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1

Adkin, P. "Yield surfaces in cyclic plasticity." Thesis, Coventry University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374221.

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2

Bari, MD Shafiqul. "Constitutive Modeling for Cyclic Plasticity and Ratcheting." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20010118-225417.

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ABSTRACT BARI, MD. SHAFIQUL Constitutive Modeling for Cyclic Plasticity and Ratcheting. (under the supervision of Dr. Tasnim Hassan)This study critically evaluates the performance of a number of constitutive models in predicting ratcheting responses of carbon steel for a set of uniaxial and biaxial loading histories. Two types of modeling schemes, coupled and uncoupled, are evaluated. The coupled models from Prager, Armstrong-Frederick, Chaboche, Ohno-Wang, and Guionnet are examined. The Prager and the Armstrong-Frederick models perform inadequately. The Chaboche and Ohno-Wang models perform well for uniaxial ratcheting responses, but overpredict the biaxial ratcheting. The Guionnet model simulates one set of biaxial ratcheting response well, but fails in others. Performances of several kinematic hardening rules, when used with the uncoupled Dafalias-Popov model are also evaluated. The Armstrong-Frederick rule simulates one set of biaxial response reasonably. The Voyiadjis-Sivakumar, Phillips, Tseng-Lee, Kaneko and Xia-Ellyin rules fail to simulate the biaxial ratcheting responses. The Chaboche rule, with three decomposed terms, performs reasonably for the whole set of responses. The Ohno-Wang rule also performs reasonably, except for one biaxial response. This study indicates a strong influence of the kinematic hardening rule and its parameter determination scheme on multiaxial ratcheting simulations. The coupled models by McDowell, Jiang-Sehitoglu, Voyiadjis-Basuroychowdhury and AbdelKarim-Ohno, where additional multiaxial parameters are included in the hardening rules, are also investigated. None of these models perform consistently for the whole set of experiments. A modified kinematic hardening rule using the idea of Delobelle and his co-workers in the framework of the Chaboche model is proposed. This new rule performs impressively for all of the ratcheting responses considered. Several models for anisotropic deformation of the yield surface are scrutinized. Most of these models use complex and numerically extensive higher order tensors for the yield surface formulations and thus become less attractive for implementation with a cyclic plasticity model. This study demonstrates the methodology and promise in incorporating the equi-plastic-strain surface proposed by Shiratori and his co-workers into the Dafalias-Popov model for general multiaxial ratcheting simulations.

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3

Oloyede, Vincent Olayinka Adekunle. "Computational studies of materials under cyclic plasticity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38123.

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4

Saad, Abdullah Aziz. "Cyclic plasticity and creep of power plant materials." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12538/.

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The thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) of power plant components is caused by the cyclic operation of power plant due to startup and shutdown processes and due to the fluctuation of demand in daily operation. Thus, a time-dependent plasticity model is required in order to simulate the component response under cyclic thermo-mechanical loading. The overall aim behind this study is to develop a material constitutive model, which can predict the creep and cyclic loading behaviour at high temperature environment, based on the cyclic loading test data of the P91 and the P92 steels. The tests on all specimens in the study were performed using the Instron 8862 TMF machine system with a temperature uniformity of less than ±10°C within the gauge section of the specimen. For the isothermal tests on the P91 steel, fully-reversed, strain-controlled tests were conducted on a parent material of the steel at 400, 500 and 600˚C. For the P92 steel, the same loading parameters in the isothermal tests were performed on a parent material and a weld metal of the steels at 500, 600 and 675°C. Strain-controlled thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were conducted on the parent materials of the P91 and the P92 steels under temperature ranges of 400-600°C and 500-675°C, respectively, with in-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) loading. In general, the steels exhibit cyclic softening behaviour throughout the cyclic test duration under both isothermal and anisothermal conditions. The cyclic softening behaviour of the P91 steel was further studied by analyzing stress-strain data at 600°C and by performing microstructural investigations. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images were used to investigate microstructural evolution and the crack initiation of the steel at different life fractions of the tests. The TEM images of the interrupted test specimens revealed subgrain coarsening during the cyclic tests. On the other hand, the SEM images showed the initiation of microcracks at the end of the stabilisation period and the cracks were propagated in the third stage of cyclic softening. A unified, Chaboche, viscoplasticity model, which includes combined isotropic softening and kinematic hardening with a viscoplastic flow rule for time-dependent effects, was used to model the TMF behaviour of the steels The constants in the viscoplasticity model were initially determined from the first cycle stress-strain data, the maximum stress evolution during tests and the stress relaxation data. Then, the initial constants were optimized using a least-squares optimization algorithm in order to improve the general fit of the model to experimental data. The prediction of the model was further improved by including the linear nonlinear isotropic hardening in order to obtain better stress-strain behaviour in the stabilisation period. The developed viscoplasticity model was subsequently used in the finite element simulations using the ABAQUS software. The focus of the simulation is to validate the performance of the model under various types of loading. Simulation results have been compared with the isothermal test data with different strain ranges and also the anisothermal cyclic testing data, for both in-phase and out-of-phase loadings. The model’s performance under 3-dimensional stress conditions was investigated by testing and simulating the P91 steel using a notched specimen under stress-controlled conditions. The simulation results show a good comparison to the experimental data.
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5

Yip, Tick-Hon. "Cyclic plasticity of 17-7 precipitation-hardenable semi-austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/NQ35375.pdf.

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6

Lavender, David A. "Deformation and rupture of structures due to combined cyclic plasticity and creep." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34793.

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The effect of creep-fatigue conditions on structural components is not completely understood, and so the prediction of the behaviour and lifetime of such components is often unreliable and inaccurate. One of the methods proposed to improve the predictions is continuum damage mechanics, which provides a general description of material behaviour under degrading conditions. An estimate of life is usually based on the initial behaviour of a component. However, the work of previous researchers has shown that accurate predictions of the creep life of structures require that the stress redistribution due to the growth of damage is taken into account. In this thesis, this work is extended to fatigue and the effect of fatigue damage on life and deformation is studied for multibar model structures. The non-linear kinematic hardening rule is introduced as a constitutive law for cyclic plasticity that models many aspects of the cyclic behaviour of metals. Its properties are studied and it is extended to include the effects of damage on cyclic deformation. Creep-fatigue is studied by combining the models for fatigue and creep. Using published material data, the creep-fatigue behaviour of a two bar structure is studied and the results are compared with some experimental results. A study is made of finite element methods for solving problems involving plasticity and an example problem is solved. A model for the multiaxial behaviour of damaged material is proposed and examined for simple cases. The studies show that stress redistribution has a significant effect on fatigue life and the qualitative properties of the uniaxial models are very close to experimental observations. However, a lack of suitable and consistent experimental data on material behaviour means that the lifetime predictions and the multiaxial models are of uncertain accuracy.
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7

Seidalinov, Gaziz. "A simple anisotropic bounding surface plasticity model for cyclic response of clays." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43501.

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Natural clays are anisotropic in their in-situ state and have an undisturbed shear strength in excess of the remoulded strength. In addition, most of the structures founded on clay deposits must be designed to withstand cyclic loads such as seismic ground motions or ocean waves. When subjected to earthquake or wind induced cyclic loadings, clay exhibits complex response. A realistic modeling of clay response under irregular cyclic loading requires an appropriate description of the stress{strain relationship. This thesis extends the formulation of a Simple ANIsotropic CLAY plasticity (SANICLAY) model by incorporation of a bounding surface formulation for successful simulations of clay response under cyclic loading. The most important aspects of the proposed formulation are the position of a projection center and the ability to capture continuous sti ness degradation. The proposed projection center is established in the instant of any stress reversal and it realistically re ects the experimentally observed plastic strains. A damage parameter is also adopted to better simulate the continuous sti ness reduction during the course of applied cyclic loading. The proposed model is developed with the aim of maintaining the simplicity and yet including an adequate level of sophistication for successful modeling of the key features of clay response. The model formulation is presented in detail followed by its qualitative and quantitative comparison with experimentally observed clay response. The presented model validation demonstrates the capabilities of the model in capturing a number of important characteristic features of clay response in both monotonic and cyclic loadings. Limitations and recommendations for future work are discussed as well. ii
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8

Lu, Jiawa. "Material characterisation and finite element modelling of the cyclic plasticity behaviour of steels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716486.

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The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate the cyclic plasticity behaviour of steels, and to simulate low cycle fatigue failure by using two material models on either mesoscale or microscale. UMAT subroutines were developed to allow the cyclic plasticity behaviour to be predicted in the ABAQUS FE software. The fatigue behaviour of a P91 power plant steel at a temperature of 600 °C was studied by performing uniaxial fatigue tests and microstructural analysis using electron microscopy. A continuum damage mechanics approach was coupled to the constitutive equations of the Chaboche elasto-visco-plastic model to describe the low cycle fatigue failure at high temperature. A stress partition method was developed to interpret the cyclic softening behaviour, and used to give an initial estimate of the material constants in the Chaboche model. Low cycle fatigue tests were also carried out for a 304 stainless steel at room temperature. The crystal plasticity finite element method was used to predict the hysteresis loops under cyclic loadings for a single crystal or polycrystals. A series of experimental characterisations, including SEM, TEM, and XRD, were conducted to facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the mechanical responses, and to determine part of the material constants required in the multi-scale constitutive equations for FE simulation. This method can be used to predict the crack initiation sites based on the local accumulated plastic deformation and local plastic dissipation energy criterion, but it has limitation in predicting the crack initiation caused by precipitates.
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9

Johansson, Nils. "Estimation of fatigue life by using a cyclic plasticity model and multiaxial notch correction." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik och hållfasthetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158095.

