Academic literature on the topic 'Cutting boards'
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Journal articles on the topic "Cutting boards"
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ZHAO, P., T. ZHAO, M. P. DOYLE, J. R. RUBINO, and J. MENG. "Development of a Model for Evaluation of Microbial Cross-Contamination in the Kitchen." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.8.960.
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Foods can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms from hands, the cutting board, and knives during preparation in the kitchen. A laboratory model was developed to determine occurrence of cross-contamination and efficacy of decontamination procedures in kitchen food-handling practices. Enterobacter aerogenes B199A, an indicator bacterium with attachment characteristics similar to that of Salmonella spp., was used. Chicken meat with skin inoculated with 106 CFU of E. aerogenes B 199A/g was cut into small pieces on a sterile cutting board. The extent of cross-contamination occurring from meat to the cutting board and from the cutting board to vegetables (lettuce and cucumbers) subsequently cut on the board was determined. Swab samples from the cutting board, hand washings, and lettuce and cucumber samples revealed that approximately 105 CFU of E. aerogenes/cm2 were transferred to the board and hands and approximately 103 to 104 CFU of E. aerogenes/g to the lettuce and cucumbers. The surfaces of the cutting board and hands were treated with antibacterial agents after cutting the meat, and counts of E. aerogenes on the cutting board and vegetables (lettuce and cucumbers) were determined. Results revealed that use of the disinfectant reduced the population of E. aerogenes to almost nondetectable levels on the cutting boards. The average counts after treatment were <20 CFU/g of vegetable and ranged from <20 to 200 CFU per cm2 or g on the cutting board and subsequently on the vegetables. These results indicate that bacteria with attachment characteristics similar to Salmonella spp. can be readily transferred to cutting boards during food preparation and then cross-contaminate fresh vegetables if the boards are not cleaned. Application of a kitchen disinfectant can greatly reduce bacterial contamination on cutting boards.
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Dang-Xuan, Sinh, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham-Duc, Delia Grace, Fred Unger, Nam Nguyen-Hai, Thanh Nguyen-Tien, and Kohei Makita. "Simulating Cross-Contamination of Cooked Pork with Salmonella enterica from Raw Pork through Home Kitchen Preparation in Vietnam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102324.
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Pork is the most commonly consumed meat in Vietnam, and Salmonella enterica is a common contaminant. This study aimed to assess potential S. enterica cross-contamination between raw and cooked pork in Vietnamese households. Different scenarios for cross-contamination were constructed based on a household survey of pork handling practices (416 households). Overall, 71% of people used the same knife and cutting board for both raw and cooked pork; however, all washed their hands and utensils between handling raw and cooked pork. The different scenarios were experimentally tested. First, S. enterica was inoculated on raw pork and surfaces (hands, knives and cutting boards); next, water used for washing and pork were sampled to identify the presence and concentration of S. enterica during different scenarios of food preparation. Bootstrapping techniques were applied to simulate transfer rates of S. enterica cross-contamination. No cross-contamination to cooked pork was observed in the scenario of using the same hands with new cutting boards and knives. The probability of re-contamination in the scenarios involving re-using the cutting board after washing was significantly higher compared to the scenarios which used a new cutting board. Stochastic simulation found a high risk of cross-contamination from raw to cooked pork when the same hands, knives and cutting boards were used for handling raw and cooked pork (78%); when the same cutting board but a different knife was used, cross-contamination was still high (67%). Cross-contamination between was not seen when different cutting boards and knives were used for cutting raw and cooked pork. This study provided an insight into cross-contamination of S. enterica, given common food handling practices in Vietnamese households and can be used for risk assessment of pork consumption.
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PARK, PAUL K., and DEAN O. CLIVER. "Disinfection of Household Cutting Boards with a Microwave Oven." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.10.1049.
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Used cutting boards with numerous knife marks, particularly those made of polymers, are difficult to disinfect manually. Plastic cutting boards have been preferred to wood because they can be washed in dishwashers and used in microwave ovens. Our study tested the microwave oven for disinfection of cutting boards. Surfaces of plastic and wooden cutting boards were inoculated with up to 109 CFU of Escherichia coli or other bacteria in broth culture and later sampled by contact with agar medium for CFU assay or by swabbing for ATP bioluminescence assay. On wood, almost total elimination of vegetative cells occurred with exposure times of the 3 to 4 min at a high setting on typical 450 to 600 g wooden boards, depending on board size, bacterial load, and moisture level. On plastic, microwave energy had almost no lethal effect on bacteria: 12 min of exposure did not reduce the number of bacteria significantly. Increased moisture (wetness) enhanced killing efficiency on wood, but was negligible on plastic. Temperatures near the wood surface reached 95°C within the first 4 min, whereas plastic surfaces reached no more than 40°C. Our study indicates that brief “cooking” of wooden boards at a “high” setting in a microwave oven is an effective way to kill bacteria, and thus a very simple and cheap method to protect food against cross-contaminating pathogens. Because plastic is relatively inert to microwaves, disinfection of plastic boards in a microwave oven is impractical.
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VENKITANARAYANAN, KUMAR S., GABRIEL O. I. EZEIKE, YEN-CON HUNG, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes on Plastic Kitchen Cutting Boards by Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.8.857.
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One milliliter of culture containing a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (∼1010 CFU) was inoculated on a 100-cm2 area marked on unscarred cutting boards. Following inoculation, the boards were air-dried under a laminar flow hood for 1 h, immersed in 2 liters of electrolyzed oxidizing water or sterile deionized water at 23°C or 35°C for 10 or 20 min; 45°C for 5 or 10 min; or 55°C for 5 min. After each temperature–time combination, the surviving population of the pathogen on cutting boards and in soaking water was determined. Soaking of inoculated cutting boards in electrolyzed oxidizing water reduced E. coli O157:H7 populations by ≥5.0 log CFU/100 cm2 on cutting boards. However, immersion of cutting boards in deionized water decreased the pathogen count only by 1.0 to 1.5 log CFU/100 cm2. Treatment of cutting boards inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes in electrolyzed oxidizing water at selected temperature–time combinations (23°C for 20 min, 35°C for 10 min, and 45°C for 10 min) substantially reduced the populations of L. monocytogenes in comparison to the counts recovered from the boards immersed in deionized water. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected in electrolyzed oxidizing water after soaking treatment, whereas the pathogens survived in the deionized water used for soaking the cutting boards. This study revealed that immersion of kitchen cutting boards in electrolyzed oxidizing water could be used as an effective method for inactivating foodborne pathogens on smooth, plastic cutting boards.
