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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyclical relationship'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

d'Amato, Maurizio, Nikolaj Siniak, and Giulia Mastrodonato. "“Cyclical assets” and cyclical capitalization." Journal of European Real Estate Research 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-05-2018-0022.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is providing a possible methodological solution to the valuation of cyclical.assets. International Valuation Standards introduce a brand new definition of property: the cyclical asset (International Valuation Standards Council 2017, IVS 105, p. 39 and p. 41). Among different property valuation methods, normally this kind of properties is appraised using income approach. In this group of methodology, the opinion of value is based on a proportional relationship between property value and rent. In the past years, a group of methods called cyclical capitalization has been proposed (d’Amato, 2003; d’Amato, 2013;d’Amato, 2015; d’Amato, 2017a; d’Amato 2017 b; d’Amato, 2017c). This method proposes an integration between property valuation and property market cycle. Design/methodology/approach Cyclical capitalization method is applied using a time series of property market rent of offices in prime location in the South Bank area in London. It consists of the determination of more than one all-risk yield to reproduce the property market cycle. Findings A comparison between the cyclical capitalization and two traditional capitalization rate shows how the proposed model is able to provide a stable opinion of value. Research limitations/implications The method may represent a contribution for the determination of the value of cyclical assets or for the mortgage lending value. Practical implications This paper provides the possibility to have a property valuation method less sensitive to upturn and downturn of the property market. Social implications The valuation based on cyclical capitalization are less sensitive to the upturn and the downturn of the market. Originality/value It is one of the first scientific paper addressing the problem of the determination of the value of cyclical assets.

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2

Mueller, Willard F., and Maqbool H. Sial. "Cyclical variation in the profit-concentration relationship." Review of Industrial Organization 8, no. 3 (June 1993): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01024235.

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3

Dailey, René M., Lingzi Zhong, Rudy Pett, Darby Scott, and Colton Krawietz. "Investigating relationship dispositions as explanations for on-again/off-again relationships." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407519861156.

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The current study explored whether individuals with certain relationship dispositions were more likely to be involved in on-again/off-again (on-off) relationships. A sample of 211 currently dating participants in either on-off or non-cyclical relationships completed an online survey about relationship dispositions (e.g., attachment, implicit beliefs) and positive and negative aspects of relational quality (e.g., satisfaction, commitment, disillusionment). Participants in on-off relationships did not differ from those in non-cyclical relationships with regard to relationship dispositions. Relationship type, however, moderated certain associations between relationship dispositions and relationship qualities showing that the dispositions played a weaker role in relational quality for on-off partners (e.g., the association between growth belief and disillusionment was strong and negative for non-cyclical partners but nonsignificant for on-off partners). Although it was theoretically and practically important to investigate individual differences, interaction dynamics within dyads could be a more prominent factor in explaining on-off relationships.

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Wang, Zhen Cheng, Ai Rong Liu, and Xin Wang. "Strain Intensity of the Roller Parts under Cyclical Deflection and Cyclical Plastic Deformation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.104.

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The paper discussed the elastic and plastic analysis method should be applied to the heavy load roller parts used in pellet presses instead of the calculation method of a first deformation in order to solve the problem of the strain intensity under cyclical deformation and analyzed the theory and calculation steps, gave relationship table of to of Generalized maximum strain and 、 to in different strain ranges so as to be easier to calculate for engineers.

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Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, Olaolu Richard Olayeni, Reza Sherafatian-Jahromi, and Olofin Sodik Adejonwo. "Output Gap, Money Growth and Interest Rate in Japan: Evidence from Wavelet Analysis." Arthaniti: Journal of Economic Theory and Practice 18, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976747918800847.

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This article investigated the relationship between output, money and interest rate, using wavelet tools for the period 1972–2017. Application of such tools is helpful in answering particularly two questions: first, what the strength and direction of the causal relationships between money, output and interest rate is, and second, whether the relationship is cyclical or anti-cyclical in nature. Findings from this article show that output and money are highly coherent in low, middle and high frequencies, and coherence increases while controlling for interest rate, with money growth as the leading variable most of the time across frequencies. Output and interest rate are equally highly coherent, mostly at high frequency and some bits of middle frequency; coherence increases with the control for money, and interest rate often times leads the relationship. Also, money and interest rate are coherent at low, middle and high frequencies with interest rate leading the relationship, and controlling the effect of output increases the coherence at some times and decreases at other times. There are observable evidences of both cyclical and anti-cyclical relationships among the variables. Policy decisions should be cautious of shortrun moves in order not to trigger undesired long-run outcomes since no difference is observed in the direction of causation over time–frequency. JEL: C49, E43, E52

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6

Brown, Gerald, and Kim Hiang Liow. "Cyclical relationship between commercial real estate and property stock prices." Journal of Property Research 18, no. 4 (January 2001): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09599910110079622.