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Mechanical components often possess notches. These notches give rise to stress concentrations, which in turn increases the likelihood that the material will undergo yielding. The finite element method (FEM) can be used to calculate transient stress and strain to be used in fatigue analyses. However, since yielding occurs, an elastic-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) must be performed. If the loading sequence to be analysed with respect to fatigue is long, the elastic-plastic FEA is often not a viable option because of its high computational requirements. In this thesis, a method that estimates the elastic-plastic stress and strain response as a result of input elastic stress and strain using plasticity modelling with the incremental Neuber rule has been derived and implemented. A numerical methodology to increase the accuracy when using the Neuber rule with cyclic loading has been proposed and validated for proportional loading. The results show fair albeit not ideal accuracy when compared to elastic-plastic finite element analysis. Different types of loading have been tested, including proportional and non-proportional as well as complex loadings with several load reversions. Based on the computed elastic-plastic stresses and strains, fatigue life is predicted by the critical plane method. Such a method has been reviewed, implemented and tested in this thesis. A comparison has been made between using a new damage parameter by Ince and an established damage parameter by Fatemi and Socie (FS). The implemented algorithm and damage parameters were evaluated by comparing the results of the program using either damage parameter to fatigue experiments of several different load cases, including non-proportional loading. The results are fairly accurate for both damage parameters, but the one by Ince tend to be slightly more accurate, if no fitted constant to use in the FS damage parameter can be obtained.
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10

Barros, Cainã Bemfica de. "Fatigue and cyclic plasticity of 304L stainless steel under axial, torsional and proportional axial-torsional loading." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2018. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/31953.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2018.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Os objetivos deste trabalho são investigar o comportamento tensão-deformação cíclico e a fadiga multiaxial do aço inoxidável 304L por meio de ensaios axiais, torsionais e axiais-torsionais proporcionais totalmente alternados controlados por deformação à temperatura ambiente e avaliar os modelos de fadiga do tipo plano crítico propostos por Smith, Watson e Topper (1970), e Fatemi e Socie (1988) em relação à previsão de vida à fadiga e à orientação das trincas macroscópicas. Corpos de prova tubulares com paredes finas usinados após o tratamento térmico de normalização foram submetidos a amplitudes de deformação equivalente de von Mises tais que 0,20% ≤ Δ/2 ≤ 1,00%. Devido à dependência da taxa de carregamento do comportamento tensão deformação do aço inoxidável 304L, todos os ensaios foram realizados com frequências (0,30-2,00 Hz) tais que a taxa de deformação equivalente de von Mises fosse igual a 10-2 s-1. Observou-se que o endurecimento secundário nos ensaios proporcionais só ocorreu para amplitudes de deformação equivalente Δ/2 ≥ 0,80% enquanto todos os ensaios axiais-torsionais apresentaram endurecimento secundário. Baseado na comparação entre os estados de tensão, concluiu-se que há falha por fadiga antes que o endurecimento secundário se torne significativo para os ensaios proporcionais cuja Δ/2 ≤ 0,60%. Observou-se um comportamento do tipo Masing para uma faixa de deformação axial Δ/2 ≤ 0,40% e torsional Δ/2 ≤ 0,61% para ensaios axiais, torsionais e proporcionais. A deformação equivalente de von Mises não pode ser usada como parâmetro limite para o comportamento Masing já que o ensaio proporcional cuja Δ/2 = 0,50% apresenta comportamento semelhante àquele de ensaios cuja Δ/2 ≤0,50%, o que não ocorre para o ensaio axial de mesma amplitude de deformação equivalente. Observou-se não proporcionalidade nos espaços das tensões desviadoras e das deformações plásticas para os ensaios proporcionais no espaço das deformações totais. No entanto, não se observou um aumento na amplitude de tensão destes ensaios quando comparados a ensaios axiais e torsionais, o que sugere que o endurecimento não proporcional está associado à não proporcionalidade no espaço das deformações totais. Não houve influência significativa do endurecimento secundário na análise de fadiga, já que não houve diferença significativa entre as estimativas de vida realizadas com constantes materiais obtidas de diferentes ciclos de referência para os dois modelos. Os modelos investigados previram a vida à fadiga com boa acurária, mas falharam em prever a orientação das trincas para todas as três histórias de deformação.
The goals of this work are to investigate the cyclic stress-strain behaviour and the multiaxial fatigue of the 304L stainless steel through fully reversed strain-controlled axial, torsional and proportional axial-torsional experiments at room temperature and to evaluate the critical plane fatigue models proposed by Smith, Watson and Topper (1970), and Fatemi and Socie (1988) regarding the fatigue life and the macroscopic fatigue crack orientation. Thin-walled tubular specimens machined after a normalization heat treatment were submitted equivalent von Mises strain amplitudes such that 0:20% "eq=2 1:00%. Due to the rate-dependent cyclic stressstrain behaviour of the 304L stainless steel, all experiments were performed with frequencies (0.30{2.00 Hz) such that the equivalent von Mises strain rate was equal to 102 s1. It was observed that the secondary hardening upon proportional loads occurred only for "eq=2 0:80%, whilst it occurred for all axial and torsional experiments. Based upon the comparison between stress states, it was concluded that fatigue failure occurs before the secondary hardening becomes important for proportional experiments whose "eq=2 0:60%. A Masing-type behaviour was observed for a range of axial strain "=2 0:40% and torsional strain sur=2 0:61% for axial, torsional and proportional experiments. The equivalent von Mises strain amplitude cannot be used as a threshold since the proportional experiment whose "eq=2 = 0:50% exhibits a behaviour similar to experiments whose "eq=2 < 0:50%, which does not occur for the axial experiment with the same equivalent strain amplitude. non-proportionality upon deviatoric stress and plastic strain spaces was observed for proportional experiments upon total strain space. Nonetheless, an increase in stress amplitude was not observed for those experiments when compared to axial and torsional ones, which suggests that non-proportional hardening is related to non-proportionality upon the total strain space. There was no signi cant inuence of secondary hardening upon fatigue analysis since there was no signi cant di erence between life predictions generated from material constants obtained from di erent reference cycles for both models. The investigated models predicted accurately fatigue life, but failed to predict crack orientation for all the three strain histories.
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11

Zhang, Ming. "Crystal plasticity modeling of Ti-6Al-4V and its application in cyclic and fretting fatigue analysis." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22669.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: David. L. McDowell; Committee Member: Min Zhou; Committee Member: Naresh N. Thadhani; Committee Member: Rami M. Haj-Ali; Committee Member: Richard W. Neu.
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12

Shayanfard, Pejman. "Role of Plasticity in Nitinol Fatigue." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438772.

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Disertace analyzuje vliv koncentrátorů napětí na průběh martensitické transformace, vznik plastické deformace a její vliv na přerozdělení napětí a vznik zbytkového pnutí a reziduálního martenzitu v okolí koncentrátorů v prvcích ze slitin s tvarovou pamětí NiTi. Vliv je analyzován v režimech superelastického isotermálního cyklování a aktuačního cyklování, t.j. teplotního cyklování pod vnějším napětím. Disertace využívá pro vyhodnocení vlivu experimentální přístup spolu s numerickými simulacemi metodou konečných prvků na modelových případech tenkých pásků ze slitin NiTi opatřených půlkruhovými vruby. V experimentální části je vyhodnocován vliv koncentrátorů pomocí termomechanických experimentů s využitím metod obrazové korelace a rentgenové mikrodifrakce pro lokální analýzu deformací a fázových objemových podílů v průběhu cyklování v okolí vrubů. Simulace metodou konečných prvků poskytují komplementární informace o průběhu napětí, deformací a martensitické transformaci, zejména o vývoji jednotlivých složek celkové deformace, tj. elastické a plastické, a vývoji zbytkového pnutí a s ním souvisejícím zbytkovým martensitem.Disertace je dále doplněna o numerickou analýzu vlivu konstrukce stentů na lokální cyklický průběh martensitické transformace a jeho vliv na únavové vlastnosti.
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13

Impey, Soren. "The role of CREB-dependent gene expression in neuronal plasticity and memory formation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6268.

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14

Das, Saumyasuchi. "Three dimensional formulation for the stress-strain-dilatancy elasto-plastic constitutive model for sand under cyclic behaviour." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9335.

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Recent experiences from the Darfield and Canterbury, New Zealand earthquakes have shown that the soft soil condition of saturated liquefiable sand has a profound effect on seismic response of buildings, bridges and other lifeline infrastructure. For detailed evaluation of seismic response three dimensional integrated analysis comprising structure, foundation and soil is required; such an integrated analysis is referred to as Soil Foundation Structure Interaction (SFSI) in literatures. SFSI is a three-dimensional problem because of three primary reasons: first, foundation systems are three-dimensional in form and geometry; second, ground motions are three-dimensional, producing complex multiaxial stresses in soils, foundations and structure; and third, soils in particular are sensitive to complex stress because of heterogeneity of soils leading to a highly anisotropic constitutive behaviour. In literatures the majority of seismic response analyses are limited to plane strain configuration because of lack of adequate constitutive models both for soils and structures, and computational limitation. Such two-dimensional analyses do not represent a complete view of the problem for the three reasons noted above. In this context, the present research aims to develop a three-dimensional mathematical formulation of an existing plane-strain elasto-plastic constitutive model of sand developed by Cubrinovski and Ishihara (1998b). This model has been specially formulated to simulate liquefaction behaviour of sand under ground motion induced earthquake loading, and has been well-validated and widely implemented in verifcation of shake table and centrifuge tests, as well as conventional ground response analysis and evaluation of case histories. The approach adopted herein is based entirely on the mathematical theory of plasticity and utilises some unique features of the bounding surface plasticity formalised by Dafalias (1986). The principal constitutive parameters, equations, assumptions and empiricism of the existing plane-strain model are adopted in their exact form in the three-dimensional version. Therefore, the original two-dimensional model can be considered as a true subset of the three-dimensional form; the original model can be retrieved when the tensorial quantities of the three dimensional version are reduced to that of the plane-strain configuration. Anisotropic Drucker-Prager type failure surface has been adopted for the three-dimensional version to accommodate triaxial stress path. Accordingly, a new mixed hardening rule based on Mroz’s approach of homogeneous surfaces (Mroz, 1967) has been introduced for the virgin loading surface. The three-dimensional version is validated against experimental data for cyclic torsional and triaxial stress paths.
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15

Athos, Jaime Ian. "Calcium-stimulated signal transduction in long-term memory formation and neural plasticity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10641.

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16

Jurko, Jozef. "Liquefaction behavior and cyclic response of non-plastic and low plasticity silt-clay mixtures in ring-shear tests." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136896.

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17

Gaborit, Pierre. "Unification des modèles d’endommagement de type Lemaitre, pour la fatigue LCF/HCF, multiaxiale et aléatoire." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0041.

