Journal articles: 'Cyanide process. Case hardening'

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Millholland., R. A. "CASE-HARDENING PROCESS FOR TOOL STEEL." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 28, no. 1 (March 18, 2009): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1916.tb00618.x.

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XUE, Wei Dong, Kouitsu MIYACHIKA, Satoshi ODA, Hiroshige FUJIO, Takao KOIDE, and Chiaki NAMBA. "Simulation of Case-Hardening Process of Helical Gears." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2003.16 (2003): 565–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2003.16.565.

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Arthur, E. K., E. Ampaw, K. J. Akinluwade, A. R. Adetunji, O. O. Adewoye, and Winston O. Soboyejo. "Carbon and Nitrogen Concentration Profiles of Cassava-Pack Carbonitrided Steel: Model and Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.313.

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Cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding is a surface hardening procedure that utilizes the high cyanide content that is present in processed cassava leaves to thermochemically diffuse carbon and/or nitrogen into the interstitial sites of steel. This paper presents analytical models for the prediction of carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles, as well as the total case depths associated with the diffusion of carbon and nitrogen during the cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding of low carbon steel. Using Fick's second law of diffusion and approximate initial and boundary conditions, two separate analytical models were presented for intermediate and high temperature cassava-leaf-enhanced carbonitriding processes. The trends in the total case depths are shown to be qualitatively similar to experimental measurements of case depths. The implications of the results are discussed for the surface hardening of steels by carbonitriding processes.

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Gansel, R., C. Zimmermann, L. V. Fricke, M. Lüdtke, H. Klümper-Westkamp, R. Fechte-Heinen, H. J. Maier, and D. Zaremba. "Characterization of Graded Subsurface Zones in Industrial Case-Hardening Using a Non-Destructive Testing System." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 76, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0006.

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Abstract For process monitoring and quality assurance of case-hardened components, the determination of the case-hardening depth in the manufacturing process after hardening of the subsurface layer is a quality verification that is often required in industry. Currently, these quality assurance tests can only be realized with destructive measures. During case-hardening, the essential microstructural formation, and thus the key component properties are developed during the heat treatment in the cooling section. The testing technique used in the present study is based on the analysis of harmonic signals of eddy current testing. The aim of this project was to achieve an early identification of incorrect cooling processes in the case of a known transformation behaviour of the components during cooling. The data collected in the industrial hardening process show that an evaluation of the carburizing process on the basis of the case-hardening depth can be carried out non-destructively during component cooling and in the cooled state with the use of eddy current technology.

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Mondal, S. C. "Process capability – a surrogate measure of process robustness: a case study." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 33, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-12-2013-0202.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to obtain a better understanding on robust performance of a hardening and tempering process producing component worm shaft used in the steam power plant. This research is capable to explaining the variation of process capability in terms of robustness. Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposed a methodology (a combination of simulation, regression modelling and robust design technique) to study robustness of a hardening and tempering process producing component worm shaft used in the steam power plant and process capability acts as a surrogate measure of robustness. In each experimental run, the values of responses and the corresponding multivariate process capability indices across the outer array are determined. The variation of process performance (process capability values) due to random noise variation is studied using a general purpose process control chart (R-chart). Findings – The results provide useful information in term of insensitiveness of the process against the noise (raw material and process noise) variation where the process capability acts as a surrogate measure of process robustness and explains the variation of process capability in term of robustness. Practical implications – This paper adds to the body of knowledge on robustness of a manufacturing process. This paper may be of particular interest to practicing engineers as it suggests what factors should be more emphasis to achieve robust (consistent) performance from the process. Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies within the context in which this study is to address key relationships between process robustness and process capability in a manufacturing industry.

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Ofori-Sarpong, G., A. S. Adam, and R. K. Amankwah. "Detoxification of Cyanide Wastewater by Cyanotrophic Organisms: the case of Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i1.4.

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Abstract Cyanide, a carbon-nitrogen radical, is a major building block in many industries including pharmaceuticals, petrochemical and gold processing. In the gold extraction industry, cyanide has been the universal lixiviant for over a century due to better understood process chemistry, among others. Industries that discharge cyanide-laden effluents are mandated to keep concentrations below 0.2 mg/L to prevent death by cyanide-intoxification, which occurs when cyanide binds to key iron-containing enzymes and prevent them from supplying oxygen-containing blood to the tissues. Techniques used to attenuate cyanide in wastewater can broadly be grouped into chemical, physical and biological methods. In recent times, attention has been placed on biotechnological methods, which make use of cyanotrophic microorganisms to clean up cyanide-contaminated environments. This paper reports on studies set out to assess the ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to degrade cyanide under different conditions including changes in cyanide concentration, culture mass, time, closed system and open system. At the end of 24-hour contact in an open agitated system with initial pH of 11.5, a control experiment using 100 mg/L cyanide revealed a natural attenuation of 15% with pH decreasing to 9.88, while the best myco-detoxification of 85% was achieved by contacting 100 mg/L cyanide with 0.5 g culture mass, translating into degradation capacity of 17.2 mg/g (milligram of cyanide per gram of culture) with pH reducing to 8.4 in 24 hours. The degradation could be based on a number of mechanisms including hydrolysis to HCN, oxidation to cyanyl radical and cyanate due to natural attenuation through atmospheric contact, and secretion of organic acid, oxidative enzymes, and hydrogen peroxide by the fungus. Keywords: Cyanotrophic Organism, Myco-Detoxification, Cyanide-Laden Effluents, pH

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "MANUFACTURE INVESTIGATION OF CARTRIDGE WITH BOTTOM-MOST PART FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTERPUNCH. REPORT 14. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF PROCESS VARIABLES OF FREE EXTRUSION PROCESS." Technology of Metals, no. 5 (2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-2499-2020-0-5-38-45.

