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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyclic ether polymer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Shingu, Tomoki, Takuya Yamamoto, Kenji Tajima, Takuya Isono, and Toshifumi Satoh. "Synthesis of μ-ABC Tricyclic Miktoarm Star Polymer via Intramolecular Click Cyclization." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080877.

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Cyclic polymers exhibit unique physical and chemical properties because of the restricted chain mobility and absence of chain ends. Although many types of homopolymers and diblock copolymers possessing cyclic architectures have been synthesized to date, there are relatively few reports of cyclic triblock terpolymers because of their synthetic difficulties. In this study, a novel synthetic approach for μ-ABC tricyclic miktoarm star polymers involving t-Bu-P4-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of glycidyl ethers and intramolecular copper-catalyzed azido-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) was developed. First, the t-Bu-P4-catalyzed ROP of decyl glycidyl ether, dec-9-enyl glycidyl ether, and 2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) ethyl glycidyl ether with the aid of functional initiators and terminators was employed for the preparation of a clickable linear triblock terpolymer precursor possessing three azido and three ethynyl groups at the selected positions. Next, the intramolecular CuAAC of the linear precursor successfully produced the well-defined tricyclic triblock terpolymer with narrow dispersity in a reasonable yield. The present strategy is useful for synthesizing model polymers for studying the topological effects on the triblock terpolymer self-assembly.

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2

Kobayashi, Shiro, Hiroshi Uyama, De Rieng Liu, and Takeo Saegusa. "Block copolymerization of vinyl ether with cyclic imino ether: synthesis of a new cleavable, nonionic polymer surfactant." Macromolecules 23, no. 24 (November 1990): 5075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00226a006.

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3

Yu, Chuhong, Jing Peng, Jiuqiang Li, and Maolin Zhai. "pH-Responsive Hollow Polymeric Microspheres from Irradiated Cyclic Ether Aqueous Solution." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 8652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188652.

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Smart hollow polymeric microspheres have been widely applied in various fields such as controlled release, drug delivery, catalysis, and so on. Herein, a facile, green and one-step template-free method is introduced for preparing pH-responsive hollow polymeric microspheres via gamma irradiation of cyclic ether aqueous solution. The hollow polymeric microspheres are synthesized by radiation-induced polymerization and following the self-assembly and self-organization of amphiphilic polymer with cyclic ethers as monomers in water. SEM, TEM, micro-FTIR, and NMR confirmed the morphology and structures of the resultant microspheres. The confocal laser scanning microscope was used to investigate the stimuli-responsiveness and release behavior of hollow microspheres using 1-pyrene carboxaldehyde as a hydrophobic molecule model. The well-defined hollow polymeric microspheres with an average diameter of ca. 2.6 μm or 1.6 μm were prepared directly from dicyclohexal-18-crown-6 or tetraphydropyrane aqueous solution, respectively. The prepared hollow microspheres exhibit obvious pH stimuli-responsiveness and can release the encapsulated hydrophobic molecules when pH is higher than 5.0. Moreover, the reversible morphology transition between hollow microspheres and micelles makes the prepared hollow polymeric microspheres potentially suitable for a wide range of applications, including removal of dyes, oil field engineering, and biomedical fields.

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4

Wang, Wenli, Ziwen Qiu, Qian Wang, Xiaoyu Zhou, Yang Liu, Jingjing Zhou, and Bingkun Guo. "A polycarboxylic/ether composite polymer electrolyte via in situ UV-curing for all-solid-state lithium battery." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 7 (July 2020): 200598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200598.

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A polycarboxylic/ether composite polymer electrolyte derived from two-arm monomer and polyethylene oxide (PEO) was in situ synthesized on the cathode. The composite electrolyte exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10 −5 S cm –1 , high oxidation stability, excellent stability towards Li metal and makes Li/LiFePO 4 present good cyclic and rate performance at 25°C.

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5

Wang, Jiajia, Kaikai Jin, Jing Sun, and Qiang Fang. "Dendrimeric organosiloxane with thermopolymerizable –OCFCF2 groups as the arms: synthesis and transformation to the polymer with both ultra-low k and low water uptake." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 20 (2016): 3378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00576d.