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Les travaux présentés concernent le développement d'un modèle de prévision de durée de vie unifié pour traiter les problématiques de fatigue à faible et grand nombre de cycles. Le modèle est basé sur une approche à deux échelles et un endommagement de type Lemaitre. Le caractère "en vitesse" de la loi d'endommagement permet de traiter des chargements complexes, non proportionnels et aléatoires. Une campagne expérimentale de fatigue sur 12 éprouvettes cruciformes en alliage TA6V pour application aérospatiale est présentée. Elle comporte des essais biaxiaux proportionnels et non proportionnels ainsi que des cas de chargement pseudo-aléatoires. L'utilisation de la corrélation d'images numériques prises dans la zone utile permet d'évaluer les déformations locales en réponse aux sollicitations appliquées. Les cas de chargements sont simulés afin de confronter les déformations de surface et les durées de vie obtenues par calcul, aux résultats expérimentaux. Parmi les contributions théoriques présentées dans le manuscrit, sont à noter : - La proposition d'une nouvelle loi d'évolution pour écrouissage cinématique adaptée au comportement élastoplastique du TA6V sous chargement cyclique; - L'utilisation d'une correction élastoplastique locale permettant d'évaluer les déformations plastiques en surface à partir de calculs de structures linéaires; - L'amélioration d'un critère de micro-plasticité pour la prise en compte des effets de contrainte moyenne et de triaxialité en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles; - L'unification de deux lois d'endommagement afin d'étendre le domaine de validité du modèle initial vers les durées de vie à faible nombre de cycles. La démarche s'appuyant sur le cadre thermodynamique de la mécanique des milieux continus, de nombreuses perspectives d'amélioration du modèle sont discutées
This work presents the proposal of a unifying predictive model to deal with LCF and HCF problems. It is based on a two-scale approach initially developed by Lemaitre. As the damage evolution law is rate written, complexity due to non proportional and random loadings may also be treated. An experimental fatigue campaign of 12 cross shaped samples made of TA6V alloy for aerospace applications is presented. It includes not only proportional and non proportional biaxial tests but also pseudo random loadings. Digital Image Correlation is used to evaluate the local strains from pictures taken in the zone of interest. Loadings are the simulated and both strains and lifetimes are compared to experimental observations. Among the theoretical contributions presented in this work, the main are: - A new kinematic hardening evolution law for the modeling of elasto-plasticity of TA6V alloy under cyclic loadings; - Use of local elastoplastic correction from linear Finite Element Calculation to estimate plastic strains in the structure zone of interests; - Improvements of the micro-plastic yield function to take into account mean stress effect and triaxiality effects in the lifetime prediction in HCF domain; - A unifying method of two damage variables in order to extend the validity domain of the initial model to shorter lifetimes (LCF). As the model is based on a thermodunamical framework for continuum mechanics, several extension are mentioned as future propects
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18

Pineda, Victor Viray. "A genetic and pharmacological dissection of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6290.

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19

Nielsen, Mark David. "Regulation of two subfamilies of adenylyl cyclase by Gi-coupled receptors : a possible role during cAMP-dependent synaptic plasticity in the Hippocampus /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6247.

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20

Horynová, Miroslava. "Únavové chování hořčíkových slitin AZ31 a AZ61 po korozní degradaci." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234256.

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Dissertation thesis is focused on evaluation of influence of exposure in 5% salt fog on fatigue behavior of AZ31 and AZ61 magnesium alloy fabricated by squeeze casting method. Microstructure and mechanical properties of experimental materials have been evaluated. The AZ61 alloy was solution heat treated after prior optimization of the heat treatment process based on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties. Depths of corrosion damage, corrosion rate and mechanism of corrosion of all three experimental alloys have been evaluated. Influence of prior corrosion exposure for 480 and 1000 hours on fatigue behavior of experimental materials was evaluated. Obtained data were compared with data obtained using smooth test specimens. Fractographic analysis was carried out on both smooth and precorroded specimens. Furthermore, influence of aluminium on corrosion and fatigue behavior of tested alloys was defined.
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D'hondt, Clément. "Analyse de la plasticité cyclique d'un acier TWIP et du rôle du maclage/démaclage à l'aide d'imagerie et de mesures de champs sub-micrométriques." Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX064.

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L’objectif de la thèse est d’approfondir la compréhension de la plasticité cyclique des aciers TWIP et du rôle joué par le maclage / démaclage lors du durcissement cyclique en suivant l’activité de maclage à l’aide d’imagerie et de mesures de champs de déformation plastique submicrométriques, échelle permettant de discerner les nano-macles. La contrainte seuil de maclage en traction a été estimée entre 400 et 475 MPa. Le démaclage (pouvant être accompagné d’un maclage secondaire sur les systèmes coplanaires aux macles primaires), lors de l’inversion du chargement, et le remaclage, lors de la rampe de traction suivante, ont été mis en évidence en traction - compression lors d’essais in situ sous AFM et sous MEB avec corrélation d’images. Un niveau de contrainte en valeur absolue proche de la contrainte seuil de maclage semble nécessaire pour activer le démaclage et le remaclage. La contrainte en retour exercée par les grains voisins freine la croissance des macles primaires et favorise le démaclage et le maclage secondaire. A amplitude de contrainte imposée, la fraction maclée stagne après le premier cycle alors qu’à amplitude de déformation plastique imposée elle augmente lors du durcissement cyclique. Dans les deux cas, le maclage / démaclage accommode une fraction décroissante de l’amplitude de déformation plastique. A l’échelle macroscopique, le durcissement cyclique est suivi d’un adoucissement plus modeste. L’intensité de ces deux stades varie avec l’amplitude imposée. A amplitude de déformation plastique imposée, le durcissement est majoritairement du à l’augmentation de la composante cinématique (X) de la contrainte d’écoulement, qui a été associée au maclage, aux cellules de dislocations et aux fautes d’empilement, alors que l’adoucissement est majoritairement du à la diminution de la composante isotrope (R), qui a été attribuée à la destruction de l’ordre à courte distance. A amplitude de contrainte imposée, R suit une évolution similaire et X démarre à une valeur élevée, due au maclage intense lors de la première traction, et évolue ensuite assez peu. Une loi de comportement simulant convenablement les essais a été identifiée à partir des données recueillies à amplitude de déformation plastique imposée
This work aims at clarifying the cyclic plasticity of TWIP steels and the role of twinning / detwinning during cyclic hardening by monitoring the twinning activity using sub-micrometric imaging and plastic strain field measurements to distinguish nanotwins. The stress for the onset of twinning in tension was estimated between 400 and 475 MPa. Detwinning (as well as secondary twinning on systems coplanar to primary twins), during load reversal, and retwinning, during subsequent forward loading were observed during push - pull in situ tests under an AFM and a SEM with HR-DIC. Detwinning and retwinning seems to be activated at a stress level close (in absolute value) to the threshold stress for twinning. The backstress induced by the neighbouring grains hinders the growth of primary twins and favors detwinning or secondary coplanar twinning. Under fixed stress amplitude, the twin fraction saturates after the first cycle while under fixed plastic strain amplitude it increases continuously during the cyclic hardening stage. In both cases, twinning / detwinning accommodates a decreasing fraction of the plastic strain amplitude. At the macroscopic scale, cyclic hardening stage is followed by a more modest softening stage. The importance of both hardening and softening rises with the loading amplitude. Under fixed plastic strain amplitude, the hardening is mostly due to an increase of the kinematic component (X) of the flow stress, which is associated to twinning, dislocation cells and stacking faults, while the softening is mostly due to the decrease of the isotropic component (R), which has been attributed to the destruction of the short range order. Under fixed stress amplitude, R follows a similar evolution and X starts at a high value, due to the intense twinning during the first tension, and then it hardly evolves. A constitutive law that adequately simulates the cyclic tests was identified from the data collected under fixed plastic strain amplitude
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Moradi, Gholam. "Symmetrical and non-symmetrical cyclic triaxial loading of silt : the behaviour of two isotropically consolidated low plasticity silts under undrained cyclic triaxial loading of varying symmetries with periodic drained rest-periods." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668177.

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23

Sajjad, Hafiz Muhammad [Verfasser], Alexander [Gutachter] Hartmaier, and Sebastian [Gutachter] Münstermann. "Constitutive modeling of cyclic plasticity and parameter assessment by inverse methods / Hafiz Muhammad Sajjad ; Gutachter: Alexander Hartmaier, Sebastian Münstermann ; Fakultät für Maschinenbau." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219737194/34.

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24

Li, Yan. "Amorçage de fissures en fatigue dans un acier 304L : influence de la microstructure et d'un chargement d'amplitude variable." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697002.

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L'amorçage et la propagation de microfissures dans les matériaux à haute résistance représente une part importante de la durée de vie en fatigue, en particulier dans le cas d'un chargement à faible amplitude. Ces phénomènes, d'un grand intérêt scientifique, ont été de plus en plus étudiés au cours des dernières années. L'orientation cristallographique et les hétérogénéités de déformation induites influent sur l'amorçage et le comportement des microfissures de fatigue tant que leur taille caractéristique est inférieure ou de l'ordre de grandeur de la taille de grains. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de caractériser l'influence de la microstructure et d'un chargement cyclique à amplitude variable sur la plasticité cristalline et plus précisément sur l'amorçage de microfissures dans un acier inoxydable 304L. Le première partie de cette étude consiste à l'amélioration de la loi de comportement cristalline Cristal ECP codée dans le logiciel éléments finis ABAQUS afin de mieux prendre en compte la distribution et l'évolution de la densité de dislocations sur les systèmes de glissement. Ce travail permet également de décrire la formation des bandes persistantes de glissement qui sont responsables du durcissement et de l'adoucissement cyclique. La seconde partie de cette étude concerne l'évaluation de l'influence de la microstructure sur les valeurs locales des paramètres mécaniques utilisés pour les critères de fatigue aussi bien macroscopiques que microscopiques, et relier ces valeurs à l'amorçage de microfissures à l'échelle cristalline. Pour ceci, une comparaison est réalisée entre les résultats expérimentaux d'observation de surfaces et les simulations numériques d'agrégats 3D présentant les orientations cristallines réelles de ces éprouvettes. La simulation de la plasticité cristalline peut apporter une contribution utile pour la prédiction de la localisation et de l'intensité de l'amorçage de microfissures de fatigue, mais également aider à choisir un critère d'amorçage de microfissures basé sur des considérations mécaniques. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit porte sur les effets d'un chargement d'amplitude variable (séquence de surcharge) sur la plasticité cristalline et l'amorçage de microfissures. Deux modes de chargement ont été considérés pour les essais de fatigue : contrainte contrôlée et déformation contrôlée. Les essais avec surcharge en contrainte contrôlée présentent une durée de vie plus importante (six à neuf fois) que les essais avec surcharge en déformation contrôlée, ce qui est lié au durcissement cyclique important du 304L. De plus, les simulations montrent que sous chargement à déformation contrôlée, l'effet mémoire de la surcharge est dépendant du niveau du chargement qui suit la surcharge : cet effet mémoire est plus important dans le cas d'un chargement à faible amplitude (fatigue à grand nombre de cycles) qu'en fatigue oligocyclique à forte amplitude
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25

Jilg, Andreas [Verfasser], Holm [Gutachter] Altenbach, and Manja [Gutachter] Krüger. "Development and implementation of a cyclic plasticity model with thermal softening for hot work tool steel / Andreas Jilg ; Gutachter: Holm Altenbach, Manja Krüger." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1219966223/34.

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26

Jilg, Andreas Verfasser], Holm [Gutachter] [Altenbach, and Manja [Gutachter] Krüger. "Development and implementation of a cyclic plasticity model with thermal softening for hot work tool steel / Andreas Jilg ; Gutachter: Holm Altenbach, Manja Krüger." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1219966223/34.

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27

Naji, Jamal Hadi. "Non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete panels and infilled frames under monotonic and cyclic loading : structures under plane stress loading are analysed up to and beyond the peak load : non-linear material properties including cracking, crushing and the non-linear behaviour at the interface of members are considered." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3573.

