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1
Drago, Valeria <1977>. "Cyclic alternating pattern in sleep and its relationship to creativity." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4036/1/Drago_Valeria_tesi.pdf.
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Background/Objectives: Sleep has been shown to enhance creativity, but the reason for this enhancement is not entirely known. There are several different physiological states associated with sleep. In addition to rapid (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, NREM sleep can be broken down into Stages (1-4) that are characterized by the degree of EEG slow wave activity. In addition, during NREM sleep there are transient but cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) of EEG activity and these CAPs can also be divided into three subtypes (A1-A3) according to speed of the EEG waves. Differences in CAP ratios have been previously linked to cognitive performances. The purpose of this study was to learn the relationship CAP activity during sleep and creativity. Methods: The participants were 8 healthy young adults (4 women), who underwent 3 consecutive nights of polysomnographic recording and took the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA) on the 2 and 3rd mornings after the recordings. Results: There were positive correlations between Stage 1 of NREM sleep and some measures of creativity such as fluency (R= .797; p=.029) and flexibility ( R=.43; p=.002), between Stage 4 of Non-REM sleep and originality (R= .779; p=.034) and a global measure of figural creativity (R= .758; p=.040). There was also a negative correlation between REM sleep and originality (R= -.827; p= .042) . During NREM sleep the CAP rate, which in young people is primarily the A1 subtype, also correlated with originality (R= .765; p =.038). Conclusions: NREM sleep is associated with low levels of cortical arousal and low cortical arousal may enhance the ability of people to access to the remote associations that are critical for creative innovations. In addition, A1 CAP activity reflects frontal activity and the frontal lobes are important for divergent thinking, also a critical aspect of creativity.
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Drago, Valeria <1977>. "Cyclic alternating pattern in sleep and its relationship to creativity." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4036/.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Objectives: Sleep has been shown to enhance creativity, but the reason for this enhancement is not entirely known. There are several different physiological states associated with sleep. In addition to rapid (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, NREM sleep can be broken down into Stages (1-4) that are characterized by the degree of EEG slow wave activity. In addition, during NREM sleep there are transient but cyclic alternating patterns (CAP) of EEG activity and these CAPs can also be divided into three subtypes (A1-A3) according to speed of the EEG waves. Differences in CAP ratios have been previously linked to cognitive performances. The purpose of this study was to learn the relationship CAP activity during sleep and creativity. Methods: The participants were 8 healthy young adults (4 women), who underwent 3 consecutive nights of polysomnographic recording and took the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA) on the 2 and 3rd mornings after the recordings. Results: There were positive correlations between Stage 1 of NREM sleep and some measures of creativity such as fluency (R= .797; p=.029) and flexibility ( R=.43; p=.002), between Stage 4 of Non-REM sleep and originality (R= .779; p=.034) and a global measure of figural creativity (R= .758; p=.040). There was also a negative correlation between REM sleep and originality (R= -.827; p= .042) . During NREM sleep the CAP rate, which in young people is primarily the A1 subtype, also correlated with originality (R= .765; p =.038). Conclusions: NREM sleep is associated with low levels of cortical arousal and low cortical arousal may enhance the ability of people to access to the remote associations that are critical for creative innovations. In addition, A1 CAP activity reflects frontal activity and the frontal lobes are important for divergent thinking, also a critical aspect of creativity.
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LECCA, ROSAMARIA. "SEMIAUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF SLEEP MICROSTRUCTURE PARAMETERS: AROUSAL, CYCLIC ALTERNATING PATTERN AND REM MUSCLE ATONIA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/306214.
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This thesis project is focused on systems of automatic analysis of sleep parameters and it is composed by two main parts: the first is focused on the process of creation of a software for the analysis of Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) a particular parameter of sleep microstructure and the second part is focused on the use of automatic analysis of muscle activity during sleep.
CAP is defined as periodic EEG activity of NREM sleep characterized by sequences of transient electrocortical events, that are distinct from the background electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and occurs at up to 1-minute intervals. CAP represents the microstructure of sleep, and its analysis gives fundamental information that are otherwise neglected with the analysis of sleep macrostructure (sleep staging) alone. CAP is considered a marker for the evaluation of sleep stability and its oscillatory presence is fundamental preservation of sleep stability through the night and in response to arousal stimuli.
Analysis of CAP is a very time consuming procedure and it is still used mainly for research purpose rather than in the clinical practice.
The development of a software for the analysis of CAP was the main focus of the work in collaboration with Micromed® (an international company for the manufacturing of hardware and software for neurophysiology based in Mogliano Veneto (TV)). During the months spent at Micromed® the PhD student worked with the software programmers and engineers for the creation and validation of the software, individuating all the clinical parameters from guidelines and verifying their correct application and the validity of the results. In the first part of this thesis all the creation process is described in detail.
The second part of this thesis is focused on the automatic analysis of muscle EMG tone during both REM and NREM sleep.
Muscle tone during sleep gradually diminishes throughout the different sleep stages reaching its minimum with REM muscle atonia. Evaluation of muscle tone during REM sleep is fundamental for the diagnosis of REM sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) in which there is loss of muscle atonia during REM associated to dream enacting behavior.
Muscle activity is measured in polysomnography (PSG) through the recording of different EMG channels. This activity is evaluated almost exclusively during REM sleep using a manual method of visual scoring that require high expertise is highly time consuming.
A validated method developed by R. Ferri and co. allows automatic analysis of chin EMG activity through the calculation of Atonia index.
Few studies evaluated muscle tone during NREM sleep, and little is known about the neurophysiology of muscle control.
Manual methods would be difficult to apply to NREM sleep; the method developed by Ferri is capable to perform an analysis of muscle tone for all sleep stages. RBD is associated to neurodegenerative disorders, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). MSA patients have a more severe loss of atonia during REM sleep compared to PD with RBD. Starting from the fortuitous observation of a prominent facial activity during NREM sleep, we decided to evaluate the facial activity recorded in vPSG in patients with PD, MSA and controls and to evaluate the muscle tone in both REM and NREM sleep using the automatic method for the calculation of atonia index.
Our results showed that MSA have a more sustained muscle tone compared to healthy controls in all sleep stages and compared to PD in all NREM stages. Moreover a particular facial expression was noted to be significantly more frequent in MSA compared to PD. This results may help the differential diagnosis between PD and MSA. This is the first study to evaluate muscle tone during all sleep stages using Atonia index and this analysis may open to different perspectives for the understanding of REM behavior disorder and the mechanism underlying the control of muscle tone in NREM sleep
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CONGIU, PATRIZIA. "Assessment of cardiac autonomic nervous system during sleep and sleep stability in patients affected by Amyotrofic Lateral Sclerosis." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266688.
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Objective: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative
disease, associated with an almost exclusive involvement of upper and lower motor neurons,
although autonomic impairment has also been described. Often patients affected by ALS complain
of disturbed sleep and sudden death during sleep has been reported. To date, few overnight
polysomnographic studies have been performed and a complete evaluation of autonomic nervous
system (ANS) during sleep has never been performed before in ALS subjects. The aim of our study
was to assess macro- and microstructure of sleep, detect any sleep disorders and evaluate cardiac
ANS in a cohort of ALS patients, in order to better characterize the disease and identify novel
strategies to improve quality of life and possibly prolong life expectancy.
Methods: 23 patients affected by ALS (16M/7 F, age 26-79, mean 61) were compared to 15
healthy controls matched for age and sex. Each subject underwent a full-night videopolysomnography.
Sleep staging was performed according to AASM criteria, assessment of sleep
stability was made by means of both CAP detection and CPC (cardiopulmonary coupling),
evaluation of ANS was made with assessment of HRV.
Results: Compared to controls, ALS patients showed a significant reduction of sleep efficiency and
of total sleep time, longer sleep latency than controls, together with an increased number of WASO,
increased N1 sleep and decreased N2, N3 and REM sleep. Moreover patients showed a significant
reduction of CAP rate mainly due to a significant reduction in phase A1 and A2. Compared to
controls, patients showed significant reductions in: total HRV power during non-REM (p=0.005),
LF in non-REM (p=0.01) and REM (p=0.003) sleep, and wake after sleep onset (WASO) (p=0.06)
and also in HF during non-REM (p=0.04) and REM (p=0.05) sleep and WASO (p=0.03). CPC
analysis showed the patients with the most advanced pathology, i.e. those with ALS-FRS<30, had
the most unstable sleep patterns, with high percentage of LFC and low percentage of HFC (<4%).
Interpretation: Our results confirm that sleep structure and stability of ALS patients is altered, and
that there is a subclinical alteration of cardiac autonomic control in both sleep and wakefulness,
with an impairment of both vagal and sympathetic systems. Moreover reduction of CAP rate,
analogously to the reduction of HRV, may reflect an alteration of cortical circuits wich underlie to
the organization of sleep and autonomic functions, which are strongly interconnected, that in these
patients seem to be characterized by a marked rigidity, with poor reactivity and reduced adaptability
to external or internal stimuli. These findings suggest the potential importance of assessment of
autonomic nervous system and sleep in ALS, in conjunction with standard motor system
evaluations.
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Gallagher, Thomas. "REGULATION OF SATIETY QUIESCENCE: CYCLIC GMP, TGF BETA, AND THE ASI NEURON." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3254.
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The worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-studied model organism in numerous aspects of its biology. This small free living nematode has less than 1,000 cells, but shows clear conservation in both signaling and behavior to mammals in aspects of appetite control. This is of importance to humans, where failure of appetite control is a major factor in the unprecedented obesity epidemic that we see today. In general, worm behavior reflects its internal nutritional state and the availability and quality of food. Specifically, worms show a behavioral state that mimics aspects of the mammalian behavioral satiety sequence, which has been termed satiety quiescence. We have used locomotion tracking and Hidden Markov Model analysis to identify worm behavioral state over time, finding quiescence along with the established worm locomotive behaviors roaming and dwelling. Using this analysis as well as more conventional cell biology and genetic approaches we have further investigated satiety signaling pathways. We have found that the neuron ASI is a major center of integration of signals regarding the internal nutritional state of the worms as well as the nutritional content of its environment. Our results show that cGMP causes levels of the TGFβ ligand to be increased in fasted worms, which is then released and binds to its receptor on the RIM and RIC neurons. This signaling connects nutritional state to behavioral response, promoting the sleep-like behavioral state satiety quiescence. Additionally, we have begun a candidate approach examining several other groups of signaling molecules for potential roles in satiety quiescence signaling including cannabinoids, multidrug resistance proteins, and neuropeptides. The result of this investigation is a better understanding of mechanisms of satiety quiescence signaling as well as a new tool that provides highly quantitative, unbiased, and automated data to aid in our ongoing work.
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Trentin, Marine Meliksetyan. "Padrão alternante cíclico nas epilepsias do lobo temporal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11796.
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Introdução: O Padrão Alternante Cíclico (“CAP”, do inglês - Cyclic Alternating Pattern) é um ritmo fisiológico do sono NREM, que corresponde aos períodos de ativação cíclica expressos por eventos fásicos do sono. O aumento na expressão de taxa do CAP tem sido considerado uma medida de instabilidade e fragmentação do sono. O CAP representa uma condição favorável para a ocorrência de descargas interictais e/ou ictais. A modulação do CAP em pacientes com Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal (ELT) não está bem definida. Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do CAP em pacientes com ELT e comparar com o grupo de controle. Selecionar o grupo de pacientes sem distúrbios do sono que possam influenciar a organização do sono. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal com grupo de controle de comparação. A seleção foi pareada em sexo e idade entre pacientes com ELT e o grupo de controle, obedecendo aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os parâmetros do sono e CAP foram analisados em 13 pacientes com ELT (6 do sexo masculino e 7 do sexo feminino; idade média: 33,8 ± 8,5 anos) e 13 indivíduos sadios (8 do sexo masculino e 5 do sexo feminino; idade média: 26,1 ± 9,2 anos), os quais não apresentaram distúrbios do sono. A comparação dos dois grupos foi realizada através do “teste t” de Student e confirmada pelo “teste U” de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Os pacientes com ELT apresentaram aumento na taxa de CAP (44,02 ± 5,23 % versus 31,83 ± 3 %; p<0,001) e maior duração do tempo de CAP (133,77 ± 15,56 min. versus 99,38 ± 9,6 min.; p<0,001) em relação aos indivíduos sadios. Não houve diferença na média da duração da fase A (9,27 ± 1,15 seg. versus 8,7 ± 0,61 seg.; p<0,131), e a média da duração da fase B não atingiu diferença significativa (22,92 ± 1,71 seg. versus 21,54 ± 1,78 seg.; p<0,054) entre os dois grupos. A comparação dos parâmetros de sono e de CAP dentro de cada grupo, mostrou não haver diferença entre os gêneros. A análise estatística dos parâmetros do sono em pacientes com ELT evidenciou uma diferença significativa das seguintes variáveis: menor latência ao sono (5,8 ± 2,4 min. versus 14,2 ± 7,6 min.; p=0,002); aumento do número da troca de estágios com média de 91,1 ± 25,7 versus 68,2 ± 12,8; p=0,008; menor duração de estágio IV (30,8 ± 14,8 min. versus 51,4 ± 12,5 min.; p=0,001); maior percentual do estágio III (7,7 ± 2,8% versus 5,7 ± 1,7%; p=0,035); menor percentual do estágio IV (7,9 ± 4% versus 12,9 ± 3,3%; p=0,002) em pacientes com ELT, comparando com o grupo de controle. A análise dos despertares breves demonstrou em pacientes com ELT: maior número de despertares breves em sono (66,5 ± 20 versus 41,8 ± 9; p=0,001); maior número de despertares breves em sono NREM (52,9 ± 19,6 versus 31 ± 9,5; p=0,002); maior duração total de despertares breves em sono (549,1 ± 170,3 seg. versus 357,2 ± 88,5 seg.; p=0,002); maior duração total de despertares breves em sono NREM (436,8 ± 165,7 seg. versus 271,9 ± 95,2 seg.; p=0,006); aumento do índice de despertar breve em sono (10,2 ± 2,9 versus 6,3 ± 1,7; p=0,001); aumento do índice de despertar breve em sono NREM (10,3 ± 3,4 versus 6 ± 2; p=0,001). Não houve diferença significativa de número (13,6 ± 5,6 versus 10,8 ± 3,7; p=0,149), duração total (112,3 ± 48,3 seg. versus 85,3 ± 25,2 seg.; p=0,091) e índice de despertar breve (9,7 ± 3,8 versus 7,4 ± 2,4; p=0,075) em sono REM entre os dois grupos. Todos os pacientes comELT tiveram uma eficiência do sono normal e similar ao grupo de controle (90,4 ± 2,9 % versus 90,6 ± 2,9 %). Conclusões: Os pacientes com ELT apresentam aumento da taxa de CAP e da duração de tempo de CAP em relação ao grupo controle, demonstrando um aumento na instabilidade e fragmentação do sono. O aumento na expressão da taxa de CAP, alterações nos parâmetros de fragmentação e descontinuidade do sono, expressos pelo aumento de número, duração e índice de despertares breves em sono NREM e o número de mudanças de estágios, associados à eficiência normal do sono em nosso grupo de pacientes com ELT, podem sugerir que o CAP tem um papel na modulação do sono. A fragmentação e a instabilidade do sono em pacientes com ELT, provavelmente, ocorrem devido à própria epilepsia e podem refletir a interação do foco epiléptico com os sistemas responsáveis pela manutenção e estabilidade de sono.<br>Introduction: Cyclic Alternating Pattern (“CAP”) is a NREM sleep physiological rhythm corresponding to periods of cyclical activation expressed by phasic events of sleep. The increase in the CAP rate expression has been considered a measure for sleep instability and fragmentation. CAP offers a favorable condition for interictal and/or ictal discharges. The CAP modulation in patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is not well defined. Objectives: Analyze the CAP expression in patients with TLE comparing it with a control group. Select the group of patients without sleep disorders which may interfere with sleep organization. Methods: A transversal study was conducted with a comparing control group. The selection was paired on gender and age between patients with TLE and the control group, in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sleep parameters and CAP were analyzed in 13 patients (6 males and 7 females; mean age: 33,8 ± 8,5 years) and 13 healthy individuals (8 males and 5 females; mean age: 26,1 ± 9,2 years) who did not present sleep disorders. The comparison of the two groups was made through Student’s t-test and was confirmed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Patients with TLE showed an increase in the CAP rate (44,02 ± 5,23% versus 31,83 ± 3%; p<0,001) and CAP time was longer (133,77 ± 15,56 min. versus 99,38 ± 9,6 min.; p<0,001) as compared to healthy individuals. There was no difference in the duration average of stage A (9,27 ± 1,15 sec. versus 8,7 ± 0,61 sec.; p<0,131), and the duration average of stage B did not show a significant difference (22,92 ± 1,71 sec. versus 21,54 ± 1,78 sec.; p<0,054) between both groups. The comparison of sleep parameters and CAP within the group showed that there is no difference between the genders. The statistical analysis of sleep parameters in patients with TLE showed a significant difference in the following variables: lower sleep latency (5,8 ± 2,4 min. versus 14,2 ± 7,6 min.; p=0,002); increase in the number of stage shifts with an average of (91,1 ± 25,7 versus 68,2 ± 12,8; p=0,008); lower duration of the stage IV (30,8 ± 14,8 min. versus 51,4 ± 12,5 min.; p=0,001); higher percentage of the stage III (7,7 ± 2,8% versus 5,7 ± 1,7%; p=0,035); lower percentage of the stage IV (7,9 ± 4% versus 12,9 ± 3,3%; p=0,002) in patients with TLE as compared to the control group. The analysis of arousals in patients with TLE showed: a higher number of arousals during sleep (66,5 ± 20 versus 41,8 ± 9; p=0,001); a higher number of arousals during NREM sleep (52,9 ± 19,6 versus 31 ± 9,5; p=0,002); a longer total duration of arousals during sleep (549,1 ± 170,3 sec. versus 357,2 ± 88,5 sec.; p=0,002); a longer total duration of arousals during NREM sleep (436,8 ± 165,7 sec. versus 271,9 ± 95,2 sec.; p=0,006); an increase of arousal index during sleep (10,2 ± 2,9 versus 6,3 ± 1,7; p=0,001); an increase of arousal index during NREM sleep (10,3 ± 3,4 versus 6 ± 2; p=0,001). There was not a significant difference in number (13,6 ± 5,6 versus 10,8 ± 3,7; p=0,149), total duration (112,3 ± 48,3 sec. versus 85,3 ± 25,2 sec.; p=0,091) and arousal index (9,7 ± 3,8 versus 7,4 ± 2,4; p=0,075) during REM sleep between the two groups. All patients with TLE showed a sleep efficiency that is normal and similar to the control group (90,4 ± 2,9% versus 90,6 ± 2,9%).Conclusions: Patients with TLE showed an increase in CAP rate and a longer CAP duration in relation to the control group, demonstrating an increase in the instability and fragmentation of sleep. The increase in the CAP rate expression, alterations in the parameters of sleep fragmentation and discontinuity that as expressed by increase in the number, duration, arousal index during NREM sleep and number of stage shifts, associated with normal sleep efficiency in our group of patients with TLE may suggest that CAP may have influence in the modulation of sleep. Sleep fragmentation and instability in patients with TLE may occur probably due to epilepsy itself, reflecting the interaction of the epileptic foci with the systems responsible for the maintenance and stability of sleep.