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The calculation methodology of the energy-power and strain parameters of free extrusion processes of cartridges with a counterpunch is presented. The extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is discussed. Taking into account the strengthening of extruded material is described in detail for a case of hardening material. The presented formulae allow one to determine such most important parameters of the pressing process as total and specific strain forces, maximum pressure on a die wall, an increase in yield load.

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "MANUFACTURE INVESTIGATION OF CARTRIDGE WITH BOTTOM-MOST PART FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTERPUNCH. REPORT 15. CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF PROCESS VARIABLES OF STRAITENED EXTRUSION PROCESS." Technology of Metals, no. 6 (2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-2499-2020-0-6-41-47.

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The calculation methodology of the energy-power and strain parameters of a straitened extrusion process of cartridges with a counterpunch is presented. The extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is discussed. Taking into account of the strengthening of extruded material is described in detail for a case of hardening material. The presented formulae allow one to determine such most important parameters of the pressing process as total and specific strain forces, maximum pressure on a die wall, an increase in yield load.

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Barka, N., Philippe Bocher, J. Brousseau, M. Galopin, and S. Sundararajan. "Modeling and Sensitivity Study of the Induction Hardening Process." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.525.

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Induction heating is a case hardening process used to improve performance of machine components by producing a hard martensitic microstructure and high compressive residual stresses at the surface layer. A reliable numerical model able to predict the hardness profile would shorten process development. However, the accuracy and the efficiency of the model are restricted by the coupling complexity between the electromagnetic and thermal fields, and the nonlinear behaviour of the material properties. The paper analyzes the sensitivity of the material properties values and of the finite element meshing onto the predictive modeling of the case hardening profiles. The material used is SAE-4340 low-alloy steel. The simulations are done using a computer-modeling software (Comsol) and the sensitivity analysis is conducted by using an experimental design method.

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Petr, Karel. "Load Capacity of Dynamically Loaded Gears with Different Case-Hardened Depth." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.193.

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This article describes load capacity of dynamically loaded gears, more precisely describes the mechanical pulsation tests of carburized gears with different thickness of case-hardened depth and case-hardening technology, i.e. addition or removal of certain steps during the case-hardening process of the tooth flank and foot root. The comparison was made on six different process chemical-heat treatment, in two thicknesses of case-hardened depth and two pressure angles. Results are shown and compared in a Wöhler’s curve.

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Fitri, Nidya, Ketut Artawa, Ni Made Sri Satywati, and Sawirman . "Participants’ Tenor of Discourse in Indonesia’s Court Trial Cyanide Case." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i1.14252.

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This article accomplishes to explore participant’s tenor of discourse in Indonesia’s court trial cyanide case by using four aspects of tenor are played in court trial process (Seragih, 2014). The implication tenor of discourse in Indonesia’s court trial cyanide case is social role relationship played by participants (Halliday, 2002; 2014). The social role relationship among of participants is purposed to make audiences understand the text structure court trial easily and to invite them to do something toward meaning of process. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data of this study were taken from some sources in you tube. The data were transcripts into Indonesian language orthographically from seventeen dialog conversation which delivered in different session of court trial. The tenor of discourse in Indonesia’s court trial cyanide case how lawyers and prosecutors dominant asked witness and expertise testimony to prove defendant as murder. Finally, we found that the most dominant used tenor of discourse that appear from each session in text structure of court trial was [formal/equal/positive/frequent].

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Henke, Thomas, Markus Bambach, and Gerhard Hirt. "Die and Process Design for Hot Forging of a Gear Wheel – A Case Study." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.307.

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Gearing components are an example for widely used machining parts in engines. Nowadays the development and optimization of materials and process chains are driven towards a concurrent improvement of final product properties and production efficiency. Excellent mechanical properties needed for gearing components e.g. high load capacity and high fatigue resistance depend on a fine homogeneous microstructure in the final product. Efficiency in gear manufacturing can be optimized by increasing the temperature during processing, which allows for lower forging loads and lower die stresses, thus improving die life in terms of mechanical fatigue. Additionally, increasing the temperature during case hardening reduces the process duration significantly. Hence process efficiency also increases. To meet the need of a fine homogenous microstructure, dynamic recrystallization has to be initiated during hot forging and grain growth has to be avoided during dwell times and case hardening. This grain size control can be achieved by applying micro-alloying concepts. Recently, an Nb-Ti-based alloying concept for case hardening steels was introduced, which increases fine grain stability and therefore potentially allows for higher forging and case hardening temperatures, leading to improved process efficiency [1]. In this paper a 25MoCr4-Nb-Ti steel grade is characterized in terms of flow resistance and microstructure evolution by hot compression tests and annealing experiments. The processing limits of this material in terms of abnormal grain growth are determined and a JMAK-based microstructure model considering these limits is presented and implemented in the FE-Software DEFORM 3dTM. The model is used in a case study to design a laboratory scale forging process for lowest possible die stresses and finest possible grain sizes. Experimentally measured grain sizes and forging loads from forgings at the laboratory scale are used to evaluate the process design. It is shown that considering microstructure evolution in process design is absolutely necessary to jointly optimize for process efficiency and final properties. The application of the Nb-Ti-based micro-alloying concepts allows for lower die stresses and thus seems to reduce mechanical fatigue of the dies compared to conventional case-hardening steels. [1] S. Konovalov et. al.: Testcase gearing component. In: G. J. Schmitz, U. Prahl (Ed.): Integrative Computational Materials Engineering, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012, ISBN 978-3-527-33081-2

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Biró, Andrea Szilágyi, and Miklós Tisza. "Nitrocarburising of Low Alloyed Case Hardening Steels Applying Three Different Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 729 (November 2012): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.729.13.