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Agarwal, Rakesh, and Rashmi Baid. "Periodontitis and diabetes: A bidirectional, cyclical relationship - A brief review." Acta Medica International 4, no. 2 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ami.ami_16_17.

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8

Constantinescu, Cristina, Aaditya Mattoo, and Michele Ruta. "The Global Trade Slowdown: Cyclical or Structural?" World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 1 (May 23, 2018): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhx027.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the sluggish growth of world trade relative to income growth in recent years. We use a simple empirical strategy based on an error correction model to assess whether the global trade slowdown is structural or cyclical. An estimate of the relationship between trade and income in the past four decades reveals that the long-term trade elasticity rose sharply in the 1990s, but declined significantly in the 2000s, even before the global financial crisis. These results suggest that trade is growing slowly not only because of slow GDP growth, but also because of a structural change in the trade-GDP relationship in recent years. The available evidence suggests that a key driver of structural change over the 2000s is the slowing pace of international vertical specialization, which accounts for between one-quarter and one-half of the decline in import growth from the 1990s to the 2000s.

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9

Hin/David Ho, Kim, and Kwame Addae-Dapaah. "Real estate market cyclical dynamics." International Journal of Managerial Finance 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-10-2013-0108.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help us understand the real estate cycle and offers an analysis using a vector auto regression (VAR) model. The authors study the key international cities of Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The authors find four key outcomes. One, the real estate cycle is generally different from the underlying business cycle in local markets for the cities studies. Two, the real estate cycle is more exaggerated in the construction and development areas than in rents and vacancies. Three, the vacancy cycle tends to lead the rental cycle. And four, new construction completions tend to peak when vacancy is also peaking. The authors believe that future research should try to help understand the linkages that drive these outcomes. For example, are rigidities in the local permit and construction markets responsible for the link between construction peaks and vacancy peaks? Design/methodology/approach – Real estate market cyclical dynamics and its estimation via VAR model offers an insightful set of practical and empirical models. It affirms a comprehensive theoretical underpinning for analysing the prime office and residential sectors of the capitol cities of Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong in the fast developing Asia region. Its unrestricted form also provides an effective and insightful way of modelling real estate market cyclical dynamics utilising only real estate market indicators, furnished by real estate market data providers. Findings – The office rental VAR model for Singapore (SOR), KL (KOR) and HK (HOR) show good fits. In the HOR model, rents and vacancies are negatively signed and significant for certain lagged relationships with other variables and with rents themselves. The office CV VAR model for Singapore (SOCV), KL (KOCV) and HK (HOCV) show good fits. In the HOCV model, capital values (CVs) and initial yields are negatively signed and significant for certain lagged relationships with other variables and with CVs themselves. Impulse response functions specified for seven years to mirror a medium-term real estate market cycle “die out” to zero for the stationary VAR models that are estimated for the endogenous variables. The accumulated responses asymptote to some non-zero constant. Practical implications – The VAR model offers a complete and meaningful dynamic system of solely real estate variables for international real estate investors and policy makers in decision making. Its unrestricted form offers an effective and insightful way of modelling real estate market cyclical dynamics utilising only real estate market indicators, which can be reliably provided by a dedicated real estate information and consultancy provider of international standing. Originality/value – The theoretical model offers a complete dynamic model system of the real estate space market, comprising a unique system of six linked equations that denote the relationship among supply, demand, construction, vacancy and rent over time, inclusive of price response slopes and lags. The VAR model enables the investigation of the effect of the lagged values of all the variables concerned. It also enables the explicit and rigorous quantitative forecasts of say rents and CVs when the rest of the variable can be forecasted beforehand.

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10

VEIRMAN, EMMANUEL DE, and ASHLEY DUNSTAN. "Debt Dynamics and the Relationship Between Consumption and Cyclical Wealth Changes*." Economic Record 88, no. 282 (July 30, 2012): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2012.00812.x.

