain modulation is unclear. Classification of RVM neurons with respect to stimulation of craniofacial tissues is not well defined. In isoflurane-anesthetized male rats, RVM neurons first were classified as ON (25.5%), OFF (25.5%), or NEUTRAL (49%) cells by noxious pinch applied to the hind paw. Pinching the skin overlying the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) altered the proportions of ON (39.2%), OFF (42.2%), and NEUTRAL (19.6%) cells. To assess the response of RVM cells to specialized craniofacial inputs, adenosine triphosphate (ATP; 0.01–1 mM) was injected into the TMJ and capsaicin (0.1%) was applied to the ocular surface. TMJ and ocular surface stimulation also resulted in a reduced proportion of NEUTRAL cells compared with hind paw pinch. Dose-effect analyses revealed that ON and OFF cells encoded the intra-TMJ concentration of ATP. These results suggest that somatotopy plays a significant role in the functional classification of RVM cells and support the notion that NEUTRAL cells likely are subgroups of ON and OFF cells. It is suggested that a portion of RVM neurons serve different functions in modulating craniofacial and spinal pain conditions.

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Syková, Eva. "Modulation of spinal cord transmission by changes in extracellular K+ activity and extracellular volume." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-167.

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The neuronal activity in spinal cord in response to electrical or adequate stimulation of afferent fibres increases extracellular K+ activity. The increase during a stimulation can reach 9–10 mM (so-called ceiling level) and persists for some time even when a stimulation is discontinued. The activation of a neuronal Na–K pump is a limiting factor in stimulation-evoked increase in extracellular K+ activity and in the time course of its recovery to the resting level. Drugs that affect either the neuronal activity (picrotoxin, strychnine, GABA, 5-HT) or activity of Na–K ATPase (oubain, naloxone, morphine, enkephalins) substantially change the K+ transience. Repetitive electrical stimulation of low threshold cutaneous afferents at frequency 1–100 Hz induced transient shrinkage of extracellular space in spinal dorsal horns by 5–75%. The increase in extracellular K+ activity depolarizes the membranes of neurones, glial cells, and primary afferent fibres and may eventually lead to either facilitation or inhibition of synaptic transmission. It is also suggested that the transient poststimulation changes in extracellular volume may alter synaptic potency in spinal cord.

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Sivaramakrishnan, S., and Jayakar Thomas. "Cutaneous horn arising from a basal cell carcinoma of forehead: a case report." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20190248.

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<p class="abstract">The term cutaneous horn or “cornu cutaneum” is used to describe a well circumscribed usually conical hyperkeratotic mass arising from another cutaneous lesion. Several lesions have been reported to occur at the base of the keratin mass. Here we report a rare case of cutaneous horn arising from a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) over the forehead of a 52 year old female patient.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

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Zhang, Guohua, Husam Mohammad, Brad D. Peper, Srinivasa Raja, Steven P. Wilson, and Sarah M. Sweitzer. "Enhanced Peripheral Analgesia Using Virally Mediated Gene Transfer of the μ-Opioid Receptor in Mice." Anesthesiology 108, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000299836.61785.79.

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Background The use of opioids to treat pain is often limited by side effects mediated through the central nervous system. The current study used a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 to increase expression of the mu-opioid receptor (muOR) in primary afferent neurons. The goal of this strategy was to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia. Methods Cutaneous inoculation with herpes simplex virus containing muOR complementary DNA (cDNA) in antisense (SGAMOR) or sense (SGMOR) orientation relative to a constitutive promoter, or complementary DNA for Escherichia coli lac Z gene as a control virus (SGZ) was used to modify the levels of muOR in primary afferents. The effects of altered muOR levels on peripheral analgesia were then examined. Results At 4 weeks after SGAMOR and SGMOR infection, decreased and increased muOR immunoreactivity was observed in ipsilateral dorsal hind paw skin, lumbar dorsal root ganglion cells, and superficial dorsal horns, respectively, compared with SGZ. This change in muOR expression in mice by SGAMOR and SGMOR was accompanied at the behavioral level with a rightward and leftward shift in the loperamide dose-response curve, respectively, compared with SGZ. Conclusions This gene therapy approach may provide an innovative strategy to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia for the treatment of pain in humans, thereby minimizing centrally mediated opioid side effects such as sedation and addiction.

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Alinia, Zahra, Shahrzad Azizi, Ehsanollah Sakhaee, Reza Kheirandish, Maehdi Jaaferi, Mohammad Sadeghi, and Maryam Darini. "Cutaneous horn (cornu cutaneum) in a Pakistani goat." Comparative Clinical Pathology 28, no. 6 (May 10, 2019): 1841–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02959-2.

