Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cycle climatique'
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Pichon, Jean-Jacques. "Les diatomées, traceurs de l'évolution climatique et hydrogéologique de l'Océan austral au cours du dernier cycle climatique." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10622.
Full textGasser, Thomas. "Attribution régionalisée des causes anthropiques du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066543/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with the Brazilian Proposal, that is the assessment of national contributions to anthropogenic climate change. To answer the Proposal, we have developed a compact Earth system model, named OSCAR v2.1. The carbon cycle (CO2, CH4), the atmospheric chemistry of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3, halogenated compounds), as well as aerosols and climate dynamics are included in this model. It is driven by anthropogenic emissions of active compounds, and by land-use changes. After acknowledging the ability of the model to reproduce past observations of the main climatic variables, and after exposing the fundamental principles of attribution exercises, we attribute climate change to its anthropogenic causes. We find that the climate feedback -- over both the carbon cycle and the atmospheric chemistry -- has a prominent effect that exacerbates the relative importance of each anthropogenic forcing. In decreasing order, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, of sulfur dioxide, of methane, and land-use changes, are found to be the most important contributors to climate change in 2008. Through these forcings, the so-called developing countries are now contributing more to climate change than the so-called developed countries. It is however still the contrary on a per capita basis; but we show that such an accounting approach makes it impossible to reach equity within a less-than-two-degree warming trajectory
Cadule, Patricia. "Modélisation des interactions entre le système climatique et le cycle du carbone." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066142.
Full textArzel, Olivier. "Mécanismes de variabilité climatique interdécennale dans des modèles idéalisés." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2008.
Full textDayon, Gildas. "Evolution du cycle hydrologique continental en France au cours des prochaines décennies." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30252/document.
Full textThe assessment of the impact of climate change often requires to set up long chains of modeling, from the model to estimate the future concentration of greenhouse gases to the impact model. Throughout the modeling chain, sources of uncertainty accumulate making the exploitation of results for the development of adaptation strategies difficult. It is proposed here to assess impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France and associated uncertainties. The contribution of each sources of uncertainty is not addressed, mainly that associated with greenhouse gases emission scenario, climate models and internal variability. In the context of impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle over France, it is possible to ask what is the contribution of each sources of uncertainty to the total uncertainty associated with mean changes. Is it possible to reduce, and if so how, the contribution of one source or another ? We propose in this work an approach to assess the transferability in the future climate of a statistical method to downscale climate simulations. The transferability assumption is one the main sources of uncertainty in statistical downscaling method. The assessment suggested here relies on the use of regional climate models, in a perfect model framework, and shows that some predictors are useful to ensure the transferability of the downscaling method in the future climate. This framework, proposed for a statistical downscaling method, is also applicable to bias correction methods in regional climate models. Recent atmospheric reanalyses of the 20th century are downscaled with the method developed in this work, associated with observations of temperature and precipitation. The hydrological cycle over France is characterized with these reconstructions. We show that the multi-decadal variability of observed streamflows during the 20th century is generalized to the whole country and is partly due to atmospheric variability. This multi-decadal variability of streamflows is generally weaker in hydrological simulations done with historical simulations from climate models. The climate projections have been downscaled with the method developed in this work. The temperature on the country, on average over climate models, could increased by 3,5°C in winter and 6,5°C in summer in the course of this century. Precipitations will decrease all over the country in summer, nearly by half on southern part of France for the most severe scenario. In winter, precipitations will increase in the northern part of the country and will decrease slightly in the southern part. In the next few decades, the decrease in precipitation is important in summer, and changes are less pronounced for other seasons. Results of hydrological projections done with one hydrological model and an ensemble of climate models are presented for the coming decades and for the end of the century. On the Seine river, results slightly differ in winter from those presented in previous studies. Here, precipitations and streamflow increase in winter and decrease in summer on that river basin. Elsewhere in France, results are consistent with previous studies, namely an increase in evapotranspiration, a decrease in streamflow and much drier soil. The uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability on relative changes in streamflows always increase during the 21st century, to over 20% in winter for the most severe scenario. In the coming decades, the uncertainty due to internal variability only on streamflow changes is as strong as the uncertainty due to both climate models and internal variability. In the coming decades, annual streamflow changes of the Loire, Garonne and Rhône rivers are stronger than the maximum changes observed during the 20th century
Thouveny, Nicolas. "Variations du champ magnétique terrestre au cours du dernier cycle climatique (depuis 120000 ans) /." Le Puy-en-Velay (Musée Crozatier, Jardins H. Vinay, 43000) : Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les lacs, les anciens lacs et les tourbières, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35537028m.
Full textMartinez-Rey, Jorge. "Impact du changement climatique et l’acidification des océans sur le cycle océanique de l’azote." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS009V/document.
Full textThe marine nitrogen cycle is responsible for two climate feedbacks in the Earth System. Firstly, it modulates thefixed nitrogen pool available for phytoplankton growth and hence it modulates in part the strength of thebiological pump, one of the mechanisms contributing to the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Secondly, thenitrogen cycle produces a powerful greenhouse gas and ozone (O3) depletion agent called nitrous oxide (N2O).Future changes of the nitrogen cycle in response to global warming, ocean deoxygenation and oceanacidification are largely unknown. Processes such as N2-fixation, nitrification, denitrification and N2Oproduction will experience changes under the simultaneous effect of these three stressors. Global oceanbiogeochemical models allow us to study such interactions. Using NEMO-PISCES and the CMIP5 modelensemble we project changes in year 2100 under the business-as-usual high CO2 emissions scenario in globalscale N2-fixation rates, nitrification rates, N2O production and N2O sea-to-air fluxes adding CO2 sensitivefunctions into the model parameterizations. Second order effects due to the combination of global warming intandem with ocean acidification on the fixed nitrogen pool, primary productivity and N2O radiative forcingfeedbacks are also evaluated in this thesis
Berthelot, Marie. "Couplage entre le système climatique et le cycle du carbone terrestre : étude de la réponse biogéochimique et biogéographique de la biosphère au changement climatique futur." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066374.