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Cao, Xu [Verfasser], Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt, Christof [Gutachter] Kolb, and Georg [Gutachter] Schmidt. "Risk prediction after myocardial infarction by cyclic variation of heart rate, a surrogate of sleep-disordered breathing assessed from Holter ECGs / Xu Cao ; Gutachter: Christof Kolb, Georg Schmidt ; Betreuer: Georg Schmidt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1241246777/34.
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Soster, Leticia Maria Santoro Franco Azevedo. "Análise da microarquitetura do sono (padrão alternante cíclico) na polissonografia de crianças com enurese noturna monossintomática." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-24022016-161641/.
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Introdução: A enurese noturna (EN) é considerada como a eliminação de urina no período noturno, de forma involuntária, em indivíduos com cinco ou mais anos de idade em pelo menos duas noites no mês até todas as noites. EN pode ser do tipo monossintomática, quando ocorre na ausência de outros sintomas, ou não monossintomática, na presença de sintomas de vesicais diurnos. Apesar de historicamente conhecida com uma desordem psiquiátrica, a EN monossintomática está incluída na Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos de 2012 como uma parassonia podendo ocorrer em qualquer fase do sono, porém predominantemente no sono não REM. Está comumente associada a hiperatividade vesical, produção excessiva de urina e falha em acordar após o enchimento vesical. Apesar de ocorrer no sono, a avaliação do sono pelos padrões usuais falhou em encontrar justificativa para este processo patológico. A análise da microestrutura do sono é uma ferramenta mais refinada e precisa que pode auxiliar na busca do mecanismo neurofisiológico que justifica este processo. Objetivo: Analisar os padrões de microarquitetura de sono atrvés do Padrão alternante Cíclico (CAP) nas crianças com EN monossintomática para melhor compreensão das bases neurofisiológicas da EN. Metodologia: Trinta e seis crianças sendo, 22 enuréticos e 14 controles com idade variando entre sete e 17 anos de idade, que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão, foram submetidas a triagem clínica e laboratorial, avaliados quanto aos aspectos do sono, com uso de diários de sono, das escalas de Berlin, Sleep Scale for Children (SDSC) e Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e posteriormente submetidos ao de estudo polissonográfico completo de noite inteira, com a avaliação do CAP. Resultados: As escalas de sonolência e de Berlin não evidenciaram anormalidades, o SDSC evidenciou apneia em 11/22 (50%), hiperidrose em 2/22 (9%) e transtorno da transição vigília-sono, do despertar e do início e manutenção de sono em 1/22 (4,5%) cada. A análise da estrutura do sono mostrou maiores números de despertares (p < 0,001) e de sono N2 (p=0,0025) além de maior quantidade de sono N3 (p < 0,0001) do que nos controles. A microestrutura do sono evidenciou aumento da fase A1 (p=0,05), porém de forma mais contundente, redução das fases A2 e A3 (p < 0,0001), mesmo com a taxa de CAP igual à dos controles normais.Conclusão: Crianças com EN possuem sono com comorbidades (avaliado pelo SDSC) e menos fases CAP A2 e A3, significando uma redução no seu mecanismo de despertar e que ainda não havia sido demonstrado num estudo de PSG com análise das variáveis comuns. Este é o primeiro estudo que demonstra tal fenômeno<br>Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is defined as the lack of nocturnal urine control, in individuals with five or more years old for at least two nights in a month, but up to every night. EN can be monosymptomatic (ENM), when it occurs in the absence of other symptoms or non monosymptomatic in the presence of diurnal renal symptoms. Although historically known as a psychiatric disorder, ENM is included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders 2012 as a parasomnia. It can occur at any sleep stage but predominantly in non-REM sleep. EN is commonly associated to bladder hyperactivity, excessive urine production and/or failure to wake up after bladder filling. Despite the occurrence in sleep, standard sleep evaluation has failed to find abnormalities. The analysis of sleep microstructure is a refined and more accurate tool that can help find the neurophysiological mechanism underlying this process. Purpose: To evaluate sleep microarchitecture through Clyclic Altenating Pattern (CAP) analysis in children with monosymptomatic NE and provide a better understanding of the neurophysiological basis of EN. Methods: After IRB approval, 36 children, 22 with NE and 14 controls aged between seven and 17 years old who met the inclusion criteria were submitted to clinical and laboratory screening, evaluated for aspects of sleep, using sleep logs, Berlin Questionnaire (BQ), Sleep Scale for Children (SDSC) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and submitted to a full polysomnographic study, with evaluation of CAP. Results: ESS and BQ evidenced no abnormalities, the SDSC showed mild sleep apnea in 11/22 (50%), hyperhidrosis in 2/22 (9%) and disorder of the sleep-wake transition, awakening and initiation and maintenance sleep in 1/22 (4.5%) each. Analysis of sleep macrostructure showed higher numbers of awakenings (p < 0.001) and N2 sleep (p = 0.0025) as well as greater amount of sleep N3 (p < 0.0001) when compared to controls. Sleep microstructure showed an increase in A1 phase (p = 0.05), and reduction of A2 and A3 (p < 0.0001). CAP rate was the same for both enuretic and controls. Conclusion: Children with EN may present sleep comorbidities (measured by SDSC) and less A2 and A3 CAP phases, meaning a reduction in its wake regulation. This is the first study to acknowledge this phenomenon
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Grow, Brian J. Sullivan Matthew C. "Assessing the effect of shipboard motion and sleep surface on sleep effectiveness." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FGrow.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Human Systems Integration)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Miller, Nita Lewis. Second Reader: McCauley, Michael E. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Sleep Efficiency, Sleeping Surface, Acceleration, Motion Effects on Sleep, Actigraphy, Sleep Quality, Shipboard Sleep. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87). Also available in print.
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Smyth, Taylor Stephen. "Losing Sleep: A Preliminary Investigation of the Cognitive Effects that Arise from Polyphasic Sleep Cycles." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297764.
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A four week investigation of the cognitive and physiological effects that polyphasic sleep had on a human subject. The subject was put onto Uberman’s sleep schedule and took cognitive tests for four weeks measuring memory, concentration and problem solving skills. Additionally weight, food intake, and dreams were recorded. After two weeks exercise one hour of anaerobic exercise was introduced. From the data recorded there was no significant variance in cognitive ability due to change of sleep pattern yet there was a noticeable weight change.
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Yin, Weiwei. "A Mathematical Model of the Sleep-Wake Cycle." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14508.
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The daily sleep-wake cycle usually consists of three distinct states: wakefulness, non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and rapid-eye-movement (REM). The process of switching between different states is complex, but a common assumption is that it is regulated primarily by two processes (the circadian and the homeostatic process) via reciprocal interactions of several downstream neuron groups. These interactions not only result in often rapid transitions from one state to another, but also allow for a certain degree of bi-stability that locks the organism in a given state for some while before it switches back. In order to better understand how the behavioral states are regulated by different neuron groups, I describe how to use the S-system method for the development of a mathematical model consisting of two phases. The first phase covers the switch between wakefulness and sleep, which is controlled by the interactions between wake- and sleep-promoting neurons, whereas the second phase addresses the generation of NREM-REM alternation, which is believed to be regulated by REM-OFF and REM-ON neurons. In this set-up I interpret the circadian rhythm as external input and homeostatic regulation as a feedback controller. Both open-loop and closed-loop forms of the two-phase model are investigated and implemented. Discharging activities of the corresponding neuron groups and the switches of behavioral states are shown in the simulation results, from which we can easily identify the basic roles of wake- and sleep-promoting neurons, REM-OFF and REM-ON neurons. The special regulatory function of the neuropeptide orexin is also tested by simulation.
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Åhs, Hugo. "An Unrecoverable Sleep Deficit : A literary analysis of Adolescents’ sleep loss and the consequences of sleep deficit regarding academic performance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169852.
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There is a noticeable difference in the debate regarding adolescents’ sleep patterns between the biological clock and society’s clock when we talk about adolescents. Sleep scientists or somnologists, are alarming as more evidence reach the surface that young people are not getting the recommended sleep that is required to perform academically well. Not only are there direct connections between sleep deficit and academic performance, but sleep deficit also takes a critical toll upon their physical and mental health. The problem is that adolescents’ circadian cycle is postponed with a few hours compared to children and adults. This results in a major sleep deficit when adolescents must adjust to societal rhythms and habits – a clock they are not programmed biologically to follow. Adolescents must attend to school in the early morning, when in reality their needs point to that school times in fact should start around 10:00. Society’s view has traditionally been that teenagers are lazy but in fact evidence does prove that it may not be the case. The following essay will therefore serve as an informative update to what has been stated by somnologists and raise awareness regarding adolescents and what happens when they are exposed to a chronic sleep deficit put on them by society.
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Joshi, Badal S. "A Doubly Stochastic Poisson Process Model for Wake-Sleep Cycling." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1247717872.
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Webster, Harry 1947. "The role of cholinergic neurons of the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum in sleep-wakefulness states /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75890.
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Pontomesencephalic tegmental cholinergic neurons were destroyed in cats by local injections of kainic acid in order to assess the role of these neurons in sleep-wakefulness states and in the defining variables of these states: EEG (electroencephalographic) and EMG (electromyographic) amplitude, PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) spike rate, REMs (rapid eye movements) and (OBS) olfactory bulb spindles. Loss of cholinergic innervation to forebrain and brainstem structures was also assessed by histochemistry. Histological and histochemical analysis of the brains after the lesion showed a major destruction of the pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons and a major loss of innervation to thalamic nuclei and brainstem regions, including the reticular formation. Whereas the states of waking and slow wave sleep were relatively unaffected, paradoxical sleep (PS) was reduced or eliminated immediately following the lesions. Two to three weeks later, incipient PS-like episodes returned with a reduced PGO spike rate and REMs, and an elevated EMG amplitude, marking the loss of muscle atonia. Such results suggest pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons and their projections to thalamic and brainstem regions are important for the expression of PS and its defining variables.
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Eder, Derek N. "A naturalistic study of sleep regulation in seasonal affective disorder : SAD, asleep, and unresponsive /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9072.
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Nguyen, John Loc. "The effects of reversing sleep-wake cycles on sleep and fatigue on the crew of USS John C. Stennis." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FNguyen.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Nita L. Miller, Samuel E. Buttrey, Susan M. Sanchez. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-149). Also available online.
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Sawyer, Tiffoney L. "The effects of reversing sleep-Wake cycles on mood states, sleep, and fatigue on the crew of the USS John C. Stennis /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FSawyer.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Applied Science (Operations Research))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Nita Lewis Miller. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-107). Also available online.
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D'Agnese, Mattiangelo. "Sleep-wake cycle: a new analysis for the two-step process model." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19307/.
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Il ciclo sonno-veglia é oggetto di studio per molti scienziati e matematici da più di trent’anni ma nonostante ciò molti quesiti non trovano ancora una risposta. Capire i meccanismi e le dinamiche del ciclo sonno-veglia è un problema molto importante perché le sue alterazioni possono avere conseguenze significative sulla salute umana.
In questo lavoro viene presentato un modello matematico, con basi biologiche, del ciclo sonno-veglia. La principale novità rispetto ai modelli precedenti è l’utilizzo di un accurato modello neuronale, il modello di Hodgkin-Huxley, che permette di descrivere il sistema usando connessioni sinaptiche realistiche.
Crediamo fermamente che questo argomento meriti una investigazione dettagliata, non solo per il contenuto fisico e matematico, ma anche per il suo potenziale impatto sulla ricerca nel campo della sanità.
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Yu, Xiao. "Histamine at the intersection of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/26596.
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Histamine is central in sleep-wake regulation. First, I mapped the distribution of histamine producing neurons in the adult brain using genetic approaches. Second, to further explore the histaminergic system, I found that a local circadian clock regulates the expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the enzyme producing histamine in hypothalamic neurons. The level of this enzyme varies with time of day and is up-regulated by sleep deprivation. I disrupted this local clock by using HDC-Cre recombinase by deleting BMAL1, the transciption factor central to circadian rhythms, selectively in histaminergic neurons, generating HDC-Bmal1 mice. Hdc gene expression in HDC-Bmal1 mice showed a disrupted 24-hour rhythm. This greatly affected natural sleep and reduced recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. Third, the HDC-neurons contain GABA. To understand the role of this GABA, I used different AAVs carrying shRNAs to deliver into the brain to knock down vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT) in histaminergic neurons. Reducing vGAT in HDC-neurons increased general activity and wakefulness in mice; moreover, these GABA in HDC-neurons contributed to recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. To further investigate the mechanism, we conducted an optogenetic method by delivering Channelrhodopsins (ChR2) into the HDC-neurons. We found that photostimulating tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) fibers in neocortex and striatum triggered GABA release. Thus the decrease of ambient GABA might contribute to the phenotype that we observed in HDC-vGAT knock down mice. In summary, I identified a local 'histaminergic clock' that regulates HDC levels, and is necessary for maintaining appropriate sleep-wake cycle architecture as well as sleep homeostasis. I also found GABA produced by HDC-neurons is necessary for regulating the normal behavioral state.
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GALASSO, LETIZIA. "ACTIGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP-ACTIVITY CYCLE IN PHYSIOPATHOLOGY: EXPERIMENTAL AND METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/607722.
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The principal objective of my research during my PhD has been the investigation of the rest-activity circadian rhythms in physiopathology, dealing with both experimental and methodological issues. On the experimental side, the focus of my research program was centered on the investigation of the rest-activity circadian rhythms in patients with binge eating disorders. On the methodological side, my activity was aimed at exploring the relationships between the actigraphy-based assessment of circadian rhythmicity and the questionnaire-based assessment of circadian typology.
The thesis is organized in 11 Chapters. Chapter 1 provides a short introduction to chronobiology and to the components of a circadian rhythm. Chapter 2 describes the two most common methods used to evaluate the circadian rhythmicity, namely actigraphy and self-administered questionnaires. These two approaches have remarkable strengths and weaknesses. Actigraphy is a non-invasive method (usually based on a small, wearable actigraphic unit) that allows one to monitor the activity levels during the 24 hours, to detect the rest-activity circadian rhythm, to evaluate the activity levels during the nocturnal sleep and to assess the quality and quantity of sleep by specific sleep parameters. One alternative approach to assessment of the circadian typology of a subject is based on self-administered questionnaires. Questionnaires are obviously less objective than actigraphy-based assessments, but have the advantage of being simple and cost-effective. Chapter 3 provides a general overview of all the research projects I have taken part in throughout my PhD course. This chapter has been written with the reader in mind and aims to succinctly describe the structure and function of the subsequent chapters, 4 through 11. In Chapters 4 to 7, I will focus on the experimental core of my research activity during my PhD course, which is the chronobiological investigation of obese patients suffering from binge eating disorder. First, I will provide an overview of the features characterizing this disorder. Then, I will describe three experimental studies that were carried out in these patients with the purpose of i): quantifying their rest-activity circadian rhythm (RARs); ii) describing their sleep behaviour; iii) evaluating the effectiveness of a physical activity program as an auxiliary therapeutic approach to the traditional treatment for BED.