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11

Gil-Alana, Luis A. "A bivariate fractionally cointegrated relationship in the context of cyclical structures." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 79, no. 11 (November 2009): 1355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949650802322111.

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12

Jung, Jiwook, Suyeon Kang, and Yin Lee. "Shrinking Horizons: The Cyclical Relationship between CEO Change and Corporate Restructuring." Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (August 2021): 14134. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.14134abstract.

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13

Malik, Afia, and Ather Maqsood Ahmed. "The Relationship between Real Wages and Output: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1111-1126.

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Information on wage levels is essential in evaluating the living standards and conditions of work and life of the workers. Since nominal wage fails to explain the purchasing power of employees, real wage is considered as a major indicator of employees purchasing power and can be used as proxy for their level of income. Any fluctuations in the real wage rate have a significant impact on poverty and the distribution of income. When used in relation with other economic variables, for instance employment or output they are valuable indicators in the analysis of business cycles. There has been a long debate regarding the relationship between real wages and the employment (output). Despite the apparent simplicity, the relationship between real wages and output has remained deceptive both theoretically and empirically. Keynes (1936) viewed cyclical movements in employment along a stable labour demand schedule thus indicating counter cyclical real wages. His deduction is in line with sticky wages and sticky expectations, which augments models like Phillips curve. In these models real wages behaved as counter-cyclical as nominal wages are slow to adjust during recession (decrease in aggregate demand and associated slowdown in price growth). Stickiness of wages or expectations shifts the labour supply over the business cycles [Abraham and Haltiwanger (1995)]. Barro (1990) and Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992) have associated these labour supply shifts with intertemporal labour-leisure substitution. This in response to temporary changes in real interest rates (fiscal policy shocks) could yield counter-cyclical real wages. However, Long and Plosser (1983) and Kydland and Prescott (1982) while studying the real business cycle models highlight on the technology shocks which leads to pro-cyclical real wages.

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Carmen, Berevoescu Ileana. "Mathematical Models for Nonlinear Soil Behavior." Romanian Journal of Transport Infrastructure 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjti-2017-0059.

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Abstract Actually, the seismic movement has an irregular cyclic character.This can be equivalent to a determined number of uniform cyclical stresses equivalent in terms of effect. Modeling the behavior of the soil to cyclical stress, is usually done, by establishing a relationship for primary loading like τ = f (γ) and after drawing the diagram “effortless strain curve”, in which τ is the stress, and γ is shear deformation. For modeling nonlinear behavior of the soil, we used like nonlinear models. The best known are the hyperbolic model and the Ramberg-Osgood model.

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15

GALLEGATI, MAURO, ANTONIO PALESTRINI, and MILENA PETRINI. "CYCLICAL BEHAVIOR OF PRICES IN THE G7 COUNTRIES THROUGH WAVELET ANALYSIS." Advances in Complex Systems 11, no. 01 (February 2008): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525908001520.

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Our analysis, conducted using the GDP and the GDP deflator time series (OECD source; 1960–2001) for the G7 countries, shows the robustness of the negative covariance between the GDP and its deflator, but only over long run horizons. Through wavelet decomposition we evaluate the price–output relationship at different time scales, where most countries reveal similar patterns. More precisely, at short time scales a positive correlation seems to appear whereas, and consequently, a regime switch occurs at a time horizon of about two years leading to a negative relationship for higher horizons. These results seem to suggest that the negative or acyclical relationship usually found after the 1960s may be the composite effect of different time scale correlations, where the four-year-horizon component seems to have the greatest influence. In particular for Canada, France, and Italy we observe something like a rotation of the price–output relationship between the countercyclical and the procyclical relationship. Finally, our analysis shows that even the relationship between the two series does not seem to be very stable regarding the lead and lag structure also. The phase is nonlinear for all the countries and, consequently, the group delay (the lag) is not constant. In particular, looking at the time scale we observe an inversion of the local monotonicity at the frequency of about 0.3–0.35 for all G7 countries.

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16

Khangure, S. R., P. B. Noble, A. Sharma, P. Y. Chia, P. K. McFawn, and H. W. Mitchell. "Cyclical elongation regulates contractile responses of isolated airways." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 3 (September 2004): 913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00262.2004.

