Academic literature on the topic 'CV 9000'

CV. Sekar Sari Roti merupakan industri pembuatan roti seperti roti manis, tawar, selai dan lain-lain. CV. Sekar Sari Roti mempunyai target produksi sebesar 9000 unit/bulan. Dengan tingginya target yang ingin di capai, sehingga perusahaan harus mempunyai strategi pemasaran. Ketatnya persaingan industri yang berada dikawasan Pekanbaru menyebabkan berkurangnya pangsa pasar dan pemasaran produk tidak merata Manfaat yang diharapkan dari penelitian ini adalah Perusahaan dapat mengetahui posisi strategi organisasinya saat ini yang dilihat dari faktor ekternal dan faktor internal serta mengetahui posisi strategi perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode SWOT. Melalui penerapan metode SWOT ini, CV. Sekar Sari Roti dapat merancang strategi pemasaran dan posisi strategi perusahaan dengan tahapan penilaian faktor Internal dan eksternal serta diagram SWOT dan analisa diagram fishbone. Berdasarkan metode SWOT menunjukkan posisi strategi di CV. Sekar Sari Roti berada pada kuadran II Stability yaitu memanfaatkan peluang yang ada dengan cara meminimalkan kelemahan yang ada.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the reproductive ability of cows depending on the level of their milk productivity. The studies were conducted in the Republic of Mari El on cows of the Holstein black-and-white breed (n = 3828). There have been studied the influence of different levels of milk yield on the duration of the service period and period between calvings, the output of calves per 100 cows, the coefficient of reproductive ability. The studies used the comparison method, correlation, regression and one-factor analysis of variance. It has been established that the milk yield increases with the age of cows, but at the same time the duration of the service period and calving interval increases. In first-calf cows, the service period was 128.8 days (Cv = 75.1 %), the calving interval was 403.6 days (Cv = 23.5 %). By the third lactation, with an increase in milk yield by 1030 kg (15.4 %), the duration of the service period increased by 7.2 days (5.6 %), the calving interval -by 12.3 days (3.0 %). The share of the impact (ƞ2x) of milk yield on the duration of the service period was 5.4 %, the calving interval -4.7 %. The correlation coefficients between milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation and the duration of the service period and calving interval were 0.24 and 0.22 (p<0.05), with milk yield for the entire lactation 0.81 (p<0.05). The optimal indicators of the service period (89.4 days), the calving interval (369.4 days), the reproductive capacity (0.94) and the output of calves (1.0) were possessed by the first heifers with low milk productivity-milk yield less than 5000 kg of milk. In animals with the milk yield of 6000-9000 kg of milk or more, the duration of the service period was 12.4-249.6 % higher, the calving interval -by 1.9-32.5 % (p<0.05). According to the regression coefficients, on average, each increase in milk yield per 1000 kg increased the duration of the service period by 25.9 days, the calving interval -by 23.1 days, which worsened the output of calves by 0.24 %, and the coefficient of reproductive ability decreased by 16.0 %.

Abstract Determination of activities of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in human sera was based on the hydrolysis of phospholipids from [1-14C]oleic acid-labeled Escherichia coli biomembranes. The E. coli membranes served as substrate specifically for the PLA2 of human serum and were essentially resistant to other lipases in human sera, i.e., lipoprotein lipases, hepatic triacylglycerolipase, or pancreatic lipase in acute pancreatitis. Exchange of phospholipids between the serum and the biomembrane compartment aggravates the determination of PLA2 activity in human serum, which is naturally rich in phospholipids. In our modified E. coli assay, which overcomes these difficulties, the main substrate components phosphatidylethanolamine (70%) and cardiolipin (25%) were &gt; 90% labeled in the sn-2 position. Fatty acids released by PLA2 activity were eluted from an aminopropyl solid-phase column directly into scintillation vials, where the radioactivity was counted. The ratio of [1-14C]oleic acid to released total fatty acids was used to calculate true enzymatic activity. The linear assay range extended from 0 to 3.6 U/L (0-60 nkat/L), with a detection limit of &lt; 0.03 U/L (&lt; 0.5 nkat/L). Within-assay imprecision (CV) was &lt; 6% and between-assay is &lt; 10% over the whole activity range. The normal range for men was 0-0.44 U/L (0-7.33 nkat/L) and for women 0.044-1.11 U/L (0.73-18.4 nkat/L). Patients with septicemia, pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or other severe diseases had PLA2 values up to 540 U/L (9000 nkat/L).