In Chapters 8 to 10, I will illustrate the methodological core of my research activity during my PhD which aims to develop predictive formulas - based on linear regression - enabling investigators to use the questionnaire-based assessment of circadian typology (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, MEQ) as a surrogate of the actigraphy-based assessment of circadian rhythmicity. A methodological project of this kind was successful is showing that both MEQ and its reduced version rMEQ are appropriate for the prediction of the actigraphy-based acrophase and this may prove useful when actigraphy-based measurements are not applicable, in so far as they result either too complex or time-consuming.
Chapter 11, the final chapter, is concerned with providing concise summaries of the other studies I have been involved in during my PhD course. Seven experimental studies are described in relation to: i) the influence of chronotype on circadian rhythm (RARs), on sleep, on physical activity and on cardiac autonomic function; ii) the effects of aerobic physical activity on sleep and on markers of insulin resistance in breast cancer women; iii) the effects of short and prolonged exposure to cave environments on human physiology.
The thesis also comprises an appendix containing the list of all the scientific papers that I co-authored in the course of my PhD thesis. The list reports both the published and the submitted articles.
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Sharpley, Ann Louise. "The effect of drugs altering brain 5-hydroxytryptamine function on slow wave sleep in humans." Thesis, Open University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293567.
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Martin, Jennifer Lynn. "Aging and sleep in schizophrenia patients and normal comparison subjects : subjective reports and objective findings /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3049676.
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Jouvencel, Aurore. "Cycle veille-sommeil et vulnérabilité cérébrale de la personne âgée : étude d'imagerie et d'actimétrie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLP027.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer comment les perturbations du cycle veille-sommeil et du sommeil peuvent constituer des facteurs de vulnérabilité cérébrale. Nous avons utilisé une combinaison de mesures écologiques du cycle veille-sommeil et de l'imagerie multimodale récoltées sur des cohortes de volontaires Français et Néerlandais afin d'appréhender de manière globale la relation entre le cycle veille-sommeil et la santé cérébrale.Nous avons d'abord montré la complémentarité des méthodes objective et subjective (actimétrie et PSQI) pour évaluer la qualité et la durée du sommeil dans un échantillon de 1440 participants de la Rotterdam Study. Alors qu'en moyenne, la qualité subjective du sommeil était bonne (3.5 ± 3.3), la qualité et la quantité objectives du sommeil étaient mauvaises avec une efficacité de sommeil de 76.0% ± 8.3 et une durée de 6h13 ± 0h54. En étudiant les liens entre la qualité de sommeil et la fréquence de vertiges auto-rapportée, nous avons pu observer qu'une mauvaise qualité subjective du sommeil était significativement liée à la prévalence des vertiges alors qu'aucun lien n'a été observé avec les mesures objectives du sommeil (Hoepel, Jouvencel et al., 2023).Puis nous avons démontré que la variabilité intra-individuelle de la qualité objective du sommeil de début de nuit était liée à une plus grande accumulation de protéines amyloïde béta dans le cerveau de sujets âgés sans trouble cognitif (Jouvencel et al., 2023). Ces résultats pourraient résulter d'une moindre efficacité de clairance du système glymphatique chez ces sujets au sommeil perturbé. Enfin, en évaluant l'évolution des paramètres actimétriques à sept ans d'écart, nous avons observé que la qualité du sommeil de personnes de plus de 70 ans reste stable alors que la qualité de leur cycle veille-sommeil se dégrade. De plus, nous avons observé que cette dégradation était liée à de plus petits volumes de l'hippocampe antérieur, structure particulièrement vulnérable dans le vieillissement (Jouvencel et al., en préparation). Par ailleurs, nous n'avons pas observé de lien entre la dégradation du cycle veille-sommeil et la connectivité structurelle et fonctionnelle de cette structure. Ainsi, la qualité du sommeil et du cycle veille-sommeil évolue de manière différentielle chez la personne âgée et ont des conséquences différentes sur la santé cérébrale au cours du vieillissement<br>The main objective of this thesis was to determine how disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle and sleep can constitute factors of brain vulnerability. We used a combination of ecological measurements of the sleep-wake cycle and multimodal imaging collected from cohorts of French and Dutch volunteers in order to comprehensively understand the relationship between the sleep-wake cycle and brain health.We first showed the complementarity of objective and subjective methods (actimetry and PSQI) to assess the quality and duration of sleep in a sample of 1440 participants from the Rotterdam Study. While on average, subjective sleep quality was good (3.5 ± 3.3), objective sleep quality and quantity were poor with a sleep efficiency of 76.0% ± 8.3 and a duration of 6:13 ± 0:54. By studying the links between sleep quality and self-reported frequency of dizziness, we were able to observe that poor subjective sleep quality was significantly linked to the prevalence of dizziness while no link was observed with objective measures of sleep (Hoepel, Jouvencel et al., 2023).Then we demonstrated that intra-individual variability in the objective quality of sleep at the start of the night was linked to a greater accumulation of amyloid beta proteins in the brain of elderly subjects without cognitive disorders (Jouvencel et al., 2023). These results could result from a lower clearance efficiency of the glymphatic system in these subjects with disturbed sleep.Finally, by evaluating the evolution of actimetric parameters seven years apart, we observed that the quality of sleep of people over 70 years old remains stable while the quality of their sleep-wake cycle deteriorates. Furthermore, we observed that this degradation was linked to smaller volumes of the anterior hippocampus, a structure that is particularly vulnerable in aging (Jouvencel et al., in preparation). We did not observe a link between the degradation of the sleep-wake cycle and the structural and functional connectivity of this structure.Thus, the quality of sleep and the sleep-wake cycle evolve differentially in the elderly and have different consequences on brain health during aging
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Schenberg, Eduardo Ekman. "Caracterização eletrofisiológica da circuitaria hipocampal durante o ciclo sono-vigília do rato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-08092010-144121/.
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Estrutura central do hipocampo, o corno de Ammon pode ser subdividido em pelo menos três áreas: CA1, CA2 e CA3. Enquanto CA1 e CA3 foram extensamente estudados, dado o envolvimento do hipocampo em processos cognitivos como a memória e patológicos como a epilepsia, CA2 tem sido largamente ignorado na literatura. Entretanto, este campo possui características específicas, tanto neuroanatômicas como bioquímicas e fisiológicas, sendo resistente à indução de plasticidade e recebendo aferência específica do núcleo supramamilar do hipotálamo, envolvido na circuitaria geradora/mantenedora do ritmo teta, oscilações centrais ao funcionamento do hipocampo. O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, caracterizar no animal em livre movimentação os padrões de atividade eletrofisiológica nas três áreas do corno de Ammon bilateralmente. Os resultados demonstraram que CA2 possui, em média, intervalos entre disparos mais prolongados que CA1 e CA3 durante o sono de ondas lentas e o sono REM. Nestas fases do ciclo a coerência entre CA1-CA2 foi mais elevada que entre CA1-CA3 e CA2-CA3 nos três ratos avaliados, em três faixas de freqüência: teta (6 a 12 Hz), gama lento (30 a 50 Hz) e gama rápido (90 a 110 Hz) ipsilateralmente. A coerência entre campos contralaterais é predominante no teta, sendo quase zero nas demais freqüências. Estes resultados corroboram trabalhos recentes que apontam CA2 como área distinta e sugerem que esta pequena região do corno de Ammon possa exercer papéis importantes na modulação da atividade das demais estruturas hipocampais e parahipocampais em processos de memória e em patologias como a epilepsia<br>The Ammons horn, central structure of the hippocampus, can be subdivided in at least three regions: CA1, CA2 and CA3. While CA1 and CA3 have been extensively studied given the hippocampus involvement in cognitive processes such as memory and pathological ones such as epilepsy, CA2 remains largely ignored. However, this sector contains specific neuroanatomical, biochemical e physiological characteristics, being resistant to induction of plasticity and receiving a specific afference from the supramammillary nucleus in the hypothalamus, involved in the generation/maintenance of the theta rhythm, central oscillations to hippocampal functioning. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize electrophysiological patterns of interaction in the three areas of the Ammons horn bilaterally. Results revealed that CA2 has a mean interspike interval larger than CA1 and CA3 during slow wave and REM sleep. During these stages of the sleep-wake cycle, coherence between CA1-CA2 was higher than CA1-CA3 and CA2-CA3 in the three animals evaluated, in three frequency bands: theta (6 to 12 Hz), slow gamma (30 to 50 Hz) and fast gamma (90 to 110 Hz) ipsilaterally. Coherence between contralateral fields was predominant in the theta band and almost zero in other frequencies. These results add to some previous published data showing that CA2 is distinct from the other subfields and that this small region of the Ammons horn may exert important roles in modulating activity in the other hippocampal fields and parahippocampal regions during memory and pathologies such as epilepsy
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Rosa, Dayane Eusenia 1985. "Relação do ciclo vigília-sono com alterações de glicemia e pressão arterial em idosos atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família = The relationship of sleep-wake cycle with glucose and blood pressure variations in elderly people attended by Health Family Strategy." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310920.
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Orientador: Maria Filomena Ceolim<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T06:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e o diabetes mellitus (DM) são doenças crônicas que se encontram entre as principais causas de mortalidade no mundo, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. As perturbações do sono, que são prevalentes na idade avançada, podem desencadear uma série de modificações neuroendócrinas, dentre elas intolerância à glicose e alterações nos níveis de produção de hormônios, as quais podem provocar distúrbios na pressão arterial e na glicemia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relacionar valores de pressão arterial e níveis glicêmicos com a duração e a qualidade do sono nesses idosos. Participaram 42 idosos (60 anos ou mais) de ambos os sexos, com diagnóstico de HAS e/ou DM, cadastrados na Estratégia da Saúde da Família (ESF). A coleta de dados englobou duas etapas: Etapa 1. Coleta de dados sociodemográficos e clínicos; preenchimento, pelos idosos, de Diário de Sono durante 10 dias consecutivos; monitoramento de pressão arterial e glicemia capilar, em horários distintos (manhã e tarde), por três dias consecutivos, pelo pesquisador, no domicílio do idoso. Etapa 2. 30 dias após a Etapa 1, compreendeu o preenchimento do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI) e a dosagem sérica de hemoglobina glicada em jejum. Os dados foram analisados com estatística descritiva, teste de Correlação de Postos de Spearman, teste de Mann-Whitney e análise de modelos lineares de efeitos mistos. Os participantes (76,2% mulheres) tinham idade média de 66,8 anos (desvio padrão 5,6) e 4,3 anos de escolaridade (desvio padrão 2,2). A duração média do sono, segundo o Diário, foi de sete horas e 18 minutos, e de sete horas e quatro minutos segundo o PSQI. A qualidade do sono, segundo o PSQI, mostrou-se boa para 50% dos idosos e ruim para os demais, com média de 6,4 pontos (desvio padrão 4,0). As variações da qualidade e da duração do sono, ao longo dos dias e horários, não se mostraram significativamente associadas com as variações de pressão arterial e glicemia capilar. Porém, houve tendência estatística a essa associação entre a variação da qualidade (p=0,057) e da duração do sono (p=0,068) e os valores de pressão arterial. Encontrou-se fraca correlação entre os valores da hemoglobina glicada e o escore global do PSQI, sugerindo tendência a essa associação (r de Spearman=0,30, p=0,054). O Componente 5 do PSQI, que avalia os transtornos do sono noturno, apresentou correlação significativa com os valores de hemoglobina glicada (r de Spearman=0,40, p<0,05). Os idosos deste estudo apresentaram, em maioria, duração adequada e avaliação satisfatória da qualidade do sono, bem como controle satisfatório da glicemia e de pressão arterial. Esses aspectos podem ter contribuído para que não fossem encontradas associações significativas entre as variáveis. No entanto, os resultados apontam para a relevância do acompanhamento das características do sono dos idosos nos programas Estratégia de Saúde da Família<br>Abstract: Hypertension (HBP) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are chronic diseases that are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, according to World Health Organization. Sleep disturbances, which are prevalent in old age, can trigger a series of neuroendocrine changes, among them glucose intolerance and altered levels of hormones production, which can cause alterations in blood pressure and blood glucose. This work aimed to identify relationships between blood pressure and glucose levels and variations in sleep duration and sleep quality. Participants in the study were 42 elderly (60 years or more) of both genders, with a diagnosis of HBP and DM, attended at the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in a city of the State of Goias, Brazil. Data collection comprised two steps: Step 1. Collection of sociodemographic and clinical data; the completion, by the elderly, of a Sleep Diary for 10 consecutive days; monitoring of blood pressure and blood glucose by the researcher, at two different time points (morning and afternoon) for three consecutive days, at elderly home. Step 2. Conducted 30 days after Step 1, included the completion of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sampling of serum fasting glycated hemoglobin. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Spearman's Rank Correlation test, Mann-Whitney test and analysis of linear mixed effects models. Participants (76.2% women) had a mean age of 66.8 years (SD 5.6) and 4.3 years of schooling (SD 2.2). Sleep length, according to Sleep Diary, was of seven hours and eighteen minutes, and seven hours and four minutes according to PSQI. Sleep quality, according to PSQI, was good for 50% of the elderly and poor for the others, with a mean score of 6.4 points (SD 4.0). Variations in sleep length and quality, along the different days and time points, were not significantly associated with changes in blood pressure and capillary blood glucose. However, there was a trend to this association between variations in sleep quality (p=0.057) and sleep length (p=0.068) and blood pressure values. A weak correlation was found between the values of glycated hemoglobin and the global PSQI score, suggesting a trend to this association (Spearman r=0.30, p=0.054). Component 5 of PSQI, which assesses night sleep disorders, was significantly correlated with glycated hemoglobin levels (Spearman r=0.40, p<0.05). The elderly in this study had, at most, appropriate duration and satisfactory assessment of sleep quality, as well as satisfactory control of blood glucose and blood pressure. These aspects may have contributed to that significant associations between variables were not found. However, the results point to the importance of monitoring the sleep characteristics of elderly in the programs of the Family Health Strategy<br>Mestrado<br>Enfermagem e Trabalho<br>Mestra em Ciências da Saúde
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Assadzadeh, Sahand. "Large-Scale Brain Dynamics: Plasticity and States of Consciousness." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23708.
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The brain is a complex system that exhibits rich multiscale dynamics. Large-scale activity in this system are readily observable by a range of methods including electroencephalography (EEG). Changes to the global state of the brain, including arousal states such as wakeful consciousness and its temporary disappearance with sleep onset, are associated with major changes in brain electric activity as seen in the EEG. However, the purpose of the sleep state, which involves widespread changes in activity that occur in the brain, remains a matter of debate, especially because very little content of the brain activity that occurs during sleep directly enters conscious awareness. Analysis of EEG using modeling approaches has been highly successful at relating large scale brain physiology to experimental observations. In particular, physiologically based modeling addresses significant issues that commonly arise in high-dimensional models, by constraining each parameter on the basis of experimental data, and by providing a physiologically meaningful interpretation of all model parameters. One class of brain models is based on neural field theory, which averages the properties of neurons over short temporal and spatial scales to form continuous fields that represent neural activity. These models are ideally suited to EEG comparison and analysis because the EEG reflects the combined activity of millions of individual neurons. This thesis uses an established neural field model of the brain to investigate large-scale synaptic plasticity over a range of brain states. In particular, the model is used to investigate the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, which postulates that sleep is necessary for long-term synaptic stability. The same biophysical model is also used to estimate physiological quantities in various disorders of consciousness.
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Reid, Kathryn J. "Measuring adaption to shiftwork /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr3561.pdf.
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Haynes, Patricia L. "Circadian impact of psychosocial factors in depression /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3094609.
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Knapp, Andrew. "Factors in the Regulation of Cycles of Binge Eating Behavior." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/360.
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The reasons why people may periodically resort to binge eating behavior have long been a focus of study, and the reasons are elusive and varied. For people troubled by poor sleep and living with chronic stress, binge eating may be an attempt by the brain's glucose-depleted executive processing center to both regulate (i.e., increase) glucose levels and induce restorative sleep. Recovery resulting from restorative sleep may lead to a reduction in perceived stress, improved mood, and increased willpower, reducing the likelihood of another binge episode in close temporal proximity to the sleep-induced recovery. A repetitive cycle may ensue when stress inevitably again disturbs sleep, lowering mood, reducing willpower, and heightening sensitivity to stigma and stress.
The purpose of the research described here is to synthesize recent findings from three diverse fields of scientific inquiry to predict factors that influence episodes of binge eating. Combining studies of sleep and sleep disorders, stress and stigma research, and recent work on self-regulatory capacity, I attempt to show how poor sleep ultimately leads to binge eating. A seven-day study consisted of three parts: an initial set of baseline questionnaire and physiological measures; collection of objective sleep quality data using an electronic motion logger; and an online daily diary in which participants completed measures of self-regulatory capacity and reported details about their sleep, stress levels, experiences with stigma, mood, and eating events. The data partially supported a path model where sleep quality, stress, mood, and self-regulation affected binge eating behavior.