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WACHTEL, MARIAN R., JAMES L. McEVOY, YAGUANG LUO, ANISHA M. WILLIAMS-CAMPBELL, and MORSE B. SOLOMON. "Cross-Contamination of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157:H7 via Contaminated Ground Beef†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.7.1176.
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A lettuce outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to quantitate the pathogen's survival in ground beef and its transfer to hands, cutting board surfaces, and lettuce. Overnight storage of inoculated beef at 4°C resulted in no pathogen growth, while room-temperature storage allowed multiplication. Hamburger patty formation allowed the transfer of bacteria to hands. Contaminated fingers subsequently transferred the pathogen to lettuce during handling. E. coli was transferred from hamburgers to cutting board surfaces; overnight storage of boards decreased the numbers of recoverable pathogens by ~1 log CFU. A 15-s water rinse failed to remove significant numbers of pathogens from cutting boards whether it was applied immediately after contamination or following overnight room-temperature storage. Three lettuce leaves were successively applied to a single contaminated cutting board area both immediately after contamination and after overnight room-temperature storage of contaminated boards. Another set of leaves was pressed onto boards immediately following contamination and was then stored overnight at 4°C before pathogen enumeration. The numbers of pathogens transferred to the first pressed leaves were larger than those transferred to the second or third leaves. There were no significant differences in the numbers of pathogens recovered from leaves pressed immediately after contamination whether pathogens were enumerated immediately or following overnight storage at 4°C. However, fewer pathogens were transferred to leaves pressed to boards stored overnight at room temperature prior to contact with lettuce. Twenty-five lettuce pieces were successively pressed onto one area on a board containing 1.25 × 102 CFU of E. coli. Pathogens were transferred to 46% of the leaves, including the 25th exposed leaf.
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MILLER, ARTHUR J., TARA BROWN, and JEFFREY E. CALL. "Comparison of Wooden and Polyethylene Cutting Boards: Potential for the Attachment and Removal of Bacteria from Ground Beef†." Journal of Food Protection 59, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-59.8.854.
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The potentials for removal of beef bacterial microflora from unscored polyethylene and hardwood cutting boards were compared. Ground beef was placed for 0 to 90 min onto cutting boards at room temperature and then removed; the surfaces were swabbed and the bacteria were enumerated. The boards were cleaned with various cleaning agents and then analyzed for bacterial removal. In addition, aqueous extracts from eight hardwoods were incubated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 for 0 to 30 h at 37°C to determine their inhibitory potential. Differences between the bacterial levels on wooden and plastic boards were not significant regardless of contact time. Washing with any cleaner, including water, removed most bacteria from either type of board. White ash extracts reduced E. coli O157:H7 levels to undetectable within 24 h; black cherry and red oak exhibited low inhibitory activity. Slight growth was observed in extracts from all other hardwoods, including hard maple, suggesting that aqueous extractable agents that are active against E. coli O157:H7 are not generally present in hardwoods. This study demonstrates the need to control cutting board sanitation regardless of composition.
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Уласовец and Vadim Ulasovets. "Influence of ways of saw logs cutting on the taper coefficient of unedged timber." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3358.
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One of the characteristic parameters of the unedged boards is their taper coefficient. It was found that when sawing logs in parallel to their longitudinal axis taper coefficient of central and lateral unedged boards is always higher than in the original log and it increases with distance of the board from the center of the vertex end of the log and increase of its taper coefficient, while in parallel generatrix cutting (by taper) taper coefficient of central and lateral unedged boards is always less than the initial log has and it decreases with distance of the board from the center of apex end of log and decrease of its taper coefficient.
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Scheithauer, G., and J. Terno. "Guillotine cutting of defective boards." Optimization 19, no. 1 (January 1988): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331938808843323.
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WANYENYA, IRENE, CHARLES MUYANJA, and GEORGE WILLIAM NASINYAMA. "Kitchen Practices Used in Handling Broiler Chickens and Survival of Campylobacter spp. on Cutting Surfaces in Kampala, Uganda." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.9.1957.
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Cross-contamination during food preparation has been identified as an important factor associated with foodborne illnesses. Handling practices used during preparation of broiler chickens in 31 fast-food restaurants and 86 semisettled street stands (street vendors) were assessed by use of a standard checklist. These establishments used wood, plastic, or metal cutting surfaces during the preparation of broiler chickens. The survival of Campylobacter spp. on kitchen cutting surfaces was determined by inoculating approximately 106 CFU of Campylobacter jejuni onto sterile plastic, wooden, and metal cutting boards. The concentrations of the organisms were then assessed in triplicate on each type of cutting board over a 3-h period using standard microbiological methods for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. In 87% of food establishments, the same work area was used for preparation of raw and cooked chicken, and in 68% of these establishments the same cutting boards were used for raw and cooked chicken. None of the establishments applied disinfectants or sanitizers when washing contact surfaces. Campylobacter spp. survived on wooden and plastic but not on metal cutting boards after 3 h of exposure. The handling practices in food preparation areas, therefore, provide an opportunity for cross-contamination of Campylobacter spp. to ready-to-eat foods.
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Pieniz, S., D. F. Rodrigues, R. M. Arndt, J. F. Mello, K. L. Rodrigues, R. Andreazza, F. A. O. Camargo, and A. Brandelli. "Molecular identification and microbiological evaluation of isolates from equipments and food contact surfaces in a hospital Food and Nutrition Unit." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 2 (April 2019): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.175350.