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6

Caldona, Eugene B., Ernesto I. Borrego, Ketki E. Shelar, Karl M. Mukeba, and Dennis W. Smith. "Ring-Forming Polymerization toward Perfluorocyclobutyl and Ortho-Diynylarene-Derived Materials: From Synthesis to Practical Applications." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061486.

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Many desirable characteristics of polymers arise from the method of polymerization and structural features of their repeat units, which typically are responsible for the polymer’s performance at the cost of processability. While linear alternatives are popular, polymers composed of cyclic repeat units across their backbones have generally been shown to exhibit higher optical transparency, lower water absorption, and higher glass transition temperatures. These specifically include polymers built with either substituted alicyclic structures or aromatic rings, or both. In this review article, we highlight two useful ring-forming polymer groups, perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers and ortho-diynylarene- (ODA) based thermosets, both demonstrating outstanding thermal stability, chemical resistance, mechanical integrity, and improved processability. Different synthetic routes (with emphasis on ring-forming polymerization) and properties for these polymers are discussed, followed by their relevant applications in a wide range of aspects.

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7

Ree, Brian J., Jongchan Lee, Yusuke Satoh, Kyungho Kwon, Takuya Isono, Toshifumi Satoh, and Moonhor Ree. "A Comparative Study of Dynamic Light and X-Ray Scatterings on Micelles of Topological Polymer Amphiphiles." Polymers 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121347.

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Micelles were prepared in organic solvents by using three topological polymer amphiphiles: (i) cyclic poly(n-decyl glycidyl ether-block-2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl glycidyl ether) (c-PDGE-b-PTEGGE) and (ii) its linear analogue (l-PDGE-b-PTEGGE); (iii) linear poly(6-phosphorylcholinehexylthiopropyl glycidyl ether-block-n-dodecanoyl glycidyl ether) (l-PPCGE-b-PDDGE). For the individual micelle solutions, the size and distribution were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and synchrotron X-ray scattering analyses. The synchrotron X-ray scattering analysis further found that c-PDGE-b-PTEGGE forms oblate ellipsoidal micelle in an ethanol/water mixture, l-PDGE-b-PTEGGE makes prolate ellipsoidal micelle in an ethanol/water mixture, and l-PPCGE-b-PDDGE forms cylindrical micelle in chloroform. This comparative study found that there are large differences in the size and distribution results extracted by DLS and X-ray scattering analyses. All possible factors to cause such large differences are discussed. Moreover, a better use of the DLS instrument with keeping its merits is proposed.

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8

Sun, Hejing, Haibo Zhang, Jinhui Pang, Zheng Chen, Yuntao Han, Su Li, Xiaocui Han, and Zhenhua Jiang. "Resistive memory devices based on novel functionalized poly(aryl ether)s with pendant azobenzene." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318763739.

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We designed and synthesized two novel azobenzene functionalized poly(aryl ether)s (PAEs), PAE-azo-1 and PAE-azo-2, from a new azobenzene monomer via nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation. This direct polymerization approach via azobenzene monomer has the advantages of controlling the distribution and amount of the azobenzene chromophores in the polymer. Both of the polymers showed very good thermal stability and excellent solubility for future application in the electronics industry. These polymers were fabricated as films by simple spin-coating and both of them were then prepared as sandwich memory devices. PAE-azo-1 and PAE-azo-2 exhibit write-once-read-many-times-type memory behavior, which can be encoded as “0” and “1,” and possess the low operation voltage below −3.0 V. The memory mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible optical absorption spectrum and the cyclic voltammetry. These obtained results indicate that the novel azobenzene functionalized PAEs are a promising candidate for low power consumption and high-performance materials for data storage.

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9

Niemczyk, Edyta M., Alvaro Gomez-Lopez, Jean R. N. Haler, Gilles Frache, Haritz Sardon, and Robert Quintana. "Insights on the Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma-Induced Free-Radical Polymerization of Allyl Ether Cyclic Carbonate Liquid Layers." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172856.