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Guzzo, Lia Alves Simões Matuzaki [UNIFESP]. "Caracterização do padrão do ciclo vigília-sono, avaliado pela actimetria, em uma amostra da população da cidade de São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2010. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/9175.
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Publico-313b.pdf: 2020262 bytes, checksum: 21e17092d7d10265944668be473ae2e0 (MD5)<br>Há poucos estudos que caracterizam o padrão do ciclo vigília-sono (CVS) na população geral, particularmente de grandes metrópoles. Nesse contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar: o CVS em uma amostra da população de São Paulo; as características do CVS de acordo com o cronotipo; e a concordância entre uma noite de polissonografia (PSG) com a actimetria, registradas simultaneamente. Métodos: Voluntários de um estudo com base populacional (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), estratificado por sexo, idade (20-80 anos) e classe sócio-econômica, utilizaram actímetro (Actwach-64®) e preencheram diários de sono por um período mínimo de três dias consecutivos. Dados sócio-demográficos, de saúde e de sono foram coletados a partir de questionários e uma PSG completa foi realizada. Resultados: De uma amostra de 1101 voluntários selecionados para representar a população adulta da cidade de São Paulo, 359 utilizaram adequadamente o actímetro, dos quais 60% eram mulheres. A idade média foi 43 ± 14 anos e a duração média de sono observada foi de 365 ± 57 min. A maioria dos participantes apresentou padrão monofásico de sono (92%), 25 (7%) bifásico e 3 (1%) polifásico. Pela análise de cluster, os indivíduos foram agrupados em três grupos: matutino (61%), apresentou horário de inicio de sono em torno de 22:00h e tempo total de sono (TTS) médio de 374 ± 52 minutos; vespertino (32%), apresentou horário de início de sono em torno de 2:00h e TTS = 349 ± 66 minutos; e o terceiro grupo (7%) apresentou um padrão variável para o início do sono e TTS = 362 ± 58 minutos. Houve moderada correlação entre a PSG e a actimetria para o TTS (r=0,67) (p<0,001) e fraca correlação para a eficiência do sono (r=0,41) (p<0,001), latência do sono (r=0,2) (p<0,001) e vigília após o início do sono (r=0,26) (p<0,001). Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a população avaliada apresentou predominantemente padrão monofásico de sono. Baseada na escolha das variáveis: horário de dormir, TTS, eficiência do sono e latência de sono, a actimetria foi eficaz em identificar perfil da população de acordo com o cronotipo. Embora tenham sido observadas diferenças entre a actimetria e a polissonografia, os resultados evidenciaram a adequação da actimetria para estudos do CVS.<br>Introduction: There are few studies evaluating the characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle (SWC) patterns in the general population. The aims of this study was to evaluate the SWC in a sample of the São Paulo city population; to assess the characteristics of SWC according to the chronotype; and to compare the polysomnography (PSG) and actimetry simultaneously recorded. Methods: Volunteers were selected from a population based study (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), stratified by gender, age (20-80 years-old) and socioeconomic status. SWC was measured for at least three consecutive days using actimetry (Actwach-64®) and sleep diary. Social-demographic, health and sleep habits and complaints data were gathered from the questionnaires and a full-night PSG was performed. Results: Out of a sample of 1101 volunteers selected to represent the adult population of São Paulo, 359 volunteers wore the actimetry properly and 60% were women. The mean age was 43 ± 14 years and the mean total sleep time (TST) was 365 ± 57 minutes. The most of the participants presented monophasic pattern of sleep (92%), 7% had biphasic pattern and 1% had poliphasic pattern. According to a Two-step Cluster analysis, volunteers were included into three groups: morningness (61%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset around 10:00 PM and TST was 374 ± 52 minutes; eveningness (32%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset at 2:00 AM and TST was 349 ± 66 minutes; and the other group (7%), who had no defined sleep onset time and TST was 362 ± 58 minutes. We observed a moderate correlation between PSG and actimetry for TST (r=0.7) (p<0.001), and a weak correlation for sleep efficiency (r=0.4) (p<0.001), sleep latency (r=0.2) (p<0,001) and wake after sleep onset (r=0.3) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that the evaluated population presented mostly monophasic sleep pattern. Based on the selection of the variables (sleep onset time, TST, sleep efficiency and sleep latency) the actimetry was reliable to establish the profile of the population according to chronotype. Although differences between the actimetry and the PSG have been observed, the results support the use of actimetry to evaluate the sleep episodes.<br>TEDE
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Tosun, Pinar Deniz. "Analysis of brain activity during the sleep-wake cycles of rodents and humans with symbolic dynamic analysis of the electroencephalogram." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/846155/.
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Sleep is an essential physiological phenomenon which is regulated by fundamental sleep-wake cycles. Sleep is formed of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) and REM stages where NREM and REM sleep stages alternate with wakefulness in a whole night sleep (i.e., typically consists of several sleep-wake cycles). During sleep, brain is active and the activity also alters with changing vigilance states (VS). Furthermore, physiological or external changes in the brain structure might influence brain activity during sleep. Effects of ageing, sex differences, and pharmacological manipulations have been widely investigated in sleep research using Fourier Transform. However, the use of non-linear analysis techniques might be more suitable in analysing non-linear and non-stationary signals (e.g., electroencephalogram (EEG)). Therefore, non-linear analysis has been used within this PhD with the hypothesis that these methods might reveal hidden characteristics in the changing brain signals that are difficult to detect with traditional EEG power spectral density analysis. The use of non-linear analysis techniques (e.g., symbolic dynamic analysis (SDA)) will allow to further dissect the physiological significance of activity-dependent changes of neuronal networks across sleep-wake cycles, as well as the significance of brain activity patterns during waking, sleep, sleep deprivation (SD), or induced by sleep-promoting drugs and pharmacological treatments. In this PhD, rodent and human sleep EEG recordings were analysed using SDA methods: Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC), Permutation Entropy (PE) and Permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC). All the methods were able characterise different VS with wakefulness and REM sleep resulting in higher measures of complexity compared to NREM sleep suggesting an active state of the brain in these VS. This was measured in all datasets assisting the hypothesis on the usefulness of these techniques in sleep research by providing the minimum requirement for sleep analysis. In addition to this, SD significantly reduced complexity in the following sleep period supporting the compensation process for the lost sleep by the increased in slow wave activity which was reflected as reduced complexity in this study. Furthermore, a low dose tiagabine administration’s sleep compensation promoting effect was found in mice. Moreover, ageing was identified as a main effect on changes in brain activity. These changes were more pronounced in the old age where complexity was significantly lower compared to young age. On the one hand, this was found with all three methods and contributing to the hypothesis that these techniques reveal structural dynamic changes due to physiological alterations. On the other hand, no significant differences in complexity across genders were found suggesting the underlying mechanisms to maintain sleep-wake cycles are similar for men and women. This finding with further investigation might corroborate to question the need to use both genders in drug trials. Furthermore, significant changes in brain activity were found at different times of the sleep period highlighting the changes occurring within VS as sleep progresses. This also has an impact on the way sleep stages are scored and investigated which are influenced by different brain activity levels within each VS throughout the entire sleep. All in all, this study achieved to support its hypothesis of determining the changes in brain activity as a complexity measure by characterising sleep under physiological and pharmacologically induced EEG datasets in mice and in humans. The study was a novel application to analyse sleep in these conditions. However, with further analysis performed on larger datasets, its findings together with surrogate data analysis proved SDA techniques’ robust usability which can complement the gold standard FT analysis in sleep research.
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Holmes, Colin J. (Colin John). "The medullary reticular formation : an immunohistochemical and neurophysiological study of its chemoanatomical organization and role in the sleep-waking cycle." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41612.
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To assess the contribution to paradoxical sleep of medullary regions capable of supporting its cortical activation and muscle atonia, the distribution and descending projections of GABAergic and serotonergic cells were investigated with retrograde transport and immunohistochemical double labelling in rats. In cats, the effects of neurotoxic lesions on the normal distribution of reticular cholinergic, GABAergic and serotonergic cells and fibres as well as on the sleep-wake cycle were observed.<br>In the rat, GABAergic and serotonergic neurons were identified in the medulla and raphe, where they appeared to be heavily innervated by GABAergic terminals, and subpopulations of both cell types were found to project to the spinal cord. In the cat, cholinergic cells were sparse through the reticular formation, but of significant numbers, GABAergic cells were ubiquitously evident in larger numbers, and smaller numbers of serotonergic cells were found ventrally and along the midline. Cholinergic and serotonergic fibres were present in moderate density in the medulla where they manifested only slight reductions in density after lesions, whereas GABAergic fibres were extremely dense and were dramatically reduced in density after lesions. At a distance from the lesion, cholinergic and serotonergic densities were slightly reduced, but GABAergic densities were not. Thus evidence was provided for long projections from cholinergic and serotonergic reticular neurons, but for only local projections from GABAergic cells. The destruction of reticular neurons in cats resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of paradoxical sleep, that correlated negatively with the number of surviving serotonergic cells, and positively with the ratio of surviving cholinergic and GABAergic cells to serotonergic cells. The most distinct effect of the lesion on paradoxical sleep was a loss of the normal muscle atonia, that was correlated positively with the volume of the lesion in its centre, and the appearance of large movements of the head, body and limbs, that were correlated positively with the ratio of GABAergic to serotonergic neurons.<br>In summary, this thesis presented detailed mappings of three defined neuronal systems in the medulla, examined their projections and directly tested their contributions to the state of paradoxical sleep. The conclusion was drawn that the medial medullary reticular formation contains both excitatory and inhibitory systems, that may be mutually modified by interlocutory GABAergic cells, and that these systems contribute to the coordination of state, in particular to the muscular atonia of paradoxical sleep.
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Cape, Edmund G. "Role of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in the modulation of cortical activity across the sleep-waking cycle : a pharmacological study." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36796.
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Serving as the extra-thalamic relay from the ascending reticular activating system to the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain neurons and particularly the cholinergic neurons therein, are believed to play an important role in cortical activation that occurs during waking and paradoxical sleep (PS). However, basal forebrain neurons are also thought to be involved in slow wave sleep (SWS), and thus accordingly influence cortical activity in different ways across the sleep-waking cycle. The present research aimed to elucidate the way the basal forebrain modulates cortical activity and sleep-wake states in response to the different neurotransmitters contained in its brainstem afferents. Microinjections of chemicals into the basal forebrain of rats were performed using a remotely controlled apparatus that allowed study of electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral changes without disturbing the rat's normal sleep-waking cycle. In a first study using spectral analysis of the EEG, it was established that high frequency gamma (30--60 Hz) activity reflects cortical activation and behavioral arousal during waking and PS and that gamma varies reciprocally with delta (1--4 Hz) and positively with theta (4--8 Hz) across these states. Noradrenaline, which excites cholinergic neurons to discharge in a tonic mode and has differential effects on non-cholinergic neurons, increased gamma and decreased delta EEG activities while eliciting waking. The glutamate agonist, AMPA, produced similar effects, and NMDA, which is known to induce a bursting discharge in cholinergic neurons, additionally increased theta activity in association with an active waking state. Moreover, neurotensin, which acts selectively to excite cholinergic cells to discharge in a bursting mode, evoked gamma and theta while enhancing both waking and PS in the provoked absence of SWS. In contrast, serotonin, which inhibits cholinergic neurons and has minimal effects on non-cholinergic neurons, decreased gamma and th
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Colby-Milley, Jessica. "Characterization of the sleep-wake cycle in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: from early to advanced pathological stages." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121302.
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Individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience a progressive decline in cognitive function eventually leading to a debilitating loss of memory, reasoning and communication. Although AD is readily associated with such cognitive symptoms, patients can also experience behavioural and psychological symptoms, including perturbations of the sleep-wake cycle. Features of sleep-wake cycle disturbances in AD patients include increased nocturnal awakenings and a decrease in slow-wave non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Furthermore, changes in sleep quality can also be detected, as measured by the electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum. To determine if the TgCRND8 mouse model of AD mimics sleep alterations observed in AD patients, TgCRND8 mice were studied at 3, 7 and 11 months of age, representing differing pathological stages as defined by amyloid plaque load and distribution, as well as by the appearance of neuritic pathology, present from 5 months of age. Polysomnographic recordings were performed and the vigilance state durations over the light and dark cycles of 3, 7, and 11-month-old TgCRND8 were measured. During the active (dark cycle) and resting (light cycle) phases, at all ages studied, TgCRND8 mice spent a significantly greater amount of time awake and a significantly lower amount of time in NREMS when compared to non-transgenic (NTG) mice. Time spent in REMS was decreased during the active phase at 3 and 7 months of age in TgCRND8, while total time spent in REMS during the resting phase was not significantly affected in TgCRND8 at 3, 7 or 11 months. Following total sleep deprivation, 3-month-old TgCRND8 showed an effective recovery response, suggesting that alterations of the homeostatic regulation of the sleep-wake cycle may not contribute to sleep deficits observed at this age. The observed profile of sleep-wake cycle alterations supports the use of TgCRND8 mice as a model to study certain features of sleep-wake cycle disturbances associated with AD, such as increased wakefulness and decreased NREMS during the resting phase. Spectral power analysis of dark phase vigilance states revealed an increase in slow gamma power (20-50 Hz) during wakefulness at all ages studied and a decrease in slow-wave power <1 Hz during NREMS at 3 and 11 months of age. Brain rhythms during REMS were not altered at 3 months of age, however 7 and 11-month-old TgCRND8 displayed a decrease in alpha power (9-14 Hz) and an increase in slow gamma power (20-50 Hz) was also detected at 7 months. The observed tendency towards an increase in the spectral power of fast rhythms (slow gamma) is consistent with the pronounced increase in wakefulness observed in TgCRND8 and may reflect early changes in neuronal activity at the network level associated with amyloid pathology in the absence of severe neurodegeneration. Given the role of noradrenergic transmission within the ascending arousal system (AAS) in the regulation of vigilance states and promotion of arousal and the evidence for compensatory increases in noradrenergic signaling in AD, prazosin, an alpha-1-adrenoreceptor antagonist was administered to 3.5-month-old NTG and TgCRND8 mice to determine if this could restore normal NREMS levels in TgCRND8 mice. At a lower dose (2 mg/kg) prazosin increased NREMS in NTG mice but not in TgCRND8. However at a higher dose (5 mg/kg) an increase in NREMS was observed in both genotypes. Given that a different response to alpha-1-adrenoreceptor blockade was observed at a lower dose between the two genotypes, it may be possible that alterations in the noradrenergic regulation of the sleep-wake cycle are present in 3.5-month-old TgCRND8 and may explain why a higher dose (5mg/kg) of prazosin is required to achieve an increase in NREMS in TgCRND8.<br>Les individus atteints par la maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) démontrent une diminution des fonctions cognitives conduisant à une perte de la mémoire, le raisonnement, et la communication. Bien que la MA est associés à ses symptômes cognitifs, les patients peuvent aussi démontrer des symptômes non-cognitifs, tels que les troubles du sommeil. Les troubles du sommeil chez les patients atteintes de la MA incluent des éveils nocturne plus nombreux, et plus longues en duré que chez les sujets âgés sains, ainsi qu'une diminution du sommeil lent profonde, et dans les stades avancés, une diminution du sommeil paradoxal. Des changements dans la qualité du sommeil sont aussi présent, et peuvent être détecté par l'analyse des puissances spectrale des rythmes associés aux différents stades de sommeil. Pour déterminer si le modèle de la MA, la souris TgCRND8, reproduit les troubles de sommeil que l'on voit chez les patients, nous avons étudié la souris TgCRND8 a 3, 7 et 11 mois, des âges qui représentent des différentes stades pathologiques, définit par la quantité et la distribution de plaques amyloïdes ainsi que la pathologie neuritique, présent à partir de 5 mois. Durant la phase nocturne et la phase diurne, à tous les âges étudié, les souris TgCRND8 démontre une augmentation du temps passé éveillé et une diminution du sommeil lent en comparaison avec les souris non-transgénique (NTG). Une diminution du sommeil paradoxal a été observé à 3 et a 7 mois durant la phase nocturne, par contre, cet effet n'était pas présent durant la phase diurne à 3, 7 ou 11 mois. Après une dépravation total du sommeil, les souris TgCRND8 âges de 3 mois ont démontré une récupération homéostatique effective, suggèrent qu'une altération des mécanismes homéostatiques qui gèrent le sommeil ne contribue pas aux troubles de sommeil observé chez ses souris, à cette âge. L'analyse quantitative de l'électroencéphalogramme (EEG) a révèle une augmentation de la puissance spectrale dans la bande de fréquence gamma lent (20-50 Hz) durant l'éveil a 3, 7 et 11 mois et une diminution de la puissance spectrale des fréquences <1 Hz durant le sommeil lent a 3 et 11 mois. Durant le sommeil paradoxal, une diminution de la puissance spectrale dans la bande de fréquence alpha (9-14 Hz) a été observé à 7 et 11 mois et une augmentation dans la bande de fréquence gamma lent (20-50 Hz) à 7 mois. La tendance d'une augmentation de la puissance spectrale dans les bandes de fréquences rapide (gamma) est en accords avec l'augmentation prononcé du temps passe éveillé que l'on observe chez les TgCRND8 et pourraient être relié à des changements d'activité neuronale associé à l'accumulation de pathologie amyloïdes en absences de neurodégénérescence chez les souris TgCRND8. Étant donné le rôle de la transmission noradrénergiques dans la promotion de l'éveil, ainsi que les études démontrant la possibilités d'augmentation compensatoire d'activité noradrénergiques chez les patients atteints de la MA, les effets de prazosin, un antagonistes de récepteurs alpha-1-adrenergiques, ont été testé chez des souris NTG et TgCRND8 âges de 3.5 mois pour déterminé ci cela pourrait rétablir le sommeil lent chez les souris TgCRND8. A une dose de 2mg/kg, prazosin a augmenté la quantité total de sommeil lent chez les souris NTG mais pas les souris TgCRND8. A une dose plus élevé de 5 mg/kg, une augmentation de la quantité total du sommeil lent a été observé chez the souris NTG et aussi chez les souris TgCRND8. Etant donné que les souris TgCRND8 démontre une réaction différente à la dose faible de prazosin (2 mg/kg) en comparaison aux souris NTG, il est possible qu'il existe une altération dans le contrôle noradrénergique du sommeil chez les souris TgCRND8, est pourrait expliqué exigence d'une dose plus élevé (5 mg/kg) pour atteindre une augmentation du sommeil lent.