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Abstract The hygienic and sanitary control in Food and Nutrition Units (FNU) is considered a standard procedure to produce adequate meals and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases and hospital infections. This study aimed to evaluate the isolation and identification of bacteria from equipment and food contact surfaces in a hospital FNU as well as to evaluate the sanitary condition. Likewise, it was analyzed the adhesion of the microorganisms on polyethylene cutting boards. The presence of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, molds, coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliform and fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli were analyzed on eating tables, countertop surfaces and cutting boards used for meat or vegetable handling, and equipment such as microwaves and refrigerators. The molecular identification it was done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The adhesion of the microorganisms (biofilm formation) on meat and vegetable cutting boards was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed high numbers of all microorganisms, except for E. coli , which was not observed in the samples. The molecular analysis identified species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and species of the Pseudomonadaceae family. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed bacterial adhesion on the cutting board surfaces. The results obtained in this study indicated that the hygienic conditions of surfaces like plastic cutting boards and equipment in this hospital FNU were inadequate. The achievement and application of standard operating procedures could positively help in the standardization of sanitary control, reducing the microbial contamination and providing a safe food to hospitalized patients.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cutting boards"
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Misner, Scottie, and Carol Curtis. "Cutting Boards (Plastic versus Wood)." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146435.
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1p.Revised
Which is better, wooden or plastic cutting board? Recent research has confirmed the conventional belief that plastic is safer than wood for cutting meat and poultry. This article explains the reason why plastic cutting boards are better, and gives recommendations on how to keep cutting boards safe.
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Armstrong, Florian Traci L., Heidi L. Keeling, and Scottie Misner. "Keeping Food Safety in Mind with Cutting Boards." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/594952.
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2 pp.Cutting boards come in all shapes, sizes, colors, and are comprised of various materials such as wood, bamboo, acrylic, plastic, glass, marble, and pyroceramic. There are various steps one can take to ensure proper cutting board sanitation and food safety.
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clark, jared lindsay. "One Million Paintings 2005-2007: A Thesis." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/935.
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I assist discarded collectives of objects to volunteer themselves for inclusion into the privileged legacy of flatness – assuring them they can be transformed into Painting. Reducing my interventions - often to mere arrangement - respects the possibility of this transformation while frankly retaining the objects' original functional identities. Every surface of any object is a readymade painting – especially flat ones. By stacking objects and aligning their surfaces on one privileged side into a flat mega-surface, I am composing and collaging – even building – a painting. With my amateur interest in German I latch upon the double meaning of "Bild" to title my objects, describing my continued interest in the space between painting and sculpture. All my projects transform found objects into ambiguous objects described by Donald Judd as "neither painting nor sculpture". In addition to the Bilds projects such as the Cutllages, the Kitsch Paintings, Soap Drawings, Text Tubes, and List Drawings investigate different ways to transform the found object into painting.While my work is formalist it is decidedly post-modernist in its embodiment of the qualities described by Craig Owens in The Allegorical Impulse: Toward a Theory of Postmodernism.
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Paden, Holly Noelle. "Contamination of Fresh Produce with Human Pathogens in Domestic and Commercial Kitchens." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525710038777157.
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Hallbäck, Sofia, and Ellen Paulsson. "Reducing waste with an optimized trimming model in production planning." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173253.
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In which ways can the process of trimming dispersion coated board products be optimized so as to reduce material waste and increase production efficiency? This is the question that this master thesis report seeks to answer. In paper production, alot of waste is generated when cutting production reels into customer reels. Some material waste are necessary in order to ensure good quality, however a large amount of the wastecould be reduced if the cutting process was to be optimized. During this project, carried out at a forest company, a mathematical optimization model was developed in order to reduce waste and save costs. This model is based on a cutting stock problem using column generation approach. It provides as its output cutting patterns and an optimal allocation of rolls for production purposes, which implies minimizing the number production rolls needed.The visualization of the results could also be used to achieve optimal stock levels, and easier keep track on how to use the material available in stock. Findings show that there are potential savings to be done. Simulations suggest an implementation of this model could result in material savings of around 7 %. This could also translateto environmental savings in CO2, where every decrease of one tonne material equals to adecrease in CO2emissions of 500 kg
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Gonçalves, Penha Suely de Castro [UNESP]. "Boas práticas ambientais na utilização de fluidos de corte nos processos de usinagem." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90823.
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goncalves_psc_me_bauru.pdf: 1114604 bytes, checksum: 3e0bf5fed01a86e2a5ce1ca3d0e8d372 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A questão ambiental é uma das principais agendas de discussão nas estratégias empresariais que visam atender mercados cada vez mais exigentes e interessados em empresas que protegem o meio ambiente. Na indústria mecânica, os fluidos de corte aparecem como uns dos principais agentes poluidores nos processos de usinagem, o que requer cuidados especiais para o seu gerenciamento ambiental. Inicialmente as pesquisas para aperfeiçoamento de fluidos de corte e métodos de aplicação mais eficazes visavam satisfazer aspectos tecnológicos e econômicos. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, os pesquisadores e fabricantes estão concentrados no desenvolvimento de fluidos de corte ambientalmente amigáveis e de novas tecnologias objetivando a redução ou até mesmo a eliminação deste insumo, visando o atendimento de rigorosas leis ambientais, de saúde e de segurança no trabalho, assim como a adequação dos processos de usinagem a um sistema integrado de gestão da qualidade, da segurança ocupacional e do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar evidências e contribuir na busca de soluções viáveis para minimizar os impactos ambientais causados pela utilização e descarte dos fluidos de corte correlacionando-os às boas práticas ambientais e ao princípio dos 3Rs. Para a elaboração deste trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica com foco na identificação de estudos que evidenciam a preocupação ambiental do setor metal-mecânico na busca de oportunidades de adoção de boas práticas ambientais no gerenciamento deste importante insumo. Pode-se verificar que mesmo com o desenvolvimento de fluidos de corte ambientalmente menos agressivos e de métodos de aplicação em quantidades cada vez menores, ainda assim, este insumo básico requer gerenciamento com foco ambiental para a sua correta utilização. Como decorrência, pode-se constatar a necessidade de...