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A non-linear finite element program to simulate the behaviour of infilled frames and plane stress reinforced concrete members under the action of monotonic and cyclic loading has been developed. Steel is modelled as a strain hardening plastic material, and in the concrete model cracking, yielding and crushing are considered. The separation, sliding, and opening and closing of initial gaps at the interfaces between the frame and the infill panels are accounted for by adjusting the properties of interface elements. The non-linear equations of equilibrium are solved using an incremental-iterative technique performed under load or displacement control. The iterative techniques use the standard and modified Newton-Raphson method or the secant Newton method. An automatic load incrementation scheme, line searches, and restart facilities are included. The capabilities of the program have been examined and demonstrated by analysing five reinforced concrete panels, a deep beam, a shear wall, and eight infilled frames. The accuracy of the analytical results was assessed by comparing them with the experimental results and those obtained analytically by other workers and shown to be good. A study of the effects of some material and numerical parameters on the results of analyses of reinforced concrete deep beam has been carried out. Two techniques have been proposed and used to overcome numerical problems associated with local strain concentrations which occur with the displacement control, when path dependent incremental iterative procedures are used for inelastic materials. The displacement control provided with these modifications has been shown to be more efficient than the load control.
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28

Mahan, Kristin Lynn. "Circadian oscillation of MAPK activity and cAMP in the hippocampus : implications for memory persistence /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6304.

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29

Bahtui, Ali. "Development of a constitutive model to simulate unbonded flexible riser pipe elements." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3010.

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The principal objective of this investigation is to develop a constitutive model to simulate the hysteresis behaviour of unbonded flexible risers. A new constitutive model for flexible risers is proposed and a procedure for the identification of the related input parameters is developed using a multi-scale approach. The constitutive model is formulated in the framework of an Euler-Bernoulli beam model, with the addition of suitable pressure terms to the generalised stresses to account for the internal and external pressures, and therefore can be efficiently used for large-scale analyses. The developed non-linear relationship between generalised stresses and strains in the beam is based on the analogy between frictional slipping between different layers of a flexible riser and frictional slipping between micro-planes of a continuum medium in nonassociative elasto-plasticity. Hence, a linear elastic relationship is used for the initial response in which no-slip occurs; an onset-slip function is introduced to define the ‘noslip’ domain, i.e. the set of generalised stresses for which no slip occurs; a nonassociative rule with linear kinematic hardening is used to model the full-slip phase. The results of several numerical simulations for a riser of small-length, obtained with a very detailed (small-scale) non-linear finite-element model, are used to identify the parameters of the constitutive law, bridging in this way the small scale of the detailed finite-element simulations with the large scale of the beam model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by the satisfactory agreement between the results of various detailed finite-element simulations for a short riser, subject to internal and external uniform pressures and cyclic bending and tensile loadings, with those given by the proposed constitutive law. The merit of the present constitutive law lies in the capturing of many important aspects of risers structural response, including the energy dissipation due to frictional slip between layers and the hysteretic response. This privilege allows one to accurately study the cyclic behavior of unbonded flexible risers subject to axial tension, bending moment, internal and external pressures.
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30

Judas, Jakub. "Extrémně nízkocyklová únavová životnost slitin neželezných kovů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400859.

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This thesis is focused on fatigue behaviour of aluminium alloy 2024-T351 in low cycle and extremely low cycle fatigue regime. Test specimens were firstly subjected to quasi-static tensile and compression tests to establish basic mechanical properties of the experimental material. Fatigue tests were conducted in strain-control mode, when cyclic plastic response and S-N curves were determined. All of the experiments were conducted at room temperature. Shapes of mechanical hysteresis loops are dependent on the strain amplitude and clearly exhibit cyclic plasticity of the alloy. Cyclic deformation curve was fitted by power regression function and subsequently compared with the tensile test. Experimental data of the S-N curves were fitted by Manson-Coffin and Wöhler-Basquin law. The discrepancy of the fatigue data was observed in the extremely low cycle fatigue regime. Based on this phenomenon, new regression function was used to overcome shortening of fatigue life in the extremely low cycle regime.
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Lilly, Scott Matthew. "Protein Kinase A Alterations Following Chronic Flurazepam Treatment: Implications for Inhibitory and Excitatory Synaptic Plasticity in Rat Hippocampal CA1." Connect to full-text via OhioLINK ETD Center, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=mco1145293063.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical University of Ohio, 2006.
"In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences." Major advisor: Elizabeth I. Tietz. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iv, 234 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 86-95,126-135,167-174,190-232.
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Appelsved, Peter. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics with Implementations of LS-DYNA Material Models." Thesis, KTH, Hållfasthetslära (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-103790.

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The increased use of thermoplastics in load carrying components, especially in the automotive industry, drives the needs for a better understanding of its complex mechanical properties. In this thesis work for a master degree in solid mechanics, the mechanical properties of a PA 6/66 resin with and without reinforcement of glass fibers experimentally been investigated. Topics of interest have been the dependency of fiber orientation, residual strains at unloading and compression relative tension properties. The experimental investigation was followed by simulations implementing existing and available constitutive models in the commercial finite element code LS-DYNA. The experimental findings showed that the orientation of the fibers significantly affects the mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength differed approximately 50% between along and cross flow direction and the cross-flow properties are closer to the ones of the unfilled resin, i.e. the matrix material. An elastic-plastic model with Hill’s yield criterion was used to capture the anisotropy in a simulation of the tensile test. Residual strains were measured during strain recovery from different load levels and the experimental findings were implemented in an elastic-plastic damage model to predict the permanent strains after unloading. Compression tests showed that a stiffer response is obtained for strains above 3% in comparison to tension. The increased stiffness in compression is although too small to significantly influence a simulation of a 3 point bend test using a material model dependent of the hydrostatic stress.
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33

Boussattine, Zaid. "Consequences of the thermal effects generated during fatigue crack growth on the mode one stress intensity factor." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0047/document.

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Lors du chargement cyclique d’une pièce métallique fissurée, un champ de température hétérogène est créé à la pointe de la fissure. Ce champ de température est dû à trois types de sources de chaleur : (i) la première source est une source de couplage thermoélastique liée à la partie hydrostatique du tenseur des contraintes résultant de la sollicitation mécanique cyclique. Elle fluctue périodiquement dans le temps et l’énergie qui lui est associée est nulle à la fin de chaque cycle de chargement ; (ii) la deuxième source de chaleur est une source dissipative et intrinsèque au comportement du matériau. Elle est reliée au phénomène de l’auto-échauffement dû à la microplasticité dissipée en chaleur dans le matériau à l’échelle microscopique. Elle est positive et s’accumule dans le temps ; (iii) enfin, la troisième source de chaleur a les mêmes origines et propriétés que la deuxième source, mais elle est associée à la plasticité, à l’échelle macroscopique, qui se dissipe en chaleur dans la zone de plasticité cyclique à la pointe de la fissure. En présence de ces trois sources de chaleur, le champ de température résultant génère un champ de contrainte dû au phénomène de la dilatation thermique. Ce nouveau champ des contraintes s’ajoute au champ des contraintes dû au chargement mécanique cyclique, et donc l’état des contraintes sur la fissure est modifié. En conséquence, le facteur d’intensité des contraintes, qui est un paramètre clé dans la modélisation de la propagation des fissures, est modifié. D’où l’objectif de cette thèse qui vise à quantifier les conséquences de ces trois sources de chaleur sur le facteur d’intensité des contraintes, et ce dans le cas d’une fissure longue de fatigue
By subjecting a cracked specimen to a cyclic loading, thermal effects take place and create a heterogeneous temperature field around the crack tip. Those thermal effects are associated with coupling and dissipative heat sources, namely: (i) the heat source due to thermoelastic coupling generated by the hydrostatic part of the stress tensor related to cyclic mechanical loading; (ii) the heat source due to intrinsic dissipation associated with the self-heating phenomena originating from plasticity at the microscopic scale; (iii) and the heat source due to cyclic plasticity, at the macroscopic scale, which occurs in the reverse cyclic plastic zone ahead of the crack tip, and dissipates into heat. The overall heterogeneous temperature field resulting from the heat sources induces a heterogeneous stress field due to thermal expansion phenomena. As a consequence, the stress state over the crack is modified and leads to modify the stress intensity factor, which is a key parameter in modeling fatigue crack growth. Therefore, the aim of this PhD thesis is to quantify the consequences of the heat sources on the stress intensity factor, in the case of a long propagating fatigue crack
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34

Martin, Pauline. "Plasticity and damage mechanisms in specific multiphased steels with bainitic matrix under various mechanical loading paths : influence of temperature." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC227.

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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les mécanismes de plasticité et d'endommagement des aciers complexe-phase (CP). La microstructure bainitique de ces aciers, permets d’acquérir de bonnes propriétés de formabilité, qui intéressent les constructeurs automobiles. Cependant, la complexité de ces microstructures, qui se caractérisent par une grande quantité de joints de grains et une densité élevée de dislocations, influence la plasticité et les mécanismes d'endommagement. Afin d'estimer l'impact de la microstructure, une étude des caractéristiques métallurgiques des aciers à phases complexes est réalisée. Les mécanismes de plasticité sont ensuite étudiés par des tests de tension-compression afin d’étudier les mécanismes d’écrouissage du matériau. Ensuite, l’évolution de l’endommagement au sein de la microstructure est analysée à différente taux de triaxialité des contraintes afin d’obtenir la fraction de surface volumique ainsi que le nombre et le diamètre moyen des vides en fonction de la déformation plastique. Enfin, pour examiner la stabilité thermique de ces paramètres (microstructure, plasticité et endommagement), des expériences sont effectuées dans une plage de températures allant de 20 ° C à 600 ° C
This PhD work investigates plasticity and damage mechanisms of complex phase steels. The bainitic microstructures of such steels, which feature retained austenite islands, result in these steels exhibiting good formability properties, which are of interest to automotive companies. However, the complexity of these microstructures, which are characterised by a high amount of grain boundaries and a high density of dislocations, influences plasticity and damage mechanisms. In order to estimate the impact of a steel's microstructure on these properties, the investigation of metallurgical features of complex phase steels provided by the company Faurecia is performed. Plasticity mechanisms are then investigated by tension-compression tests to determine the influence of long- and short-range interactions on the motion dislocation. Thereafter, the evolution of damage within microstructures is analysed at different stress triaxialities in order to obtain the volume area fraction and the number and average diameter of voids as functions of plastic strain. Finally, to examine the thermal stability of these parameters (microstructure, plasticity, and damage), experiments are performed at a range of temperatures between 20°C and 600°C
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35

Sapezanskaia, Ina. "Deformation mechanisms of metastable stainless steels accessed locally by monotonic and cyclic nanoindentation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398401.