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Nitriding is one of the most important processes among surface technologies. The purpose of this process is to produce a wear resistant layer on the surface of components, to meet the complex requirements. Ferritic nitrocarburising was carried out at three different temperatures (520, 570 and 620°C) and with five different process times, to study the effects on process parameters . The experiments proved that in case of ferritic nitrocarburising, it is possible to produce larger diffusion zone during the same time. If the temperature is higher than the iron-nitrogen eutectoid temperature, the diffusion is deeper, but we should consider the softening of the core.

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Wang, Jian Gang, Jian Wen Hu, Lei Mao, Yong Juan Dai, and Dong Ying Ju. "Effects of the Complex Strengthening Process on Microstructureand Properties of Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.169.

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A numerical simulation method is used to predict the depth distribution of martensite and hardness in the case layer of carburizing (carbonitriding)-quenched 20CrMnTi steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 20CrMnTi steel after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is investigated. The results show that the microstructure after nitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main tempered martensite and nitrides; after carbonitriding and subsequent induction hardening is main martensite and a small amount nitrides. The simulation results were a little different from experimental results. According to the results, the factors of reducing the accuracy of the numerical simulation method have been discussed.

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Šofer, Michal, Rostislav Fajkoš, and Radim Halama. "Influence of Induction Hardening on Wear Resistance in Case of Rolling Contact." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 66, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scjme-2016-0007.

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AbstractThe main aim of the presented paper is to show how heat treatment, in our case the induction hardening, will affect the wear rates as well as the ratcheting evolution process beneath the contact surface in the field of line rolling contact. Used wear model is based on shear band cracking mechanism [1] and non-linear kinematic and isotropic hardening rule of Chaboche and Lemaitre. The entire numerical simulations have been realized in the C# programming language. Results from numerical simulations are subsequently compared with experimental data.

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "PUNCHING CUPS WITH BOTTOM FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTER-PUNCH. METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FREE EXTRUSION PROCESS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 283 (October 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.supp.2020.10.pp.017-024.

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The methodology for calculating the energy and deformation parameters of the processes of free extrusion of glasses with a counter-punch is described. Extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is considered. In the latter case, accounting for the hardening of the extruded material is described in detail. The above formulas allow us to determine such important parameters of the stamping process as the total and specific deforming forces, maximum pressure on the matrix wall, and increase in yield stress.

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "PUNCHING CUPS WITH BOTTOM FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTER-PUNCH. METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS CRAMPED EXTRUSION PROCESS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 284 (November 2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.supp.2020.11.pp.002-009.

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The method of calculating the energy and deformation parameters of the process of constrained extrusion of glasses with a counter-punch is described. Extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is considered. In the latter case, accounting for the hardening of the extruded material is described in detail. The above formulas allow us to determine such important parameters of the stamping process as the total and specific deforming forces, maximum pressure on the matrix wall, and increase in yield stress.

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "PUNCHING CUPS WITH BOTTOM FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTER-PUNCH. METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS CRAMPED EXTRUSION PROCESS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 284 (November 2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.supp.2020.11.pp.002-009.

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The method of calculating the energy and deformation parameters of the process of constrained extrusion of glasses with a counter-punch is described. Extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is considered. In the latter case, accounting for the hardening of the extruded material is described in detail. The above formulas allow us to determine such important parameters of the stamping process as the total and specific deforming forces, maximum pressure on the matrix wall, and increase in yield stress.

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Vorontsov, A. L., and I. A. Nikiforov. "PUNCHING CUPS WITH BOTTOM FLANGE BY DIRECT EXTRUSION WITH COUNTER-PUNCH. METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FREE EXTRUSION PROCESS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 283 (October 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.supp.2020.10.pp.017-024.

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The methodology for calculating the energy and deformation parameters of the processes of free extrusion of glasses with a counter-punch is described. Extrusion of both non-hardening and hardening material is considered. In the latter case, accounting for the hardening of the extruded material is described in detail. The above formulas allow us to determine such important parameters of the stamping process as the total and specific deforming forces, maximum pressure on the matrix wall, and increase in yield stress.

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Alagumurthi, N. "OUTLINE: Issues on the Surface Integrity of Case Hardened Steel Materials." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2010): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x01004010032.

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The Utilization of surface engineered materials in various engineering applications has increased tremendously in recent years. This in turn, has enthused many researchers to identify the right surface engineering process with right processing variables for the right application. Surface heat treatment is one such surface engineering process which has been in vogue for long time. But, unlike the other heat treatment processes – full hardening processes, surface heat treatment process requires further research to obtain tailor made characteristics on the materials used. Because of the complexity and condition under which the surface heat treatment process has to take place, it is difficult to conduct the study and fully understand and control the process. For the requirements and difficulties expressed above, finding out the ways and means of obtaining appropriate surface characteristics on the metallic (steel) components used in various applications, like automobiles and aerospace engineering remains an active area of research. This supplement issue is aimed at providing a recent update on the various issues related to surface integrity of Gas carburized and Induction hardened Steel materials. It also covers the Modeling of Phase transformation in Induction Hardening.

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Rakhadilov, B. K., Z. A. Satbayeva, R. S. Kozhanova, D. R. Baizhan, M. K. Rakhadilov, and G. B. Botabayeva. "Influence of electrolytic-plasma hardening modes on structure and hardness of 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe steel." Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials 4, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29317/ejpfm.2020040406.

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The article presents the results of studying the process of electrolytic-plasma hardening of 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe steel by surface hardening, as well as the results of the current-voltage characteristics of the cathodic electrolytic-plasma process depending on the composition of the electrolyte. Temperature-time and special modes of electrolytic-plasma hardening of steel 0.34Cr-1Ni-Mo-Fe were determined. The optimal composition of the electrolyte for electrolytic-plasma hardening has been determined, providing a relatively high heating rate and high hardness of the steel surface. It has been determined that after the electrolytic-plasma hardening, the microhardness of 34KhN1M steel increases 2.9 times due to the formation of fine martensite. In this case, the basis of the material does not change, it consists of a ferrite-pearlite structure.