Environmental issues have become a priority in business strategies aimed at supplying markets that are increasingly demanding and interested in companies that seek to protect the environment. Cutting fluids are one of the main pollutants in the machining processes of the metalworking industry, thus requiring special care in their environmental management. Early researches aimed at improving cutting fluids and devising more effective application methods focused on enhancing technological and economic aspects. However, in recent years, the efforts of researchers and manufacturers have concentrated on the development of environmentally friendly cutting fluids and new technologies aimed at the reduction or even the elimination of cutting fluids in order to satisfy increasingly strict environmental, public health and work safety regulations, as well as to align machining processes to an integrated system of quality, occupational safety and environmental management. The objective of this work is to find examples and contribute toward the search for viable solutions to minimize the environmental impacts caused by the use and disposal of cutting fluids, correlating these solutions to good environmental practices and to the 3Rs principle. This work involved a comprehensive bibliographic review focusing on the identification of studies that show the environmental concern of the metalworking industry in the search for opportunities to adopt good environmental practices in the management of cutting fluids. It was found that, despite the development of less environmentally harmful cutting fluids and of methods for the application of increasingly small quantities, this basic product still requires environmentally-based management for its correct use. Therefore, there is a need for awareness-raising about the environmental impacts that can be caused by the incorrect use of cutting fluids... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gonçalves, Penha Suely de Castro. "Boas práticas ambientais na utilização de fluidos de corte nos processos de usinagem /." Bauru : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90823.
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Orientador: Eduardo Carlos BianchiBanca: Luiz Eduardo de Ângelo Sanchez
Banca: Eraldo Jannone da Silva
Resumo: A questão ambiental é uma das principais agendas de discussão nas estratégias empresariais que visam atender mercados cada vez mais exigentes e interessados em empresas que protegem o meio ambiente. Na indústria mecânica, os fluidos de corte aparecem como uns dos principais agentes poluidores nos processos de usinagem, o que requer cuidados especiais para o seu gerenciamento ambiental. Inicialmente as pesquisas para aperfeiçoamento de fluidos de corte e métodos de aplicação mais eficazes visavam satisfazer aspectos tecnológicos e econômicos. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, os pesquisadores e fabricantes estão concentrados no desenvolvimento de fluidos de corte ambientalmente amigáveis e de novas tecnologias objetivando a redução ou até mesmo a eliminação deste insumo, visando o atendimento de rigorosas leis ambientais, de saúde e de segurança no trabalho, assim como a adequação dos processos de usinagem a um sistema integrado de gestão da qualidade, da segurança ocupacional e do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar evidências e contribuir na busca de soluções viáveis para minimizar os impactos ambientais causados pela utilização e descarte dos fluidos de corte correlacionando-os às boas práticas ambientais e ao princípio dos 3Rs. Para a elaboração deste trabalho foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica com foco na identificação de estudos que evidenciam a preocupação ambiental do setor metal-mecânico na busca de oportunidades de adoção de boas práticas ambientais no gerenciamento deste importante insumo. Pode-se verificar que mesmo com o desenvolvimento de fluidos de corte ambientalmente menos agressivos e de métodos de aplicação em quantidades cada vez menores, ainda assim, este insumo básico requer gerenciamento com foco ambiental para a sua correta utilização. Como decorrência, pode-se constatar a necessidade de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Environmental issues have become a priority in business strategies aimed at supplying markets that are increasingly demanding and interested in companies that seek to protect the environment. Cutting fluids are one of the main pollutants in the machining processes of the metalworking industry, thus requiring special care in their environmental management. Early researches aimed at improving cutting fluids and devising more effective application methods focused on enhancing technological and economic aspects. However, in recent years, the efforts of researchers and manufacturers have concentrated on the development of environmentally friendly cutting fluids and new technologies aimed at the reduction or even the elimination of cutting fluids in order to satisfy increasingly strict environmental, public health and work safety regulations, as well as to align machining processes to an integrated system of quality, occupational safety and environmental management. The objective of this work is to find examples and contribute toward the search for viable solutions to minimize the environmental impacts caused by the use and disposal of cutting fluids, correlating these solutions to good environmental practices and to the 3Rs principle. This work involved a comprehensive bibliographic review focusing on the identification of studies that show the environmental concern of the metalworking industry in the search for opportunities to adopt good environmental practices in the management of cutting fluids. It was found that, despite the development of less environmentally harmful cutting fluids and of methods for the application of increasingly small quantities, this basic product still requires environmentally-based management for its correct use. Therefore, there is a need for awareness-raising about the environmental impacts that can be caused by the incorrect use of cutting fluids... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Shepley, Brian Patrick. "Simulating Optimal Part Yield from No. 3A Common Lumber." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36226.
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The percentage of low-grade material composing the annual hardwood lumber production in the U.S. is on the rise. As a result, finding markets for low-grade and low-value lumber has been identified as a top priority by researchers and industry associations. Computer simulation has been used by the manufacturing industry for several decades as a decision support tool. Simulation programs are commonly used and relied on by researchers and the industry alike to conduct research on various aspects of the rough mill from processing to recovery efficiency. This research used the ROMI-RIP and ROMI-CROSS simulation programs to determine specific conditions that led to optimal part yield when processing No. 3A Common, 4/4-thickness, kiln-dried, red oak lumber in rip-first and crosscut-first operations. Results of the simulations indicated that cutting bills with narrow part widths and short part lengths are conducive to obtaining optimal part yield while processing No. 3A Common lumber. Furthermore, it was found that as the percent of No. 3A Common lumber in a grade mix increases, part yields and sawing efficiencies decrease. The results also indicated that higher part yields will be obtained when processing short-length No. 3A Common lumber between 6 and 8 feet in length.Master of Science
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Jawhar, Hanna Nanita, and Dielleza Zymeri. "Socialstyrelsen som resurs i arbete med könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor : En webbaserad innehållsanalys av socialstyrelsens publicerade dokument kring könsstympning." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för beteendevetenskap och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36370.