Greenhouse and nursery managers rely on testing laboratories with the expectations of accuracy and consistency. The Greenhouse and Nursery Media Analysis Proficiency (GNMAP) Testing program was initiated to provide laboratories servicing greenhouses and nurseries with inter-laboratory quality control. The GNMAP program operational guidelines are based on those outlined under ISO 9000, ISO/IEC Guide 43 and Draft ISO/IEC Guide 24, which describe the requirements for proficiency testing. Nine laboratories enrolled in the program in 2003 and submitted results for root zone media and fertilizer solutions. Data analysis provided the minimum, maximum and median values; median absolute deviation (MAD); overall reproducibility (Rd); individual reported lab values; repeatability (Rp) of lab value (CV for the individual lab); and mean lab value reported. The Rd was calculated from the median of all lab Rp values and is a measure of intra-lab variance. A measure of inter-lab variance was determined by calculating the relative median deviations (RMD = MAD/Median × 100). For one of the media distributed, results for the saturated media extract included median pH values from 4.3 to 6.9 with MAD values averaging 0.1 across the three samples. The electrical conductivity (EC) median values ranged from 0.36 to 4.57 dS/m with RMD averaging 31% of the median. The main variability between laboratories for the majority of the macro cations was closely aligned with measured EC. Cations (K, CA and Mg) concentrations ranged from 17 to 502 mg/L with Ca typically in the greatest concentration. Cation inter-lab precision, based on the RMD ranged from 9-32% across the three substrate samples. The greatest RMD was 31.8% for Ca and 9.2% for K. The Rd values for the cations averaged 5%.

CV XYZ adalah perusahaaan yang bergerak di bidang manufaktur yang menerapkan ISO 9001:2008 dan akan menerapkan ISO 9001:2015 dan 14001:2015 karena perubahan standar ISO serta dalam upaya perbaikan berkelanjutan di CV XYZ. Perbaikan berkelanjutan dapat didukung oleh keberhasilan proses audit internal. Pada penelitian terdahulu dihasilkan SOP audit internal berdasarkan integrasi standar ISO 9001:2008 dan 14001:2004 sehingga perlu diperbaharui karena perubahan standar ISO dan agar sesuai dengan kondisi dan kebutuhan perusahaan saat ini. Hal ini mendasari perancangan SOP audit internal berdasarkan ISO 9001:2015 Klausul 9.2 dan ISO 14001:2015 Klausul 9.2 yang telah mempertimbangkan risiko melalui metode benchmarking terhadap perusahaan yang telah mengimplementasikan proses audit internal secara continue. Perancangan SOP diawali dengan mengintegrasikan ISO 9001:2015 Klausul 9.2 dengan ISO 14001:2015 Klausul 9.2 sehingga didapatkan requirement audit internal terintegrasi sebagai acuan perancangan proses bisnis audit internal hasil benchmarking menjadi proses bisnis audit internal sesuai requirement integrasi. Selanjutnya dilakukan risk assessment pada proses bisnis tersebut sehingga menghasilkan risk register yang menjadi input pada proses perancangan SOP sehingga dihasilkan SOP audit internal berdasarkan ISO 9001:2015 Klausul 9.2 dan 14001:2015 Klausul 9.2 dengan mempertimbangkan risiko. Hasil penelitian ini telah terverifikasi memenuhi requirement ISO 9001:2015 dan 14001:2015, sesuai kebutuhan CV XYZ serta telah mengantisipasi risiko kegagalan proses audit internal di CV XYZ. Manfaat penelitian ini adalah CV XYZ memiliki SOP audit internal yang dapat menjamin proses audit internal dilaksanakan secara efektif.