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Seyedi, Scheida, K. H. Lang, and Detlef Löhe. "Fatigue Behaviour of Case-Hardened P/M Steels." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.371.

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Powder-metallurgical (P/M) produced components may be used as mass parts in a very large quantity. Due to the multistage manufacturing process which consists of the pressing of the prepared powder and the sintering of the green bodies also complex shaped components can be produced very economically and precisely. They can be utilised without any further post-processing if the whole production process is optimised. However, it is still difficult and only possible with considerable technical and financial effort to produce highly stressable components profitably using the sinter technique. Therefore, the examinations on hand had the intention to create the basis for the use of the sinter technology also for the production of highly stressable case-hardened components. To this, at first bending specimens were fabricated with modern pressing procedures and sinter facilities and first characterized in the as sintered state. Then the conditions for the case-hardening was analysed and the parameters for an optimised case-hardening procedure fixed. With these parameters specimens were case-hardened and their lifetime behaviour estimated under different bending loading conditions. Finally it should be checked whether the knowledge gained from the specimens could be applied to complex components. To this, gear wheels were produced using powder-metallurgy. The cyclical tooth foot strength of this gear wheels were analysed in the only sintered as well as in the case-hardened state. It could be demonstrated that the improvement of the fatigue strength of the bending specimens by case-hardening also appears at the tooth foot strength of the gear wheels.

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Palaniradja, K., N. Alagumurthi, and V. Soundararajan. "Hardness and Case Depth Analysis Through Optimization Techniques in Surface Hardening Processes." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2010): 38–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x010040300038.

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Surface engineering and surface engineered materials find wide applications in engineering industries in recent years. Inconsistency in hardness and case depth has resulted in the further optimization of the process variables involved in surface hardening. In the present study, the following operating parameters viz. preheating, carbon potential, holding position, furnace temperature, carburising time, quenching medium, quenching temperature, quenching time, tempering temperature and tempering time were taken for optimization using the Taguchi and Factorial design of experiment concepts. From the experiments and optimization analysis conducted on EN29 and EN34 materials it was observed that furnace temperature and quenching time had equal influence in obtaining a better surface integrity of the case hardened components using gas carburizing. Preheating before gas carburizing further enhanced the surface hardness and the depth of hardness. In the case of induction hardening process, power potential played a vital role in optimizing the surface hardness and the depth of hardness.

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Thürer, Susanne Elisabeth, Anna Chugreeva, Norman Heimes, Johanna Uhe, Bernd-Arno Behrens, Hans Jürgen Maier, and Christian Klose. "Process chain for the manufacture of hybrid bearing bushings." Production Engineering 15, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11740-021-01028-4.

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AbstractThe current study presents a novel Tailored Forming process chain developed for the production of hybrid bearing bushings. In a first step, semi-finished products in the form of locally reinforced hollow profiles were produced using a new co-extrusion process. For this purpose, a modular tool concept was developed in which a steel tube made of a case-hardening steel, either C15 (AISI 1015) or 20MnCr5 (AISI 5120), is fed laterally into the tool. Inside the welding chamber, the steel tube is joined with the extruded aluminum alloy EN AW-6082. In the second step, sections from the compound profiles were formed into hybrid bearing bushings by die forging. In order to set the required forming temperatures for each material—aluminum and steel—simultaneously, a tailored heating strategy was developed, which enabled successful die forging of the hybrid workpiece to the desired bearing bushing geometry. Using either of the case-hardening steels in combination with aluminum, this novel process chain made it possible to produce intact hybrid bearing bushings, which showed both macroscopically and microscopically intimate material contact inside the compound zone.

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Schlesselmann, Dirk, Aleksandr Nikanorov, and Bernard Nacke. "Numerical Calculation of Temperature and Microstructure for Induction Surface Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.251.

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In the present paper, a new numerical model for calculating martensite microstructure in induction surface hardening processes is introduced. It takes into account the heating as well as the quenching process and uses the temperature history of a work piece to calculate martensite formation. The calculation is based on an empirical equation found by Koistinen and Marburger [1].A comparison between the heat distribution within a work piece at the end of the heating process and the distribution of martensite after quenching is performed for different process parameters. Thus, it is determined, in which case the temperature distribution is sufficient to predict the hardened layer and in which case the microstructure has to be calculated to receive accurate results. The model is verified by comparing simulation results with different experiments.

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Niyakovski, Alexander M., Uladzimir N. Ramaniuk, Аleksandr N. Chychko, and Yury V. Yatskevich. "Unsteady model of the hydration process of a reinforced concrete product at software-controlled heating." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 63, no. 4 (September 13, 2019): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2019-63-4-496-505.

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The development of mathematical models for design of the thermal technology equipment intended for accelerated hydration of concrete products is an urgent task of industrial heat power engineering. The introduction of mathematical modeling methods can reduce the time and the resources spent for the development of technological regimes that reduce energy consumption in the production of building structures and, ultimately, in the construction of buildings and structures for various purposes. There is not yet a generally accepted mathematical model of thermal processes occurring in thermal technological installations in the case of accelerated hardening of a three-dimensional concrete object. The purpose of this work is to develop an unsteady model of the concrete hydration process applied to a symmetrical three-dimensional reinforced concrete product at software-controlled heating. By using the numerical finite-volume method in the case of a 0.3 × 0.3 ×0.3 mcube, a three-dimensional feld of hydration in a concrete object at a given operation mode of a heater is calculated. The following heating mode was used: “heating–maintaining at a constant temperature–cooling”. The dependences of a temperature diﬀerence between reinforced and non-reinforced cubic products on the hardening time at the corresponding space points in the direction from the surface to the center of the product have been obtained. By the example of the numerical simulation results, it is shown that the evolution of the hydration degree at these points during the hardening of non-reinforced concrete diﬀers from the hardening of reinforced concrete. The time dependences of heat treatment of a rate of temperature change and the hydration coefficient at the selected points of a product are presented. The obtained results are analyzed.