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Plasma-induced free-radical polymerizations rely on the formation of radical species to initiate polymerization, leading to some extent of monomer fragmentation. In this work, the plasma-induced polymerization of an allyl ether-substituted six-membered cyclic carbonate (A6CC) is demonstrated and emphasizes the retention of the cyclic carbonate moieties. Taking advantage of the low polymerization tendency of allyl monomers, the characterization of the oligomeric species is studied to obtain insights into the effect of plasma exposure on inducing free-radical polymerization. In less than 5 min of plasma exposure, a monomer conversion close to 90% is obtained. The molecular analysis of the oligomers by gel permeation chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GPC-HRMS) further confirms the high preservation of the cyclic structure and, based on the detected end groups, points to hydrogen abstraction as the main contributor to the initiation and termination of polymer chain growth. These results demonstrate that the elaboration of surfaces functionalized with cyclic carbonates could be readily elaborated by atmospheric-pressure plasmas, for instance, by copolymerization.

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10

Kobayashi, Shiro, Hiroshi Uyama, Eiji Ihara, and Takeo Saegusa. "Block copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran with cyclic imino ether: synthesis of a new nonionic polymer surfactant." Macromolecules 23, no. 6 (November 1990): 1586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00208a006.

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11

Koike, Hitonobu, Junki Haruta, Gang Deng, Koshiro Mizobe, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Observation of Tribological Wear on PEEK Shaft with Artificial Defect under Radial Rolling Sliding Point Contact." Key Engineering Materials 858 (August 2020): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.858.95.

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This paper’s aim is to develop the tribological repair method in PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) polymer mechanical parts with surface damage. The radial rolling sliding contact tests were carried out by using a machined PEEK shaft with an artificial defect as surface damage. An alumina ball and a PTFE composite pin contacted a PEEK shaft specimen under cyclic compressive stress with friction. The particle as solid lubricant from a PTFE composite pin filled up the crevice of the artificial defect. After that, the artificial defect was covered with the deformed microgrooves on the PEEK shaft surface. Due to adhesion by compressive stress and friction, the crevice of the artificial defect was closed. In a running-in process, the artificial defect could be reduced by the adhesion repair.

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12

Ben-Haida, Abderrazak, Howard M. Colquhoun, Philip Hodge, and David J. Williams. "Cyclic oligomers of poly(ether ketone) (PEK): synthesis, extraction from polymer, fractionation, and characterisation of the cyclic trimer, tetramer and pentamer." Journal of Materials Chemistry 10, no. 9 (2000): 2011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b000738m.

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13

Sun, Hejing, Haibo Zhang, Zheng Chen, Jinhui Pang, Cong Gao, and Zhenhua Jiang. "Nonvolatile resistive memories utilizing functional PES-based supramolecular film." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 9 (October 30, 2017): 1056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317737148.

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This study reports the fabrication and characterization of polymer resistive switching memory devices fabricated from poly(ether sulfone)s (PESs), containing carboxylic functional groups for hydrogen bonding with disperse red 1. PES-based supramolecular memory devices exhibited write-once read-many-times-type memory effects, with low switching threshold voltages below −5.0 V and high ON/OFF current ratios of 105. It is the first time that the concept of azobenzene supramolecular PES based on hydrogen bonding for electrical memory device application was investigated. A possible switching mechanism based on the charge transfer interaction was proposed through molecular simulation, optical absorption, and cyclic voltammetry. These results render the PES-based supramolecular memory devices as promising components for high-performance polymer memory devices.

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14

Scamporrino, Andrea A., Concetto Puglisi, Angela Spina, Maurizio Montaudo, Daniela C. Zampino, Gianluca Cicala, Giulia Ognibene, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Copoly(Ether Sulfone)s with Different Percentages of Diphenolic Acid Units." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081817.

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New functionalized Poly(ether sulfone)s having different molar ratio (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100 mol%) of 4,4-bis phenoxy pentanoic acid unit (diphenolic acid; DPA) units were synthesized and characterized by (1H and 13C)-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, FT-IR, DSC and DMA analyses. The microstructural analysis of the copolymers, obtained by 13C-NMR using an appropriate statistical model, shows a random distribution of copolymer sequences, as expected. The presence of different amount of DPA units along the polymer chains affects the chemical and physical properties of the copolymers. The Tg and the contact angle values decrease as the molar fraction of DPA units increases, whereas the hydrophilicity increases. NMR and MALDI-TOF MS analyses show that all polymer chains are almost terminated with hydroxyl and chlorine as end groups. The presence of cyclic oligomers was also observed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis.

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15

Zhao, Na, Yu Li, Jinzhong Gu, Marina V. Kirillova, and Alexander M. Kirillov. "Synthesis, Structural Features, and Catalytic Activity of an Iron(II) 3D Coordination Polymer Driven by an Ether-Bridged Pyridine-Dicarboxylate." Crystals 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9070369.