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Metastable austenitic stainless steels feature an abundance of different deformation mechanisms, which contribute to the distinguished mechanical properties of these alloys. However, these properties are known to depend on the local microstructure and also are highly anisotropic. Furthermore, deformation is expected to be different for the bulk and the surface of a sample. In this sense, a discrete study is not trivial. The present work aims at investigation of the main deformation mechanisms and their gradual evolution, by employing controlled deformation of individual austenite grains via monotonic and cyclic nanoindentation. The corresponding loading–unloading curves have given extensive information about underlying mechanical properties, which could be related to an exhaustive reconstruction of the deformation substructure, both in surface and bulk, by different small scale characterization techniques. Amongst others, features such as time-dependent deformation, reversible phase transformation under load, crystalline anisotropy and grain size influences, besides plasticity transmission and fatigue behavior have been found and analyzed.
Los aceros inoxidables austeníticos metaestables pueden experimentar una amplia gama de mecanismos de deformación diferentes, los cuales contribuyen a sus extraordinarias propiedades mecánicas. Sin embargo, estas propiedades dependen de la microestructura y son altamente anisotrópicas. Además, la deformación es diferente en la superficie y en el interior de una muestra. Por lo tanto, un estudio detallado no resulta trivial. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de los principales mecanismos de deformación, así como de su desarrollo gradual. Para ello se han realizado ensayos de nanoindentación, tanto monotónica como cíclica, los cuales han permitido la deformación controlada de granos austeníticos preseleccionados. Las curvas de carga y descarga de los ensayos de nanoindentación han proporcionado amplia información sobre el comportamiento mecánico del acero, la cual se ha podido correlacionar con la reconstrucción detallada de las subestructuras de deformación, tanto a nivel superficial como en el interior, la cual se ha llevado a cabo mediante técnicas de caracterización a escala microscópica. Entre otros, se encontraron y estudiaron fenómenos como las transformaciones de fase reversibles bajo carga, la influencia tanto de la anisotropía cristalina como del tamaño de grano, mecanismos dependientes del tiempo, junto con la transmisión de plasticidad y la respuesta a fatiga.
Les aciers inoxydables austénitiques métastables sont le siège de différents mécanismes de déformation qui sont à l'origine des propriétés mécaniques qui distinguent ce type d’alliages. Cependant, ces dernières, dépendant de la microstructure locale, sont fortement anisotropes. Par ailleurs, la déformation d'un échantillon massif serait différente de celle obtenue en surface. De ce fait, une étude détaillée trouve tout son intérêt. Le présent travail vise donc à identifier les principaux mécanismes de déformation et de leur évolution progressive, en se basant sur une déformation contrôlée de grains austénitiques individuels par des tests mécaniques de nanoindentation monotoniques et cycliques. Les courbes correspondantes au chargement-déchargement révèlent des informations détaillées sur les propriétés mécaniques sous-jacentes qui pourraient être liées à une étude complète de la structure de déformation en surface et en volume par différentes techniques de caractérisation à une échelle très fine. La déformation en fonction du temps, les phénomènes de transformation de phase réversible sous charge, l'anisotropie cristalline, l'influences de la taille des grains, la transmission de la plasticité et la tenue en fatigue ont été mis en évidence et étudiés.
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36

Ningre, Corado. "Modélisation du comportement élastoplastique cyclique multiaxial par une approche multisurface dans l'espace des déformations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI053.

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Ce travail concerne l’étude théorique, numérique et expérimentale du comportement mécanique élastoplastique en chargements cycliques complexes multiaxiaux de matériaux métalliques. Le comportement élastoplastique est décrit par modèle multisurface, avec une prise en compte des grandes transformations. Ce modèle est écrit dans l’espace multidimensionnel d’Ilyushin des déformations, de dimension 5. La modélisation qui en résulte permet de décrire le comportement multiaxial des matériaux métalliques, en chargements cycliques complexes, notamment non proportionnels, avec une prise en compte des déformations finies, de l’irréversibilité indépendante du temps, des effets secondaires cumulés (effet Poynting-Swift) et des effets d’écrouissage cyclique. Le modèle ainsi développé a été implémenté dans un code commercial de calcul par éléments finis, afin de produire un outil opérationnel de calcul des structures telles que les équipements mécaniques et les composants internes des centrales hydroélectriques (turbines, alternateur…). Le modèle proposé a été validé par confrontation à des résultats d’essais biaxiaux de traction-torsion combinées, réalisés sur un acier inoxydable. Ce modèle a été complété par une analyse énergétique et thermodynamique qui permet la mise en place, à terme, d’une approche énergétique pertinente pour le suivi de l’endommagement par fatigue. Dans le cadre de ce travail, cette approche a été illustrée par la proposition d’un critère de fatigue, validé par la comparaison de ses prédictions à celles d’autres critères de fatigue classiques, proposés dans la littérature
This work deals with the theoretical, numerical and experimental study of the elastoplastic mechanical behavior of metallic materials in complex multiaxial cyclic loadings. The elastoplastic behavior is described by a multisurface model, within the finite strain theory. This model is written in the five-dimensional Ilyushin strain space. The resulting model is capable of describing the multiaxial behavior of metallic materials, in complex cyclic loadings, in particular non-proportional, taking into account finite strain, time-independent irreversibility, cumulative second order effects (Poynting-Swift effect) and cyclic hardening. The model has been implemented in a commercial finite element calculation code, in order to produce an operational tool for calculating structures such as mechanical equipment and internal components of hydroelectric power plants (turbines, alternators, etc.). The proposed model was validated by comparison with combined tensile-torsion biaxial test results obtained on stainless steel. This model has been completed by an energy and thermodynamic analysis that allows the implementation of a relevant energy approach for the monitoring of fatigue damage. As part of this work, this approach was illustrated by the proposal of a fatigue criterion, validated by the comparison of its predictions with those of other classical fatigue criteria proposed in the literature
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Djimli, Lynda. "Analyse du phénomène de rochet : essais et modélisation." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583729.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de l'étude de l'effet de l'identification des paramètres matériau sur la prévision du comportement cyclique. Une étude de l'effet de la pré-déformation sur la réponse du matériau vis à vis le rochet est aussi présentée. Pour cela deux types d'expériences ont été menés au sein de l'équipe Mécanique du Groupe de Physique des Matériaux (GPM, UMR 6634) à l'INSA de Rouen sur un acier inoxydable de type 304L : Les essais EXP1 contenant des essais à déformation imposée axiale et multiaxiale et des essais de rochet en une et deux phases. Ces essais sont tirés de la littérature et nous ont servi de base de donnée pour la réalisation des différentes étapes de l'identification. Les essais EXP2 contenant des essais de rochet après déformation imposée.Ils sont réalisés dans le cadre de cette étude et permettent l'étude de l'effet de la pré déformation sur le phénomène de rochet. L'identification des paramètres est faite''automatiquement'' avec une méthode d'optimisation en utilisant des bases de données à complexité croissante. Les paramètres identifiés sont ensuite injectés dans des simulations qui seront superposées avec les courbes expérimentales. L'ensemble des simulations est fait avec le code de calcul Zébulon avec le choix du modèle de Chaboche. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'effet de la pré déformation sur le rochet selon les histoires, les mêmes conditions à contraintes imposées peuvent mener à différents comportements cycliques : Elastique et adaptation plastique dans d'autre cas. La pré-déformation précédente peut également mener à l'anisotropie du matériau conduisant à un faible rochet sous traction compression avec une contrainte moyenne nulle !L'étude précise également l'importance de la base de données expérimentale utilisée pour l'identification de paramètres. Le choix des essais devrait étroitement être lié aux équations constitutives du modèle choisis . À savoir, la présence des essais à déformation imposée non proportionnelle peut être non appropriée si le modèle ne peut pas tenir compte explicitement d'un tel caractère.
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Poser, Steven Walter. "Coincident signaling of cAMP with phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction cascades : a role in regulating gene exression during development and synaptic plasticity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10633.

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39

Zapletal, Josef. "Nízkocyklové a vysokocyklové únavové vlastnosti ADI." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233981.

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The thesis is focused on assessment of fatigue behaviour of austempered ductile iron with nodular graphite. Optimal period of transformation was determined based on the best combination of stress and strain characteristics established by tensile test. Cyclic response and low-cycle fatigue life were studied under both stress-control and longitudinal strain-control mode at room temperature. For both modes, shapes of cyclic hardening curves are dependent on stress amplitude. Cyclic deformation curves (CDC) were fitted by power regression function. Results were compared with CDC established by multiple step test in both modes with verification of the influence of cyclic creep (high stress levels, stress-control mode). Experimental data of S-N curves are in agreement with the Manson-Coffin and the Basquin law. Fatigue and cyclic parameters were compared. Fatigue life time in high-cycle fatigue region was determined. Experimental data were fitted by suitable regression functions. Regression parameters and fatigue limit were established by means of each regression function. Experimental data in low- and high-cycle fatigue regions were used to construct S-N curve and to determine relevant parameters. Discontinuity of experimental data was not observed. Low-cycle fatigue behaviour was predicted. Approximation of tolerance bands was realized in high-cycle and both high and low cycle fatigue regions.
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40

Watt, William C. "Neuroplasticity in olfactory sensation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6252.

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41

Vincent, Ludovic. "Une amélioration de la description du phénomène de déformation progressive dans les métaux par la prise en compte de la distorsion du domaine d'élasticité." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003892.

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Si un métal est soumis à un chargement cyclique autour d'une contrainte moyenne non nulle, de la déformation plastique peut s'accumuler au cours des cycles, généralement dans la direction de la contrainte moyenne : c'est le phénomène de déformation progressive ou phénomène dit de rochet.
Le contexte de cette thèse était l'amélioration de la description de ce phénomène dans les structures métalliques. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d'axer nos efforts sur les modèles macroscopiques phénoménologiques qui décrivent le comportement de matériaux dans des calculs de structure.
Comme cela était suggéré dans plusieurs articles récents, une voie d'amélioration de ces modèles était de prendre en compte la distorsion du domaine d'élasticité, phénomène maintes fois observé expérimentalement, mais jusqu'alors négligé par soucis de simplicité. Pour introduire convenablement ce nouvel ingrédient dans la modélisation, nous nous sommes appuyés sur un dialogue entre un modèle micro-macro d'une part (plus pertinent mais aussi plus coûteux en temps de calcul) et le modèle macroscopique à construire d'autre part. Nous avons sû tirer profit des informations données par le modèle micro-macro pour constuire un modèle macroscopique capable de décrire à la fois le phénomène de rochet multiaxial et la distorsion du domaine d'élasticité prévus par le modèle micro-macro, et ce sur une large base d'"essais virtuels". Ensuite, le modèle développé a été identifié et validé avec succès sur plusieurs résultats d'essais complexes obtenus sur un élément de volume d'un matériau réel. Une validation finale du modèle sur un essai non-homogène (de structure) est en cours d'étude.
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42

Martin, Guillaume. "Simulation numérique multi-échelles du comportement mécanique des alliages de titane bêta-métastable Ti5553 et Ti17." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00873129.