Full textMounier, Lionnel. "Etude des microparticules insolubles déposées dans la glace antarctique au cours du dernier cycle climatique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616760t.
Full textBelmecheri, Soumaya. "Reconstitution du dernier cycle climatique dans le sud des Balkans : géochimie des ostracodes lacustres (Ohrid)." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112302.
Full textMounier, Lionnel. "Etude des microparticules insolubles déposées dans la glace antarctique au cours du dernier cycle climatique." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10109.
Full textSionneau, Thomas. "Transferts Continent/Océan : Enregistrement du dernier cycle climatique par les sédiments terrigènes du Golfe du Mexique." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00366377.
Full textOrgeval, Tristan d'. "Impact du changement climatique sur le cycle de l'eau en Afrique de l'Ouest : modélisation et incertitudes." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066624.
Full textDavtian, Nina. "Variabilité climatique et environnementale du dernier cycle glaciaire en Méditerranée occidentale : apports des nouveaux biomarqueurs organiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0025.
Full textThe aim of my PhD is to better understand the genesis of signals based on archaeal and bacterial membrane lipids, tetraethers, in coastal marine environments by studying two adjacent sedimentary archives taken from the Gulf of Lions and covering the last glacial cycle. These archives were taken from the relatively shallow upper continental slope, which receives substantial terrigenous inputs during glacial periods. The study site thus has accumulation rates of about one meter per thousand years during glacial periods, which allows me to study the abrupt variability of Quaternary climates in addition to their longer-term variability. First, I have considerably improved the analysis of tetraethers, by adopting a new method for isomer separation and by optimizing the analytical instrument and signal detection. Second, I have tested a novel oceanic paleothermometer based on hydroxylated tetraethers (RI-OH index) for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea. Third, I have studied the origins of tetraethers and their responses to sea level variations. The novel oceanic paleothermometer gives particularly encouraging results despite terrigenous inputs. However, bacterial tetraethers have mixed origins and complex, non linear responses to sea level variations. Possible explanations include the complex sedimentary dynamics of the Gulf of Lions and biases in tetraether-based signals
Eymard, Amandine. "Dynamique de la végétation et variations climatiques dans les Balkans au cours du dernier cycle climatique à partir des séquences polliniques des lacs Maliq et Ochrid (Albanie)." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA2068.
Full textOver the past 150000 years, isotopic ice and ocean records have revealed a succession of rapid and high amplitude climate fluctuations. However, continental records showing sufficiently sensitive to determine the spatial extension of climate change are rare. This thesis therefore aims to analyze and compare the pollen records of Lakes Ohrid and Maliq in Albania, in order to obtain a climate reference record in the south-eastern Europe. The analysis of these pollen records allowed to: (1) Reconstitute, for the first time, the vegetation history at middle altitude in the southern Balkans during the last climatic cycle: the sequences of Lake Ohrid shows that the dynamics of vegetation during the last climatic cycle is very similar to that of other continental sequences of southern Europe, namely orders of succession of ecosystems very close; the differences involve the « timing » of the appearance of a species, its importance within the ecosystem and the duration of its presence in the same ecosystem, (2) Quantify climate changes associated with those in vegetation: the pollen sequence of Lake Maliq, which showed the complex history of mountain ecosystems, has helped to quantify changes in temperature, precipitation and seasonality during the last glacial-interglacial transition and the Holocene in the southern Balkans. The Saine method has been applied to the sequence of Lake Ohrid to obtain a quantitative reconstruction in the Balkansduring the last climatic cycle. To improve the quality of these environmental and climate reconstructions: (1) The modem relationships between pollen assemblages, vegetation and climate, which are the basis of past environmental and climate reconstructions, have been previously analyzed statistically, from moss samples collected in Albania, Greece and Republic of Macedonia. This study shows that it is possible to distinguish in modem pollen sedimentation the ecosystems and vegetation belts in a fragmented area, and therefore, that the corresponding surface samples can be used to transfer functions, (2) A new modem pollen database, including 2760 sites in Europe, Mediterranean area and Eurasia, has been developed with new samples of surface to improve the spatial coverage of the modem dataset that is used in the methods of quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction
Boé, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique: Une étude de régionalisation sur la France." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256811.
Full textUne méthode de désagrégation statistique, basée sur le concept de type de temps, est développée et mise en œuvre afin de régionaliser un ensemble de scénarios climatiques pour forcer un modèle hydro-météorologique. Des impacts sévères sont visibles dès le milieu du 21ème siècle, avec notamment une forte diminution des débits moyens en été et automne, et une large augmentation du nombre de jours d'étiage.
D'autres méthodes de désagrégation sont utilisées afin de tester la sensibilité des résultats
au choix de la méthode: celle-ci s'avère limitée. La principale source d'incertitude
réside en fait dans le choix du modèle climatique. Nous essayons pour finir de mieux comprendre les raisons physiques de cette dispersion des scénarios climatiques sur l'Europe.