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New iron(II) three-dimensional coordination polymer (3D CP), [Fe(µ3-Hcpna)2]n (1), was assembled under hydrothermal conditions from 5-(4’-carboxyphenoxy)nicotinic acid (H2cpna) as a trifunctional organic N,O-building block. This stable microcrystalline CP was characterized by standard methods for coordination compounds in the solid state (infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction). Structure and topology of 1 were examined and permitted an identification of a 3,6-connected framework of the rtl topological type. In addition, compound 1 acts as effective catalyst precursor for oxidative functionalization of alkanes (propane and cyclic C5−C8 alkanes) under homogeneous catalysis conditions, namely for the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons with H2O2/H+ system to produce ketones and alcohols, and for alkane carboxylation with CO/H2O/S2O82− system to obtain carboxylic acids. The influence of an acid promoter and substrate scope (propane and cyclic C5−C8 alkanes) were investigated.

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16

Wang, Yongpeng, Mengzhu Liu, Dayong Lu, and Haibo Zhang. "Electrospun porous hybrid CuO/CdO nanofibers using carboxylic-functionalized poly(arylene ether ketone)s as a template for glucose determination." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 5 (November 12, 2018): 570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318811471.

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As a high performance polymer, PCA-poly(arylene ether ketone) (PAEK) was first used as a template to fabricate hybrid copper oxide (CuO)/cadmium oxide (CdO) nanofibers (NFs) via electrospinning and subsequent calcination. Porous NFs with a mean diameter of 463 nm were obtained. The formation of morphology was decided by the ion exchange reaction between the functional groups on polymer template and metal ions, which was proved by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and X-ray powder diffractometry spectra demonstrated the obtained substance was CuO/CdO compound. The products were then investigated in detail for direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose, which was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Results revealed a similar anti-interference, higher sensitive, and faster response of glucose than the fibers produced from traditional template at +0.40 V. The improved performances were ascribed to the porous morphology which increased the surface-to-volume ratio. The porous morphology was found to be decided by the immobilization of metal ions onto PCA-PAEK. In conclusion, the functional group on PCA-PAEK side chain was the decisive factor to prepare CuO/CdO NFs with special morphology and good electrooxidation performances.

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17

Kamino, Brett A., Anjuli M. Szawiola, Trevor Plint, and Timothy P. Bender. "Formation and application of electrochemically active cross-linked triarylamine–siloxane films using the Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0071.

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Cross-linked triarylamine–siloxane hybrid thin film have been formed using Piers–Rubinsztajn chemistry. Key to this approach was the use of a ring-opening reaction to prevent the evolution of volatile small molecules. A representative cyclic ether containing biphenyl triarylamine compound was synthesized and on ring-opening was shown to form a smooth, glassy, and electroactive films by cross-linking with tetrakis(dimethylsiloxy)silane (QM*4). It was found that the films were electrochemically active with low glass transition temperatures. Cross-linked films were incorporated into organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) under various conditions and functionality within OLEDs was confirmed. Finally, the resistance of the system to dissolution (orthogonality) was considered by casting F8T2, a p-type emitting polymer, from solution on top of the cross-linked film, which formed a working OLED.

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18

Byriel, KA, DE Lynch, G. Smith, and CHL Kennard. "Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic-Acids. V. The Crystal-Structures of (2-Carboxy-phenoxy)acetic Acid and Its 1 : 1 Adduct With 4-Aminobenzoic Acid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 10 (1991): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9911459.

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The crystal structures of (2-carboxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cpaa) (1) and its 1 : 1 adduct [( cpaa )(4-aba)] (2) with 4-aminobenzoic acid have been determined by X-ray diffraction and refined to residuals R 0.077, (1), and 0.051, (2), for 783 and 1062 observed reflections, respectively. The dicarboxylic acid (1) is extended into a one-dimensional zig-zag polymer by hydrogen bonding through the two acid groups [O…O, 2.67(1)Ǻ]. The adduct (2) represents the first example of a phenoxyalkanoic involved in a hetero-dimer association through the conventional cyclic hydrogen-bonding system [O…O, 2.54, 2.68(1)Ǻ]. The 2-carboxy group is also weakly hydrogen bonded to the 4-amino group of (4-aba) [O…N, 2.99(1)Ǻ], and in both (1) and (2) it has an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the ether oxygen of the oxyacetic acid side chain.