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Surzhenkov, Andrei, Eron Adoberg, Maksim Antonov, Fjodor Sergejev, Valdek Mikli, Mart Viljus, Jyrki Latokartano, and Priit Kulu. "Influence of Laser Hardening to the Sliding Wear Resistance of the PVD (Al,Ti)N-G and nACo® Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.28.

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In the present article, the laser hardening of the carbon steel C45, previously coated by the physical vapour deposition (PVD) process, is studied. The (Al,Ti)N-G and nACo® (nc-AlxTi1-xN/α-Si3N4) coatings were applied. Nd:YAG laser with the laser beam power density of 1945 W/cm2 and scan speed of 300 mm/min was used for hardening process. Laser hardening lead to the formation of hardened layer under both coatings, consisting of austenite and ferrite. The approximate depth of the hardened layer and maximal microhardness was approximately 0.2 mm and 955 HV0.05 and 0.1 mm and 520 HV0.05 in the case of the (Al,Ti)N-G and the nACo® coating, respectively. After laser hardening the sliding wear of the (Al,Ti)N-G coating decreased by 1.25 times and of the nACo® coating by 1.05 times.

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Barka, Noureddine, Sasan Sattarpanah Karganroudi, Rachid Fakir, Patrick Thibeault, and Vincent Blériot Feujofack Kemda. "Effects of Laser Hardening Process Parameters on Hardness Profile of 4340 Steel Spline—An Experimental Approach." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040342.

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This study displays the effect of laser surface hardening parameters on the hardness profile (case depth) of a splined shaft made of AISI 4340 steel. The approach is mainly based on experimental tests wherein the hardness profile of laser hardened splines is acquired using micro-hardness measurements. These results are then evaluated with statistical analysis (ANOVA) to determine the principal effect and the contributions of each parameter in the laser hardening process. Using empirical correlations, the case depth of splined shaft at tip and root of spline’s teeth is also estimated and verified with measured data. The obtained results were then used to study the sensitivity of the measured case depths according to the evolution of laser process parameters and geometrical factors. The feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach lead to a reliable statistical model in which the hardness profile of the spline is estimated with respect to its specific geometry.

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Zhumadilova, Zhanar, and Kenzhebek Akmalaiuly. "Heat Dissipation at Cement Hardening." Southern Brazilian Journal of Chemistry 28, no. 28 (June 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37633/sbjc.28(28)2020.1-9.

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During the construction of concrete structures of small cross-sections, the release of heat during cement hardening has no harmful effects. With the increasing temperature of the hardening cement mass, the rate of cement hydration increases. This increases the rate of release of its heat of hydration of cement. The consequence of the accelerated process of hydration of the binder is a more intensive increase in the strength of cement stone than in the case of hardening under normal conditions. This fact is widely used in practice for the intensification of the hardening of concrete. When structures with small cross-sections are being built, the heat released during hardening is relatively quickly transferred to the surrounding space and does not cause a significant increase in temperature. In structures made of massive concrete (with a large cross-section), this heat is stored in the interior of the array for a long time, which causes a rather large rise in temperature and its slow drop. This is due to the fact that heat transfer to the external environment is hampered here by the considerable thickness of the massif and the rapid rate of concreting, mechanized laying of large masses of concrete. As a result, a temperature difference is created between the internal and external parts of the structure and harmful internal stresses arise that can cause cracking in the hardened concrete. This leads to a violation of its solidity. The faster cement hydrates, the sooner and more heat is released. The types of cements with a high content of tricalcium silicate and aluminate emit more heat and rather than types of cement with a high content of dicalcium silicate and tetra-calcium aluminoferrite. However, the latter has a lower strength. The increase in strength resulting from the hydration process is inevitably associated with the release of heat into the environment

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ZHUMADILOVA, ZHANAR, and KENZHEBEK AKMALAIULY. "HEAT DISSIPATION AT CEMENT HARDENING." SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 28, no. 28 (June 20, 2020): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v28.n28.2020.01_zhumadilova1_pgs_01_09.pdf.

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During the construction of concrete structures of small cross-sections, the release of heat during cement hardening has no harmful effects. With the increasing temperature of the hardening cement mass, the rate of cement hydration increases. This increases the rate of release of its heat of hydration of cement. The consequence of the accelerated process of hydration of the binder is a more intensive increase in the strength of cement stone than in the case of hardening under normal conditions. This fact is widely used in practice for the intensification of the hardening of concrete. When structures with small cross-sections are being built, the heat released during hardening is relatively quickly transferred to the surrounding space and does not cause a significant increase in temperature. In structures made of massive concrete (with a large cross-section), this heat is stored in the interior of the array for a long time, which causes a rather large rise in temperature and its slow drop. This is due to the fact that heat transfer to the external environment is hampered here by the considerable thickness of the massif and the rapid rate of concreting, mechanized laying of large masses of concrete. As a result, a temperature difference is created between the internal and external parts of the structure and harmful internal stresses arise that can cause cracking in the hardened concrete. This leads to a violation of its solidity. The faster cement hydrates, the sooner and more heat is released. The types of cements with a high content of tricalcium silicate and aluminate emit more heat and rather than types of cement with a high content of dicalcium silicate and tetra-calcium aluminoferrite. However, the latter has a lower strength. The increase in strength resulting from the hydration process is inevitably associated with the release of heat into the environment.

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31

Metzger, Mieczyslaw. "FAST-MODE REAL-TIME SIMULATOR FOR THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1994): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0188.

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Process connected simulation of a process is very useful for optimal decision making. The problem of computer aided operator support in the case of a sudden augmentation of cyanide concentration in the inlet flow of a big industrial wastewater treatment plant is presented in the work. By using simulation experiments the operator of the process may check the consequences of the operating control strategies before the emergency in the real-world process occurs.