Séférian, Roland. "Impact du changement climatique sur les flux de carbone océaniques : rôle de la variabilité décennale." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0057.
Full textSince the industrial revolution, oceans have absorbed roughly one quarter of the anthropogenic emissions of CO2, slowing down climate change. The evolution of the ocean carbon sink, paralleled to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, is ruled by the CO2 as well as climate. Influence of atmospheric CO2 in the recent evolution of the ocean carbon sink is well understood whilst this is not the case for the climate’s one. Indeed, some authors claim that the recent variations of the ocean CO2 sink can be attributed to climate change, whereas some others suggest that these latter are controlled by a decadal variability, which is poorly understood. In this thesis, we address question relative to the role of the decadal variability of the ocean carbon fluxes through the mean of numerical modeling. On one hand, we have demonstrated that ocean carbon fluxes exhibit decadal fluctuations within the high latitudes oceans. These fluctuations displays modes of 10 to 50-year long which account for 20–40% of the year-to-year variability. Thanks to Detection & Attribution methods applied to RECCAP project’s reconstructions (1960–2005), we have then assessed whether the occurrence of fluctuations at decadal time scale could hamper the detection of the climate contribution to the recent evolution of ocean carbon fluxes. We have shown that the climate contribution is indeed not detected in the high latitude oceans due to the presence of decadal mode of variability. In the low latitude oceans instead, the weaker fluctuations of ocean carbon fluxes at decadal time scale favor the detection of climate influence in the recent variations of the CO2 fluxes
Le, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Full textClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Gaudin, Matthieu. "Processus et enregistrements sédimentaires dans les canyons sous-marins Bourcart et de Capbreton durant le dernier cycle climatique." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13322.
Full textPlazzotta, Maxime. "Impacts de la gestion du rayonnement solaire sur le système Terre et rôle des boucles de rétroaction liées au cycle du carbone." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24034/1/Plazzotta_1.pdf.
Full textBoe, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique : une étude de régionalisation sur la France." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227/.
Full textAs most of Europe, France might undergo severe climate changes during the 21st century. In this thesis we study the impacts of these changes on the hydrological cycle, at the scale of the French river basins. A statistical downscaling method, based on the concept on weather types is built and applied to regionalize an ensemble of climate scenarios in order to force an hydro-meteorological model. Severe impacts occur as soon as the middle of the 21st century, characterized by a strong decrease of mean river flows and a great increase in the occurrence of low-flow. Other downscaling methods are used in order to test the sensivity of the results to the choice of the method: this sensivity is limited. Actually, the main source of uncertainty lies in the choice of the climate model. To finish, we try to better understand the reasons for the spread of the climate change scenarios over Europe
Eynaud, Fréderique. "Kystes de dinoflagelles et évolution paléoclimatique et paléohydrologique de l'Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier cycle climatique du Quaternaire." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10636.
Full textGhirardi, Julie. "Impact de la tansition climatique Eocène - Oligocène sur les écosystèmes continentaux : Etude du bassin de Rennes." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2093/document.
Full textThe study of past climate changes on the terrestrial realm provides clues to understand the mechanisms,chronology, and timing of ecosystems response to climate disturbances. The Eocene-Oligocene Transition(EOT) of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (EOb) is well suited for this type of study because it records the last climatic transition between the greenhouse and icehouse modes via a misunderstood interval: thedoubthouse period. This climatic transition was studied through the analysis of organic-rich lacustrine sediments. After an astro-calibrated age model was set up, we reconstructed the evolution of vegetation by using molecular biomarkers specific of plant groups and of local climate (temperature and hydrological conditions) by using molecular and isotopic proxies. The climate record exhibits a marked cooling and drying at the EOT. The evolution of vegetation did not show any abrupt change but exhibited pronounced and rhythmic changes in phase with excentricity during an interval that started 1750 ka before the EOb and lasted until 300 ka after. This interval named Environmental Transition Interval (ETI) was warmer and wetter, and coincides with the doubthouse period. The start of the ETI is concomitant with changes in the recording of orbital parameters. The good expression of solar cycles in the sediments from that period attests to the setting or strengthening of ocean-atmosphere couplings linked to the establishment of the Antarctic icesheet. This work partly solves the uncertainties that prevailed on the doubthouse period
Sanabria, Marin Rigaud. "Hydrologie du bassin du Sinú (Colombie) : modélisation spatio-temporelle de la dynamique hydrique et climatique d'un bassin versant tropical." Avignon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AVIG1027.
Full textRhoujjati, Ali. "Géochimie organique et changements environnementaux du dernier cycle climatique : étude des sédiments du lac de Saint Front (Massif Central, France)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22025.
Full textMessager, Christophe. "Couplage des composantes continentale et atmosphérique du cycle de l'eau aux échelles régionale et climatique : application à l'Afrique de l'Ouest." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122548.