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19

Varadwaj, Pradeep R. "Combined Molecular Dynamics and DFT Simulation Study of the Molecular and Polymer Properties of a Catechol-Based Cyclic Oligomer of Polyether Ether Ketone." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051054.

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The geometrical, energetic, noncovalent, and material properties of a catechol-based cyclic oligomer of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) called o-PEEK were investigated using Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations. The DFT (and MD) calculation performed with the PBEsol functional (and COMPASS II force field) gave a density of 1.39 (and 1.36) gcm−3 and a volume of 2744.5 (and 2808.5) cm3 for o-PEEK and are comparable with the corresponding experimental values of 1.328 gcm−3 and 2884.6 cm3, respectively. The absolute values of the glass transition temperature (Tg) MD simulated using the unit-cell and 2 × 2 × 2 supercell geometries of the o-PEEK system were 424.4 and 428.6 K, respectively. Although these values slightly differ from each other, both are close to the experiment (Tg = 418.2 K). The results of the (charge) density gradient analysis suggest that the supramolecular assembly between the o-PEEK oligomers in the experimentally observed infinite semi-crystal is driven by a wide range of noncovalent interactions. While the individual local interactions between the oligomers were recognized to be weak-to-medium in strength and are theoretically difficult to quantify, the B97-D3/cc-pVTZ level stabilization energy responsible for the formation of each of the five binary complex configurations extracted from the PBEsol relaxed 2 × 2 × 2 supercell geometry of the o-PEEK system was calculated to vary between –3.5 and –33.0 kcal mol−1.

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20

Wang, Xin, Weibing Sheng, Yinghua Shen, Lei Liu, Sheng Dai, and Nanwen Li. "N-cyclic quaternary ammonium-functionalized anion exchange membrane with improved alkaline stability enabled by aryl-ether free polymer backbones for alkaline fuel cells." Journal of Membrane Science 587 (October 2019): 117135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.059.

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21

Zhao, Qing, Xiaotun Liu, Jingxu Zheng, Yue Deng, Alexander Warren, Qiyuan Zhang, and Lynden Archer. "Designing electrolytes with polymerlike glass-forming properties and fast ion transport at low temperatures." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 42 (October 5, 2020): 26053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004576117.

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In the presence of Lewis acid salts, the cyclic ether, dioxolane (DOL), is known to undergo ring-opening polymerization inside electrochemical cells to form solid-state polymer batteries with good interfacial charge-transport properties. Here we report that LiNO3, which is unable to ring-open DOL, possesses a previously unknown ability to coordinate with and strain DOL molecules in bulk liquids, completely arresting their crystallization. The strained DOL electrolytes exhibit physical properties analogous to amorphous polymers, including a prominent glass transition, elevated moduli, and low activation entropy for ion transport, but manifest unusually high, liquidlike ionic conductivities (e.g., 1 mS/cm) at temperatures as low as −50 °C. Systematic electrochemical studies reveal that the electrolytes also promote reversible cycling of Li metal anodes with high Coulombic efficiency (CE) on both conventional planar substrates (1 mAh/cm2over 1,000 cycles with 99.1% CE; 3 mAh/cm2over 300 cycles with 99.2% CE) and unconventional, nonplanar/three-dimensional (3D) substrates (10 mAh/cm2over 100 cycles with 99.3% CE). Our finding that LiNO3promotes reversibility of Li metal electrodes in liquid DOL electrolytes by a physical mechanism provides a possible solution to a long-standing puzzle in the field about the versatility of LiNO3salt additives for enhancing reversibility of Li metal electrodes in essentially any aprotic liquid electrolyte solvent. As a first step toward understanding practical benefits of these findings, we create functional Li||lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries in which LFP cathodes with high capacity (5 to 10 mAh/cm2) are paired with thin (50 μm) lithium metal anodes, and investigate their galvanostatic electrochemical cycling behaviors.