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32

Sabeeh, H. F., I. M. Abdlbaqi, and S. M. Mahdi. "Design and Implementation of Induction Coil for Case Hardening of a Carbon Steel Gear." Advanced Electromagnetics 9, no. 3 (December 19, 2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v9i3.1300.

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Abstract: This work includes a design of an induction coil as a guide to design an induction furnace as a part of a production line suitable for achieving case hardening of a CK-45 carbon steel gear in a mass production factory. Such a workpiece requires certain hardening profile in that the periphery including the gear teeth must be hardened for certain depth to withstand against corrosion, while the rest volume must be of low hardness in order to overcome mechanical stresses due to the coupled shaft. Induction heating technology adopted for achieving such a complex hardness profile in one workpiece. A numerical simulation intended to design the induction coil, then the induction furnace able to perform this hardening requirement. A three dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic-thermal coupled analysis using Finite Element Method (FEM) is intended to design this coil. This design must determine the required frequency, current, and temperature required for this process at certain required time. These parameters are the guide to build the suitable induction furnace power supply for this task. This work proves the truth that this simulation is quite accurate to implement a pioneer system.

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Kamat, Amar M., Stephen M. Copley, and Judith A. Todd. "A two-step laser-sustained plasma nitriding process for deep-case hardening of commercially pure titanium." Surface and Coatings Technology 313 (March 2017): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.01.033.

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34

Clausen, B., R. Kohlmann, and F. Hoffmann. "Influence of production process chain on grain size stability of a microalloyed 20CrMo5 case hardening steel." International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering 4, no. 4 (December 2010): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174951410x12851626813050.

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35

Derouiche, Khouloud, Sevan Garois, Victor Champaney, Monzer Daoud, Khalil Traidi, and Francisco Chinesta. "Data-Driven Modeling for Multiphysics Parametrized Problems-Application to Induction Hardening Process." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050738.

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Data-driven modeling provides an efficient approach to compute approximate solutions for complex multiphysics parametrized problems such as induction hardening (IH) process. Basically, some physical quantities of interest (QoI) related to the IH process will be evaluated under real-time constraint, without any explicit knowledge of the physical behavior of the system. Hence, computationally expensive finite element models will be replaced by a parametric solution, called metamodel. Two data-driven models for temporal evolution of temperature and austenite phase transformation, during induction heating, were first developed by using the proper orthogonal decomposition based reduced-order model followed by a nonlinear regression method for temperature field and a classification combined with regression for austenite evolution. Then, data-driven and hybrid models were created to predict hardness, after quenching. It is shown that the results of artificial intelligence models are promising and provide good approximations in the low-data limit case.

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Liu, Yong Mou, Qing Quan Zhang, and Jin Yao. "A Structured Approach for Iron & Steel Manufacture Processing Equipment Innovation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 10-12 (December 2007): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.10-12.341.

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This article focuses on a case study, described in the following description, concerning a novel design for a hardening shop for universal mill heavy rail. The case offers a comparison between traditional un-structured creativity methods and the systematic process offered by CAI software. And it also described a structured approach for manufacture process equipment innovation.

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37

Bejnoud, Farboud, Frederik Zanger, and Volker Schulze. "Component Distortion due to a Broaching Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 794 (October 2015): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.794.239.

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In order to obtain a better understanding of the effects of an internal broaching operation on the resulting component geometry, investigations were carried out. The investigations were carried out on sliding sleeves made of case hardening steel SAE 5115 (German grade 16MnCrS5). The cutting speed was varied. The results indicate that the arrangement of teeth on the scope of the tool has a significant influence on the resulting component geometry. Furthermore the results show that also the cutting speed has a significant influence on the resulting component geometry, in particular due to the resulting process temperatures.

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38

Weise, Jörg, Dirk Lehmhus, Jaqueline Sandfuchs, Matthias Steinbacher, Rainer Fechte-Heinen, and Matthias Busse. "Syntactic Iron Foams’ Properties Tailored by Means of Case Hardening via Carburizing or Carbonitriding." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164358.

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Metal foam inserts are known for their high potential for weight and vibration reduction in composite gear wheels. However, most metal foams do not meet the strength requirements mandatory for the transfer of sufficiently high levels of torque by the gears. Syntactic iron and steel foams offer higher strength levels than conventional two-phase metal foams, thus making them optimum candidates for such inserts. The present study investigates to what extent surface hardening treatments commonly applied to gear wheels can improve the mechanical properties of iron-based syntactic foams. Experiments performed thus focus on case hardening treatments based on carburizing and carbonitriding, with subsequent quenching and tempering to achieve surface hardening effects. Production of samples relied on the powder metallurgical metal injection molding (MIM) process. Syntactic iron foams containing 10 wt.% of S60HS hollow glass microspheres were compared to reference materials without such filler. Following heat treatments, the samples’ microstructure was evaluated metallographically; mechanical properties were determined via hardness measurements on reference samples and 4-point bending tests, on both reference and syntactic foam materials. The data obtained show that case hardening can indeed improve the mechanical performance of syntactic iron foams by inducing the formation of a hardened surface layer. Moreover, the investigation indicates that the respective thermo-chemical treatments can be applied to composite gear wheels in exactly the same way as to monolithic ones. In the surface region modified by the treatment, martensitic microstructures were observed, and as consequence, the bending limits of syntactic foam samples were increased by a factor of three.

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39

Gibmeier, Jens, Joana Rebelo-Kornmeier, and Tobias Strauss. "Local Residual Stress Depth Distribution in the Inner Gearing of a Case Hardened Sliding Collar." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.601.