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Boström, Jan, Gisela Janßen, Martina Messing-Jünger, Jörg U. Felsberg, Eva Neuen-Jacob, Volkher Engelbrecht, Hans-Gerd Lenard, Wolfgang J. Bock, and Guido Reifenberger. "Multiple intracranial juvenile xanthogranulomas." Journal of Neurosurgery 93, no. 2 (August 2000): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0335.

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✓ The authors report on an 11-year-old boy in whom proptosis of the eye caused by a benign intraosseous xanthofibroma of the left orbital wall became clinically apparent at the age of 4 years. Two years later he developed bilateral papilledema, at which time computerized tomography and magnetic resonance studies revealed multiple enhancing intracranial lesions. The largest mass was located in the left middle fossa; other lesions were located at the tentorium cerebelli, in both lateral ventricles, near the superior sagittal sinus, and extracranially near the left jugular vein. The mass in the left middle fossa was resected and diagnosed as juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). Thirty months later, the patient again became symptomatic, exhibiting behavioral abnormalities and a decrease in mental powers. At that time, the two remaining lesions in both lateral ventricles had grown enough to cause trapping of the temporal horns and raised intracranial pressure. These lesions were successively resected and histopathologically confirmed to be JXGs. However, resection of the second intraventricular lesion was complicated by postoperative bilateral amaurosis, presumably caused by postdecompression optic neuropathy. According to a review of the literature, fewer than 20 patients with JXG involving the central nervous system have been reported. The patient described in this report is the first in whom multiple intracranial JXGs developed in the absence of cutaneous manifestations. Although JXGs are biologically benign lesions, the treatment of patients with multifocal and/or progressive intracranial manifestations is problematic.

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Koerber, H. R., G. Hobbs, and P. B. Brown. "Precision and variability of hindlimb representation in cat dorsal horn and implications for tactile localization." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 2489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.6.2489.

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1. One hundred fifty-eight cells were recorded extracellularly in rows of tracks spanning both left and right dorsal horns, at segmental boundaries and midsegment in segments L5-S1, in six anesthetized cats. For each cell the low-threshold cutaneous mechano-receptive field was determined with the use of hand-held probes, and the recording site was marked with a microlesion. Recording sites were reconstructed, and the mediolateral (ML) and rostrocaudal (RC) locations of each cell were recorded along with the location of the cell's receptive field, expressed as distance from tips of toes (D). 2. Ninety-five percent of pairs of cells recorded from bilaterally symmetric locations (+/- 10%) in the same animal had receptive fields on opposite legs that had components that were mirror symmetric. Only 42% of cell pairs deviating from bilateral symmetry by approximately +/- 240 microns had receptive fields with overlapping components. This indicated that there was a substantial bilateral symmetry that was not simply due to large receptive fields. 3. The trajectories of receptive fields of cells in a single row of tracks were plotted in order of mediolateral recording site, going from medial to lateral, combining both sides. These trajectories followed a distoproximal course on the leg. Of 144 adjacent cells used to plot these trajectories, with an average spacing of approximately 120 microns, only 6 reversals of the distoproximal gradient polarity were observed within animals. 4. Data from individual animals were shifted rostrally and caudally, to obtain best agreement of mediolateral somatotopic gradients with the combined data from the other animals in the sample. Best agreement was obtained with shifts ranging from 0.3 segment rostral to 0.4 segment caudal, with an average absolute value shift of 0.22 segment. 5. By comparing cell pairs within the same dorsal horn, on opposite sides of the same animal, and across animals, variability in cell placement given the average map and the receptive field could be calculated. Interanimal variability and bilateral asymmetry were approximately +/- 60 microns, and within-dorsal horn variability was approximately +/- 35 microns. The interanimal variability is equivalent to a variability of distoproximal receptive-field location on the leg of +/- 13 mm, with a smaller variability in areas of high magnification (e.g., the toes), and a larger variability in areas with small magnification (e.g., the thigh). This degree of variability is consistent with the ability of animals with transected dorsal columns to localize tactile stimuli with a normal degree of precision.

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Gooptu, Somnath, and Gurjit Singh. "Cutaneous horn." International Journal of Case Reports and Images 5 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/ijcri-201466-cl-10054.

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Dubhashi, Siddharth P., Vivek D. Kulkarni, Adil Suleman, Ishant Rege, and Harsh Kumar. "Cutaneous Horn." OALib 01, no. 07 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100995.

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Bhutani, Namita, and Pradeep Kajal. "Penile Cutaneous Horn." APSP Journal of Case Reports 9, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21699/ajcr.v9i2.726.

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