Full textThe use of the regional climate model MAR (Dx=40km) over the West Afiica showed that the simulated pluviometrie regime and the simulated dynamics are mainly influenced by the Gulf of Guinea SST during 1984. This sensitivity is strongly marked up to 12°N. Beyond this limit, the precipitation regime seems mainly influenced by the interactions with the continental surfaces and the synoptic features. The Sahelian region thus appears as relevant in order to study the coupling between the atmosphere and the continental surfaces. A new coupling architecture has been then built with the aim to use legacy models and to ensure modularity, portability, extensibility and interoperability. Lt has been first tested in a one-way configuration by a forcing of the hydrologie model ABC (Dx approximately 1. 8 km) applied over the Sirba watershed (39000 km2) by rainfall fields. The use of a temporal disaggregation method considering several maximums in a single convective event has demonstrated the larger influence of the time sampling comparing to the spatial location of the rainfall over the basin. Finally, a fully coupled experiment between the MAR model, a SVAT (Surface Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer) model and the ABC model has been performed over the Sahelian Sirba catchment. The effects of the SVAT grid refinement over the Sirba basin are responsible for changes in soil surface temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes and soil water balance. However, these modifications can be modulated by the hydrologie model which is able to modify the infiltration and consequently the soil surface water balance and therefore the energy budget and the albedo as well
Laggoun-Défarge, Fatima. "Fonctionnement et dynamique des tourbières Impact de l'anthropisation et du changement climatique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00603695.
Full textChappellaz, Jérôme. "Etude du méthane atmosphérique au cours du dernier cycle climatique à partir de l'analyse de l'air piégé dans la glace antarctique." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10035.
Full textMartinerie, Patricia. "Teneur en gaz des glaces polaires : variations géographiques actuelles, variations au cours du dernier cycle climatique dans la région de Vostok." Grenoble 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576069.
Full textCoulis, Mathieu. "Effets des changements climatiques sur l’activité des organismes du sol et la décomposition des litières en milieu méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20252.
Full textWater availability is a major limiting factor for the functioning of Mediterranean ecosystems. More pronounced drought could severely impact soil fauna activity and diversity that could in turn affect litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In my PhD thesis I investigated experimentally the interactions between changing water availability and detritivorous macrofauna on decomposition and associated processes in a “garrigue”, a typical Mediterranean woody shrub dominated ecosystem.In the first part of my thesis, I studied the impact of Ommatoiulus sabulosus, an abundant diplopod species in garrigue ecosystems, on shrub litter decomposition. During a one month experiment, I studied the direct (litter consumption) and indirect (microbial activity in feces) effects of this detritivore on litter mass loss and microbial communities under two contrasted moisture levels. In a different experiment, I placed litterbags filled with litter or feces in the field at the soil surface or at 5cm soil depth during one year in order to study the long term impact of Ommatoiulus on decomposition. A key result was that detritivores maintain litter consumption in dry conditions when microbial driven decomposition drastically dropped. However, this detritivore effect do not lead to an overall increased organic matter mineralization irrespective of moisture conditions, at least in the short term. In contrast, under field conditions and over a longer time period, Ommatoiulus increases decomposition of certain species such as Quercus coccifera, since feces from this species decomposes faster than un-ingested litter after one year at the soil surface. This stimulation is likely due to a higher leaching of soluble compound in feces. Moreover, in depth feces decomposition increases relative to that of intact leaf litter, possibly indicating that more favorable soil humidity is more favorable to decomposition. Collectively, my results suggest that detritivores can strongly increase decomposition by transforming leaf litter into feces of different organic matter quality, and by facilitating the transfer of organic matter into the soil.In the second part, I evaluated the importance of functional dissimilarity of leaf litter and detritivores on decomposition processes. Using a trait based approach, species assemblages were constructed in order to obtain a gradient of functional dissimilarity of both, leaf litter and detritivore communities, while keeping species numbers constant. The different communities were kept under controlled conditions at the European Ecotron in Montpellier to study the effect of changing functional dissimilarity on process rates at two different moisture conditions. I found that detritivore and litter functional dissimilarity explain up to 20 % of the observed variation for several key soil processes including litter mass loss and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from top soil. However, effects of species identity at both trophic levels have a larger impact on process rates than functional dissimilarity. In general, drought strongly affects soil processes but does not alter the diversity-function relationship. Species assemblages resulting in highest process rates at favorable moisture level are also the most negatively affected by drought, suggesting a tradeoff between the efficiency of soil organisms and their ability to resist perturbation
Hong, Sungmin. "Les métaux lourds dans la glace du Groenland datant de l'époque gréco-romaine et du dernier cycle climatique : contribution anthropique et naturelle." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762345.
Full textRégnier, Damien. "Modélisation physique et numérique de la dynamique d’un pergélisol au cours d’un cycle climatique : implications pour le site de Meuse - Haute-Marne." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S054.
Full textThis manuscript deals about works realized on the permafrost modelling in porous media and its impact on the hydrogeological circulations. These are parts of the Andra’s studies on the nuclear waste storage and, on the environmental studies of the Meuse/Haute-Marne (MHM) site. During a climatic cycle, cold periods can generate permafrost (ground with temperature lower than 0°C for 2 consecutive years). This periglacial structure propagates towards deep geological layers, and, due to its very low permeability, can stop the flow of water bodies like aquifers. This work presents the elaboration of two numerical models (with Cast3M code (CEA)): (i) a model with thermal conduction, used for the study of a cold wave propagation in porous media with phase transition (water-ice); (ii) a more complex model, managing the thermo-hydraulic coupling of ground phenomenon (conduction, convection and transition of phase). After validation, these two models offer three axes of development: (i) benchmark proposition by the study of two generic test-cases; (ii) study of the local air temperature signal on MHM site : importance of high frequency temperature variations (centennial scale) for permafrost depth and stability ; (iii) study of the dynamics of a thermal discontinuity in a typical hydrological system river-plain: closure time of the system by the permafrost according to various parameters (temperatures, geothermal flow, hydrological flow directions). These points are directly linked with the problems of the MHM site
Blanchet, Cécile. "Variabilités climatique et océanique du dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire. Propriétés magnétiques et géochimiques des sédiments de la marge nord-ouest américaine subtropicale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30036.