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22

Wang, Weiwei, Liandong Deng, Shasha Liu, Xu Li, Xiumei Zhao, Renjie Hu, Jianhua Zhang, Haijie Han, and Anjie Dong. "Adjustable degradation and drug release of a thermosensitive hydrogel based on a pendant cyclic ether modified poly(ε-caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol)co-polymer." Acta Biomaterialia 8, no. 11 (November 2012): 3963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.07.021.

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23

Gelling, I. R. "Modification of Natural Rubber Latex with Peracetic Acid." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 58, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536060.

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Abstract 1. The structure of the products obtained from the reaction of NR latex with peracetic acid depends on the reaction conditions. 2. Under controlled conditions, specific levels of epoxidized NR (ENR) can be obtained. A random epoxide distribution has been observed. These materials undergo strain crystallization and hence exhibit good strength properties, although at high levels of epoxidation there is a decrease in the degree of crystal-unity. Other properties, e.g., hysteresis, air permeability, and oil resistance, change systematically with the level of epoxidation. These properties indicate that ENR has the potential to become an extremely useful commercial polymer. 3. At higher acid concentrations and/or temperatures, ring opening of the epoxide groups occurs, and even low levels of ring-opened structures have been found to adversely affect the properties of ENR. 4. The nature of the ring-opened structures depends on the degree of epoxidation. At low levels of epoxidation, where the majority of epoxide groups are isolated, simple diols and hydroxyacetates are formed. However, at higher epoxide levels, where blocks of epoxide predominate, the major product is a five-membered cyclic ether. At 100 mole% modification, a white amorphous thermoplastic product was obtained consisting almost entirely of furan structures.

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24

Zhu, Ping, Chenxu Zhou, Xia Dong, Bryan B. Sauer, Yue Lai, and Dujin Wang. "Corrigendum to “The segmental responses to orientation and relaxation of thermoplastic poly(ether-ester) elastomer during cyclic deformation: An in-situ WAXD/ SAXS study” [Polymer 188 (2020) 122120]." Polymer 192 (March 2020): 122297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122297.

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25

Wijaya, Karna, Oliver Moers, Armand Blaschette, and Peter G. Jones. "Polysulfonylamine, XC [1] Carbonsäure-Dimere, Wasser-Dimere und 18-Krone-6-Moleküle als Baugruppen eines supramolekularen Kettenpolymers: Darstellung und Struktur von (CH2CH2O)6 • 4H2O • 2HN(SO2C6H4-4-COOH)2 / Polysulfonylamines, XC [1] Carboxylic Acid Dimers, Water Dimers and 18-Crown-6 Molecules as Building Blocks in a Supramolecular Chain Polymer: Synthesis and Structure of (CH2CH2O)6 · 4H2O · 2HN(SO2C6H4-4-COOH)2." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 997–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-0821.

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The ternary title complex (2) is readily obtained by co-crystallization of 18-crown-6 (18C6) and di(4-carboxybenzenesulfonyl)amine (1) from hot water and was characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. The crystal structure (triclinic, space group P1̄) displays one-dimensional polymeric sequences [(H2O)2···18C6···(H2O)2···{HN(SO2C6H4-4-COOH)2}2] in which the molecules are associated through seven independent hydrogen bonds. The 18C6 ring lies on a crystallographic inversion centre and adopts the common pseudo-D3d conformation. On both sides, the ring is flanked by a strongly hydrogen-bonded water dimer H2O-H-OH. This species forms three weak O-H-O bonds to alternating ether oxygen atoms and accepts a strong N-H-O bond from the adjacent acid dimer (1)2. The water dimers thus act as ideal donor-acceptor balancing links between the hexafunctional polyether and the monofunctional NH groups of the (1)2 dimers. The (1)2 dimer itself is formed by two symmetry related cyclic O-H···O interactions (both H disordered) of the well-known carboxylic acid dimer type. To this effect, molecule 1 adopts a folded, pseudo-Cs symmetric conformation with stacked carboxyphenyl groups.

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26

Kusuyama, Naoyuki, Yuji Daito, Hiroyuki Kubota, Yuki Kametani, and Makoto Ouchi. "Construction of ring-based architectures via ring-expansion cationic polymerization and post-polymerization modification: design of cyclic initiators from divinyl ether and dicarboxylic acid." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 17 (2021): 2532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00209k.

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Topologically unique polymers such as tadpole and figure-eight polymers were synthesized via ring-expansion cationic polymerization (RECP) of vinyl ether with a functionalized cyclic initiator, followed by post-polymerization modification (PPM) reactions.