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Teixeira, Liliane Reis. "Análise dos padrões do ciclo vigília-sono de adolescentes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores, alunos de escola pública no município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-28112006-183701/.
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Com o início da puberdade ocorrem modificações nos componentes biológicos do ciclo vigília-sono. Estes estão associados a fatores sociais, como os horários escolares, lazer e trabalho e podem reduzir as horas disponíveis para o sono. Foi objetivo principal deste trabalho avaliar os padrões do ciclo vigília-sono de estudantes trabalhadores e não trabalhadores, alunos de escola pública do município de São Paulo. Vinte e sete adolescentes entre 14-18 anos de idade responderam ao questionário de caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e trabalho, e simultaneamente, utilizaram actígrafos; preencheram o protocolo diário de atividades e o diário de sono por 15 dias consecutivos. As variáveis analisadas durante a semana e nos fins-de-semana foram: horário de início e término do sono noturno, número e duração dos despertares noturnos, duração do sono noturno, latência subjetiva e eficiência do sono noturno, facilidade em adormecer à noite e despertar pela manhã, qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno, número de cochilos, horário de início e término do cochilo, duração do sono diurno e duração do sono diário. As variáveis foram testadas através da análise de variância (ANOVA) de 1 fator e teste t-Student para a comparação de 2 médias. Foram feitas múltiplas comparações utilizando a correção de Tukey-HSD. Os resultados significantes foram: efeito do trabalho nos fins-de-semana para o horário de dormir [F(1,23)=6,1; p=0,02] e durante a semana para o horário de acordar [F(1,23) = 17,3; p=0,00]. Para o grupo dos trabalhadores, o horário de acordar foi semelhante ao longo da semana e 1h21min mais tardio nos fins-de-semana [t=-3,27;p<0,01]. Na duração do sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=16,7; p=0,00], efeito do sexo [F(1,23)=10,8; p=0,00] e a interação entre o trabalho e sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=4,8; p=0,04]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração do sono noturno em média 1h30min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-4,04;p<0,01]. Para a duração do sono diurno verificamos a interação entre trabalho e sexo durante a semana [F(1,23)=5,6; p=0,03], e para a duração total de sono verificamos efeito do trabalho durante a semana [F(1,23)=14,3; p=0,00] e efeito do sexo nos fins-de-semana [F(1,23)=10,1; p=0,00]. Os adolescentes trabalhadores possuem uma duração total do sono em média 1h20min a menos durante a semana quando comparado com o fim-de-semana [t=-3,32;p<0,01]. Para as queixas relacionadas ao sono noturno encontramos efeito do trabalho para a facilidade em despertar pela manhã [F(1,23)=6,5; p=0,02] e para a qualidade subjetiva do sono noturno durante a semana [F(1,23)=6,2; p=0,02]. Concluímos que o ciclo vigília-sono dos adolescentes trabalhadores é caracterizado por: acordar mais cedo e ter menor duração do sono noturno e do sono total durante a semana do que os não-trabalhadores. Nos fins-de-semana os trabalhadores dormem mais cedo, mas permanecem com uma duração de sono menor que os colegas não trabalhadores. Em relação ao sexo, verificou-se que os adolescentes do sexo masculino possuem uma menor duração de sono noturno e do sono total nos fins-de-semana. Os adolescentes do sexo feminino possuem uma maior duração do cochilo durante a semana. Os adolescentes trabalhadores relataram maior dificuldade para acordar e percebem seu sono como de pior qualidade durante a semana. O trabalho destes adolescentes tem repercussões negativas na duração e percepção da qualidade do sono, com possível privação crônica de sono. O efeito do trabalho afeta de forma significativa a qualidade de vida atual podendo limitar as perspectivas dos adolescentes quanto ao seu desenvolvimento intelectual, bem estar físico e mental.<br>Changes of the sleep-wake cycle are associated to several factors, such as, puberty, school hours, duration and type of activities during free time, working hours. The objective of this study was to evaluate patterns of sleep-wake cycles among high school students who work and dont work. Twenty-seven high school students, ages 14-18 years old participated in the study. They were studying in a public school of São Paulo, Brazil. Their Monday-Friday study hours were 19:00 to 22:30h. They answered a comprehensive questionnaire about working and living conditions, and reported health symptoms and diseases. Also, activity- rest measurements were continuously recorded with Actigraph (Ambulatory Monitoring, USA). Activities and sleep dairies during 15 consecutive days were also reported. Main variables were tested using one factor ANOVA and t-Student tests were performed to compare sleep duration during Monday-Friday and weekends. It was used Tukey HSD test for multiple comparisons among the variables. Results of sleep showed working students went to sleep earlier during weekends [F(1,23)= 6.1; p= .02] and woke up earlier during working days than non-working students [F(1,23)=17,3; p= .00].The duration of night sleep is shorter among working students [F(1,23)= 16,7; p= .00], and males [F(1,23)=10,8; p= .00] than non-working students. The male working students showed a shorter nap duration during the working week [F(1,23)= 5,6; p= .03] compared to females and non-working students. Reported sleep complaints were difficulties waking up in the morning [F(1,23)= 6,2; p= .02]. Conclusions: work caused negative consequences to sleep among adolescents, with possible build up of a chronic sleep debt. This can affect the quality of life, and schooling development of working students.
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Silva, Francisca Patricia da. "Avalia??o do padr?o do ciclo sono-vig?lia e a cogni??o em estudantes de medicina com diferentes esquemas de hor?rios de aulas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17307.
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Previous issue date: 2010-10-07<br>The sleep patterns of students entering the university, is accompanied by many factors that can lead to changes in sleep habits, such as academic demands, new social opportunities, reduced parental care and irregular teaching schedules. The irregular pattern of sleep-wake cycle is usually accompanied by several daytime consequences, for example, reduced levels of motivation, performance, concentration, alertness and mood as well as increased fatigue and sleepiness.Thus, there are numerous reasons to support the fact that these students may suffer damage in their academic performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sleep-wake cycle (SWC) and cognition in medical students with different schemes teaching schedules. One group started classes at 08am, while the other started at 07am. We analyzed the data from 88 volunteers, 39 from each group. However, only those who participated in both stages of the study (n = 78) underwent cognitive testing. For subjective evaluation of the SWC was used questionnaires to check the quality of sleep, chronotype, daytime sleepiness and sleep habits. For objective evaluation was used actigraphy. For cognitive assessment was used the test MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). The results indicate that the group has class earlier had a greater irregularity of the SWC and a worse performance in cognitive testing. There was a difference between the schedules the week and weekend in the subjective variables, bedtime, wake up and sleep duration in both groups. The objective variables, time in bed showed difference between the schedules the week and weekend to the group started class at 08am and the variables bedtime, get up time, actual sleep time, time in bed and wake bouts in the class at 07am. In the cognitive test, there were differences between the groups in overall score and in the areas of executive function and memory recall. Thus, it is suggested that the class starting time may cause irregularity of the SWC and the irregularity may cause mild cognitive impairment. Moreover, cognitive testing MoCA was sensitive to detect differences among students, although the difference between the schedules is small<br>O padr?o de sono dos estudantes ao entrarem na universidade, ? acompanhado por muitos fatores que podem levar a mudan?as nos h?bitos de sono, tais como demanda acad?mica, novas oportunidades sociais, diminui??o do cuidado dos pais e hor?rios de aulas irregulares. O padr?o irregular de sono-vig?lia ? usualmente acompanhado por v?rias consequ?ncias diurnas, como diminui??o nos n?veis de motiva??o, desempenho, concentra??o, aten??o e humor, bem como aumento da fatiga e da sonol?ncia. Assim, existem in?meras raz?es para apoiar o fato de que, esses estudantes universit?rios, podem sofrer preju?zos em seu desempenho acad?mico. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o padr?o ciclo sono-vig?lia (CSV) e a cogni??o em estudantes de medicina com diferentes esquemas de hor?rios de aulas. Uma turma iniciava as aulas ?s 08 horas da manh?, enquanto a outra iniciava ?s 07 horas. Para isso contamos com 88 volunt?rios. Por?m, desses, apenas os que participaram das duas etapas no estudo (n=78) realizaram o teste cognitivo. Para a avalia??o subjetiva do CSV foi utilizado question?rios para verificar a (1) qualidade de sono, (2) cronotipo, (3) sonol?ncia diurna e (4) h?bitos de sono. Para avalia??o objetiva foi utilizado o act?metro e para avalia??o cognitiva o teste MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Os resultados indicam que a turma que tem aula mais cedo teve uma maior irregularidade do CSV e um pior desempenho no teste cognitivo. Houve diferen?a entre os hor?rios da semana e do fim de semana nas vari?veis subjetivas, hora de deitar, hora de levantar e dura??o do sono, em ambas as turmas. E nas vari?veis objetivas, tempo na cama na turma das 08h e, hora de dormir, hora de acordar, tempo real de sono, tempo na cama e despertares noturnos na turma das 07h. No teste cognitivo, houve diferen?a entre as turmas no escore geral e nos dom?nios de fun??o executiva e evoca??o de mem?ria. Assim, sugere-se que o hor?rio de in?cio das aulas pode provocar irregularidade do CSV e, essa irregularidade pode provocar um d?ficit cognitivo leve. Al?m disso, o teste cognitivo MoCA foi sens?vel para detectar diferen?as entre os estudantes, apesar da diferen?a entre os hor?rios ser pequena
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Serpe, Rossana. "Identification of clock neurons and downstream circuits that are involved in sleep control in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS257.
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Le moment, la qualité et la quantité de sommeil dépendent de l'interaction fine entre l'horloge circadienne et la machinerie homéostatique (Borbely A. et al., 1982, Daan S. et al., 1984, Borbely et Achermann, 1999). Au cours des dernières années, l'utilisation de divers organismes modèles a fourni de nouvelles perspectives sur les mécanismes neuronaux et moléculaires de la régulation du sommeil (Miyazaki S. et al., 2017). Cependant, les bases moléculaires de l'homéostasie du sommeil et les circuits neuronaux sous-jacents à son interaction avec le réseau circadien n'ont pas été établis en détail.Dans ce travail de thèse, j'ai utilisé la mouche Drosophile melanogaster comme système modèle pour étudier la fonction d'un sous-ensemble de neurones d'horloge, les DN1ps, dans la mise en place du sommeil. Des études antérieures ont suggéré un rôle de ces neurones circadiens dans la régulation du sommeil (Kunst et al., 2014, Guo et al 2016, Lamaze et al., 2017, Guo et al., 2017). J’ai ainsi démontré que les cellules d'horloge DN1ps DH31 (+) CRY (+) sont impliquées dans la suppression du sommeil. Par ailleurs, j’ai mis en évidence un circuit en aval des DN1ps, qui comprend le groupe dopaminergique postérieur apparié latéral 1 (PPL1) et les neurones dorsaux en forme d’éventail (dFSB), un centre homéostatique récemment décrit pour la régulation du sommeil chez la drosophile (Donlea JM et al., 2011, Liu S. et al., 2012, Ueno et al., 2012, Donlea JM et al., 2014, Pimentel et al., 2016, Qian et al., 2017, Donlea JM. et al., 2018). Nos résultats indiquent que la suppression du sommeil nocturne nécessite la signalisation DH31-R2 dans une sous-population des neurones dopaminergiques PPL1, qui projette au dFSB. Fait intéressant, la perte de sommeil de jour et de nuit médiée par les DN1ps dépend de l'inhibition du dFSB. Néanmoins, nous suggérons que les neurones DN1ps CRY (-) favoriseraient le sommeil, en concordance avec d'autres travaux (Guo et al., 2016; Guo et al., 2017).Ces résultats fournissent de nouvelles données sur le lien entre l'horloge circadienne et l'homéostasie du sommeil, impliqué dans la régulation du comportement sommeil-éveil chez Drosophile melanogaster<br>The timing, quality and quantity of sleep depend on the fine interaction between circadian clock and homeostatic machinery (Borbely A. et al., 1982; Daan S. et al., 1984; Borbely and Achermann, 1999). In the recent years, the employment of various model organisms has provided new insights into the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of sleep regulation (Miyazaki S. et al., 2017). However, the molecular basis of the sleep homeostat and the neuronal circuitry underlying its interaction with the circadian network haven’t been established in details.In this work, I use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate the sleep function of a subset of clock neurons, the DN1ps. Previous studies have already suggested a sleep-regulating role for these circadian neurons (Kunst et al. 2014, Guo et al. 2016; Lamaze et al., 2017; Guo et al. 2017). Here, we report the DH31-positive CRY-positive DN1ps as sleep suppressing clock cells. Furthermore, we identify a sleep-relevant circuit downstream of the DN1ps which includes the paired posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) dopaminergic cluster and the dorsal Fan-shaped body projecting (dFSB) neurons, a recently described homeostatic center for sleep regulation in Drosophila (Donlea JM. et al., 2011; Liu S. et al., 2012; Ueno et al., 2012; Donlea JM. et al., 2014; Pimentel et al., 2016; Qian et al., 2017; Donlea JM. et al., 2018). Our results indicate that the night-time sleep suppression requires DH31-R2 signaling in the PPL1-to-dFSB dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, both day and night-time DN1ps-mediated sleep loss rely on the inhibition of the dFSB. Nevertheless, we suggest the CRY-negative DN1ps as sleep promoting clock neurons, in concordance with other works (Guo et al. 2016; Guo et al. 2017).These findings provide a novel link between circadian clock and sleep homeostat, in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
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Girin, Baptiste. "Influence de la respiration sur les rythmes du cerveau chez le Rat : une étude électrophysiologique au cours des cycles veille / sommeil." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1024.