CV XYZ merupakan perusahaan manufaktur yang telah menerapkan Sistem Manajemen Mutu (SMM) sesuai dengan ISO 9001:2008. CV XYZ memiliki beberapa SOP hasil penelitian sebelumnya, salah satunya adalah SOP management review yang telah sesuai dengan integrasi ISO 9001:2008 dan ISO 14001:2004. Perubahan standar pada ISO 9001:2015 dan ISO 14001:2015 menuntut perbaikan SOP sehingga dapat memenuhi requirement baru dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan maupun kondisi perusahaan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dilakukan perbaikan terhadap SOP hasil penelitian sebelumnya sehingga didapatkan SOP yang memenuhi requirement standar baru. Perancangan SOP dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan requirement ISO 9001:2015 dan ISO 14001:2015 serta menyusun proses bisnis dengan melakukan benchmark. Proses bisnis yang didapat dibandingkan dengan hasil requirement integrasi sehingga didapatkan proses bisnis sesuai dengan requirement. Berdasarkan ISO 9001:2015 dan ISO 14001:2015 mengenai penerapan risk based thinking, disusun risk register dengan menggunakan risk assessment sebagai bentuk pertimbangan risiko dalam memenuhi requirement tersebut. Penanganan risiko pada risk register menjadi masukan dalam penyusunan SOP management review. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah SOP management review sesuai dengan requirement integrasi ISO 9001:2015 dan ISO 14001:2015 yang sudah mempertimbangkan risiko. Manfaat dari SOP hasil penelitian ini yaitu CV XYZ dapat menjamin pelaksanaan proses management review karena penyusunan prosesnya berdasarkan hasil benchmark dengan perusahaan yang telah menerapkan proses tersebut secara berkelanjutan. Berdasarkan penerapan risiko dari hasil risk register, SOP tersebut memiliki ketentuan maupun aktivitas yang dapat mengantisipasi munculnya risiko sehingga tujuan proses management review dapat tercapai.

CV Citra Dragon is a small and medium-sized industry that produces agricultural machine tools (alsintan) located in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra. CV Citra Dragon has been active in production since 1976 and has the potential to increase the production of alsintan in order to compete in and outside the country. Therefore, CV Citra Dragon needs to improve the quality of the products produced. The best way to meet product quality is implementing Quality Management System (QMS). QMS of CV Citra Dragon necessary to expand to other products which is thresher machine. The research based on ISO 9001-2015 standards. The design of QMS on CV Citra Dragon was done through field survey. Documents made on thresher production units are two compulsory and mandatory records, working procedures on thresher production, as well as work instructions and recording forms required. Once a quality document has been created, the analysis was performed by comparing the pre-existing QMS with the most recent QMS tailored to ISO 9001-2015. Therefore, some documents must be obtained by ISO 9001-2015 in accordance with the QMS used CV Citra Dragon was based on the main process approach. The results of documents that have been verified by the company are the scope of the QMS, quality policy, quality objectives, criteria for evaluation and selection of suppliers, product realization planning records, design and development records, product review, and monitoring records and measurement results. The existence of a good quality document is very important for companies to implement QMS.