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Le but de ce travail de thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de déformation à température ambiante dans les alliages de titane bêta-métastable Ti17 et Ti5553. Les microstructures étudiées sont composées de grains bêta transformé, dans lesquels la phase alpha peut précipiter, selon les relations de Burgers, sous la forme de douze variants différents. Une approche multi-échelles est donc préconisée avec trois niveaux représentatifs: macroscopique, mésoscopique (ex-grains bêta), et microscopique (variants alpha et matrice bêta de chaque grain). Différents modèles à champs moyens sont adaptés pour reproduire le comportement mécanique du Ti17 et du Ti5553. Ces modèles impliquent deux transitions d'échelle, et sont basés sur l'homogénéisation des comportements locaux, avec plusieurs manières de représenter les interactions intergranulaires. Les relations entre microstructures et propriétés mécaniques sont également considérées. Les modèles les plus complexes développés dans cette étude vont permettre de simuler l'anisotropie élastique et l'écoulement visqueux de chaque variant alpha (hcp) et de chaque matrice bêta (bcc), en employant la plasticité cristalline avec des écrouissages de type cinématique et isotrope. L'identification des paramètres matériaux est faite à partir d'une vaste base de données expérimentale provenant du projet PROMITI. Pour comprendre le rôle de chaque phase dans le processus de déformation, un calcul EF a également été fait afin de reproduire l'essai de traction sur une très fine éprouvette plate. Dans cette étude, le niveau mésoscopique est explicitement représenté en reprenant fidèlement la géométrie et l'orientation cristallographique de chaque grain bêta transformé. Des comparaisons entre expérience et simulation sont faites à l'échelle macroscopique pour les courbes contrainte - déformation, ainsi qu'au niveau mésoscopique, en considérant les champs de déplacement hors-plan et les champs de déformation.
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43

Pra-ai, Suriyavut. "Essais et modélisation du cisaillement cyclique sol-struture à grand nombre de cycles. Application aux pieux." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00809729.

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On présente tout d'abord une série d'essais de cisaillement direct 2D monotones et cycliques sur l'interface sable de Fontainebleau-plaque rugueuse et lisse, 'a contrainte normale constante (CNL) et à rigidité normale imposée (CNS). Le but de ces essais est de simuler la situation mécanique le long de pieux soumis à un grand nombre de cycles d'origine environnementale ou anthropique. Ces cycles (typiquement 10000) de faible amplitude (10'a 40 kPa en terme de contrainte de cisaillement) ne sont pas cens'es produire de rupture prématurée. Ces tests incluent une série de cycles d'amplitudes (successives) variées. Le problème de la perte de sable entre la boite et la plaque est trait'e avec attention. Nous avons interprété l'effet de la position du "centre des cycles" dans le plan de contraintes (variables cycliques moyennes) et de la densité initiale. Plusieurs facteurs tels que l'indice initial de densité (ID0), la contrainte normale cyclique moyenne (_n cm0), le niveau initial moyen de contrainte de cisaillement (_cm0), l'amplitude cyclique réduite (__) et la rigidité normale imposée (k qui dans cette thèse, va de 1000 'a 5000 kPa/mm), influencent les déplacements relatifs cycliques moyens normal ([u]cm) et tangentiel [w]cm) et sont pris en considération.On observe soit de la dilatance, soit de la contractance en accord avec l'état caractéristique développé par Luong. L'influence du chemin de contrainte (CNL ou CNS) est également analysée. Un modèle phénoménologique et analytique de comportement d'interface sur chemins cycliques CNL est propos'e. C'est également le cas pour le comportement monotone sur chemins oedométrique et CNL, la variable de mémoire unique étant la densité d'interface (sous contrainte) ou le déplacement relatif normal. Cette formulation permet de traiter, par incréments analytiques finis, les chemins comportant une variation d'amplitude cyclique, et les chemins CNS, ce qui introduit la notion de nombre de cycles équivalent. On notera que les chemins CNS sont toujours contractants. Ces essais sont utilisés pour aborder la simulation par éléments finis, avec le logiciel Plaxis, selon une approche de pseudo-viscoplasticité, le nombre de cycles tenant lieu de temps fictif. L'essai de cisaillement monotone'a la boite est modélisé en densités faible et forte, ainsi que deux essais de pieux modèles centrifugés, l'un en traction, l'autre en compression. Des recommandations sont proposées pour le calcul courant des pieux sous sollicitations cycliques. Cette thèse a été soutenue par l'ANR SOLCYP et le programme national " recherches sur le comportement des pieux soumis à des sollicitations cycliques".
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44

Serrano, Pierre. "Modélisation multi-échelles du comportement mécanique des alliages TiAl pour la prévision de leur tenue en fatigue." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/4952/.

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Les alliages à base d'aluminures de titane (TiAl) sont des matériaux légers introduits dans la dernière génération de turboréacteurs pour l'aéronautique civil sous la forme d'aube de turbine basse pression. Ces alliages disposent notamment d'excellentes propriétés mécaniques à haute température et d'une résistance spécifique élevée. Leur utilisation reste cependant délicate du fait de leur faible ductilité et ténacité à température ambiante. Afin de trouver de nouvelles applications à ces matériaux, les deux principaux défis pour les futures générations d'alliage sont l'augmentation de la température d'utilisation et l'amélioration des propriétés en fatigue thermomécanique. Dans cette optique, le présent travail consiste à établir un lien entre la microstructure des alliages TiAl et leur tenue en fatigue. Pour cela, des travaux expérimentaux et numériques sont réalisés à différentes échelles d'intérêt sur les quatre microstructures dites génériques de ces matériaux. Dans un premier volet expérimental, un lien entre microstructure et comportement mécanique cyclique est établi via la réalisation d'essais mécaniques à l'échelle macroscopique (i.e. réponse contrainte-déformation), et d'essais micromécaniques qui permettent d'étudier la répartition de la déformation dans la microstructure. Dans un deuxième volet numérique, un modèle de plasticité cristalline permettant de tenir compte des spécificités des microstructures à structure lamellaire des alliages TiAl est défini. Les comportements mécaniques cycliques des quatre microstructures génériques sont ensuite modélisés via la réalisation de calculs éléments finis sur microstructures virtuelles et homogénéisation numérique. Enfin, cette modélisation est utilisée afin de réaliser une analyse aux Indicateurs de Tenue en Fatigue (ITF). Cette analyse permet de comparer les tenues en fatigue des différentes microstructures et d'identifier les éléments microstructuraux qui pilotent la durée de vie en fatigue pour différents régimes de sollicitation. Les résultats obtenus permettent alors d'effectuer un retour vers la métallurgie en indiquant les zones à renforcer pour améliorer les propriétés en fatigue de futurs alliages
Technological advances in aircraft engine design require the use of lightweight materials at increasingly high temperatures. Therefore, intermetallics titanium aluminide alloys based on $\gamma$-TiAl have been introduced in the most recent civil turbo-engines as low pressure turbine blades. To extend the use of this material to other application technologies, new alloys are being developed with enhanced mechanical properties. Particularly, material development teams focus on increasing the working temperature and the fatigue strength. The aim of this work is to study the link between TiAl alloys microstructures and their fatigue strengths. Both experimental and numerical aspects are studied at various scales of interest. To begin with, the cyclic deformation of TiAl generic microstructures is studied experimentally by performing standard testing (i.e. stress-strain response) and micro-scale testing. Then, a crystal plasticity model that can be used to take into account the specific behavior of lamellar colonies is defined. The mechanical behavior of TiAl alloys is thereafter modeled by means of finite element computation on statistically representative microstructures and computational homogenization. Lastly, a Fatigue Indicator Parameters (FIP) analysis is performed to identify the various fatigue hot spot within TiAl microstructures. The results are used to suggest microstructure designs that could improve the fatigue strength of TiAl alloys next generation
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45

Košťál, Josef. "Posouzení tepelně-mechanické únavy výfukového potrubí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-418196.

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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá posouzením tepelně-mechanické únavy výfukového potrubí. Nejprve byla provedena rešeršní studie, ve které je rozebrán fenomén tepelně-mechanické únavy. Byly prezentovány hlavní mechanismy poškození a přístupy k jejich modelování. Diskutována byla i specifická chování materiálu vystavenému tepelně-mechanickému zatěžování. Byl vypracován přehled vhodných modelů materiálu a modelů únavové životnosti společně s algoritmem predikce tepelně-mechanické únavy komponenty. Poté byl tento teoretický základ aplikován na praktický případ výfukového potrubí podléhajícího tepelně-mechanickému zatěžování. Dva tepelně závislé elasto-plastické modely materiálu byly nakalibrovány a validovány na základě experimentálních dat. Byl vytvořen diskretizovaný konečnoprvkový model sestavy výfukového potrubí. Model tepelných okrajových podmínek byl předepsán na základě výpočtů ustáleného sdruženého přestupu tepla. Slabě sdružená tepelně-deformační úloha byla vyřešena metodou konečných prvků pro oba modely materiálů. Bylo použito paradigma nesvázaného modelu únavy, které je vhodné pro nízkocyklovou únavu. Životnost byla tedy vyhodnocena jako součást post-procesoru. Použity byly dva modely únavové životnosti – energeticky založený model a deformačně založený model. Získané hodnoty životnosti byly porovnány vzhledem k použitým modelům materiálu a modelům únavové životnosti. Nakonec jsou diskutovány závěry této práce, oblasti dalšího výzkumu a navrženy možnosti na zlepšení použitých přístupů.
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Bergholz, Katharina. "An extended bounding surface model for the application to general stress paths in sand." Institut für Geotechnik, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72600.