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Sammanfattning Bakgrund Fokus för studien är att uppmärksamma Socialstyrelsens vägledande information rörande könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Traditionen innebär total eller delvis borttagning av det kvinnliga yttre könsorganet, vilket innefattar avsiktliga skador som förändrar eller orsakar defekter på det kvinnliga könsorganet utan medicinska skäl eller grunder (WHO, 2008). Till följd av migration och befolkningsomflyttningar har traditionen kommit att uppmärksammas internationellt och även i Sverige. I Sverige har traditionen en tydlig relevans för socialt arbete eftersom könsstympning diskuteras och definieras som våld mot kvinnor/barn, förtryck, heder, brott mot mänskliga och barns rättigheter (Talle, 2008). Myndigheter i Sverige står inför en utmaning att informera, uppmärksamma, integrera och arbeta preventivt med denna målgrupp. Syfte Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera hur socialstyrelsen via sin webbplattform förmedlar kunskap om könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Utifrån hemsidans tillgängliga texter granskas och analyseras vägledning och kunskapsstöd riktade till olika professioner, exempelvis socialtjänsten och hälso-och sjukvård. Vidare studeras hur kunskapsstöd vägleder professioner till att förstå och handla i frågor som rör könsstympning som ett arbete på samhälls-, grupp och individnivå. Utifrån det analyseras hur socialstyrelsen främja det sociala arbetet kring könsstympning. Metod Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskning baserad på systematisk litteraturstudie och induktiv ansats. Litteraturstudien grundades på analys och granskning av socialstyrelsen kunskapsstöd. Genom en webbaserad innehållsanalys granskades 53 publicerade dokument som direkt eller indirekt berör könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Resultat I resultatdelen identifieras tilltänkta mottagare av det publicerade materialet som illustreras i form av ett diagram. Den allmängiltiga informationen representerar hälften av urvalet. De två mer framträdande grupper identifieras som Hälso-och sjukvård och den berörda målgruppen. I mindre omfattning riktas material till socialtjänst och samhälls-/hälsokommunikatörer. Resultat påvisar att Hälso-sjukvården i sitt arbete med könsstympning, har i större omfattning tillgång till praktiskt och teoretisk vägledning i jämförelse med de andra representerade mottagargrupperna. Slutsatser Studien visar att socialstyrelsen förmedlar ett arbete mot traditionen på individ-, grupp- och samhällsnivå. Information kring könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor stämmer i stort sett överens med tidigare forskning gällande ursprung, förekomst, utformning och konsekvenser. Studien visar att Socialstyrelsen är en källa för kunskap och information kring ämnet. Det föreligger dock skillnader i den praktiska vägledningen som skapar grund för handling. Vid det konkreta arbetet på individnivå framträder skillnader beroende på om frågan aktualiseras inom hälso- och sjukvård eller socialtjänst.Abstract Background The focus of the study is to draw attention to the National Board of Health and Welfare directory information concerning female genital mutilation (FMG). The tradition involving the total or partial removal of the female external genitalia, including intentional damage which alter or cause defects on the female genitalia without medical reasons or reasons (WHO, 2008). As a result of migration and population movements, the tradition came to be recognized internationally and in Sweden. In Sweden, the tradition has a clear relevance to social work because FGM is discussed and defined as violence against women/children, oppression, honour, violation of human and children's rights (Talle, 2008). Authorities in Sweden is facing a challenge to inform, alert, integrate and work preventively with this audience. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how the National Board of Health and Welfare by its web platform conveys knowledge of FGM. Based on the websites available texts examined and analysed guidance and knowledge subsidies to various professions, such as social and health care. Further studies show knowledge and support guides professionals to understand and act on issues related to FGM as a work of social, group and at a individual level. Based on the analysis of how the National Board of Health and Welfare promotes the social work of FGM. Method The study is based on a qualitative research based on a systematic literature review and inductive approach. The literature review was based on analysis and review by the National Board of Health and Welfare knowledge support. Through a web-based content analysis examined 53 published documents that directly or indirectly affects FGM. Results In the results section identified the receiver to think of the published material illustrated in the form of a diagram. The universal information represents half of the sample. The two prominent groups identified as Health and the touch target. In smaller scale material is directed to social and community -/health communicators. Results demonstrate that the health-care system in his work on FGM, has been more widely access to practical and theoretical guidance in comparison to the other receiver groups represented. Conclusions The study shows that the National Board of Health and Welfare conveys a work against the tradition of individual, group and societal level. Information about FGM are broadly in line with previous research on the origin, presence, design and impact. The study shows that the National Board of Health and Welfare is a source of knowledge and information on the subject. However, there are differences in the practical guide to creating a basis for action. In the concrete work at the individual level, disparities, depending on whether the issue arises in healthcare or social services.
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Ak, Neşe Ö. "Microbiology of cutting boards for food safety." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32519218.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93).
Books on the topic "Cutting boards"
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California. Bureau of State Audits. Medical Board of California: It needs to consider cutting its fees or issuing a refund to reduce the fund balance of its contingent fund. Sacramento, Calif: California State Auditor, Bureau of State Audits, 2007.
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Lolita, Sakura. My Comic: Special Blank Comic Boards with Cutting Bubbles. Independently Published, 2020.
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Rad Boards: Skateboarding, Snowboarding, Bodyboarding, a Total Guide to the Cutting Edge. Sports Illustrated for Kids, 2003.
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Picciuto, David. Make your own cutting boards: Smart projects and stylish designs for a hands-on kitchen. 2016.
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R, Porter Sarah, ed. Monetary policy at the cutting edge. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Germain, Richard. Cheating Chef's Italian Cookbook - Creatively Carved by Pinocchio: Book and Cutting Board Set. Ikona, 2018.
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Michopoulos, John G., Christiaan J. J. Paredis, David W. Rosen, and Judy M. Vance. Advances in Computers and Information in Engineering Research, Volume 2. ASME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.862025.
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Book Series Editorial Board John Michopoulos, Naval Research Laboratory David Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology Chris Paredis, Georgia Institute of Technology Judy Vance, Iowa State University This is the second volume in this book series that aims to capture advances in computers and information in engineering research, especially by researchers and members of ASME’s Computers & Information in Engineering (CIE) Division. The series is focusing on advances in computational methods, algorithms, tools, and processes on the cutting edge of research and development as they have evolved and/or have been reported during the last three to five annual CIE conferences. The series will provide a resource for enhancing engineering practice by enabling the understanding and the application of evolving and emerging technologies that impact critical engineering issues related to the topics and themes under CIE’s technical committees areas of interest, but not limited to: Advanced Modeling and Simulation; Computer-Aided Product and Process Development; Systems Engineering, Information and Knowledge Management; Virtual Environments and Systems.