CV Citra Dragon is a small and medium-sized industry that produces agricultural machine tools wich is located in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra. CV Citra Dragon has been active in production since 1976 and has the potential to increase the production of alsintan in order to compete in and outside the country. Therefore, CV Citra Dragon needs to improve the quality of the products produced. The best way to recognize the product quality is by implementing the Quality Management System (QMS). QMS of CV Citra Dragon is necessary to expand to other products which is thresher machine. The research based on ISO 9001-2015 standards. The design of QMS on CV Citra Dragon was done through field survey. Documents made on thresher production units are two compulsory and mandatory records, working procedures on thresher production, as well as working instructions and recording forms required. Once a quality document has been created, the analysis was performed by comparing the pre-existing QMS with the most recent QMS tailored to ISO 9001-2015. Therefore, some documents must be obtained by ISO 9001-2015 in accordance with the QMS used CV Citra Dragon was based on the main process approach. The results of documents that have been verified by the company are the scope of the QMS, quality policy, quality objectives, criteria for evaluation and selection of suppliers, product realization planning records, design and development records, product review, and monitoring records and measurement results. The existence of a good quality document is very important for companies to implement QMS. Keywords : Document, Quality Management System, thresher.

CV. Tirta Mangkok Merah adalah sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang industri air mineral. Masalah yang dihadapi adalah tidak maksimalnya penerapan sistem manajemen mutu. Hal tersebut terjadi karena kurangnya sosialisasi yang dilakukan oleh perushaan, sehingga mengakibatkan karyawan tidak dapat memahami prosedur-prosedur yang sesuai dengan sistem manajemen mutu yang ada.Oleh sebab itu, untuk mengatasi permasalahan mengenai penerapan sistem manajemen mutu ISO 9001:2015 di perusahaan, maka akan diindentifikasi mengenai permasalahan apa saja yang menyebabkan penerapan tidak dapat berjalan secara penuh. Kemudian faktor-fator tersebut akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Gap Analysis dan Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu Gap Analysis dan FTA, maka diketahui bahwa perusahaan telah dapat meningkatkan presentase penerapan Sistem Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001:2015 berdasarkan range presentase peniliaian sebesar 73%-97% dari sebelumnya sebesar 58%-90%.

CV. XY merupakan salah satu penghasil bus terbesar saat ini di Indonesia. CV. XY menggunakan ISO 9001 : 2008 sebagai pedoman standarisasi mutu perusahaan. Namun, standarisasi tersebut masih mencakup secara keseluruhan dan belum ada standarisasi khusus untuk bagian IT. Maka peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis manajemen risiko pada bagian IT CV. XY. Manajemen risiko adalah suatu proses mengidentifikasi, mengukur risiko, serta membentuk strategi untuk mengelolanya melalui sumber daya yang tersedia.Dalam penilaian risiko, ada beberapa tahapan meliputi identifikasi asset, identifikasi risiko, dan analisis risiko. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan hasil bahwa ada kemungkinan – kemungkinan risiko dengan berbagai tingkatan. Maka peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa IT CV. XY belum memenuhi syarat standar ISO 31000 : 2018, dikarenakan dari beberapa tahapan pengamatan, wawancara, serta penilaian terhadap risiko itu sendiri masih banyak temuan risiko yang belum bisa terpecahkan oleh perusahaan.