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With respect to residual stress analysis the inner gearing of an automotive sliding collar is a component with a challenging, complex geometry. The accessibility of the tooth root does not exist for conventional measuring approaches. However, the process steps like e.g. broaching and case hardening induce characteristic residual stress distributions, which must be known for the valuation of the mechanical integrity of the parts. For lab X-ray stress analysis approaches according to the sin2ψ-method [1] the ring like structure must be sectioned, which affects the process induced residual stress state. The tooth root is rather small, which further leads to shadowing effects during tilting of the sample. Standard mechanical approaches like incremental hole drilling can be excluded due to the narrow tooth root. Local neutron diffraction residual stress analysis in the tooth root by means of neutron through surface strain scanning at the STRESS-SPEC instrument at the research reactor FRM II, Garching (Germany) was successfully carried out for the inner gearing. A measuring and evaluation strategy is proposed, where special attention is paid to the compensation of the surface effect due to the incomplete immersion of the nominal gauge volume during through surface scanning and to the local variation of the D0-value as a consequence of the case hardening process.

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40

Silvestre, Elena, Eneko Sáenz de Argandoña, Lander Galdos, and Joseba Mendiguren. "Comparison of Three Methods for Material Hardening Parameter Identification under Cyclic Tension-Compression Loadings: Roll Levelling Case Study." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.957.

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The roll levelling is a forming process used to remove the residual stresses and imperfections of metal strips by means of plastic deformations. The process is especially important to avoid final geometrical errors when coils are cold formed or when thick plates are cut by laser. In the last years, and due to the appearance of high strength materials such as Ultra High Strength Steels, machine design engineers are demanding a reliable tool for the dimensioning of the levelling facilities. In response to this demand, Finite Element Analysis is becoming an important technique able to lead engineers towards facilities optimization through a deeper understanding of the process.In this scenario, the accuracy and quality of the simulation results are highly dependent on the accuracy of the implemented material model. During roll levelling process, the sheet metal is subjected to cyclic tensile-compressive deformations, therefore a proper constitutive. model which considers the phenomena that occurs during cyclic loadings, such as the Bauschinger effec, work hardeningt and the transient behaviour, is needed. The prediction of all these phenomena which affect the final shape of the product are linked to the hardening rule.In the present paper, the roll levelling simulation of a DP1000 steel is performed using a combined isotropic-kinematic hardening formulation introduced by Chaboche and Lemaitre since its simplicity and its ability to predict the Bauschinger effect. The model has been fitted to the experimental curves obtained from a cyclic tension-compression test, which has been performed by means of a special tool developed to avoid the buckling of the specimen during compressive loadings. The model has been fitted using three different material hardening parameter identification methodologies which have been compared.

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Kaldunski, Pawel, and Leon Kukielka. "Numerical Analysis and Simulation of Drawpiece Forming Process by Finite Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 474 (January 2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.153.

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This paper shows the application of an incremental modelling and numerical solution of the contact problem between movable elastic or rigid tool and elastic/visco-plastic bodies developed in [ to the numerical simulation of drawpiece forming process for the case of rigid tool (punch and die block) and elastic-plastic body (drawpiece). Also the current state of knowledge of the subject matter of the drawing process, modelling and simulation of this process is discussed. The latest and unconventional methods of drawpiece forming have been presented. The important factors determining the proper formation of drawpiece and the ways of their determination have been described. Three types of material models have been used: elastic-plastic model with the linear hardening, elastic-plastic model with the power-law hardening and Frederic's Barlat model which takes into account the anisotropy in three main directions and three tangents. For an example of selected simulations, dependence of punch force from its displacement for different types of die blocks has been presented.

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42

Sato, Atsushi, and Wataru Natsu. "Theoretical Verification of Film Forming in Local Electroplating Process with Electrolyte Suction Tool." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 6 (November 5, 2020): 1051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p1051.

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Electroplating has many applications, including surface hardening and metal thin film manufacturing. In conventional electroplating, the entire workpiece is immersed in the plating solution. Since the whole surface in contact with the solution is plated, a masking operation to remove the unnecessary plating film is required. This is especially applicable to local plating in the case of ornament plating, surface hardening method, among others. However, these additional processes result in substantial increase in processing time and cost. Earlier, we achieved maskless local electroplating with a smooth surface using a suction tool, in which the electrolyte was retrieved by a suction pump through a suction hole. Even so, formation of film on electroplating is yet to be verified by simulations. Herein, we performed experiments and simulations of the local electroplating by varying the processing time before comparing the results. Finally, the validity of the film forming was examined by discussing the results.

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43

Lougheed, Alan. "‘WANT OF NOVELTY’ AND PATENT LITIGATION: THE CASE OF THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION, 1892–1902." Prometheus 13, no. 1 (June 1995): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109029508629189.

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44

Xiao, Heng, Otto Bruhns, and Albert Meyers. "Thermoinduced plastic flow and shape memory effects." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 38, no. 2 (2011): 155–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tam1102155x.

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We propose an enhanced form of thermocoupled J2-flow models of finite deformation elastoplasticity with temperature-dependent yielding and hardening behaviour. The thermomechanical constitutive structure of these models is rendered free and explicit in the rigorous sense of thermodynamic consistency. Namely, with a free energy function explicitly introduced in terms of almost any given form of the thermomechanical constitutive functions, the requirements from the second law are identically fulfilled with positive internal dissipation. We study the case when a dependence of yielding and hardening on temperature is given and demonstrate that thermosensitive yielding with anisotropic hardening may give rise to appreciable plastic flow either in a process of heating or in a cyclic process of heating/cooling, thus leading to the findings of one- and two-way thermoinduced plastic flow. We then show that such theoretical findings turn out to be the effects found in shape memory materials, such as one- and two-way memory effects. Thus, shape memory effects may be explained to be thermoinduced plastic flow resulting from thermosensitive yielding and hardening behaviour. These and other relevant facts may suggest that, from a phenomenological standpoint, thermocoupled elastoplastic J2-flow models with thermosensitive yielding and hardening may furnish natural, straightforward descriptions of thermomechanical behaviour of shape memory materials.