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La communication entre les différentes aires cérébrales nécessite une bonne coordination entre les structures. Cette coordination peut notamment passer par une synchronisation des rythmes électrophysiologiques. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que le rythme respiratoire pourrait agir comme une horloge centrale pour la coordination des rythmes cérébraux. Si cela est vrai nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que l’activité neuronale soit influencée par la respiration dans un large réseau cérébral. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse en enregistrant la respiration et l’activité neuronale dans différentes zones du cerveau chez le rat pendant les différents états de vigilance. En accord avec les publications récentes, nous avons observé que toutes les structures pouvaient être modulées par la respiration. Cependant, nous montrons pour la première fois que cette modulation varie selon l’état de vigilance, chaque état étant associé à un régime respiratoire spécifique. En particulier, une synchronisation à grande échelle, de toutes les structures enregistrées, sur le rythme respiratoire n’est observable que dans l’état d’éveil calme, où la respiration présente une fréquence basse (2Hz), avec un débit d’air relativement élevé. En même temps, nous observons aussi une modulation du rythme rapide gamma (35-80 Hz) dans toutes les aires, seulement dans l’état d’éveil calme. Pour savoir si cette synchronisation respiratoire générale était une conséquence de l’état lui-même ou du régime respiratoire, nous avons cherché à décorréler l’état cérébral du régime respiratoire. Les animaux ont été enregistrés alors qu’ils respiraient un air enrichi en CO2, où les caractéristiques respiratoires (fréquence et amplitude) sont augmentées par rapport à la condition air seul. Nous avons alors observé que la synchronisation respiratoire, observée en état d’éveil calme, peut s’étendre aux autres stades de vigilance, notamment les états de sommeil (REM et NREM). Nous montrons que l’entrainement du cerveau par la respiration est lié à l’effet combiné de l’amplitude et de la durée d’inspiration. Pour finir nous avons voulu évaluer la part respective des flux d’air liés à la respiration et du contrôle central de la respiration sur l’entrainement du cerveau par la respiration. Nous avons décorrélé la respiration de l’animal des flux d’air dans la cavité nasale grâce à une expérience de double trachéotomie chez l’animal anesthésié. Les premiers résultats semblent montrer que les flux d’air circulant dans la cavité nasale lors des inspirations successives ont une part prépondérante dans l’entrainement du cerveau. En conclusion, la respiration peut entrainer un large réseau cortical via l’activation du système olfactif par les flux d’air circulant dans la cavité nasale. Le régime respiratoire optimal pour cet entrainement est une respiration lente et profonde. Cette étude est importante pour comprendre le mode d’action des méthodes de relaxation et de méditation sur le cerveau<br>Inter-area communication requires the different brain rhythms to be coordinated across areas. This coordination can be achieved by synchronizing electrophysiological rhythms. As others, we hypothesized respiratory rhythm could act as a central clock for cerebral rhythms coordination. If true, one can expect neuronal activity to be influenced by respiration in a large brain network. We tested that by recording respiration and neuronal activity in different brain areas in the freely-moving rat during different vigilance states. In agreement with recent publications, we observed that all structures could be modulated by breathing. We provided the additional observation that such a modulation varies according to the vigilance state, each state being associated with a specific respiratory regime. Particularly, we observed a large-scale synchronization of all recorded structures on the respiratory rhythm is only observable in the calm awake state, where the breathing has a low frequency (2Hz), with a relatively high air flow. At the same time, we also observe a modulation of the fast gamma rhythm (35-80 Hz) in all areas, only in the calm awake state. To determine whether this general respiratory synchronization was a consequence of the state itself or of the respiratory regime, we sought to uncorrelated the brain state of the respiratory regime. Animals were thus recorded while breathing a CO2-enriched air, where the respiratory characteristics (frequency and amplitude) are increased compared to the normal air condition. We observed the across-areas respiratory synchronization observed in quiet state can be extended, under CO2 condition, to other vigilance states including sleep states (REM and non-REM).We show that the coordination of the brain by breathing is related to the combined effect of the amplitude and duration of inspiration. Finally, we wanted to evaluate the respective share of air flows related to breathing and central breathing control on the brain's training by breathing. We uncorrelated the animal's breathing from the air flows in the nasal cavity through a double tracheotomy experiment in the anesthetized animal. The first results seem to show that the air flows circulating in the nasal cavity during successive breaths have a preponderant part in the entrainment of the brain. In conclusion, breathing can lead to a large cortical network via the activation of the olfactory system by the air flows circulating in the nasal cavity. The optimal breathing regime for this training is slow and deep breathing. This study is important to understand how relaxation and meditation methods work on the brain
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Tang, Ni. "Circadian and non-visual regulation of light on sleep-wake states in humans and nocturnal rodents." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10356.
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La lumière influence de nombreuses fonctions comportementales et physiologiques, comme les cycles veille-sommeil, la sécrétion de mélatonine, le réflexe pupillaire et le métabolisme du glucose. En tant que facteur environnemental clé, elle synchronise le système circadien sur un cycle de 24 heures. Les signaux lumineux sont perçus par les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes intrinsèquement photosensibles (ipRGCs), distinctes des bâtonnets et cônes responsables de la vision. Ces ipRGCs envoient les informations lumineuses au noyau suprachiasmatique (NSC) de l'hypothalamus, l'horloge circadienne principale du cerveau. Le NSC projette vers diverses structures cérébrales pour coordonner les processus rythmiques. Cependant, les ipRGCs influencent aussi directement des fonctions non visuelles, comme le sommeil et le métabolisme, en contournant la régulation circadienne. Cette double voie, circadienne et non circadienne, régule les effets non visuels de la lumière. Toutefois, les mécanismes précis par lesquels la lumière affecte les états veille-sommeil restent encore méconnus, de même que les structures cérébrales et les neurotransmetteurs impliqués. La lumière artificielle, omniprésente dans la vie moderne, notamment la nuit, perturbe les cycles naturels jour/nuit, ce qui suscite des inquiétudes.Notre projet vise à comprendre les effets de la lumière sur la veille et le sommeil en utilisant des modèles animaux et des études humaines. Dans nos expériences sur des souris génétiquement modifiées, nous avons étudié si l'orexine et l'histamine jouent un rôle dans les effets inducteurs du sommeil de la lumière. Les souris ont été exposées à différents cycles lumineux (LD12:12, DD et LD1:1). Nous avons observé que la lumière augmentait le sommeil à ondes lentes (SWS) durant la phase sombre chez les souris sauvages (WT), mais cet effet était atténué chez les souris knock-out OX, HDC et OX/HDC. La lumière augmentait également l'activité delta de l'EEG pendant le SWS chez les souris WT, OX knock-out et OX/HDC knock-out, mais pas chez les souris HDC knock-out. De plus, la lumière induisait un sommeil rapide et durable chez les souris WT, alors que cet effet était plus lent et de plus courte durée chez les modèles knock-out, suggérant que la transmission de l'orexine et de l'histamine est nécessaire pour les effets inducteurs de la lumière. Dans l'étude humaine, 20 hommes en bonne santé ont été exposés à quatre intensités lumineuses (0, 3, 8 et 20 lux) pendant 5 jours dans un environnement contrôlé. Nous avons constaté que le réveil après l'endormissement (WASO) était plus long sous 20 lux comparé aux intensités lumineuses plus faibles, et que l'efficacité du sommeil était réduite sous 20 lux. Les niveaux de mélatonine et de cortisol au réveil n'ont pas varié entre les conditions lumineuses. En revanche, la fréquence cardiaque (HR) a diminué et la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (HRV) a augmenté sous 20 et 3 lux par rapport à 0 lux. Le taux de glucose durant le sommeil était plus élevé sous faible lumière (3 et 20 lux) que sous 0 lux. De plus, l'exposition nocturne à la lumière a altéré la sensibilité à la lumière et la performance cognitive le lendemain. Nous concluons que même une faible intensité de lumière artificielle nocturne (ALAN) peut perturber le sommeil et affecter les fonctions physiologiques<br>Light influences a wide range of behavioral and physiological functions, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin secretion, pupil light reflex, glucose metabolism, and more. As a key environmental factor, light synchronizes the circadian system with a roughly 24-hour cycle. Light signals are detected by a specific type of retinal cell, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are distinct from the classical photoreceptors—rods and cones—that are primarily involved in vision. These ipRGCs transmit light information to the brain's master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN then projects to various brain structures, coordinating rhythmic behavioral and physiological processes. Notably, ipRGCs also send projections to brain regions beyond the SCN, bypassing circadian regulation to directly influence non-visual functions like sleep, wakefulness, and metabolism. This dual pathway—circadian and non-circadian—mediates light's non-visual effects on the body. However, the exact mechanisms by which light affects sleep-wake states, and which brain structures and neurotransmitters are involved, remain largely unknown. As artificial light becomes increasingly common in modern life, including during nighttime, its disruption of natural light-dark cycles raises concerns. The aim of our project is to explore the wake-promoting and sleep-inhibiting effects of light using both animal models and human studies. In the animal studies, we employed genetically modified mouse models with disrupted histamine and/or orexin transmission to investigate whether these neurotransmitters mediate the sleep-inducing effects of light. Mice were exposed to three conditions: LD12:12, DD, and LD1:1 cycles. Our findings revealed that light significantly increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) during the dark phase in wild-type (WT) mice, but this effect was diminished in OX knockout, HDC knockout, and dual OX/HDC knockout mice. Additionally, light induced a significant increase in EEG delta activity during SWS in WT, OX knockout, and OX/HDC knockout mice, but not in HDC knockout mice. Furthermore, while light induced sleep rapidly and for a sustained duration in WT mice, this effect was slower and shorter-lasting in the knockout models. These results suggest that the sleep-inducing effects of light require both orexin and histamine transmission. In the human study, 20 healthy male participants were exposed to four different light conditions (0, 3, 8, and 20 lux) during a 5-day protocol in a controlled laboratory setting. We found that wake after sleep onset (WASO) was significantly higher under 20 lux compared to lower light intensities, and sleep efficiency was lower under 20 lux than under 3 and 8 lux. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in salivary melatonin and cortisol levels at wake time between the four light conditions. Similarly, body temperature during sleep remained unchanged across light conditions, but heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) were affected, with a decrease in HR and an increase in HRV under 20 lux and 3 lux compared to 0 lux. Glucose levels during sleep were significantly higher under low-light conditions (3 and 20 lux) than under 0 lux. Moreover, nocturnal light exposure impaired sensitivity to light and cognitive performance the following morning. Our study concludes that even very low-intensity artificial light at night (ALAN) can disturb sleep and affect physiological functions
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Melone, Marie-Anne. "Diagnοstic and therapeutic strategies οf circadian and sleep/wake rhythm disοrders in at-risk pοpulatiοns". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR023.
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Les recommandations en matière de santé du sommeil préconisent 7 à 9 heures de sommeil par nuit pour la population générale. Pourtant, la dette chronique de sommeil persiste et présente des risques importants pour la santé, notamment en termes de maladies métaboliques, cardiovasculaires et neurocognitives. Cette dette chronique de sommeil est souvent attribuée au conflit entre le mode de vie moderne - l'éclairage artificiel et les obligations sociales - et nos rythmes circadiens endogènes, ce qui conduit à une perturbation appelée le désalignement circadien. Les rythmes circadiens sont les oscillations naturelles des processus physiologiques. Ces rythmes sont essentiels pour aligner nos processus physiologiques et comportementaux sur le temps solaire afin d'anticiper les changements dans notre environnement. Le désalignement circadien est de plus en plus souvent incriminé dans divers états pathologiques. Le diagnostic des troubles des rythmes circadiens ou rythmes veille/sommeil reste difficile en pratique, car sa définition repose en partie sur des évaluations subjectives de la qualité du sommeil. Les questionnaires et les agendas de sommeil bien qu’ils soient des outils validés établissent des mesures indirectes de notre chronotype et des rythmes veille/sommeil. Le gold standard pour l’évaluation de notre rythmicité circadienne est la mesure biologique de la sécrétion de la mélatonine. Ceci souligne la nécessité d'améliorer les méthodes de diagnostic afin de mieux identifier la prévalence de ces troubles et ainsi pouvoir proposer des mesures thérapeutiques adaptée. Ceci pourrait contribuer à prévenir le développement de pathologies en liens avec ce désalignement circadien. Dans ce contexte, notre travail s’intéresse à la prévalence, les facteurs de risque et les conséquences des désalignements circadiens, chez des populations particulièrement à risque comme les étudiants-sportifs et les patients de soins intensifs, où les donneurs de temps sont perturbés ; générant des conséquences en termes d’altération des performances et du pronostic. Ce travail comprend les résultats de trois études et une revue de littérature sur la prévalence des troubles des rythmes veille/sommeil, leurs facteurs de risque, les conséquences et les traitements potentiels dans les populations des étudiants-sportifs et des patients de soins intensifs<br>Sleep health guidelines advocate for 7 to 9 hours of nightly sleep for the general population, yet sleep debt persists, presenting significant health risks, including metabolic, cardiac, mental, and neurocognitive diseases. This widespread sleep debt is often attributed to the conflict between modern lifestyles—characterized by artificial lighting, shift work, and social obligations—and our innate circadian rhythms, leading to a condition known as circadian dysrhythmia. Circadian rhythms are the natural oscillations in physiological processes that are essential for aligning genetic, physiological, and behavioral patterns with solar time to anticipate changes in our environment. The misalignment of these rhythms is increasingly linked to various health disorders. Diagnosing circadian rhythms and sleep/wake disorders poses challenges, as part of its definition relies on subjective assessments and clinical evaluations of sleep quality. Moreover, sleep/wake timing or chronotype questionnaires, although validated, may not accurately reflect individual circadian clocks. While melatonin measurement is considered the gold standard, its practical implementation is difficult, making actigraphy and sleep logs more common tools for identifying circadian rhythms and sleep/wake disorders. This highlights the need for improved diagnostic methods. Potential therapeutic interventions could help improve circadian dysrhythmias related health outcomes. In this context, this manuscript delves into the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake disorders, particularly focusing on at-risk populations like student-athletes and critically ill patients, where misaligned zeitgebers exacerbate health risks. This work includes three studies’ findings and one narrative review on circadian rhythm and sleep/wake disorders, their risk factors, consequences, and potential treatments in populations prioritizing performance (student-athletes) and recovery (critically ill patients)
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Cendrès-Bozzi, Christophe. "Troubles du cycle veille/sommeil liés à la maladie de Parkinson : modèle animal, mécanismes et approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10081.
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Les troubles du sommeil, tels que la somnolence diurne excessive et les attaques narcoleptiques, sont fréquemment observés chez les patients Parkinsoniens. Malgré de nombreux efforts cliniques à l’échelle mondiale, il reste à déterminer si ces troubles sont causés par les lésions neuronales dopaminergiques (DAergiques) ou non DAergiques, par les troubles moteurs ou par les effets délétères des médicaments anti-parkinsoniens. Par une approche pluridisciplinaire (analyse EEG; mesure de l’activité locomotrice; tests pharmacologiques; immunohistochimie) chez le félin traité au MPTP, nous avons étudié la corrélation possible entre perte DAergique et troubles du cycle veille-sommeil (V/S). Le MPTP (5mg/kg/jour x5, i.p.) induit en période aiguë, une hypersomnie en sommeil lent (SL), une suppression du sommeil paradoxal (SP), ainsi qu’une diminution de la locomotion et une difficulté à l’initiation des mouvements. Les agonistes DAergiques (L-dopa; ropinirole) empêchent l’hypersomnie en SL de façon transitoire. Durant la période chronique, les taux d’éveil et de SL reviennent à la normale. Le SP augmente transitoirement et s’associe à des épisodes narcoleptiques. Les analyses ex-vivo révèlent une diminution du marquage TH (corps cellulaire de la substance noire ; fibres du striatum). Le marquage des neurones cholinergiques (cerveau antérieur basal et tegmentum mésopontique) semblent inchangée. Nos résultats montrent donc que le MPTP induit chez le félin des symptômes moteurs et des troubles du sommeil proches de ceux observés chez les patients parkinsoniens. Cette étude suggère également une corrélation possible entre les troubles du cycle V/S et la perte des cellules DAergiques<br>Motors disorders are not the only symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD), and sleep disorders such as somnolence and narcolepsy are frequently reported in PD patients. Despite much investigation worldwide, it remains unknown whether these disorders are caused by dopaminergic (DArgic), non-DArgic neural lesions, nocturnal motor disability or deleterious effect of anti-PD drugs. Using multiple experimental approaches (EEG and sleep-wake recordings/pharmacological dosing / immunohistochemistry) in cats treated with MPTP, which causes DArgic neuronal loss, we have studied the possible correlation between the induced effects on the sleep-wake (S/W) cycle and those on DArgic neurons. MPTP (5mg/kg/day x 5, i.p.) caused, during the acute period, a slow wave sleep hypersomnia (SWS, up to 80% of recorded time) and a suppression of paradoxical sleep (PS), accompanied with pronounced behavioural somnolence, marked decrease in locomotion and difficulty to initiate movements. DArgic agonists L-dopa and ropinirole transiently prevented hypersomnia in SWS. During the chronic period, whereas the amount of W and SWS returned to control, PS transiently increased, associated with narcolepsy-like episodes. Ex-vivo analyses revealed marked decrease in TH labelling (cell bodies in the substantia nigra and terminal-like dots in the striatum) whereas cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and mesopontine-tegmentum seemed unchanged. Thus, MPTP treated cats showed major signs of motor and S/W disorders similar to those seen in PD patients and so could serve as useful animal model. Our results also suggest a possible correlation/causality between the MPTP-induced S/W disorders and DArgic cell loss
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Teixeira, Liliane Reis. "Efeitos das atividades diárias nos níveis de sonolência, em estudantes do Ensino Médio, trabalhadores e não-trabalhadores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-03042007-175137/.