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27

Chan, Kwok P., Yi-Feng Wang, Allan S. Hay, Xiaoping L. Hronowski, and Robert J. Cotter. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cyclic (Aryl Ether Ketone)s, Cyclic (Aryl Ether Phthalazine)s, and Cyclic (Aryl Ether Isoquinoline)s." Macromolecules 28, no. 20 (September 1995): 6705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00124a003.

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28

Kronek, Juraj, Jozef Lustoň, Angela Kleinová, and Ivica Janigová. "Synthesis and polymerization reactions of cyclic imino ethers. 5: naphthalene unit-containing poly(ether amide)s." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 23, no. 7 (July 29, 2011): 1057–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.2013.

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29

Rokicki, Gabriel, Jerzy Pawlicki, and Witold Kuran. "Poly(ether-carbonate)s from Diphenolates, Cyclic Carbonates, and Dihalo Compounds." Polymer Journal 17, no. 3 (March 1985): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.17.509.

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30

Saegusa, Takeo, and Shiro Kobayashi. "Cyclic imino ethers - Polymerization chemistry and polymer characteristics." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 1, no. 1 (January 1986): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19860010105.

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31

Dai, Yiwei, Jiancheng Luo, Tianbo Liu, and Li Jia. "Dual-site catalysis for sustainable polymers to replace current commodity polymers – carbonylative copolymerization of ethylene, ethylene oxide, and tetrahydrofuran." Chemical Communications 56, no. 97 (2020): 15341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05657j.

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32

Qi, Yinghua, Tianlu Chen, and Jiping Xu. "Synthesis of cyclic precursors of poly(ether ether ketone)." Polymer Bulletin 42, no. 3 (March 29, 1999): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050459.

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33

Kubota, Hiroyuki, Sho Yoshida, and Makoto Ouchi. "Ring-expansion cationic cyclopolymerization for the construction of cyclic cyclopolymers." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 24 (2020): 3964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00582g.

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A “cyclic cyclopolymer” was successfully synthesized via ring-expansion cationic cyclopolymerization with a cyclic initiator by using a divinyl ether carrying a gem-dimethyl group on the spacer as the monomer.

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34

Crivello, J. V., J. L. Lee, and D. A. Conlon. "Cyclic silyl pinacole ethers." Polymer Bulletin 16, no. 2-3 (1986): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00955476.

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35

Beebe, Xenia, Neil E. Schore, and Mark J. Kurth. "Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers: Electrophilic Cyclization of Isoxazolines." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 13 (June 1995): 4196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00118a041.

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36

Beebe, Xenia, Cynthia L. Chiappari, Marilyn M. Olmstead, Mark J. Kurth, and Neil E. Schore. "Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers: Electrophilic Cyclization of Tetrahydrofuroisoxazolines." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 13 (June 1995): 4204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00118a042.

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37

Wood, B. R., S. C. Hamilton, and J. A. Semlyen. "Preparation of some large cyclic oxyethylene succinate ether-esters." Polymer International 44, no. 3 (November 1997): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199711)44:3<397::aid-pi872>3.0.co;2-j.

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38

Parzuchowski, Paweł, and Mariusz Ł. Mamiński. "Poly-(3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl)oxetanes—Synthesis and Adhesive Interactions with Polar Substrates." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010222.

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Hyperbranched polyoxetanes are a relatively new class of polymers. These are branched polyethers that are synthesized from oxetanes—four-member cyclic ethers bearing hydroxymethyl groups—via ring-opening polymerization. Four series of polyoxetanes were synthesized from 3-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane as a core molecule. Reagents ratios ranged from 1:5 to 1:50, theoretical molar mass ranged from 714 g/mol to 5942 g/mol, and dispersities ranged from 1.77 to 3.75. The morphology of the macromolecules was investigated by a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight technique. The polyoxetanes’ adhesive interactions with polar materials were analyzed and provided results as follows: the work of adhesion was 101–105 mJ/m2, the bond-line tensile shear strengths were 0.39–1.32 MPa, and there was a brittle fracture mode within the polymer. The findings confirmed a good adhesion to polar substrates, but further research on polyoxetane modifications toward a reduction of brittleness is necessary.