Full textThe magnetic and geochemical properties of four marine sediment cores from the North-Western American margin allowed reconstructing the dynamics of the terrigenous sedimentation and of the post-depositional processes, related to climatic and oceanological changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle (0-120,000 yrs). The cores have been retrieved in three sites located on the Californian and Mexican coasts: Santa Barbara Basin (35°N), margin of Baja California (23°N) and Gulf of Tehuantepec (15°N). Terrigenous and biogenic components of the sediments are deposited following a seasonal dynamic and accumulate rapidly (35 to 150 cm/ka). The degradation of the organic matter and weak ventilation of the waters lead to low dissolved oxygen contents in the water masses between 300 and 800 m depth, called the Eastern Pacific oxygen minimum zone. The magnetic parameters are used to trace the concentration, nature or grain sizes changes of the magnetic fraction. Two types of ferromagnetic minerals can be detected: the terrigenous iron oxides (magnetite, hematite, goethite) and the authigenic iron sulfides (greigite, Fe3S4 and pyrrhotite, Fe7S8). The relative contents of major and trace elements, measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) on key interval of the cores, help to improve the interpretations. Isotopic ratios of oxygen and carbon measured on planktonic and benthic foraminifera in the core from Gulf of Tehuantepec allowed the reconstitution of the physical and chemical characteristics and of the structure of the water column. The sedimentary sequences, dated by correlation of magnetic susceptibility profiles, calibrated 14C ages and identification of paleomagnetic excursions, cover the glacial-interglacial transition (0-40 ka) and one of them covers the last climatic cycle (0-120 ka). The high concentration of iron oxides in the glacial sediments in the three sites suggests strong terrigenous inputs on the NW American margin and notably strong aeolian inputs during the last glacial maximum (20-26 ka BP). Iron sulfides species of different reduction levels, detected in the sediments of Santa Barbara Basin, have been interpreted as proxies of bottom waters oxygenation conditions. The succession of anoxic (pyrite, FeS2) and dysoxic (less anoxic, ferrimagnetic sulfides) phases is in good accordance with the bioturbation index (Behl and Kennett, 1996) for the last 15 ka and revealed dysoxic phases during abrupt cooling of North Atlantic. In the Gulf of Tehuantepec, the thermocline was less deep during the deglaciation (16-10 ka BP) than during the Holocene (10-0 ka BP) and the presence of authigenic gypsum (CaSO4), formed by reoxidation of pyrite, in the sediments suggests a better oxygenation of the bottom waters during the glacial periods
Le, Lay Matthieu. "Modélisation hydrologique dans un contexte de variabilité hydro-climatique : une approche comparative pour l'étude du cycle hydrologique à méso-échelle au Bénin." Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0012.
Full textThe aim of this PhD is to model the hydrological behaviour of the Upper Ouémé catchment (14400 km²) in Benin. It is a part of the AMMA project (African Monsoon Multidiciplinary Analysis). We estimate the water balance and develop tools to predict climatic and anthropogenic impacts on water resources. First, the hydrological behaviour of the catchments and the main parts of the mesoscale water balance have been characterized. To represent the catchments under study, two parcimonious models have been applied : GR4J, an empirical generic structure, and TOPAMMA, a modified version of TOPMODEL developed during this work. To evaluate these models, a complete framework has been defined, to assess the two models in term of : (i) performance, (ii) uncertainties, (iii) realism. Although runoff simulations are similarly good, the two models show significantly different uncertainties and water balance estimations. The hydro-climatic variability experienced by the region over the last fifty years allows us to study the application of models in non stationary conditions. First, we focused our work on the use of models to detect changes in hydrological behaviour. Finally, the sensitivity of the hydrological response to changes in monsoon regime has been explored through various rainfall scenarios
Roumieux, Camille. "Modélisation de la dynamique saisonnière des éclosions d' Aedes (ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) (culicidae) dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4310/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the evolution of hatching of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) caspius (Pallas, 1771) (Culicidae) on the French Mediterranean coast in the context of climate change. Aedes caspius is a nuisance mosquito in natural salt to temporary submersion wetlands whose life cycle is regulated by a number of environmental parameters relatively limited. We tried to understand the determinants of temporal dynamics of current and future hatching of Aedes caspius. The study of the distribution area of Aedes caspius across the Mediterranean basin has led to the definition of present and future bioclimatic envelopes. The set of climatic anomalies such as envisaged by the scenarios A2 and B2 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (period 2020, 2050 and 2080) leads to an enlargement of the bioclimatic envelope to the north and west of France, and the potential extension of the present day intervention area of the Entente Interdépartementale pour la Démoustication Méditerranée (Interdepartmental Agreement for Mosquito Control Mediterranean (EID)). The temporal dynamics has been studied from the database of daily interventions of EID, over the period 2004-2009. At this local scale (3105 ha) and taking into account inter-and intra-annual meteorological variability, a binary logistic model of occurrences of daily outbreaks has been developed. The resulting model reports that the type of land use, minimum temperature, photoperiod, temperature amplitude and to a lesser extent precipitation and their variability are the main factors explaining the presence of Aedes caspius outbreaks
Bony, Sandrine. "Analyse de l'impact des nuages et de la vapeur d'eau sur le cycle saisonnier du bilan radiatif terrestre; implications pour la sensibilite climatique." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066315.