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Introdução - A sonolência é descrita como a interação entre o momento circadiano para adormecer e o aumento da necessidade de sono, e está em geral, associada ao decréscimo do alerta, do tempo de reação, da memória, da coordenação psicomotora, do entendimento da informação, do tempo para se tomar decisões, da maior incidência de uso de substâncias estimulantes e de substâncias álcoolicas. Na adolescência, a sonolência limita as perspectivas dos adolescentes quanto ao seu desenvolvimento intelectual. Muito pouco se conhece sobre a percepção da sonolência em estudantes trabalhadores. Objetivo - Verificar variações da sonolência ao longo do dia e o possível impacto das atividades diárias e estilos de vida na sonolência em estudantes. Metodologia - A população estudada compreendem estudantes trabalhadores e não-trabalhadores, alunos do ensino médio do período noturno de uma escola pública estadual da cidade de São Paulo, SP. Participaram estudantes entre 14 e 21 anos de idade incompletos. Os estudantes selecionados preencheram os questionários de: caracterização das condições de vida, saúde e sono, matutinidade-vespertinidade, caracterização das condições de trabalho e freqüência alimentar. Em seguida foi realizada a obtenção de registros sobre o ciclo vigília-sono dos estudantes através de métodos subjetivos (Protocolo diário de atividades, diário de sono e escala de sonolência) e objetivos (Actimetria). As variáveis sócio-demográficas, estilos de vida, condições de trabalho e do ciclo vigília-sono foram testadas através do teste t-Student, ANOVA para três fatores (dia da semana, horário e trabalho), Qui-Quadrado de Pearson (c2) e análise de regressão. Resultados - 1) a duração média do sono nos dias da semana para os estudantes trabalhadores foi em torno de 7h, enquanto a duração do sono dos estudantes não trabalhadores foi em torno de 9h; 2) os padrões de sonolência de estudantes trabalhadores são diferentes dos estudantes não-trabalhadores. Verificamos que os estudantes trabalhadores são mais sonolentos que os estudantes não-trabalhadores no primeiro registro diário (07├ 09 h) e no último (22├ 24 h). Verificamos que os estudantes trabalhadores são mais sonolentos que estudantes não-trabalhadores na segunda-feira após o almoço (13├ 15 h), na quarta-feira durante as aulas (19├ 21 h) e na sexta-feira antes de dormir (22├ 24 h). Aos domingos, entre 22├ 24 h foi encontrada o maior nível de sonolência entre os estudantes trabalhadores. Também, neste momento, os trabalhadores são mais sonolentos que os estudantes não-trabalhadores em todos os outros dias e horários; 3) os fatores independentemente associados a estar sonolento foram: trabalhar, ser do sexo feminino, consumir álcool, ter maior dificuldade para adormecer e ir dormir após as 24h. Conclusões - Os padrões de sonolência de estudantes trabalhadores são diferentes dos estudantes não-trabalhadores e as variáveis do ciclo vigília-sono interferem nos níveis de sonolência ao longo do dia. Além dos fatores cronobiológicos outros fatores estão relacionados às mudanças nos níveis da sonolência: a) fatores individuais; b) fatores sociais; c) fatores sócio-demográficos e d) estilos de vida. Essa gama de fatores acaba levando ao aumento da sonolência no início e fim do dia para os estudantes trabalhadores, podendo interferir no rendimento escolar e prejudicar o desenvolvimento físico e mental, característicos da adolescência. Programas de intervenção tais como, o conhecimento sobre a higiene do sono e as políticas de inserção social que permitam aos estudantes manter um padrão de vida adequado sem ter que sujeitar a longas jornadas de trabalho enquanto na adolescência, devem ser implementados.<br>Introduction Sleepiness is described as an interaction between the circadian phase and the increase in pressure to sleep. In general, it is associated with a decrease in alertness levels, reaction time, memory, psychomotor coordination, information assimilation, time to take decisions, and larger consumption of stimulant and alcoholic substances. In adolescence, sleepiness restricts the adolescents perspectives as to his/her intellectual development. Knowledge on perception of sleepiness in working students is poor. Objective Verifying patterns of sleepiness along the day and the possible impact of daily activities and life styles on sleepiness among working and non-working students. Methods The population studied comprised working and non-working high school students attending evening classes (19:00-22.30pm) at a public school in São Paulo, Brazil. The study group consisted of working and non-working students aged 14-21. The students selected filled in a questionnaire on living conditions, health and sleep, morningness-eveningness, characterization of working conditions, and frequency of food consumption. As a second step, records of their sleep-wake cycle were obtained through subjective methods (daily protocol of activities, sleep diary and sleepiness scale), as well as objective methods (Actigraphy). Socio-demographic, life style, work conditions and sleep-wake cycle variables were tested with the use of three-way ANOVA test (week day, time and work), Persons Qui-Square test (c2) and regression analysis. Results - 1) The average sleep duration for working students during weekdays was around 7 hours, whereas the sleep duration for non-working students was around 9 hours; 2) working students sleepiness patterns are different from those of non-working students. We found that working students were sleepier than non-working students in the first period (07:00am-09:00am) and in the last period recorded (10:00pm-12:00pm). We also found that working students were sleepier on specific days: on Mondays after lunch time (01:00pm-03:00pm), on Wednesdays during classes (07:00pm-09:00pm) and on Fridays before bedtime (10:00pm-12:00pm). The highest level of sleepiness among students was found on Sundays, between 10:00pm-12:00pm. Also, at this time period working students in general were sleepier than non-working students, independently of the period and time of the day. 3) Other factors associated with sleepiness were: work, being a female, alcohol consumption, easiness of sleeping and going to bed after midnight. Conclusions The sleepiness patterns for working students are different from those for non-working students, and the sleep-wake cycle variables interfere in sleepiness levels during the day. In addition to chronobiological factors, there are other factors associated with changes in sleepiness levels: a) individual factors; b) social factors; c) socio-demographic factors; and d) life style. All these factors contribute to increase in working students sleepiness at the beginning and end of the day; this may interfere in their school performance, impairing their physical and mental development, which is characteristic of adolescence. Intervention programs, such as those that provide information on sleep hygiene, and those related to social insertion, which would allow students to maintain and adequate life standard without having to be submitted to extended work journeys, should be implemented.
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N?brega, Patr?cia Vidal de Negreiros. "Sono e s?ndrome da fragilidade em idosos residentes em institui??es de longa perman?ncia." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16705.
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Previous issue date: 2011-04-01<br>Introduction: The aging process causes quantitative and qualitative changes in sleeping. Such changes affects more than half of the adults above 65 years old, that
live in the community and 70% of the institutionalized, a great negative impact in their quality of life. One of the pathological displays of aging, that share some
characteristics with sleeping disorders and predict similar results, is the Frailty Syndrome, that characterize the most weakened and vulnerable elderly. The way
sleeping disorders play a role in the frailty pathogeneses remains uncertain. Objective: Evaluate the relation between the sleeping and the frailty syndrome on institutionalized elderly. Methodology: A transversal study was performed with 69 elderly in institutions in the city of Jo?o Pessoa PB. Were used the Pittsburgh Sleeping Quality Index and actigraphy to subjective and objective variables,
respectively, and questionnaires and specific tests to frailty phenotype variant (Fried Frailty Criteria). In the statistic analysis were used the Pearson correlation test, Chi Square and One-way ANOVA test, with Tukey-Krammer posttest. Subsequently, a Simple Linear Regression model was built. On every statistical analysis were
considered a confidence interval of 95% and a p < 0,05. Results: The sample was characterized by the prevalence of the frail (49,3%), women (62,3%), single (50,7%)
and 77,52 (?7,82).The frail elderly obtained the worst sleeping quality 10,37 (?4,31) (f = 4,15, p = 0,02), when compared with the non-frail. The sleep latency influenced
more the frailty (R2 = 0,13, β standard = 1,76, β = 0,41, p = 0,001). Weren t found differences between the standard resting-activity variable and the frailty phenotype
categories. Conclusion: Sleeping alterations, including bad sleeping quality, prolonged sleep latency, low sleep efficiency and day drowsiness, influenced the frailty in institutionalized elderly<br>Introdu??o: O processo de envelhecimento ocasiona modifica??es na quantidade e qualidade do sono. Tais modifica??es afetam mais da metade dos adultos acima de
65 anos de idade, que vivem na comunidade e 70% dos institucionalizados, gerando impacto negativo na sua qualidade de vida. Uma das manifesta??es patol?gicas do envelhecimento que compartilha algumas caracter?sticas com as desordens do sono e prediz resultados similares ? a S?ndrome da Fragilidade, que caracteriza os idosos mais debilitados e vulner?veis. A maneira como os transtornos do sono desempenham um papel na patog?nese da fragilidade permanece incerta. Objetivo:
Avaliar a rela??o entre sono e s?ndrome da fragilidade em idosos institucionalizados. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com 69 idosos residentes em institui??es no munic?pio de Jo?o Pessoa - PB. Foram utilizados ?ndice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh e actigrafia para as vari?veis subjetivas e objetivas do sono, respectivamente, e question?rios e testes espec?ficos para as vari?veis do fen?tipo
de fragilidade (crit?rios de fragilidade de Fried). Na an?lise estat?stica utilizou-se o teste de correla??o de Pearson, teste Qui Quadrado e ANOVA One-way, com p?steste de Tukey-Kramer. Posteriormente, foi constru?do um modelo de Regress?o
Linear Simples. Em toda an?lise estat?stica foi considerado um intervalo de confian?a de 95% e um p < 0,05. Resultados: A amostra foi caracterizada pelo predom?nio de fr?geis (49,3%), mulheres (62,3%), de solteiros (50,7%) e m?dia de
idade de 77,52 (?7,82). Os idosos fr?geis obtiveram pior qualidade de sono, 10,37 (?4,31) (f = 4,15, p = 0,02), quando comparados aos n?o fr?geis. A lat?ncia do sono
foi a que mais influenciou a fragilidade (R2 = 0,13, β padr?o = 1,76, β = 0,41, p = 0,001). N?o foram encontradas diferen?as entre as vari?veis do padr?o repouso-atividade e
as categorias do fen?tipo de fragilidade. Conclus?o: As altera??es do sono, incluindo m? qualidade de sono, lat?ncia de sono prolongada, baixa efici?ncia de sono e sonol?ncia diurna, influenciam a fragilidade em idosos institucionalizados
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Souza, Jane Carla de. "Caracteriza??o do ciclo sono/vig?lia de professores do ensino m?dio em natal/rn." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17296.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-04<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico<br>In the school environment is fundamental the knowledge about the sleep-wake cycle (SWC), because we find children and adolescents with excessive sleepiness and learning difficulties. Furthermore, teachers with high demand and with different work schedule, which may contribute to changes in SWC. The aim of this study was to describe the SWC of high school teachers in Natal/RN. Habits and knowledge about sleep, chronotype, SWC, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and job satisfaction were described in 98 high school teachers from public and private school. These parameters were compared according to the characteristics of work, family structure and gender. Data collection was performed with the use of questionnaires in two stages: 1) "health and sleep" (general characterization of sleep habits), Horne & Ostberg questionnaire (characterization of chronotype), Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Index of Pittsburg Sleep Quality, 2) The sleep diary for 14 days. From the results, we observe that the teachers woke up and went to bed earlier in the week and showed a reduction of time in bed around 42min comparing to weekend. This reduction in time in bed during the week was accompanied by an increase in nap duration on weekend. In addition the teachers woke up earlier on Saturdays than on Sundays, probably due to housework and leisure. The teachers' knowledge about sleep was low in relation to individual differences and effect of alcoholic beverages on sleep, and high in the consequences of sleep deprivation. The differences found in comparisons on the characteristics of work, family structure and gender were punctual, except concerning the work schedule. The teacher who started work in the morning and finished in the night, woke up earlier, went to bed later and had less time in bed, when compared to teachers who work only in two shifts. In addition, teachers with late chronotypes who begin the work in the morning had a greater irregularity in the wake up time compared to teachers with earlier and intermediate chronotypes. Half of teachers have excessive sleepiness, which was positive correlated with work dissatisfaction. In general, teachers showed IPSQ averages equivalent to poor sleep quality and the women showed worst averages. From the results, it is suggested that the SWC of teachers varies according to work schedule, leading to irregularity and partial sleep deprivation in the week, although these responses vary according to chronotype. These changes are accompanied by excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. However, it is necessary to expand the sample to clarify the influence of variables related to work, family structure and gender together<br>No ambiente escolar ? de fundamental import?ncia o conhecimento sobre o ciclo sono e vig?lia (CSV), pois encontramos crian?as e adolescentes com sonol?ncia excessiva e dificuldades de aprendizagem, al?m de professores com alta demanda e hor?rio diferenciado de trabalho, o que pode contribuir para o surgimento de altera??es no CSV. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o CSV de professores do ensino m?dio de Natal/RN. Participaram da pesquisa 98 professores de escolas p?blicas e privadas, dos quais, foram descritos os h?bitos e conhecimentos sobre o sono, cronotipo, padr?o do CSV, n?veis de sonol?ncia diurna, qualidade do sono e satisfa??o profissional, comparando estas vari?veis quanto ?s caracter?sticas de trabalho, estrutura familiar e g?nero. A coleta de dados foi realizada com a aplica??o de question?rios em duas etapas: 1) sa?de e o sono (caracteriza??o geral dos h?bitos de sono); question?rio de Horne & Ostberg (caracteriza??o do cronotipo); Escala de Sonol?ncia de Epworth e o ?ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg; 2) O di?rio de sono durante 14 dias. A partir dos resultados, observamos que os professores levantaram e deitaram mais cedo e apresentaram uma redu??o do tempo na cama em torno de 42min na semana quando comparada ao fim de semana. Esta redu??o no tempo na cama na semana foi acompanhada por uma maior dura??o do cochilo no fim de semana. Al?m disso, os professores levantaram aos s?bados mais cedo que aos domingos, provavelmente devido aos afazeres dom?sticos e lazer. O conhecimento dos professores sobre o sono foi baixo com rela??o ?s diferen?as individuais e o efeito de bebidas alco?licas sobre o sono e alto em rela??o ?s consequ?ncias da priva??o do sono. As diferen?as encontradas nas compara??es quanto ?s caracter?sticas de trabalho, estrutura familiar e g?nero foram pontuais, exceto com rela??o ao hor?rio de trabalho. Os professores que iniciavam o trabalho pela manh? e finalizavam ? noite levantaram mais cedo, dormiram mais tarde e apresentaram menor tempo na cama, em rela??o aos que trabalhavam apenas em dois turnos. Al?m disso, entre os professores que iniciavam o trabalho pela manh? e que foram classificados como vespertinos houve uma maior irregularidade no hor?rio de levantar em rela??o aos matutinos e intermedi?rios. Metade dos professores apresentou sonol?ncia excessiva, que teve correla??o positiva com a insatisfa??o com o trabalho. Em geral, os professores apresentaram m?dias do IQSP equivalentes ? m? qualidade de sono, tendo as mulheres piores m?dias. A partir dos resultados, sugere-se que o CSV dos professores varia de acordo com o hor?rio de trabalho, acarretando em irregularidade no CSV e priva??o de sono durante a semana, embora o efeito sobre irregularidade varie em fun??o do cronotipo. Estas altera??es s?o acompanhadas de sonol?ncia excessiva diurna e m? qualidade de sono. Por?m, faz-se necess?rio ampliar a amostra para esclarecer a influ?ncia das vari?veis relacionadas ao trabalho, ? estrutura familiar e g?nero em conjunto
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Carponcy, Julien. "Modulation de la transmission synaptique dans les réseaux limbiques au cours du cycle veille-sommeil chez le rat." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1013/document.
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Le sommeil a un effet sur la mémoire mais également sur l'oubli. Nous avons soumis des rats à des tâches impliquant différents degrés d'oubli. Ces tâches, impliquant mémoire de référence (MR), ou mémoire de travail (MT) avec différents niveaux d'interférences, ont été réalisées dans un même dispositif comportemental. Alors que nous avons observés une augmentation du sommeil paradoxal (SP) lors de la tâche de MR, les performances en MT nécessitant l'oubli sont dépendantes du sommeil lent (SL). Seuls les rats entrainés en MR montrent une augmentation du thêta phasique durant le SP, ainsi que des fuseaux durant le SL. Ces résultats indiquent donc un rôle du SP dans les apprentissages spatiaux à long terme alors que la flexibilité comportementale requise en MT semble dépendante du SL. Il existe de nombreuses évidences suggérant que l'apprentissage résulte de modifications synaptiques, et différentes théories suggèrent des rôles différents du SL et du SP dans ces changements. Nous avons donc ensuite examiné l'évolution de la transmission synaptique dans l'hippocampe (HPC), mais aussi entre l'HPC et le cortex préfrontal médian (CPFm) ainsi que le noyau accumbens (NAc). Alors que le SL accroit la transmission synaptique dans l'HPC, le SP la diminue. Au niveau des efférences de l'HPC, le SL diminue la transmission vers le CPFm alors que les épisodes de SP favorisent la communication vers le NAc. Plutôt que de favoriser globalement des processus communs à l'ensemble du cerveau, nos résultats suggèrent que le SL et le SP permettent de rediriger les flux d'informations entre différents réseaux, et que cet aiguillage de l'information est modulé par les oscillations du sommeil<br>Numerous studies have now demonstrated that sleep has a beneficial influence on memory but also impact forgetting. We have submitted rats to behavioral tasks involving different levels of forgetting. These tasks, implying reference memory (RM) or working memory (WM) with different level of interferences, were executed in the same behavioral apparatus. Whereas we observed an increase of paradoxical sleep (PS) during the RM training, the WM tasks requiring forgetting are dependent on slow-wave sleep (SWS). Only the RM trained rats exhibited an increase in theta bursts during PS, as well as spindles during SWS. These results thus indicate the role of PS in long-term spatial learning, whereas behavioral flexibility required by WM tasks is dependent on SWS. Numerous pieces of evidence suggest that learning is caused by modifications of synaptic connections, and different theories suggest different roles of the SWS and PS to optimize these changes. We sought to understand the evolution of synaptic transmission in the hippocampal network but also between the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as between the HPC and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). While SWS increases synaptic transmission in the HPC, PS decreases it rapidly. In contrast and regarding hippocampal efferents, SWS reduces transmission to the mPFC while PS enhances transmission to the NAc. In contrast to the hypotheses posing that sleep promotes a global process common to the entire brain; our results suggest that SWS and PS redirect data flows between different networks, and that this switch between different information pathways could be modulated by the various sleep oscillations
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Torres, Fernanda de Jesus. "Ciclo vigília/sono em adolescentes de uma população indígena." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-12062006-134852/.