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Kitch, Britt's Britt's. Personal Recipe Notebook - 'Family Recipes' - 8 X 10 - Blue - Italian Cutting Board: Record Your Favorite Recipes and Create Your Own Cookbook! Independently Published, 2020.
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Pirello, Christina. Back to the cutting board: Luscious plant-based recipes to make you fall in love (again) with the art of cooking. 2018.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cutting boards"
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Nagasawa, Shigeru, Takuya Oyake, and Takashi Kajizuka. "String-Like Fiber Dust Occurrence in Crush Cutting of Stacked Liner Boards." In Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications, Research and Technology, 1–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4819-7_1.
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Wahab, Razak, Mohamad Saiful Sulaiman, Hashim W. Samsi, Ros Syazmini Mohd Ghani, Taharah Edin, Nasihah Mokhtar, and Mohammad Haziq Razak. "Quality Eco-Composite Boards from Oil Palm Agro-Waste of Empty Fruit Bunches." In Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 9, 134–47. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cras/v9/8799d.
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Jarvis, Adrian. "Into the Modern World?" In In Troubled Times. Liverpool University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9780973007367.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board during the early-twentieth century, as it attempted to adapt to the changing economic landscape. Jarvis analyses the effectiveness of the Board’s strategies in regard to the following: willingness to change; resistance to cutting advertising; and aggressiveness toward the competitor trades of Manchester, Hull, and London. It concludes by claiming the Board’s core belief - that expansion and upgrades would keep ships interested - was challenged by war.
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Broughton, Chad. "Treading Water in the Great Recession." In Boom, Bust, Exodus. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199765614.003.0019.
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In April 2010 George Carney found himself stacking and banding wooden boards to be made into roof and barn trusses. His new workplace was Roberts and Dybdahl, a lumberyard in Milan, Illinois. Carney was paired with a partner, an automated cutting machine with five enormous shark-toothed saw blades that bit loudly into lumber and dropped boards onto the tray below. Now 51, Carney was using his body to earn a living again, even if the job paid only $9 an hour, a shade above the Illinois minimum. The first week he put in 60 hours. “It was a hard job. It was perfect for me.” On April 29, his ninth day on the job, Carney’s life changed forever, again. Two days after an unremarkable Occupational Safety and Health Administration inspection, a two-by-six shot out of the saws like “a ball out of pitching machine.” Its long side smacked right into Carney’s skull, and in an instant his world went dark. In the previous year Carney had been bartending while he lived in his son’s extra bedroom in Matherville, Illinois. He served “fancy, high falutin” drinks at the Oak View Country Club starting in late May 2009, after being unemployed for a couple of months. Members liked Carney because he would remember their names and favorite drink. The “whisky-beer man” learned to make cosmopolitans, martinis, manhattans, and other country club mixes. “I always told myself I was shy, but everyone tells me I’m not. I feel uncomfortable with it, but I seem to be fairly sociable.” In August he added a day job at Milan Lanes, a bowling alley and bar, and was working almost every day. Still, it was a “pretty low point” to be a working-age man living in his son’s extra room. It was a role-reversal that neither of them relished. “You don’t feel like you got anything,” Carney said of the year after leaving the Town Tavern. Then Carney’s father succumbed to cancer in March 2010.
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"Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Assists the Board." In Cutting Edge Internal Auditing, 151–74. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119208440.ch7.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Waste." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0004.
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We are a wasteful lot on planet Earth. We do not mean to be, but this is an inherent and unavoidable feature of human society. The processes of living, eating, working, playing, and dying all utilize consumer products whose production and use generate wastes. Every candy bar has a wrapper; every apple has a core. It is almost impossible to think of a process that does not create some waste. There is sawdust from cutting lumber, metal shavings from drilling and soldering circuit boards, sludges from chemical processes, leftover food from restaurants, waste paper by the ton from environmental hearings and other legal proceedings, dirty diapers, and other household garbage. Societal wastes range from the refuse produced by every family to highly toxic industrial wastes from the production of specialized goods such as electronics, computers, cars, petrochemicals, and plastics. Virtually every aspect of our daily lives generates waste. Waste cannot be avoided. But what happens to all this waste? Some of it is recycled. During the past ten years there has been a growing realization that our globe is finite in its resources, and that the environment is under considerable stress and is being quietly but relentlessly despoiled. In response, streetside “blue box” and other recycling programs have sprouted. Approximately 20% of municipal waste in North America is currently being recycled: metal cans are going back to smelters, paper back to pulp mills, and glass and plastic to factories to be turned into new products. Recycling programs are still expanding, and it is anticipated that in the future as much as 50%, and perhaps even more, of all household and commercial waste will be recycled. Some of the waste is incinerated. When this is accompanied by generation of electricity or useful steam or heat, it can be viewed as a form of recycling—the conversion of waste to energy, a very useful product. It also helps preserve precious nonrenewable resources such as gas, oil, and coal. Many people, however, are concerned about the emissions that are released into the air and the ash that is produced. About 18% of municipal solid waste in the United States is currently being incinerated, with about 75% of the incinerators generating energy (EPA, 1994).
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Leopold, Estella B. "Winter." In Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.003.0007.
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Winter at the Shack was always a great time, and some weekends it was a big challenge just to get in. After a good snowfall we would park near Mr. Lewis’s farmhouse and ski in the mile and a half, carrying our grub. We have a picture I especially love of Mother skiing through the woods, wearing her denim skirt and winter coat. What a great sport she was! And she would holler “Whoopeee!” while sliding down a short terrace in the woods. We were proud of her. Skis were not much in those days—just two waxed boards with a leather strap. But they were better than walking, and fun too. Passing through the snowy winter landscape was always, in Dad’s words, a “search for scats, tracks, feathers, dens, roostings, rubbings, dustings, diggings, feedings, fightings, or preyings collectively known to woodsmen as ‘reading sign.’ ” We could often see many of these signs on the snow. I can remember skiing through the woods with Nina one morning after a heavy snowfall and seeing little “bursts,” places where a partridge or two had spent the night in a snowbank and then burst out in the morning to feed. If one wonders how our songbirds survive a cold snowy winter, the answers are revealed on a fresh snow surface: the prairie plants hold their seed pods up away from the snow, and the songbirds land on these dark stalks and remove the seeds. Their dear little tracks show where they were picking up seeds. A way to make a living in winter. For our wood-gathering efforts, our tools were the two-man saw, a double-bit ax with an extra-long handle, two regular axes, a heavy sledgehammer, and two iron wedges. Some of the logs we cut in the woods, though of fireplace length, were too big to carry, so we would split them right there before loading them on the sled. Our favorite place for the cutting operation was west of the Shack, down the slough and bearing south at what we called the “branch slough” and “the fallen bee tree.” Our dog (then Flicky) was always running along with us.