Wie Menschen von anderen lernen und wann es adaptiv-rational ist sich auf soziales Lernen zu verlassen sind wichtige Fragen in vielen Disziplinen einschließlich der Psychologie, der Biologie, der Anthropologie und den Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Trotz der geteilten Interessen dieser Disziplinen sind viele der vorhandenen Resultate voneinander isoliert und oft nicht vergleichbar, teilweise weil es der Forschung zum sozialen Lernen immer noch eines theoretischen Rahmens fehlt, welcher die gewonnen Erkenntnisse vergleichbar machen würde sowie erklären würde warum unterschiedliche Strategien in Abhängigkeit vom sozialen Kontext erfolgreich sind oder nicht. In meiner Arbeit schlage ich einen solchen theoretischen Rahmen vor, welcher sich auf der Forschung zur ökologischen Rationalität gründet. Ich benutze den theoretischen Rahmen der ökologischen Rationalität sozialen Lernens, um drei Fragen zu beantworten: i) Wie können soziale Lernstrategien als kognitiv plausible Strategien modelliert werden, die auf drei einfachen Building Blocks beruhen (Such-, Stopp- und Entscheidungsregeln), ii) was sind die wichtigsten Faktoren von sozialen Umwelten und Problemumwelten, in denen soziales Lernen stattfindet und iii) wie interagieren soziale Lernstrategien, die auf unterschiedlichen Building Blocks beruhen, mit der Struktur von Umwelten, um unterschiedliche Erfolgsniveaus zu erreichen. Indem ich diese drei Fragen adressiere, erarbeite ich die Bedingungen unter denen unterschiedlichen Strategien adaptiv-rational sind und erkläre wie unterschiedlichen Strategien in bestimmten Umwelten erfolgreich sind. Jedes der Kapitel behandelt eine wichtige alltägliche soziale Lernsituation, identifiziert die Schlüsselcharakteristiken der Situation und demonstriert wie die Building Blocks des sozialen Lernens mit diesen Umweltstrukturen interagieren, um unterschiedliche Erfolgsniveaus zu erreichen.
How people learn from others and when it is adaptive to rely on social learning have been major questions in several disciplines including psychology, biology, anthropology and economics. Despite the shared interest of these diverse fields, many of the results remain isolated and are often incomparable, in part because the study of social learning still lacks a general theoretical framework that would make results comparable or explain why different strategies perform well in different contexts. In this thesis I propose such a framework that is grounded in the study of ecological rationality. I use this frame- work to explore three primary questions: i) how can social learning strategies be modeled as cognitively plausible strategies composed of simple building blocks (search, stopping and decision rules), ii) what are key characteristics of social and task environments in which social learning takes place, and iii) how do social learning strategies composed of different building blocks interact with the structure of the environment to produce different levels of success. Through addressing these three questions I map out the conditions under which different strategies are adaptive and explain how the building blocks of different strategies contribute to their performance in certain environments. The thesis focuses on three representative classes of social learning strategies, namely, frequency-dependent, payoff-biased, and unbiased copying. Different chapters focus on important everyday social learning settings, identify key environmental characteristics defining the setting and demonstrate how the building blocks of social learning strategies interact with these environmental structures to produce different outcomes.