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Bronchoconstrictor responses are quantitatively different when they are evoked under static conditions and during or after periods of deep inspiration. In vivo, deep inspirations produce bronchodilation and protect the lung from subsequent bronchoconstriction (termed bronchoprotection). These effects may be due in part to dynamic stretch on airways produced by cyclical expansion of airway diameter. However, airways also lengthen cyclically during breathing. The effects of cyclical airway elongation on evoked bronchoconstriction have not been examined. This study recorded evoked contractions of pig bronchial segments 1) at different airway lengths, 2) after a period of cyclical lengthening in relaxed airways, and 3) during cyclical lengthening in pretoned airways. Airway segments were mounted in organ baths and bathed in Krebs solution luminally and on the adventitia. Airways were cyclically lengthened by 5–30% of their deflated length at 0.5–2 Hz for 5 min. Contractions were evoked by electrical field stimulation or carbachol and were recorded under isovolumic conditions. Under static conditions, there was a blunt relationship between length and response to electrical field stimulation. After a period of airway length cycling, electrical field stimulation-induced contractions were increased. In airways pretoned with carbachol, cyclical lengthening produced a transient bronchodilation and a sustained increase in contraction. Contractile responses were not blocked by indomethacin. The results show that isolated airways respond actively to dynamic changes in length. Our results indicate that cyclical lengthening of airways could contribute to lung function in vivo but does not appear to account for the phenomenon of bronchoprotection.

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17

Shen, Wei, and Richard J. Gentry. "A cyclical view of the relationship between corporate governance and strategic management." Journal of Management & Governance 18, no. 4 (November 5, 2012): 959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10997-012-9248-z.

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18

Moosa, Imad A. "The cyclical relationship between exports and output in the U.K.: 1885?1993." De Economist 144, no. 4 (December 1996): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01371943.

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19

FADILAH, Muhamad Rifki, Haryo KUNCORO, and K. Dianta A. SEBAYANG. "The Causal Relationship between Tourist Arrivals and Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.4(28).05.

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The main motivation behind this research because nowadays tourism becomes one of the major industries in Indonesia. However, literature on the causal relationship between the cyclical components of tourist arrivals and economic growth revealed inconclusive especially in the developing countries as Indonesia. This paper aims at investigating whether foreign tourist arrivals contribute to economic growth evidence from Indonesia over the period 2004 (1) – 2016 (12). Then, this research was applied the vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Afterwards, we exploited Hodrick-Prescott de-trending procedure to obtain cyclical components of tourist arrivals and economic growth. By using the test of Granger-causality, we found that causality running from tourist arrivals to economic growth. Furthermore, the VAR model shows that tourist arrivals were pro-cyclical to economic growth, implied that the increase of tourist arrivals promote the economic growth so that foreign tourist arrivals could be the key to escalate Indonesia’s economic growth in short term.

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20

Clark, J. Stephen, and K. K. Klein. "The Relationship Between Price Stabilization and Cycles in the Canadian Wheat Market." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 23, no. 1 (April 1994): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000037x.

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In this study, moving average price stabilization schemes were analyzed under the assumption of rational expectations. It was shown that moving average price schemes may induce cyclical behaviour into market prices where no cyclical pattern previously existed. Moving average price stabilization schemes are important to Canadian agricultural policy analysis because they are a characteristic of stabilization programs in Canada. Indeed, the Agricultural Stabilization Act, introduced in 1975, and the Gross Revenue Insurance Program, introduced in 1991, use moving average prices to calculate returns to producers.

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21

Dailey, René M., Lingzi Zhong, Rudy Pett, and Sarah Varga. "Post-dissolution ambivalence, breakup adjustment, and relationship reconciliation." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 37, no. 5 (February 18, 2020): 1604–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407520906014.

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Relational ambivalence is conceptualized as having conflicting thoughts and feelings toward one’s partner or relationship. The current study explored how ambivalence about an ex-partner in a post-dissolution stage was associated with breakup distress as well as reconciliation. The moderating role of whether the relationship had previously cycled through breakups and renewals (on-off) or not (non-cyclical) was also examined. The 275 participants completed an initial survey following their most recent breakup (within the past 30 days) and up to five monthly surveys. Analyses showed cognitive and emotional ambivalence were associated with greater breakup distress and a greater likelihood of relationship renewal. Additionally, although cyclical partners had slightly greater emotional, but not cognitive, ambivalence toward their former partners, relationship type did not moderate the associations between ambivalence and breakup distress or reconciliation. The findings provide insights on how ambivalence could be incorporated into research on post-dissolution experiences.