Full textSisavath, Emmanuelle. "Processus de transfert des éléments volcanodétritiques dans les plaines abyssales autour de l'Île de la Réunion (océan Indien) : exemple du système turbiditique de Cilaos." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844754.
Full textZhou, Xudong. "The impact of climate change and human management on the water cycle of China : dealing with uncertainties." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX097/document.
Full textHydrological modeling is a practical means to quantify responses of river discharge to climate change and human management. However, there are uncertainties in both the model input (e.g., atmospheric variables) and the models (e.g., model structures and model parameters), that can affect the model accuracy and the conclusions. Focusing on different uncertainty sources, this thesis reviews the past studies and provides new approaches for estimating and comparing the uncertainties with their applications concentrated over China. This thesis first proposes a three-dimensional variance partitioning approach that estimates the uncertainty among multiple precipitation products with different types. The new estimation uses full information in temporal and spatial dimensions and thus is a more comprehensive metric for uncertainty assessment especially for multiple datasets. This thesis then proposes a ORCHIDEE-Budyko framework that helps attribute the discharge bias between model simulation (provided by land surface model ORCHIDEE) and observations to uncertainty sources of atmospheric variables and model structure. The framework qualifies the possibility of different uncertainties with physical-based Budyko hypothesis and support of related literatures. This thesis finally reviews the human activities and their impact on river discharge over China regions as well as the related approaches that used for the quantification. The human impact that quantified as the difference between observed river discharge and the naturalized ones is then compared with multi-model simulations driven by different forcing inputs. Results show that the uncertainty in atmospheric variables (e.g., precipitation) is large especially for General Circulation Models (GCMs). Precipitation uncertainty is very likely larger than that of the model uncertainty. The uncertainty in the modeled discharge with different forcing is larger than the magnitude of human impact for most of the regions especially in south China, which impedes the credibility of human impact quantification for those regions. This understanding of uncertainties in the natural water cycle and the management humans impose on it is a prerequisite before attempting to model the anthropogenic pressures
Shimako, Allan. "Contribution to the development of a dynamic Life Cycle Assessment method." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAT0014/document.
Full textLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for the environmental evaluation of an anthropogenic system. However, LCA scholars pointed out the lack of a temporal dimension as a limitation. The processes of technosphere are dynamic which leads to a time dependent life cycle inventory (LCI). Environmental mechanisms involved in impact developments have distinct dynamic behaviors determining specific temporal occurrence. However, the current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods consider arbitrarily fixed time horizons and/or steady state conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of an operational methodology and adapted tools for the consideration of time dependency in LCA, with emphasis on the development of an integrated modelling solution for both the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment phases. The first contribution of this thesis concerns the development of a temporal data base, leaning against ecoinvent data base, in which temporal parameters have been attributed to the data sets. Dynamic climate change and toxicity impacts were developed by adapting available models and were implemented in a homemade computational tool. The modelling approach takes into account the noisy nature of substance emissions in function of time as calculated by DyPLCA temporal LCI model
Colonna, Michel. "Chronologie des variations du niveau marin au cours du dernier cycle climatique (0-140 000 ans) dans la partie sud occidentale de l'océan Indien." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/H/Colonna_1994.pdf.
Full textAlraddawi, Dunya. "Rôle de la vapeur d'eau dans le cycle hydrologique en Arctique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV094/document.
Full textAtmospheric water vapour plays a key role in the Arctic radiation budget, hydrological cycle and hence climate, but its measurement with high accuracy remains an important challenge. Arctic water vapor is characterized by a spatial and temporal variability which is not completely understood yet. Its mass integrated in the atmospheric column (TCWV) is studied in this thesis. TCWV seasonal cycle at 18 polar stations is examined following the effect of latitude, longitude in addition to the continental effect. The measurements used in this thesis were validated at three polar stations, the satellites measurements of TCWV in the NIR/VIS/IR bands by MODIS/ SCIAMACHY/ AIRS sensors are compared to those obtained from ground based GPS signals delay. Their uncertainties and limitations are evaluated in season and month scales especially their sensitivities to the clouds presence. In NIR and VIS, the measurements undergo increased sensitivity to the presence of clouds at high latitudes in summer. In addition, albedo estimation is still a challenge to their TCWV inversion models, especially where canopies are snow-covered. Following the validation results, the distribution and seasonal trends of the TCWV over the entire Arctic was assessed via MODIS. Trends and anomalies are discussed mainly in response to changes in the Arctic vegetation, snow cover, and sea ice during 2001-2015. Increased trends in TCWV may be related to local increase of vegetated areas coincidently to snow cover decrease during transient seasons. Increased trends in TCWV were observed by MODIS, forced by local summer warming from many warm waves. A dramatic decline in sea ice near the Siberian and Beaufort coasts led to an observed local increase in TCWV in early fall. A warm-up phase in the Svalbard archipelago, persisting in all seasons except summer, also resulted in additional quantities of TCWV. The detection and justification of trends is a task still far from being accomplished. Arctic TCWV measurements are in question, TCWV measurements over green areas in winter, or through cloudy skies in summer are the major challenges
Viani, Alessandra. "Fonctionnement hydro-glaciologique du bassin versant de l'Arve dans les Alpes françaises : variabilité climatique et sur la disponibilité de la ressource en eau." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU015/document.