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The prediction of settlements in infrastructural design puts high demands on the numerical analysis of the subsoil and the associated constitutive model: complex installation processes and the repetitive character of live loads pose considerable challenges. Although in this context the main focus is on the analytical requirements of a geotechnical problem in order to realistically capture soil behaviour, the needs of engineering practice should not be neglected in constitutive modelling. Along these lines, a new soil model for non-cohesive soils has been developed in the theoretical framework of elastoplasticity. Based on the concept of bounding surface plasticity according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997), soil properties such as strength, stiffness and dilatancy depend on the distance between the current stress state and a corresponding model surface in stress space. This way the multi surface model correctly reproduces elementary behavioural patterns of soil, including for example shear related phenomena such as hardening/softening, contraction/dilation and attainment of critical state (constant volume shear strength). Moreover, the model captures the state dependence of soil behaviour (barotropy and pycnotropy). Thus, with only one set of material parameters, the mechanical behaviour of a wide range of initial soil states with respect to stress and void ratio can be simulated (unified modelling). The kinematic hardening mechanism of the conical yield surface contributes to a realistic stiffness evolution in un- and reloading and is hence essential for stress or strain accumulation due to load reversals. Since the chosen modelling framework is suitable for further development, the original formulation has been extended to adapt the model to the defined needs. In order to adequately simulate geotechnically relevant stress paths of low and higher complexity, first of all, a cap shaped yield surface was added to allow for plastic straining not only in shear, but also in constant stress ratio loading (e. g. isotropic or oedometric compression). When it comes to stress paths of unconventional orientation, to load reversals or composed stress paths with changes in loading direction, a supplementary stiffness increase at small strains and its subsequent strain dependent degradation have proven valuable. Furthermore, an additional mechanism accounts for a regressive accumulation of stresses or strains with increasing number of load cycles (in terms of dissipated energy). In view of its suitability for practical use, all model extensions are structured in a modular fashion, so that the complexity of the model (and hence the amount of parameters) can be adapted to the complexity of the geotechnical problem by activating or deactivating certain features. Most model parameters can be determined by conventional laboratory testing. An internal routine optionally facilitates the parameter choice by calibrating certain bounding surface related parameters from an alternative user input, which is more oriented towards experimental outcome. Since a good understanding of a material model is crucial for its reasonable and responsible use, the present thesis aims at offering a sound documentation. Thus, the first part gives an outline of the underlying bounding surface concept and describes the innovations on the constitutive level with reference to theoretical considerations. It is followed by a detailed analysis of capabilities and limitations of the extended model. The next part is dedicated to the numerical implementation of the soil model and its calibration procedure on the basis of laboratory test results. Moreover, the embedded calibration routine including the applied optimisation algorithm is presented. The subsequent section serves model validation: by means of element test simulations, generation of response envelopes as well as the reproduction of more general (e. g. composed) stress paths the performance of the extended bounding surface model is demonstrated. Finally, the last chapter draws conclusions and discloses potential future perspectives.:1 Introduction 1.1 General aspects on constitutive modelling 1.2 Motivation and outline of the thesis 1.3 Basic assumptions and terminology 2 Literature review 2.1 From elastoplasticity to bounding surface plasticity 2.1.1 Bounding surface model according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997) 2.2 Further development of the original model 2.2.1 Papadimitriou and Bouckovalas (2002) 2.2.2 Taiebat and Dafalias (2008) 2.3 Small strain stiffness 2.3.1 Observations 2.3.2 Micromechanical considerations 2.3.3 Very small strain shear modulus G0 2.3.4 Constitutive modelling approaches 2.4 Dilatancy 3 The extended bounding surface model 3.1 Fundamental capabilities of the bounding surface concept 3.1.1 Elastic region 3.1.2 Critical state 3.1.3 Shear strength 3.1.4 Shear stiffness (monotonic) 3.1.5 Contractancy and dilatancy 3.1.6 Barotropy and pycnotropy 3.1.7 Compressive stiffness 3.1.8 Shear stiffness in reversed loading 3.1.9 Additional features 3.2 New features of the extended bounding surface model 3.2.1 Minor modifications 3.2.2 Dilatancy formulation 3.2.3 Cap yield surface 3.2.4 Small strain stiffness mechanism 3.2.5 Cyclic loading mechanism 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Limitations of the bounding surface model 3.3.1 Intrinsic insuffciencies of the bounding surface concept 3.3.2 Remaining shortcomings of the advanced model version 3.3.3 Newly introduced deficiencies 4 The numerical model and its calibration procedure 4.1 Octave implementation of an element test programme 4.2 Calibration procedure 4.2.1 Sands for calibration 4.2.2 Calibration of basic parameters 4.2.3 Calibration of extended model parameters 4.3 User friendly calibration routine 4.3.1 Conceptual background 4.3.2 Optimisation algorithm 5 Performance of the extended bounding surface model 5.1 Model performance in element tests 5.1.1 Monotonic drained triaxial compression test 5.1.2 Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test 5.1.3 Monotonic eta-constant tests 5.2 Model performance in non-standard triaxial testing 5.2.1 Concept of response envelopes 5.2.2 Simulation of response envelopes 5.3 Model performance on general stress paths 5.3.1 Triaxial compression at small strains 5.3.2 Cyclic triaxial loading 6 Conclusions and perspectives 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Future perspectives Bibliography Appendices A Mathematical background A.1 Fundamental equations of elastoplasticity A.2 Compilation of major constitutive equations (multiaxial formulation) A.3 Elastoplastic stiffness matrix for singular yield surfaces A.4 Coefficient matrices S and E for loading constraints A.5 Derivation of Mcap and Hcap A.6 Intergranular strain adjustment A.7 Intergranular strain correlation B Details on particle swarm optimisation C Compilation of simulation results C.1 Monotonic triaxial loading C.1.1 Toyoura sand C.1.2 Sacramento River sand C.1.3 Hostun sand C.2 Monotonic eta-constant loading C.2.1 Sacramento River sand C.2.2 Hostun sand C.3 Cyclic triaxial loading
Die Prognose von Setzungen für die Bemessung von Infrastrukturbauwerken stellt hohe Anforderungen an die numerische Untersuchung des Baugrunds und das damit verbundene Stoffgesetz: komplexe Herstellungsprozesse und zyklisch wiederkehrende Verkehrslasten stellen beachtliche Herausforderungen dar. Während das Hauptaugenmerk zumeist auf der realitätsnahen Abbildung des Bodenverhaltens liegt und damit die analytischen Anforderungen des geotechnischen Problems im Fokus stehen, sollten die Bedürfnisse der Ingenieurspraxis in der Stoffgesetzmodellierung nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. In diesem Sinne wurde im Rahmen der Elastoplastizität ein neues Materialmodell für nichtbindige Böden entwickelt. Auf dem Konzept der Bounding Surface Plastizität nach Manzari und Dafalias (1997) beruhend, sind Eigenschaften wie Festigkeit, Steifigkeit und Dilatanz Funktion des Abstands zwischen aktuellem Spannungszustand und einer zugeordneten Modellfläche im Spannungsraum. Auf diese Weise bildet das Mehrflächenmodell fundamentale Verhaltensmuster von Boden korrekt ab, einschließlich beispielsweise scherbezogener Phänomene wie Ver- und Entfestigung, Kontraktanz und Dilatanz oder das Erreichen des kritischen Zustands (Scherfestigkeit bei konstantem Volumen). Des Weiteren erfasst das Modell die Zustandsabhängigkeit des Bodenverhaltens (Barotropie und Pyknotropie). So kann mit nur einem Parametersatz das mechanische Verhalten einer großen Spannweite unterschiedlicher Anfangszustände hinsichtlich Spannung und Lagerungsdichte simuliert werden. Der kinematische Verfestigungsmechanismus der konusförmigen Fließfläche trägt bei Ent- und Wiederbelastungen zu einer realistischeren Steifigkeitsentwicklung bei und ist damit von essenzieller Bedeutung für die Akkumulation von Spannungen oder Verformungen infolge von Lastwechseln. Da sich der gewählte konstitutive Rahmen für Weiterentwicklungen eignet, wurde die ursprüngliche Formulierung des Stoffgesetzes erweitert, um das Modell an die definierten Anforderungen anzupassen. Um geotechnisch relevante Spannungspfade niedriger und höherer Komplexität adäquat reproduzieren zu können, wurde zunächst eine kappenförmige Fließfläche ergänzt. So können irreversible Verformungen nicht nur bei Scherung, sondern auch bei Belastungen ohne Änderung des Spannungsverhältnisses, wie z. B. bei isotroper oder ödometrischer Kompression, auftreten. Bei Spannungspfaden ungewöhnlicher Orientierung, bei Lastwechseln oder zusammengesetzten Spannungspfaden mit Änderung der Belastungsrichtung hat sich eine erhöhte Steifigkeit bei kleinen Dehnungen mit anschließendem dehnungsabhängigen Abfall als nützlich erwiesen. Darüber hinaus berücksichtigt ein zusätzlicher Mechanismus die rückläufige Akkumulation von Spannung oder Verformung mit zunehmender Zyklenanzahl (mittels dissipierter Energie). Im Hinblick auf die Eignung des Stoffgesetzes für die Praxis ist das Modell modular aufgebaut. So kann die Komplexität des Modells (und damit die Anzahl der Parameter) durch Ein- und Ausschalten bestimmter Erweiterungen an die Komplexität des geotechnischen Problems angepasst werden. Die Mehrzahl der Modellparameter wird mit Hilfe konventioneller Laborversuche bestimmt. Eine interne Routine erleichtert durch die Kalibrierung bestimmter Bounding Surface bezogener Größen anhand eines alternativen, stärker an Versuchsergebnissen orientierten User-Inputs bei Bedarf die Parameterwahl. Da die Kenntnis eines Stoffgesetzes entscheidend ist für dessen vernünftigen und verantwortungsvollen Einsatz, soll die vorliegende Arbeit eine fundierte und umfassende Dokumentation bieten. Der erste Teil vermittelt daher zunächst einen Überblick über das zugrunde liegende Bounding Surface Konzept und beschreibt die Neuerungen auf konstitutiver Ebene mit Bezug auf theoretische Hintergründe. Er wird gefolgt von einer detaillierten Darlegung von Potenzialen und Einschränkungen für die Nutzung des erweiterten Modells. Der nächste Abschnitt widmet sich der numerischen Implementierung des Stoffgesetzes und seiner Kalibrierung auf Basis von Versuchsergebnissen. Des Weiteren wird die Kalibrierungsroutine einschließlich des verwendeten Optimierungsalgorithmus präsentiert. Der nachfolgende Teil dient der Modellvalidierung: durch die Simulation von Elementversuchen, die Erzeugung von Antwortellipsen sowie die Abbildung allgemeinerer (beispielsweise zusammengesetzter) Spannungspfade wird die Leistungsfähigkeit des erweiterten Bounding Surface Modells demonstriert. Abschließend werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und potenzielle Perspektiven aufgezeigt.:1 Introduction 1.1 General aspects on constitutive modelling 1.2 Motivation and outline of the thesis 1.3 Basic assumptions and terminology 2 Literature review 2.1 From elastoplasticity to bounding surface plasticity 2.1.1 Bounding surface model according to Manzari and Dafalias (1997) 2.2 Further development of the original model 2.2.1 Papadimitriou and Bouckovalas (2002) 2.2.2 Taiebat and Dafalias (2008) 2.3 Small strain stiffness 2.3.1 Observations 2.3.2 Micromechanical considerations 2.3.3 Very small strain shear modulus G0 2.3.4 Constitutive modelling approaches 2.4 Dilatancy 3 The extended bounding surface model 3.1 Fundamental capabilities of the bounding surface concept 3.1.1 Elastic region 3.1.2 Critical state 3.1.3 Shear strength 3.1.4 Shear stiffness (monotonic) 3.1.5 Contractancy and dilatancy 3.1.6 Barotropy and pycnotropy 3.1.7 Compressive stiffness 3.1.8 Shear stiffness in reversed loading 3.1.9 Additional features 3.2 New features of the extended bounding surface model 3.2.1 Minor modifications 3.2.2 Dilatancy formulation 3.2.3 Cap yield surface 3.2.4 Small strain stiffness mechanism 3.2.5 Cyclic loading mechanism 3.2.6 Summary 3.3 Limitations of the bounding surface model 3.3.1 Intrinsic insuffciencies of the bounding surface concept 3.3.2 Remaining shortcomings of the advanced model version 3.3.3 Newly introduced deficiencies 4 The numerical model and its calibration procedure 4.1 Octave implementation of an element test programme 4.2 Calibration procedure 4.2.1 Sands for calibration 4.2.2 Calibration of basic parameters 4.2.3 Calibration of extended model parameters 4.3 User friendly calibration routine 4.3.1 Conceptual background 4.3.2 Optimisation algorithm 5 Performance of the extended bounding surface model 5.1 Model performance in element tests 5.1.1 Monotonic drained triaxial compression test 5.1.2 Monotonic undrained triaxial compression test 5.1.3 Monotonic eta-constant tests 5.2 Model performance in non-standard triaxial testing 5.2.1 Concept of response envelopes 5.2.2 Simulation of response envelopes 5.3 Model performance on general stress paths 5.3.1 Triaxial compression at small strains 5.3.2 Cyclic triaxial loading 6 Conclusions and perspectives 6.1 Conclusions 6.2 Future perspectives Bibliography Appendices A Mathematical background A.1 Fundamental equations of elastoplasticity A.2 Compilation of major constitutive equations (multiaxial formulation) A.3 Elastoplastic stiffness matrix for singular yield surfaces A.4 Coefficient matrices S and E for loading constraints A.5 Derivation of Mcap and Hcap A.6 Intergranular strain adjustment A.7 Intergranular strain correlation B Details on particle swarm optimisation C Compilation of simulation results C.1 Monotonic triaxial loading C.1.1 Toyoura sand C.1.2 Sacramento River sand C.1.3 Hostun sand C.2 Monotonic eta-constant loading C.2.1 Sacramento River sand C.2.2 Hostun sand C.3 Cyclic triaxial loading
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47