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O ciclo vigília/sono (CVS) muda durante a adolescência. Nos dias letivos, há maior sonolência diurna e menor duração de sono do que nos finais de semana. Além disso, os adolescentes apresentam atraso da fase de sono. Acredita-se que essas mudanças resultam da interação entre fatores biológicos e ambientais. Neste trabalho, observamos o CVS de 21 jovens Guarani da Aldeia Boa Vista - SP, que vivem numa floresta, sem energia elétrica. Pretendíamos verificar se eles apresentam um padrão semelhante ao descrito em adolescentes urbanos ou se tal característica é menos evidente, como tem sido relatado na população rural. Aplicamos o Questionário de Hábitos de Sono e o Questionário de Matutinidade e Vespertinidade. Os participantes preencheram diários de sono, usaram actímetros e coletaram temperatura a cada 3 horas, na vigília, por 10 ou mais dias consecutivos em 3 ocasiões com intervalos de 6 meses. Fizemos inspecção visual dos actogramas de diários e actímetros, comparando-os entre si por meio de teste t de Student; avaliamos a significância das oscilações da temperatura pelo Método Cosinor; utilizamos as correlações de Pearson e Spearman para identificar relações entre variáveis, adotando como nível de significância α=0,05. Comparamos as etapas e discutimos os resultados no cenário de outras pesquisas realizadas com adolescentes. Observamos atraso da fase do sono e da temperatura oral nos Guarani, conforme descrito entre adolescentes de regiões urbanas, e menor duração do sono nos finais de semana do que nos demais dias. Os resultados apontam para a importância de fatores biológicos no atraso da fase dos ciclos vigília/sono e de temperatura na adolescência.<br>The sleep/wake cycle (SWC) changes along adolescence. During weekdays there is higher diurnal sleepiness and shorter sleep duration than on weekends; moreover, they display sleep phase delay. Some authors believe these changes result from the interaction between biological and environmental factors. In this work, we observed the SWC in 21 adolescents from the ethnic group Guarani living in Boa Vista village (São Paulo) who live in a rural area, without electric light. We intended to verify whether they show a SWC pattern similar to that found in urban adolescents or if these characteristics are less evident under their condition as has been reported for rural area adolescents. We applied Sleep Habits and Morningness-Eveningness questionnaires. The participants kept Sleep Diaries and wore wrist actimeters for at least 10 consecutives days, and collected oral temperature every 3 hours when awake. This protocol was applied on 3 occasions with 6 months intervals between them. We examined the actograms from Diaries and Actimetries, comparing them with t Student test; we evaluated the temperature oscillations by Cosinor Method, we used Pearsons and Spearmans correlations in order to identify relationships between the measures, adopting the significance level at α=0.05. We compared the occasions and considered our results in the context of adolescent sleep researches. We observed sleep and temperature phase delays in Guarani adolescents similar to the delays found in other groups, as well as shorter sleep duration on weekends than on weekdays. Our results point to the importance of biological factors on sleep/wake and temperature phase delays along adolescence.
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Sun, Tao. "Carrier Grade Adaptation for an IP-based Multimodal Application Server: Moving the SoftBridge into SLEE." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7776_1370594549.
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<p>Providing carrier grade characteristics for Internet Protocol (IP) communication applications is a significant problem for IP application providers in order to offer integrated services that span IP <br>and telecommunication networks. This thesis addresses the provision of life-cycle management, which is only one carrier grade characteristic, for a SoftBridge application, which is an example of IP communication applications. A SoftBridge provides semi-synchronous multi-modal IP-based communication. The work related to IP-Telecommunication integrated services and the SoftBridge is analyzed with respect to life-cycle management in a literature review. It is suggested to use an Application Server in a Next Generation Network (NGN) to provide life-cyclemanagement functionality for IP-Telecommunication applications. In this thesis, the Application Server is represented by a JAIN Service Logic Execution Environment(JSLEE), in which <br>a SoftBridge application can be deployed, activated, deactivated, uninstalled and upgraded online.Two methodologies are applied in this research: exploratory prototyping, which evolves the development of a SoftBridge application, and empirical comparison, which is concerned with the empirical evaluation of a SoftBridge application in terms of carriergrade capabilities. A SoftBridge application called SIMBA <br>provides a Deaf Telephony service similar to aprevious Deaf Telephony SoftBridge, However, SIMBA&rsquo<br>s SoftBridge design and implementation are unique to this thesis. In order to test the life-cycle <br>management ability of SIMBA, an empirical evaluation is carried out including the experiments oflife-cycle management and call-processing performance. The final experimental results of the evaluation show that a JSLEE is able to provide life-cycle management for SIMBA without causing a significant decrease in performance. In conclusion, the life-cycle management can be provided <br>or a SoftBridge application by using an Application Server such as a JSLEE. Futhermore, the results indicate that <br>approach of using Application Server (JSLEE) integration should be <br>sufficiently general to provide life cycle management, and indeed other carrier grade capabilities, for other IP communication applications. This allows IP communication applications to be <br> <br> <br>integrated into an NGN.</p>
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Maia, Ana Paula Le?o. "Efeito do exerc?cio f?sico matinal realizado sob luz solar no ciclo vig?lia-sono de adolescentes." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17266.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-04<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>The sleep onset and offset delay at adolescence in relation to childhood. Besides biological causes, some external factors as academic obligations and socialization contributes, increasing
the burden of school and socialization. However, morning school schedules reduce sleep duration. Besides light strong effect, studies in humans have indicated that exercise influence circadian synchronization. To evaluate the effect of the morning exercise under sunlight on sleep-wake cycle (SWC) of adolescents, 160 high school students (11th
year) were exposed to the following conditions: lesson in usual classroom (Group C), lesson in swimming pool
exposed to sunlight (Group E), half of them carrying through physical activity (EE) and the other resting (EL). Each experimental group met two stages: assessment of SWC 1 week before and 1 week during the intervention, which was held in Monday and Wednesday between 7:45 and 8:30 am. In the baseline, there were applied the questionnaires "Health and Sleep" and cronotype evaluation (H & O). In addition, students were evaluated before and during the intervention by "Sleep Diary", "Karolinska Sleepiness Scale" (KSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) and actimetry. During the intervention, there was a delay in wake-up
time on the weekend and a trend to greater sleep duration on week for the three groups. At the weekend, only the groups EE and EL increased sleep duration. There was no difference in bedtime, irregularity of sleep schedules and nap variables. The sleepiness showed a circadian pattern characterized by higher alertness levels at 11:30 am and sleepiness levels at bedtime and wake-up time on week. On weekends there were higher levels of alertness in these times.
In the days of intervention, there was an increase of sleepiness at 11:30 am for groups EL and EE, which may have been caused by a relaxing effect of contact with the water of the pool. In addition, the group EE showed higher alert levels at 14:30 pm on Monday and at 8:30 am in the Wednesday, possibly caused by exercise arousal effect. The reaction time assessed through the TPV did not vary between the stages. The sleep quality improved in the three groups in the second stage, making impossible the evaluation of intervention effect. However, the sleep quality increased on Monday and Tuesday only on the group EE. From the results, it
is suggested that the intervention promoted effects on the sleepiness at some day hours. In other SWC variables there were no effects, possibly due to a large SWC irregularity on weekends. Thus, the evaluation of higher weekly frequency EF is necessary, since only two days were insufficient to promote greater effect on adolescents SWC<br>Na adolesc?ncia h? uma tend?ncia a dormir e acordar mais tarde em rela??o ? inf?ncia. Embora esta caracter?stica tenha causas biol?gicas, alguns fatores externos podem favorec?-la: como o aumento da carga escolar e da socializa??o. No sentido contr?rio os hor?rios
escolares matutinos representam um dos grandes fatores respons?veis pela priva??o parcial de sono. Ainda que a exposi??o ? luz seja considerada o regulador mais importante do sistema circadiano em mam?feros, estudos em seres humanos indicaram que o exerc?cio f?sico influencia a sincroniza??o circadiana. Por isso, o objetivo do nosso trabalho ? avaliar o efeito do exerc?cio f?sico matinal sob luz solar no ciclo vig?lia-sono (CVS) de adolescentes. O estudo contou com a participa??o de 160 alunos do ensino m?dio (1? e 2? ano), expostos ?s seguintes condi??es: aula na sala habitual (Grupo C), aula na piscina exposto ? luz solar
(Grupo E), metade em exerc?cio f?sico (EE) e outra em repouso (EL). Cada grupo experimental cumpriu duas etapas: avalia??o do CVS 1 semana antes e 1 semana durante a
interven??o, que foi realizada na 2? e 4? feira entre 7:45 e 8:30 h. Na linha de base foram aplicados os question?rios Sa?de e Sono e de avalia??o do cronotipo (H&O). Al?m disso, os alunos foram avaliados antes e durante a interven??o pelo Di?rio de sono , Escala de
Sonol?ncia de Karolinska (ESK), Teste de vigil?ncia psicomotora (TPV) e actimetria. Durante a interven??o, houve atraso no hor?rio de acordar no fim de semana e tend?ncia a maior dura??o do sono na semana nos tr?s grupos. No fim de semana, apenas os grupos EE e EL passaram a dormir mais. N?o houve diferen?a no hor?rio de dormir, na irregularidade dos hor?rios de sono e nas vari?veis do cochilo. A sonol?ncia apresentou um padr?o circadiano caracterizado por maior alerta ?s 11:30 h e maior sonol?ncia nos hor?rios de acordar e dormir na semana, e menor sonol?ncia nos finais de semana. Nos dias de interven??o, houve um
aumento da sonol?ncia ?s 11:30 h para os grupos EE e EL, que pode ter sido decorrente de um efeito relaxante do contato com a ?gua da piscina. Al?m disso, o grupo EE apresentou maiores
n?veis de alerta ?s 14:30 h na 2? feira e ?s 8:30 h na 4? feira, possivelmente decorrentes de um efeito ativacional do exerc?cio. O tempo de rea??o avaliado por meio do TPV n?o variou entre as etapas. A qualidade do sono melhorou nos tr?s grupos na 2? etapa, impossibilitando avaliar o efeito da interven??o. Entretanto, houve melhora na qualidade do sono na 2? e 3? feira apenas para o grupo EE. A partir dos resultados, sugere-se que a interven??o promoveu
efeitos sobre a sonol?ncia em alguns hor?rios. Nas outras vari?veis n?o foram observados efeitos, possivelmente devido a uma grande irregularidade no CVS nos finais de semana. Faz-
se necess?rio ampliar o estudo com a realiza??o de exerc?cio f?sico numa freq??ncia semanal maior, visto que apenas dois dias foram insuficientes para promover maiores efeitos no CVS
dos adolescentes
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Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara. "Ciclo vigília/sono em portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42137/tde-23012012-164619/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar possíveis relações entre o diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) e controle glicêmico, e o ciclo vigília/sono. Participaram 18 voluntários com DM1 (idade: 26,3±5,1), sem complicações, não obesos, sem alterações no sono; e 9 no grupo controle (idade: 28,8±5,3). Os dados foram coletados através de: diário de sono e de glicemia, actímetria (Tempatilumi), polissonografia, 6-sulfatoximelatonina, questionário de Epworth, e sensor de glicose durante a polissonografia nos DM1. A associação entre controle glicêmico e o ciclo vigília/sono foi evidenciada. A duração inadequada, a baixa qualidade, a fragmentação do sono e a secreção reduzida de melatonina, possivelmente, favoreceram um pior controle glicêmico em DM1. Por outro lado, indivíduos DM1, com melhor controle glicêmico, podem se beneficiar de maior secreção de melatonina noturna e menor fragmentação e latência do sono. O controle mais adequado, potencialmente, regulariza o ciclo vigília/sono e previne ou retarda o desenvolvimento de complicações crônicas.<br>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and glycemic control with the sleep/wake cycle. Eighteen T1DM volunteers and 9 control subjects, non-obese, without chronic complications, and no sleep disorders participated. Data were collected with sleep and glycemia log, actigraphy (Tempatilumi), polysomnography, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin, Epworth questionnaire, and glucose sensor during the polysomnography night for T1DM. The association between glycemic control and sleep/wake cycle was observed. The inadequate duration, poor quality, and fragmented sleep besides the reduced melatonin secretion possibly favored a worse glycemic control in T1DM. On the other hand, we understand that T1DM individuals with better glycemic control may benefit from increased melatonin secretion and less sleep fragmentation and latency. Therefore, a better glycemic control potentially regulates the sleep/wake cycle and prevents or delays the development of chronic complications.
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Vasconcelos, Suleima Pedroza. "A organização temporal do trabalho e exposição à luz e suas repercussões no ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina de trabalhadores de uma reserva extrativista amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-09022015-084121/.
Full textAbstract:
Objetivo Investigar a associação dos horários de trabalho e padrões de exposição à luz com ciclo vigília-sono e secreção de melatonina em trabalhadores da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes. Método Estudo transversal realizado no município de Xapuri, Acre, com 340 seringueiros e 148 trabalhadores uma fábrica de preservativos (46 trabalhadores administrativos e 102 operários). Na primeira etapa do estudo foram coletados, por meio de questionários, dados sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, condições de trabalho, padrões de sono, preferência diurna, perfil cronobiológico (cronotipo), morbidades referidas e relato de dores musculoesqueléticas. Na segunda etapa do estudo, observando critérios de exclusão, foram selecionados 62 trabalhadores (42 seringueiros e 20 operários). Nesta etapa, seringueiros e operários foram acompanhados por 21 dias e 10 dias, respectivamente, nos quais foram coletados dados referentes ao padrão de atividade/repouso (actimetria), exposição à luz e melatonina salivar. Resultados Os resultados da primeira etapa mostraram que os dias de trabalho e folga dos seringueiros são diferentes em relação aos horários de início, fim e duração de sono (p<0,01). Similarmente aos seringueiros, também foram observadas diferenças relativas aos padrões de sono (horários de início e fim), entre os operários, em todos os turnos estudados (matutino, vespertino e noturno), segundo dia de trabalho e dia de folga. A segunda etapa da pesquisa evidenciou que a presença de energia elétrica na residência teve efeito significativo no horário de início e duração de sono e no horário de início da secreção de melatonina dos seringueiros (p<0,01). Os seringueiros mostraram um adiantamento do horário de início da secreção de melatonina, padrão semelhante ao encontrado em parte dos operários, o que pode estar relacionado a uma maior tendência à matutinidade. Além disso, os seringueiros foram expostos à intensidade e período de luz (natural e artificial) maiores quando comparados aos trabalhadores da fábrica. Os operários apresentaram maiores escores de sonolência nos turnos matutino e noturno, sendo este último associado à ocorrência de distúrbios de sono e fadiga ao acordar. Conclusão A distinção observada entre os padrões de sono dos trabalhadores, segundo dias de trabalho e folga, tanto para seringueiros quanto trabalhadores da fábrica, sugere a relevância dos horários de trabalho no ciclo vigília-sono da população estudada. A presença de energia elétrica, assim como a exposição à luz (natural e artificial), revelaram papel significativo na expressão do sistema de temporização circadiana dos trabalhadores estudados.<br>Aim To investigate the association of working hours and light exposure patterns with the wake-sleep cycle and melatonin secretion of workers from the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Xapuri, Acre, involving 340 rubber tappers and 148 condom factory workers (46 administrative workers and 102 shop-floor operatives). The first stage of the study entailed collection, by questionnaire, of data on sociodemographic, life-style, working conditions, sleep patterns, daily preference, chronobiological profile (chronotype), and morbidities and musculoskeletal pains reported. In the second stage of the study, after applying exclusion criteria, a total of 62 workers (42 rubber tappers and 20 factory workers) were selected. In this stage, rubber tapper and factory workers were followed up for 21 days and 10 days, respectively. During the follow-up period, data was collected on activity/rest patterns (actimetry), light exposure, and melatonin levels in saliva. Results The results of the first stage revealed that the work days and days off of rubber tappers differed with regard to start, end and duration of sleep time (p<0.01). Akin to rubber tappers, differences in sleep patterns (start and end times) were also noted among the factory workers, across all shifts studied (morning, evening and night) for work days and days off. The second stage of the study found that having electricity available in the home had a significant effect on the start time and duration of sleep and on the start time of melatonin secretion of the rubber tappers (p<0.01). The rubber tappers exhibited an earlier start time for melatonin secretion, having a similar pattern to that found in some of the factory workers, possibly related to a greater tendency for morningness. In addition, rubber tappers were exposed to greater intensity and periods of light (natural and artificial) compared to the factory workers. The factory workers had higher sleepiness scores during morning and night shifts, with night shifts associated with the occurrence of sleep disturbance and fatigue at waking. Conclusion The differences in the workers´ sleep patterns between work days and days off observed for both rubber tappers and factory workers suggest an influence of working hours on the wake-sleep cycle of the population studied. Presence of electricity, as well as exposure to light (natural and artificial), had an important role in the expression of the circadian rhythm/timing system of the workers studied.