Full textGlacier recession and the anticipation of spring snow melt driven by a warming climate could lead to changes in the hydrological cycle affecting not only the headwater catchments but also the areas downstream. In order to correctly predict the magnitude of future possible changes and to consider appropriate strategies of water management, a good understanding of the interaction between glaciers, climate and hydrology is needed. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of climate variability on the hydro-glaciological behaviour and its consequence on water availability in the Arve River catchment (French Alps) since 1960. It covers 1958 km2 and is composed by five nested catchments (Arveyron d’Argentière, Arveyron de la Mer de Glace, Arve at Pont des Favrands, Arve at Sallanches and Arve at Bout du Monde), all influenced by glacier and snow melt but characterized by various percentages of glacier cover ranging from 5 to 53%. This research is based on a long dataset of in situ or remote sensing glaciological, meteorological, hydrological and snow cover area data.Trend analyses are performed on the hydrological and meteorological data at all the considered sites. The seasonal cycle of each catchment is fitted using a mathematical function, namely the asymmetric peak model, and changes in the discharge are related to observed changes in the meteorological variables and the glaciers’ evolution. Results point out a contrasting behaviour among the catchments characterized by different glacier covers, showing an increasing trend on the discharge values in highly glacierized catchments (with a glacier cover >30%) and a decrease in the low glacierized ones. The sensitivity of the seasonal cycle to the future climate is evaluated. In the mid-21st century the annual runoff would be reduced by 16% for Arveyron d’Argentière and 31% for Arveyron de la Mer de Glace. Over the summer season, a detailed quantification of each term of the hydrological balance equation, as well as their uncertainties, on the Argentière and Mer de Glace-Leschaux drainage basins allows to underline the importance of considering the groundwater transfers to represent and predict the hydro-glaciological behaviour of a considered catchment. Two different distributed temperature index melt models coupled with a linear reservoir discharge model are used on the Arveron d’Argentière catchment over the 1960–2009 period. The calibration is carried out against discharge only and with a multi- criteria approach considering the discharge, the snow cover area and the glacier-wide annual mass balance values at daily time step. Results demonstrate the suitability of the use of a classical degree day model in simulating the hydro-glaciological behaviour and the subglacial water production of a highly glacierized catchment. A KGE of 0.85 is obtained between the observed and simulate discharge values over the 1960–2004 period. The use of a multi-criteria approach seems to reduce the simulation uncertainties
Gitz, Vincent. "Usage des terres et politiques climatiques globales." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000622.
Full textBovy, Benoit. "Modélisation numérique du contrôle climatique sur l'érosion des versants. Développement d'un nouveau modèle et application au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721762.
Full textBovy, Benoît. "Modélisation numérique du contrôle climatique sur l'érosion des versants. Développement d'un nouveau modèle et application au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Europe." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU007/document.
Full textHillslope evolution results from the combined action of weathering and sediment transport processes, which are thought to be both influenced by climate. Yet, the strength and nature of the connection between climate and hillslope erosion remain poorly understood at a quantitative level. In this study, we present a new numerical model of soil production and transport, which aims to better represent, at different time scales, the climate control on soil transport. The numerical model operates at the scale of a single hill and predicts the rates of soil thickness and elevation change, by using a simple parametrization of soil production and a multi-process parametrization of soil transport which includes climate-dependent variables (overland flow discharge and active-layer depth). Simple ground heat transfer and water balance models are used for calculating these variables from time-series of precipitation and temperature. The behaviour of the model has been studied through a few simulation examples and sensitivity analysis. The results highlight the importance of considering multi-process parameterization of soil transport when modelling the response of the hillslope system to climate variations, as these results display significant differences on how each transport process behaves under various climatic conditions and on how each process affect the evolution of the system. Our numerical model has also been combined with an inversion scheme (Neighbourhood Algorithm) to extract quantitative information on the evolution of hillslopes in the Ardenne (Belgium, NW Europe) during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Cycle, using a simple climatic scenario and a unique set of topographic and soil thickness data. Model predictions based on inversion results are consistent with independent observations on hillslope morphology and cosmogenic nuclide-derived erosion rates, although the inversion results show that soil production and transport rates under both the cold and warm phases of the last climatic cycle cannot be fully constrained by the present-day soil thickness distribution. The inversion results suggest that soil transport is by far more efficient during the cold climatic phase than during the warm phase, resulting in the succession of weathering-limited (cold phase) and transport-limited (warm phase) systems. Maximum soil transport rates are predicted during the transitions between the cold-warm phases. The results also suggest that a soil thickness dynamic equilibrium has been recently reached on convex regions of the hillslopes, while shallow soils found in convergent areas may be the relics of the soil thickness distribution that formed during the cold phase
Etchevers, Pierre. "Modélisation du cycle continental de l'eau à l'échelle régionale. Impact de la modélisation de la neige sur l'hydrologie du Rhône." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466802.
Full textBonnet, Rémy. "Variations du cycle hydrologique continental en France des années 1850 à aujourd'hui." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30345.