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Lighton, John R. B. "Acquiring Useful Tools and Skills." In Measuring Metabolic Rates, 232–38. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830399.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses useful skills and tools that can extend and amplify the reach of innovative researchers. These include programming languages; statistical packages; microcontrollers and single board computers; researcher-friendly electronic resources; circuit capture and printed circuit design packages and resources; 3D design and printing packages and resources; and laser-cutting resources. The emphasis is on open source solutions applicable to scientific research.
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Analía Rodríguez, María, and Aldo Vecchietti. "An efficient model implementation to solve a real-world cutting stock problem for a corrugated board boxes mill." In Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 601–6. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-7946(07)80123-4.
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Dorasamy, Magiswary, Maran Marimuthu, Murali Raman, and Maniam Kaliannan. "E-Government Services Online." In Technology Enabled Transformation of the Public Sector, 312–25. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1776-6.ch019.
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E-filing is a new service launched in the year 2005 by the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board. This is in line with the government’s vision to leverage on the Internet technology in extending its services to the citizens and to further embrace the cutting-edge technology of the information age. Via this system, the citizens or taxpayers are able to complete an electronic application form and the necessary payment details with a few keystrokes; therefore completing their revenue declaration within minutes. The purpose of the e-filing service is to encourage every taxpayer to submit their income tax returns through an online system, thus reducing the manual paper-based submission method. This paper examines taxpayers’ intention to use the e-filing system in Malaysia. This paper analyses the factors that contribute towards adoption of such system in Malaysia based on three models: the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Diffusion of Innovation (DOI), and Technology Readiness Index (TRI). The authors’ findings suggest that taxpayers have intentions to use the e-filing systems as they perceive that tax submission method via the internet is more convenient and that perceived readiness towards using this technology is paramount to their belief for using e-filing systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Cutting boards"
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Malmberg, Heidi, Petri Laakso, Jari Hovikorpi, Veli Kujanpää, Nina Miikki, and Minna Kurittu. "Laser cutting of pigment coated boards." In ICALEO® 2004: 23rd International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5060373.
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Zhang, Fei, Xiaoyan Zeng, Xiangyou Li, and Jun Duan. "A study of laser etching and cutting PCB boards by 355nm DPSS UV laser." In PICALO 2008: 3rd Pacific International Conference on Laser Materials Processing, Micro, Nano and Ultrafast Fabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5057145.
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Mojtahed, Masoud, Joslin Mourillon, and Adam Riley. "Application of Digital Imaging Techniques in Detection of Defects in Thin Plywood." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39313.
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The detection of flaws and cavities in thin plywood boards saves money for manufactures of a variety of products. Flaws in the boundaries of pieces cut from plywood makes them useless. Therefore, it is essential to detect and locate knots and flaws in plywood boards before the cutting process. A detection and locating system was developed to detect knots and cavities in thin plywood boards using Digital Image Processing and light enhancement methods. The system comprises of three major components: a light source, a digital camera and a computer. The intense light source is used to brighten and reveal flaws and defects in the plywood board in an apparatus. The digital camera captures a digitized picture of the lighted board and stores it on the computer. Finally, a program written in Matlab™ code analyzes the captured image of the board, compares it to a template, and indicates whether flaws are located on the template’s cut lines. The advantage of using these methods is that it allows for the examination and analysis of the plywood without compromising its integrity. When a flaw is detected, the system repositions the plywood image in search of finding an orientation that will allow all defects to avoid cut lines. The process is repeated against several templates until the correct match is found. Once the match and usable orientation is found, a prompt will appear on the computer screen telling the system operator the template name and the orientation of the plywood board.
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Asano, Natsuko, Tamae Omoto, Jinfeng Lu, Hirobumi Morita, Natasha Erdman, and Shunsuke Asahina. "Optimization of Cross Sectioning for Solder Joint using Broad Ar Ion Beam Milling with Temperature Control." In ISTFA 2020. ASM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2020p0280.
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Abstract Understanding solder joints is very important for failure analysis in semiconductor manufacturing because it is commonly used for mounting semiconductor devices on boards. However, regarding sample preparation for analysis, solder poses challenges in crosssection preparation due to the differences in melting point and hardness of its constituents. Therefore, precision cutting methods such as ion milling are required. On the other hand, ion milling method usually causes thermal damage during cutting. In this paper, we tried to optimize the sample temperature during Ar ion milling using liquid nitrogen cooling [1].
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Aoyama, Eiichi, Toshiki Hirogaki, Keiji Ogawa, Kenichi Mori, and Yuusuke Itagaki. "Investigation of Drill Hole Quality of Multi-Layer PWBs for High Current Capacity." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33255.
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Recently, as a result of changes in the automotive industry, a large number of electronic systems have been installed in cars. The thickness of the copper foil used for printed wiring boards (PWBs) has tended to increase in response to the large current capacity required for such electronic equipment. Therefore, the nail head generated in the inner layer copper foil was examined with respect to the influence of the thickness of the copper foil on the through-hole quality. In the present study, the size of the nail head generated in the copper foil after drilling a through hole was used as the objective variable. The explaining variables included drill wear, frequency, feed rate, chip load, drill temperature, copper foil thickness, copper foil cutting distance, and number of drill holes. We investigated the relationships between these explaining variables and the objective variable and found that the copper foil cutting distance was a very important parameter in generating nail heads. In addition, we found that the chip load is important for controlling nail head generation.