Aus ökonomischer und ökologischer Sicht ist es attraktiv, vegetationsbestandene städtische Brachflächen für Erholungszwecke zu nutzen, ohne dabei intensiv in Flora und Fauna einzugreifen. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich damit, wie mit einfachen Gestaltungsmitteln die Attraktivität solcher Flächen für die Stadtbewohner sicher gestellt bzw. erhöht werden kann. Zunächst wurde untersucht, welche Merkmale städtischer Brach- und Grünflächen für die menschliche Wahrnehmung und Bewertung relevant sind. Neben Merkmalen, die für Natur außerhalb von Städten bekannt sind (Grad des Kronenschlusses, Künstlichkeit, Übersicht, Schönheit), wurde das Merkmal »Zugänglichkeit« identifiziert, das besonders für städtische Brachflächen relevant ist. Weiterhin wurde eine Systematik der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten städtischer Grünflächen erstellt. Zu deren Prüfung sowie zum tatsächlichen Nutzungsverhalten städtischer Grünflächen wurden empirische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Insbesondere passive Erholung (z. B. Spazieren gehen) hat eine zentrale Rolle bei der Nutzung städtischer Natur, gefolgt von extrinsisch motivierten Aktivitäten, Aktivitäten zusammen mit anderen Menschen und Sportaktivitäten. Zuletzt wurde in zwei Experimenten gezeigt, dass einfache Brachflächen-Gestaltungsmerkmale zur Erfüllung wichtiger psychischer Bedürfnisse beitragen können und so die Präferenz für eine Grün- bzw. Brachfläche erhöhen. Es existierten keine globalen Präferenzunterschiede zwischen den betrachteten Park- und Brachflächen. Während die untersuchten Gestaltungsmerkmale für die betrachteten Parks keine oder nur geringe Wirkung aufwiesen, hatten sie einen Einfluss auf die Präferenz von Brachflächen. Abschließend können psychologische Anforderungen an die Nutzbarmachung vegetationsbestandener Brachflächen für Erholungszwecke formuliert werden: Wichtig sind Zugänglichkeit, explizite Funktionszuschreibung, vielfältige Nutzbarkeit, Mittel zur Erhöhung des Verständnisses der Fläche sowie Vermitteln von Sicherheit.
Re-using vegetation-covered urban wasteland areas for recreation purposes in ways that do not substantially interfere with flora and fauna seems economically and ecologically attractive. The present dissertation researches the role of simple design features for increasing (or maintaining) the attractiveness of these areas. To that end visual features were identified which are relevant to the human perception of (and preferences for) urban green spaces and urban wasteland areas. A number of features were found that were known from previous studies of rural nature (e. g. degree of canopy closure, artificiality, prospect, and beauty). Additionally, the feature ‘accessibility’ was identified, which appears to be relevant for urban wasteland areas in particular. In a next step, a taxonomy of urban green space usages was compiled and empirically validated. The actual usage behaviour was also assessed, revealing passive recreation (e. g. going for a walk, enjoying nature) as the most important way urban green spaces are used. Other important usages comprise extrinsically motivated activities, social activities, and sporting activities (in descending order). A further set of experiments showed that simple measures in redesigning vegetation-covered urban wasteland areas can – by increasing the degree to which they fulfil important psychological needs – increase the preference for a certain area. No global differences in preference existed between the examined green space and wasteland areas. While the tested design measures showed no or little effect on green space preference they did increase preference for the presented wasteland areas. In conclusion, a few psychological requirements for wasteland re-utilization for recreation purposes can be devised: it seems beneficial to provide accessibility, emphasize the site’s recreational purpose, allow for versatile usages, provide means to enhance understanding of a site, and convey a feeling of safety to the users.

Individuelle Unterschiede in der kognitiven Entwicklung von Kindern korrelieren mit ihrem sozioökonomischen Status (engl. socioeconomic status, SES). Allerdings hat die bisherige Forschung längsschnittliche Dynamiken meist ignoriert. Des Weiteren sind die Mechanismen, die zu SES–bedingten Diskrepanzen in der kognitiven Entwicklung führen, weitgehend unbekannt. Gemäß einer Hypothese ist es die Dysregulation der Sekretion des Stresshormons Cortisol die SES Unterschiede vermittelt, da niedriger SES robust mit höherem chronischen Stress assoziiert. Die vorliegende Dissertation weist im Längsschnitt nach, dass Veränderungen im Familieneinkommen die kognitive Entwicklung von armen Kindern im späteren Kindesalter vorhersagen (Studie I). Bemerkenswerterweise wirkt kindliche Kognition auch auf Veränderungen im elterlichen Einkommen, was auf bisher vernachlässigte bidirektionale Familiendynamiken hinweist. Zudem liefert die Dissertation querschnittliche empirische Evidenz für die Hypothese, dass ein stressbezogener Mechanismus in SES–bedingten Unterschieden kognitiver Entwicklung involviert ist. Höherer Stress und ein geringeres Einkommen waren beide mit Anzeichen des Hypocortisolismus in Kindern charakterisiert (Studie II und III). Außerdem gab es Hinweise, dass kognitive Kontrolle vor den Effekten von Stress schützen könnte (Studie II). Schließlich zeigt die Dissertation erstmalig, dass hyporeaktive Cortisolprofile in Reaktion auf akuten Stress in ärmeren Kindern mit deren niedrigerer Gedächtnisleistung assoziiert ist (Studie III). Beachtenswert ist, dass Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation nicht auf Umwelt oder genetisch vermittelte Kausalität schließen lassen. In zukünftigen Interventionsstudien sollte weiter untersucht werden, ob Interventionen die Einkommensgewinne stärken, Stress reduzieren oder die Reaktion von Kindern auf akuten Stress verbessern, kognitive Unterschiede im Zusammenhang mit SES verringern.
Individual differences in cognitive development in childhood vary along gradients of socioeconomic status (SES). Yet, research has largely ignored longitudinal dynamics, despite evidence that SES, especially income, also changes over time. Furthermore, fairly little is known about the mechanisms by which SES explains cognitive disparities. Lower SES environments are marked by high chronic stress exposure, which has led to the hypothesis that dysregulation of the stress response system resulting in altered cortisol secretion mediates disparities in cognition. This dissertation provides longitudinal evidence for the notion that family income gains and losses predict poor children’s cognitive development throughout later childhood (Paper I). Remarkably, children’s cognition also predicts their parents’ earning ability, indicating previously neglected bidirectional family dynamics. Moreover, this dissertation provides cross–sectional evidence for a stress mechanism involved in SES disparities of cognitive functioning. Both higher stress and lower income are associated with patterns of hypocortisolism in middle childhood (Paper II & III). Further, cognitive control skills may buffer against the embedding of stress exposure in diurnal cortisol secretion (Paper II). Lastly, cortisol hyporeactivity to stress found in low–income children is uniquely associated with their lower memory performance. Notably, this dissertation does not warrant environmentally– or genetically–mediated assumptions of causality. Future intervention studies should continue to explore whether facilitating family income gains, reducing stress exposure, normalizing cortisol secretion, or improving children’s stress coping by training cognitive control alleviates SES–related disparities in cognition.