Beaude, Nicolas. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du comportement élasto-plastique et de la localisation de la déformation dans les monocristaux." Paris 13, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA132005.

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Etude experimentale sur des monocristaux en superalliage à base de nickel soumis à des essais à chaud d'écrouissage cyclique à basse fréquence. Observation d'un phénomene d'instabilité plastique accompagné de la formation de lignes de glissement cristallographiques sur le fut de l'éprouvette. Modélisation du comportement élasto-plastique par une généralisation de la loi de schmid. L'extension de la loi de normalite permet de déterminer la direction de l'écoulement plastique et les systèmes actifs du glissement octaédrique. C'est la bifurcation locale de cette loi de comportement qui rend compte de l'instabilite observée
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48

Nizery, Erembert. "Amorçage et propagation des fissures de fatigue dans les alliages d'aluminium 2050-T8 et 7050-T7451." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0131/document.

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Les alliages d'aluminium utilisés dans les structures aéronautiques (fuselage, voilure) sont soumis à des chargements cycliques, faisant de la fatigue l'un des facteurs dimensionnant. Dans cette thèse, les mécanismes d'amorçage de ces fissures de fatigue – au niveau des particules intermétalliques – et de micropropagation sont étudiés expérimentalement et numériquement sur les alliages 2050-T8 et 7050-T7451. Les analyses des premiers chapitres portent sur la description des particules intermétalliques qui sont les plus susceptibles de donner lieu à une amorce de fissure dans la matrice d'aluminium. Les effets de la nature des particules et de leur taille sont quantifiés. La proximité entre les particules intermétalliques et les pores y est décrite. Cette analyse expérimentale fait intervenir des observations de surface en microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB), ainsi que des caractérisations tridimensionnelles (3D) réalisées à l'aide de la tomographie par rayonnement synchrotron. Dans les chapitres suivants, les analyses traitent de la prévision des chemins de fissuration à l'échelle d'un grain. Elles s'appuient sur des observations expérimentales de surface et des simulations de plasticité cristalline 3D pour comprendre les chemins de fissuration. Un modèle d'endommagement tenant compte de la cristallographie est alors proposé pour simuler la propagation de fissure par éléments finis
Aluminium alloys used for aerospace structures (wing, fuselage) are subjected to cyclic loading. Fatigue properties of such alloys are therefore taken into account for the design of such parts. In this thesis, initiation mechanisms of fatigue cracks – near intermetallic particles – and micropropagation are studied experimentally and numerically on alloys 2050-T8 and 7050-T7451. In the first chapters, the analysis focuses on intermetallic particles which are most prone to initiate a fatigue crack in the aluminium matrix. The effects of the nature of particles as well as their size are quantified. The proximity between intermetallic particles and pores is described. This experimental analysis use surface observations obtained with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and three-dimensional (3D) characterizations using synchrotron tomography. In the last chapters, analysis are oriented towards the prediction of crack paths at the grain size. They rely on surface experimental observations and 3D crystal plasticity modelling in order to understand crack paths. A damage model taking into account crystallography is proposed to simulate crack propagation using the finite element method
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49

Zghal, Jihed. "Etude du comportement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles d'un acier à haute limite d'élasticité HC360LA : endommagement, plasticité et phénomènes dissipatifs associés." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0004/document.

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Cette thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet APSTRAM (Allègement et Performance des STRuctures Acier Marine) de l’IRT Jules Verne, s’intéresse à l’endommagement en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles d’un acier ferritique à haute limite d’élasticité HC360LA. La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à la réalisation d’essais de fatigue à contrainte imposée avec différents rapports de charge et différentes conditions initiales (fixées à partir d’un éventuel pré-écrouissage). Ces essais montrent que le pré-écrouissage, obtenu par traction uniaxiale, permet d’augmenter significativement la résistance à la fatigue. Aussi, un effort expérimental est fait pour estimer à partir des mesures de force, d’élongation et de température comment l’énergie de déformation est soit dissipée en chaleur, soit stockée dans le matériau par écrouissage. Les résultats ainsi obtenus montrent qu’il existe à l’échelle macroscopique une corrélation entre l’énergie dissipée et le nombre de cycles à rupture indépendamment des conditions initiales et des conditions de chargement. Cela souligne donc l’importance de la plasticité dans le processus d’endommagement en fatigue de l’acier HC360LA. Un modèle polycristallin de comportement et d’endommagement en fatigue est ensuite proposé. Il repose sur la formulation d’une loi de comportement à l’échelle cristalline qui utilise les ingrédients de la mécanique de l’endommagement pour décrire la dégradation progressive des propriétés mécaniques. La loi de comportement est établie de sorte à considérer le couplage de l’endommagement avec la plasticité, le caractère anisotrope de l’endommagement et l’influence de l’anisotropie des propriétés élastiques. Elle est ensuite implémentée dans un modèle d’homogénéisation afin de prendre en compte le caractère polycristallin de l’acier HC360LA. Le modèle proposé est finalement utilisé pour étudier le comportement en fatigue à l’échelle microscopique. Il permet d’abord de montrer que l’endommagement de fatigue est un processus extrêmement localisé qui ne concerne que quelques cristaux d’orientation particulière. De ce fait, si une diminution de la rigidité est localement observée, les propriétés élastiques macroscopiques sont peu influencées par l’endommagement. Aussi, le modèle permet de souligner que la contribution de l’endommagement à la dissipation de chaleur est négligeable devant celle de la plasticité. La corrélation entre le nombre de cycles à rupture et l’énergie dissipée n’existe donc que parce que l’endommagement de fatigue est le résultat de l’accumulation de déformation plastique
The present work, which is integrated in the IRT Jules Verne APSTRAM project, focuses on the high cycle fatigue behavior of a ferritic high-strength low-alloy steel (HC360LA). First, different stress-controlled cyclic tests are carried out to study the influence of loading conditions and pre-straining on the fatigue behavior. According to the experimental results, a uniaxial tension pre-straining allows for a significant increase of the fatigue strength. Using the experimental dataset (force, elongation and temperature), an important effort is made to estimate the fraction of strain energy that is either dissipated into heat or stored within the material during cyclic tests. The strong correlation between the number of cycles to failure and heat dissipated energy emphasizes the importance of plasticity in the process driving to fatigue failure. Second, a polycrystalline model is proposed to describe the fatigue behavior of metallic materials in the high cycle fatigue regime. To consider the anisotropy of plastic properties, the constitutive model is developed at the grain scale within a crystal plasticity framework. It uses continuum damage mechanics to describe the progressive degradation of mechanical properties within an anisotropic context. The constitutive model is then integrated within a self-consistent formulation to consider the polycrystalline nature of metallic materials. Finally, the proposed model allows for investigating the fatigue behavior of the HC360LA steel at a microscopic scale. Damage is found to be highly localized in some specific grains. As a result, while fatigue damage results in a progressive decrease of elastic stiffness at the crystal scale, the elastic properties are not significantly affected at the macroscopic scale. Also, the contribution of damage to heat dissipation is negligible. The correlation between energy dissipation and fatigue failure is therefore a consequence of the strong coupling between plasticity and damage
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50

Galland, Florent. "An adaptive model reduction approach for 3D fatigue crack growth in small scale yielding conditions." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596397.

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It has been known for decades that fatigue crack propagation in elastic-plastic media is very sensitive to load history since the nonlinear behavior of the material can have a great influence on propagation rates. However, the raw computation of millions of fatigue cycles with nonlinear material behavior on tridimensional structures would lead to prohibitive calculation times. In this respect, we propose a global model reduction strategy, mixing both the a posteriori and a priori approaches in order to drastically decrease the computational cost of these types of problems. First, the small scale yielding hypothesis is assumed, and an a posteriori model reduction of the plastic behavior of the cracked structure is performed. This reduced model provides incrementally the plastic state in the vicinity of the crack front, from which the instantaneous crack growth rate is inferred. Then an additional a priori model reduction technique is used to accelerate even more the time to solution of the whole problem. This a priori approach consists in building incrementally and without any previous calculations a reduced basis specific to the considered test-case, by extracting information from the evolving displacement field of the structure. Then the displacement solutions of the updated crack geometries are sought as linear combinations of those few basis vectors. The numerical method chosen for this work is the finite element method. Hence, during the propagation the spatial discretization of the model has to be updated to be consistent with the evolving crack front. For this purpose, a specific mesh morphing technique is used, that enables to discretize the evolving model geometry with meshes of the same topology. This morphing method appears to be a key component of the model reduction strategy. Finally, the whole strategy introduced above is embedded inside an adaptive approach, in order to ensure the quality of the results with respect to a given accuracy. The accuracy and the efficiency of this global strategy have been shown through several examples; either in bidimensional and tridimensional cases for model crack propagation, including the industrial example of a helicopter structure.
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