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Hirogaki, Toshiki, Eiichi Aoyama, Keiji Ogawa, and Kenichi Mori. "Application of Data-Mining to Factor Analysis of Micro-Drilled Hole Quality for Multi-Layer PWBs." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84265.
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Recently, the demand for miniaturization and enhanced performance of printed wiring boards (PWBs) is growing more and more intense with the rapid popularization of information devices. Processing with micro-drills is generally used to make smaller diameter through-holes in PWBs, which are desired for the miniaturization of the equipment. However, the nail heading is one of the problems in the formation of the micro-through-holes. The purpose of this study is to apply a data-mining, which is used to statistically analyze given factors, to the obtained nail heading data of micro-drilled hole walls, and to elucidate the factors that influence the nail heading of the micro-drilled hole walls. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) It was clear that the height of the nail heading was affected by the drill cutting distance of copper foils and the amount of the drill tool wear more than the number of drilling hits or the drill cutting distance of the PWB number of drilled holes. (2) Data-mining was found to be effective to analyze factors which influence on the micro-drilled hole quality in the manufacturing field of PWBs.
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Tabata, Shogo, Eiichi Aoyama, Toshiki Hirogaki, and Hiroyuki Kodama. "Analysis of Drilling Process Knowledge Derived From Microdrill Catalog Database Using Data-Mining Method." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-67680.
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As electronic devices and products are being miniaturized, the printed wiring boards (PWBs) within them are also being miniaturized. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly difficult to decide the drilling conditions required for producing small-diameter and high-density holes. We have been focusing on drilling conditions recommended in drill catalogs and have been attempting to gather knowledge that drilling experts use to decide the drilling conditions. In this study, we classify drills using the relationship between the diameter and the flute length and hence show that the methods used for setting the cutting conditions are different in different regions of a PWB. In addition, by using a catalog of microdrills that use alloy steel as the work material, we discuss how unique drilling conditions can be set for PWBs.
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Nye, T. J. "Cheap and Fast 2-1/2D Rapid Prototyping via Laser Engravers." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81642.
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Mechanical Engineering curriculum has been changing to increase the amount of design taught to students. Ideally students would manufacture and test their designs, as this process validates the quality of the design and gives invaluable feedback. Designs may not be constructed, however, where there are limitations on time students have for the building phase, where limited shop facilities are available, or where students don’t have the manufacturing skills necessary. Rapid prototyping machines can mitigate these issues, but their initial, support and consumable costs, along with their low productivity, make them inaccessible for most student projects. Even traditional shop construction of designs is of limited feedback value, since a non-functioning design could be the result of faulty design or of poor quality manufacture. This paper will explore the use of a laser engraver machine as a vehicle for low-cost 2D and 2-1/2D rapid prototyping of mechanical designs. Laser engraver machines have low initial (c.$10–20K) and operating costs. They are capable of cutting 2D parts from materials such as paper matte and illustration boards at cutting rates of one meter per minute or more, allowing high throughput of parts cut. Machines typically attach to computers through a printer driver, so operation is as simple as printing a drawing from CAD software. While individual parts are constrained to planar geometry, simple assembly materials (such as glue and small machine screws) allow designs with moving parts to be constructed and tested.
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Aoyama, Eiichi, Toshiki Hirogaki, Keiji Ogawa, Tsuyoshi Otsuka, and Katsutoshi Yamauchi. "Quality Control of Micro-Drilled Hole Wall of PWBs Using Data-Mining." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84327.
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In the manufacturing of printed wiring boards (PWBs), various methods have been developed in order to improve the circuit packaging density. Micro-drills are generally used to make smaller diameter through-holes in PWBs, which are desired for the miniaturization of equipment. However, a problem has emerged in that copper plating degraded by hole drilling can reduce the reliability of the electrical connection between layers. The surface roughness of drilled hole wall is one of the important factors affecting the plating quality. The purpose of the present report is to apply data-mining to the surface roughness data of drilled through-hole walls, and to elucidate the factors required to control the drilled hole quality. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The data-mining aided by a computer was found to be effective to control the drilled hole wall quality in the PWBs manufacturing. (2) It was clear that the surface roughness of drilled hole walls depended on three factors: the drill temperature, cutting distance, and the width of the fiber bundle of weft yarn.
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Ogawa, Keiji, Heisaburo Nakagawa, and Masatoshi Matsudaira. "Evaluation and Improvement of Micro-Drilled-Hole Wall Quality in Printed Wiring Boards Made of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89034.
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With recent worldwide-use and the rapid spread of electric and electronic equipment, printed wiring boards (PWBs) are being miniaturized and made multifunctional. Miniaturizing the equipment and making it high performance are accompanied by an increase in the number of small diameter through holes for circuit connections available to the PWBs. Such tendency needs the large number of smaller diameter drilling with shorter pitches. Moreover, the improvement of drilled-hole wall quality for PWBs might be demanded by such trends. Here, PWBs are often made of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) for the insulating layers and copper foil for the circuit layers. A woven glass fiber cloth is generally used for PWBs. Therefore, delamination might occur during drilling and affect the surface roughness of the drilled-hole wall. Such wrong surface roughness of drilled-hole wall should be avoided because it might reduce the reliability of insulating between next holes by ion migration of copper plating progressing along the delamination. Revealing of its mechanism is expected to be more important with smaller diameter with smaller electric devices. However, it might be difficult because the micr-drilling of FRP shows is a complex phenomenon because it consists of different materials. Therefore, this paper investigates the proper method to improve drilled-hole wall quality by evaluating the drill temperature rising mechanism and the surface generation mechanism of micro-drilled-hole walls of PWBs made of GFRP. The following results were reached: (1) A drill temperature rising mechanism was conducted. (2) Drill temperature tends to increase with the frictional torque between the hole wall and the margin part of drill. (3) Frictional torque increases with the spring-back of the drilled-hole wall during drilling. (4) The surface roughness of the drilled-hole wall of the GFRP plate is affected by the breakdown of the glass fiber and is mainly caused by the cutting edge of the outer corner except the margin part of the drill. (5) A drilling method with higher fiber bonding strength, such as drilling with compressing PWBs in the thickness direction, effectively improves the drilled-hole wall quality.