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39

Naito, Tadashi, Arihiro Kanazawa, and Sadahito Aoshima. "Polyaddition of vinyl ethers and phthalaldehydes via successive cyclotrimerization reactions: selective model reactions and synthesis of acid-degradable linear poly(cyclic acetal)s." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 11 (2019): 1377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py00043g.

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A polyaddition via the cyclotrimerization of one vinyl monomer and two conjugated dialdehydes proceeded using a Lewis acid catalyst, yielding a polymer with cyclic acetal structures in the main chain.

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40

Gao, Xin, Atsushi Sudo, Yoshiyuki Nakamura, and Takeshi Endo. "Functional polymers with cyclic ether moieties. II. Synthesis and properties of network polymers with tetrahydrofuran moiety." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 39, no. 6 (2001): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-0518(20010315)39:6<800::aid-pola1053>3.0.co;2-q.

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41

Ding, Yong, and Allan S. Hay. "Cyclic(arylene ether) oligomers containing the phenylphosphine oxide moiety." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36, no. 4 (March 1998): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(199803)36:4<519::aid-pola2>3.0.co;2-k.

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42

BEEBE, X., N. E. SCHORE, and M. J. KURTH. "ChemInform Abstract: Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers: Electrophilic Cyclization of Isoxazolines." ChemInform 26, no. 49 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199549088.

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43

BEEBE, X., C. L. CHIAPPARI, M. M. OLMSTEAD, M. J. KURTH, and N. E. SCHORE. "ChemInform Abstract: Polymer-Supported Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers: Electrophilic Cyclization of Tetrahydrofuroisoxazolines." ChemInform 26, no. 49 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199549089.

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44

Penczek, Stanislaw, Julia Pretula, and Stanislaw Slomkowski. "Ring-opening polymerization." Chemistry Teacher International 3, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2020-0028.

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Abstract Ring-opening polymerization is defined by IUPAC (Penczek, S., Moad, G. (2008). Glossary of the terms related to kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms of polymerization. (IUPAC Recommendations 2008), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(10), 2163–2193) as (cit.) “Ring-opening polymerization (ROP): Polymerization in which a cyclic monomer yields a monomeric unit that is either acyclic or contains fewer rings than the cyclic monomer”. The large part of the resulting polymerizations is living/controlled; practically all belong to chain polymerizations. After the introduction, providing basic information on chain polymerizations, the paper presents the concise overview of major classes of monomers used in ROP, including cyclic ethers, esters, carbonates, and siloxanes as well as cyclic nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur containing monomers. There are discussed also thermodynamics, kinetic polymerizability, and major mechanisms of ROP. Special attention is concentrated on polymers prepared by ROP on industrial scale.

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45

Miyamoto, Masatoshi, Keiichi Hayashizaki, Makoto Tokumizu, and Takeo Saegusa. "Reactivity of cyclic imino ether salts having vinyl group." Polymer Bulletin 22, no. 3 (September 1989): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00282860.

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46

Labadie, J. W., K. R. Carter, J. L. Hedrick, H. Jonsson, S. Y. Kim, and R. J. Twieg. "Cyclic ureas as solvents for poly(aryl ether) synthesis." Polymer Bulletin 30, no. 1 (January 1993): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00296230.

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47

Bloksma, Meta M., Ulrich S. Schubert, and Richard Hoogenboom. "Poly(cyclic imino ether)s Beyond 2-Substituted-2-oxazolines." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 32, no. 18 (June 28, 2011): 1419–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100138.

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48

Nishikubo, Tadatomi, Atsushi Kameyama, and Kousuke Tsutsui. "Synthesis of photoreactive calixarene derivatives containing pendant cyclic ether groups." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 39, no. 8 (2001): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1094.

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49

Maruyama, Kazuya, Arihiro Kanazawa, and Sadahito Aoshima. "Controlled cationic copolymerization of vinyl monomers and cyclic acetals via concurrent vinyl-addition and ring-opening mechanisms: the systematic study of structural effects on the copolymerization behavior." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 39 (2019): 5304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01024f.

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50

Kobayashi, Shiro, Toshio Igarashi, Yasuhiro Moriuchi, and Takeo Saegusa. "Block copolymers from cyclic imino ethers: a new class of nonionic polymer surfactant." Macromolecules 19, no. 3 (May 1986): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00157a006.

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