Full textThe main objectives of this work are to characterize the evolution of the continental hydrological cycle over France from 1850 to present, and to understand the hydrological and climate mechanisms involved. Long-term river flows observations of river flows are scarce and the other variables of the continental hydrological cycle (soil moisture, snow cover and evapotranspiration) are virtually not observed on such longtime scales. To overcome this observational gap, numerical modelling is used. First, hydrometeorological reconstructions available over France through the twentieth century are analyzed. These reconstructions are based on a new approach. It combines the results of long-term atmospheric reanalyses downscaled with a stochastic statistical method and homogenized monthly precipitation and temperature observations to derive the meteorological forcing needed for the physically based hydrological model. The evaluation of these reconstructions show that using homogenized observations to constrain the results of statistical downscaling help to improve the reproduction of precipitation, temperature, and river flows variability. In particular, some unrealistic long-term trends associated with the atmospheric reanalyses are corrected. The analysis of the reconstructions confirms that the multidecadal variations previously noted in French river flows are mainly a climatic-driven. Moreover, the analysis shows that the other variables of the french continental hydrological cycle, like evapotranspiration, soil moisture or snow cover, are also characterized by multi-decadal variations. Depending on the region, the persistence from spring to summer of soil moisture or snow anomalies generated during spring by temperature and precipitation variations may explain river flows variations in summer, when no concomitant climate variations exist. Based on the recent release of the NOAA 20CRv2c long-term atmospheric reanalysis, available from the 1850s, a new hydrometeorological reconstruction is developed over the Seine catchment. [...]
Truze, Elisabeth. "Etude sédimentologique et géochimique des dépôts du Maar du Bouchet (Massif Central, France) : évolution d'un système lacustre au cours du dernier cycle climatique (0 - 120 000 ans)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22072.
Full textLuu, Ngoc Quyen. "Introduction d’une culture de printemps dans les systèmes de culture des « terres irrigables » des montagnes du Nord du Vietnam : approche par modèle agroclimatique." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0019/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis was to assess the agro-climatic feasibility of introducing a supplementary crop during the spring season in the high valleys of the mountainous northern Vietnam. From hypotheses drawn about the way climate constrained such crops, a simulation model and the experimental device required for calibrating and evaluating it were elaborated. A virtual experiment was carried out in order to submit the candidate crops (rice, “aerobic rice”, maize and soybean) under the contrasted climates of three regions, along the elevation gradient and under several technical management, especially sowing dates. This approach was applied consecutively to the two major cases occurring in these mountains: crop irrigated during the whole spring, and rainfed crop (land irrigable during summer only). This approach led to identify, for each of these two cases and for each of the studied regions and crops, favourable sowing windows, i.e. intervals of sowing dates for which the risks associated to spring crop are low. The size of such windows provides a synthetic indicator of the climatic constraint for a given crop at a given place: the narrower the window, the more difficult it is expected to be for farmers to practice the option.Results clearly confirmed that even if irrigation water is abundant, the climate of the mountains in Vietnam does not allow practicing the spring crop everywhere. The risks that were identified were crop destruction by lethally cold temperature during early vegetative stages, maturity delayed beyond the date at which the irrigated rice of summer must have been sown according to current practice, and obtaining yield neatly decreased due to low global radiation and temperature during the first half of the season. Under irrigated conditions, the simulated crop that best escaped these constraints was soybean, followed by maize and direct seeded rice. Rice sown in nurseries and transplanted showed more sensitive to temperature constraints.Spring crop showed strongly trickier under rainfed conditions, especially due to delays in seedlings emergence and water stresses during vegetative growth, in relation with low rainfall during the early part of the season. Soybean remained the crop with the shortest duration, but its simulated yield was strongly reduced by water stresses. “Aerobic rice” and maize were possible options under fully rainfed regime at relatively low elevations only, under any of the regional climates studied. Thus, the feasibility area of spring crops was thus sketched. Research perspectives were proposed, aiming at increasing this area. Additionally to these results, targeted at serving local agriculture, this work confirmed the value and effectiveness of an ad hoc modelling approach for agro-climatic studies of this kind
Joussain, Ronan. "Histoire de l’érosion de l’Himalaya durant le dernier cycle climatique : approches sédimentologiques, minéralogiques et géochimiques des sédiments de la partie proximale de l’éventail sous-marin profond du Bengale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS433.
Full textThe aim of this study is to reconstruct the erosional history of the Himalayan ranges, in order to connect these parameters to global climatic events and variations in the intensity of the monsoon. In this work, sediments from 3 marine cores collected in the Bay of Bengal, during the MONOPOL cruise were analyzed using mineralogical (XRD and grain-size) and geochemical (major, trace, Nd and Sr isotopic composition) methods. Chronological framework of studied cores were based on δ¹⁸O from planktonic foraminifera (G. ruber), and ¹⁴C ages dating (AMS). These cores cover the last 180 kyr. The multi-proxy approach conducted on these cores, gives us critical information about the source, to reconstruct the temporal variability of sediment export to the proximal northeastern Bengal Fan and its potential links to climatic changes (Indian monsoon and/or sea-level changes). Results also give insights on the chemical weathering processes and the dynamic of transport of the sediments through time as well. Moreover, a high-resolution study, on a site located on the active middle fan channel levee of the fan provides information on changes in the weathering pattern and the dynamic of transport of sediments from the Himalayan system during the Holocene. Thus, it is possible to quantify the impact effect of summer monsoon rainfall during that time interval. These results have been used to assess changes in the sedimentary sources (Indo-Gangetic plain vs highlands) and document the chemical weathering states of the detrital material within the Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin catchment