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45

Luo, J., Z. Zhang, H. Dong, and T. Bell. "The computer simulation of the boost diffusion oxidation process for the deep-case hardening of titanium alloys." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120030.

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A one dimensional finite difference diffusion model for simulating the Boost Diffusion Oxidation (BDO) process of titanium alloys is developed and implemented as a window-based program. The program can simulate the BDO process for both constant diffusion coefficient and concentration dependent diffusion coefficient. It is found that to accurately simulate the BDO process, the concentration dependence of oxygen diffusion has to be taken into account. If the concentration dependence is taken as the Shamblen and Redden’s equation, the simulation results agree well with the experimental results.

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46

Schmitt, Matthias, Albin Gottwalt, Jakob Winkler, Thomas Tobie, Georg Schlick, Karsten Stahl, Ulrich Tetzlaff, Johannes Schilp, and Gunther Reinhart. "Carbon Particle In-Situ Alloying of the Case-Hardening Steel 16MnCr5 in Laser Powder Bed Fusion." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060896.

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The carbon content of steel affects many of its essential properties, e.g., hardness and mechanical strength. In the powder bed fusion process of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M), usually, pre-alloyed metal powder is solidified layer-by-layer using a laser beam to create parts. A reduction of the carbon content in steels is observed during this process. This study examines adding carbon particles to the metal powder and in situ alloying in the PBF-LB/M process as a countermeasure. Suitable carbon particles are selected and their effect on the particle size distribution and homogeneity of the mixtures is analysed. The workability in PBF-LB is then shown. This is followed by an evaluation of the resulting mechanical properties (hardness and mechanical strength) and microstructure in the as-built state and the state after heat treatment. Furthermore, potential use cases like multi-material or functionally graded parts are discussed.

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47

Pawęta, S., and R. Pietrasik. "The influence of hardening medium in the vacuum carburizing process on the distortion of machine elements used in the automotive industry." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1-2, no. 94 (May 1, 2019): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5119.

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Purpose: As part of this study, the influence of the hardening medium on distortions of FineCarb® carburized rollers used in the automotive industry as elements of fuel pumps has been examined. The analysis was carried out for the process of quenching in gas at different pressure of cooling gas and quenching in oil at variable delay time of oil mixers. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out on real elements used in the automotive industry as elements of fuel pumps. FineCarb® vacuum carburizing technology was used in order to obtain optimal parameters of the surface layers. During quenching a variable related to the parameters of the quenching medium was introduced. For quenching in gas it was the pressure at which nitrogen was introduced into the cooling chamber, while for quenching in oil it was the time of mixers delay. The sample batch was laid out in accordance with the PPAP (Production Part Approval Process) requirements for the automotive industry. Microhardness and radial runout measurements were carried out on the samples and subjected to statistical analysis. Findings: The analysis of each hardening processes has showed that depending on the cooling medium used, different distortion values are obtained. The distortion value is significantly influenced by the parameters of the hardening process – gas pressure/oil mixers delay. With the proposed quenching parameters, there is no relationship between the location of the sample in the furnace chamber and the distortion value. The smallest hardening distortions were obtained as a result of the hardening process in gas at a gas pressure of 3 bar. Hardening in gas was characterized by the smallest scatter values of obtained results of radial runout. Research limitations/implications: Basing on the studies and analyses carried out in this work, it can be concluded that the introduction of gas quenching technology instead of oil quenching technology is justified qualitatively and economically alike. Hardening in gas was also characterized by the smallest scatter values of obtained results of radial runout. This is an extremely important technological and economic aspect, due to the cost of grinding processing. Practical implications: The automotive and aviation industries are putting ever greater demands on the quality of manufactured components while reducing costs. Volume 94 • Issues 1-2 • May-June 2019 It requires optimization of technological processes from co-operators. In the case of hardening plants, the most important aspect is obtaining repeatable, precisely planned parameters of the carburized layer, as well as minimizing the negative phenomena that cause dimensional changes after hardening of elements. The tests allowed to determine the most effective hardening conditions in terms of obtained distortions and costs of eliminating distortions. However, the selection of the optimal parameters depends on whether the core hardness requirements are also determined. Originality/value: The conducted tests allowed to determine the most effective hardening conditions in terms of obtained distortions, costs of levelling distortions and a complete technological process for the automotive industry.

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Palaniradja, K., N. Alagumurthi, and V. Soundararajan. "Residual Stresses in Case Hardened Materials." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2010): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x010040300092.

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Fatigue behavior of case hardened parts depend to a great extent on the type of residual stresses developed in the components. Topography and metallurgical effects were the two elements which contribute much to surface integrity. Micro hardness of the gas carburized (EN 33 and EN 36) and Induction hardened (AISI 1040 and AISI 6150) specimens obtained during experiments, showed that there was gradual decrease of hardness from surface to sub-surface. Results also showed that more the hardness and case depth, the more was the residual stress. The optimum results gave the maximum compressive residual stress in both the gas carburizing and Induction hardening process irrespective of the mechanisms involved in the process. The X-ray diffraction test showed that the distribution of residual stress was uniform both on the surface and beneath the surface. The magnitude and distribution of residual stress obtained from the experiment agreed with the FEM results found in literatures.

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Yoshioka, Takanori, Kenichiro Nakahata, Takanori Kawamura, and Yasuhide Ohba. "Factors to Determine Inclusion Compositions in Molten Steel during the Secondary Refining Process of Case-Hardening Steel." ISIJ International 56, no. 11 (2016): 1973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2016-324.

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Imanami, Yuta, Takashi Iwamoto, and Kimihiro Nishimura. "Development of Case Hardening Steel for Cold Forging “JECF^®” Which Innovates Parts Manufacturing Process." Materia Japan 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.58.108.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyanide process. Case hardening'

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