Den svenska Försvarsmakten har under en smärtsam process genomgått en reform från det gamla invasionsförsvaret till det nya insatsförsvaret. Det har i sin tur påverkat var och när uppgifter skall lösas, den mentala förberedelsen syftar inte längre till att enbart försvara rikets gränser. Svenskatrupper finns idag på ett flertal platser världen men jag vill belysa insatsen i Afghanistan. Den svensk/finska kontingenten har förstärkts med Stridsfordon 9040, ett system konstruerat för ett subarktiskt klimat. Denna uppsats vill bidra med en uppfattning om Stridsfordon 90 är lämpad att lösa uppgifter i Afghanistan och i förlängningen ge ett underlag för en diskussion om det är rätt att systemet finns i insatsområdet. Genom att beskriva vägen fram till varför Sverige utvecklade och anskaffade 90-familjen och vilka krav som låg bakom dess konstruktion kan jag tillsammans med en beskrivning av de olika uppgraderingspaketen skapa en förståelse för hur fordonet ser ut idag. Utifrån det jämföra Stridsfordon 90 plutonens uppgifter i Afghanistan med de parametrar som konstruktionen medger till. Uppsatsen visar att Stridsfordon 90 är lämplig i Afghanistan, utifrån ett tekniskt och stridstekniskt resonemang. Fordonets egenskaper ger få begränsningarna i de uppgifter som idag löses i Afghanistan.

During a long time the Swedish Armed Forces has performed reorganization, leaving the old structure with a defence focused at hostile invasions to become a nation performing operations abroad. A change that affects and creates new tasks for own forces. The main effort is no longer to protect the nation border. The Swedish Armed Forces has troops deployed in several locations all over the world but I want to illuminate their commitment in Afghanistan. The Swedish/Finnish contingent has been reinforced by Combat Vehicle 9040 (CV 9040), a system designed to operate in a subarctic climate.This essay wants to contribute with an idea if CV 90 conducts in the proper type of tasks in Afghanistan. The purpose is also to give a foundation for a discussion whether it is right that the system is deployed in the area of responsibility. My intention is to create an understanding of how the vehicle is constructed and what attribute it displays today. In order to do that I will describe on what grounds Sweden chose to develop and acquire the concept called the 90-family and which demands that affected its construction. After that, describe the tasks that the CV90 platoon carries out inAfghanistan and compare it with the parameters that the construction admits. This essay shows that the CV 90 is appropriate in Afghanistan, out of a technical and combattechnical perspective. Out of a construction perspective there are few limitations in the tasks that the vehicle solves today in Afghanistan.

Stadtbewohner sind häufig mit multiplen Umweltbelastungen konfrontiert, die Stress erzeugen und zu einem Gesundheitsrisiko werden können. Dennoch ist wenig über das Zusammenwirken multipler Umweltstressoren und über das gesundheitliche Potential natürlicher Ressourcen bekannt. Diese Arbeit untersucht daher das Zusammenwirken multipler Stressoren und das Potential natürlicher Ressourcen hinsichtlich der psychischen Gesundheit. Auf Basis eines theoretischen Rahmenmodells erfolgten drei Studien in Berlin. Mittels Online-Studie wurden die für die Berliner Bevölkerung subjektiv kritischsten Umweltfaktoren identifiziert. Daran schloss sich eine Raumanalyse von Umweltdaten an, um Straßenblocks mit hohem versus geringen multiplen Belastungsgrad als Untersuchungsstandorte auszuwählen. In diesen Wohnblocks erfolgte eine Fragebogen-Studie. An einer Teilstichprobe wurden ergänzend qualitative Daten und Haar-Cortisol als objektiver Indikator für chronischen Stress gewonnen. Es zeigte sich, dass multiple Stressoren oder Ressourcen räumlich und zeitlich kovariieren. Die Bewohner hoch belasteter Blocks verhalten sich gesundheitsschädlicher als die Bewohner gering belasteter Blocks, unterscheiden sich jedoch nicht in ihrer Gesundheit. Allerdings besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der wahrgenommenen Luftverschmutzung und der subjektiven Gesundheit. Zudem weisen Personen, die sich durch Luftverschmutzung beeinträchtigter, belästigter oder gefährdeter fühlen, höhere Cortisol-Niveaus auf. Dieser Zusammenhang besteht nur bei objektiv hoher, nicht aber bei geringer Luftbelastung, was chronischen Umweltstress mit gesundheitlichen Folgen nahelegt. Schließlich sind der Blick auf eine hohe Quantität unterschiedlicher Vegetationsarten von der Wohnung aus, und die regelmäßige Nutzung spezifischer Grünflächen mit geringerem Cortisol-Niveau und teilweise mit höherer Lebenszufriedenheit assoziiert. Es werden mögliche Implikationen für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung diskutiert.
City residents are often exposed to multiple environmental burdens that may cause stress and thereby pose a health risk. However, little is known about the co-occurrence of stressors, and on the health potential of natural resources. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the co-occurrence of multiple environmental burdens and the potential of natural resources with respect to the mental health of city residents. Based on a comprehensive theoretical model three consecutive studies were conducted in Berlin. An online survey facilitated the identification of critical local environmental factors. Subsequently a spatial analysis was conducted using a Geographic Information System in order to select neighborhood street blocks with high versus low multiple burden levels. A household survey was conducted in the selected study sites that additionally assessed the perceived level of other locally relevant burdens. Qualitative data and hair cortisol level as an objective indicator of chronic stress, were supplemented in a subsample. Results showed that either multiple stressors co-occurr or multiple resources are co-present. Residents from high-burden blocks behave in a less healthy manner than residents from low-burden blocks, but they do not differ in regard to health. However, perceived air pollution is related to perceived health. Moreover, individuals who feel more impaired, annoyed, or at risk by air pollution have higher cortisol levels. This relation exists with a high level of objective air pollution only, while no such relation exists when objective air pollution is low. This finding suggests chronic environmental stress with detrimental health consequences. Finally, residents whose homes have views onto high amounts of diverse kinds of vegetation, as well as who regularly use a park or a vegetated way have lower cortisol levels and partly report higher life satisfaction. The results have implications for sustainable urban development.