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22

Stevens, Ann H., Douglas L. Miller, Marianne E. Page, and Mateusz Filipski. "The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Understanding Pro-cyclical Mortality." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130057.

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It is well-known that mortality rates are pro-cyclical. In this paper, we attempt to understand why. We find little evidence that cyclical changes in individuals' own employment-related behavior drives the relationship; own-group employment rates are not systematically related to own-group mortality. Further, most additional deaths that occur when the economy is strong are among the elderly, particularly elderly women and those residing in nursing homes. We also demonstrate that staffing in nursing homes moves countercyclically. These findings suggest that cyclical fluctuations in the quality of health care may be a critical contributor to cyclical movements in mortality. (JEL E24, E32, I12, J16, L84)

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23

Pakko, Michael R. "The Cyclical Relationship between Output and Prices: An Analysis in the Frequency Domain." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 32, no. 3 (August 2000): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2601171.

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Stavárek, Daniel. "Cyclical Relationship Between Exchange Rates and Macro-Fundamentals in Central And Eastern Europe." Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja 26, no. 2 (January 2013): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2013.11517608.

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25

Vanlear, C. Arthur. "Testing a cyclical model of communicative openness in relationship development: Two longitudinal studies." Communication Monographs 58, no. 4 (December 1991): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637759109376235.

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NARBONE, LUIGI, and NATHALIE TOCCI. "Running around in circles? The cyclical relationship between Turkey and the European Union." Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 9, no. 3 (December 2007): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14613190701689886.

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27

Roesch-Knapp, Andrew. "The Cyclical Nature of Poverty: Evicting the Poor." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 3 (June 16, 2020): 839–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.12.

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From the medical field to the housing market to the criminal justice system, poor people must navigate labyrinthian organizations that often perpetuate social and economic inequality. Arguably it is through these social institutions, and through multiple processes embedded within each of these institutions, that the governance of urban poverty is effectively maintained. This essay revolves around one such process, examining how Matthew Desmondʼs Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (2016) points to the eviction process as an important producer of urban poverty in and of itself. After delving into housing law and Desmondʼs ethnographic and quantitative research methodologies, the essay examines four sites where the law is at work in eviction: the eviction court; the “law-on-the-books” versus the “law-in-action”; practices in the shadow of the law; and the relationship between the criminal justice system and the housing market. One goal of the essay is to place eviction within the law, punishment, and social inequality literatures.

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28

Sala-Ríos, Mercè, Mariona Farré-Perdiguer, and Teresa Torres-Solé. "Cooperative employment cycles in Spain. Does regional localization matter?" REVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos 136 (October 5, 2020): e71857. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/reve.71857.

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This paper presents a territorial analysis of the cooperatives within various Spanish regions. The purpose is threefold. The first objective is to investigate whether the cooperatives’ employment cycle shows a different relationship regarding the business cycle and whether this depends on the regional localization of the cooperatives. The second is to evaluate whether the greater the cooperative tradition, the greater the decoupling between business cycle and cooperatives’ cyclical phases. The third objective is to find out if, within the different Spanish regions, those cooperatives that survived the 2008 crisis share some common patterns. Our results show that (1) more than 50% of the regions achieve a medium degree of a pro-cyclical relationship and that only a small group of regions presents a counter-cyclical relationship; (2) the cooperatives' employment exhibits a certain degree of resilience; and (3) the cooperatives that survived the crisis were mature, small-sized firms with adequate financial ratios but with a negative profit margin.

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Konoval, Timothy, Jim Denison, and Joseph Mills. "The cyclical relationship between physiology and discipline: one endurance running coach’s experiences problematizing disciplinary practices." Sports Coaching Review 8, no. 2 (June 26, 2018): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2018.1487632.

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Reeves, Andrew. "Diversity in practice, diversity in research: The importance of the cyclical relationship between the two." Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 11, no. 3 (September 2011): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733145.2011.606664.

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Natalizia, Gabriele, and Marco Valigi. "From Reset to Restart: The US-Russia Cyclical Relationship in the Post-Cold War Era." International Spectator 55, no. 3 (May 4, 2020): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2020.1745438.

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32

Moudud-Ul-Huq, Syed, Md Nazmul Islam, Abdul Gaffar Khan, Md Rostam Ali, Tanmay Biswas, and Brishti Chakrabarty. "Does business cycle heterogeneously impact on banks’ capital buffers, risk and financial stability in BRIC economies?" International Journal of Financial Engineering 07, no. 04 (November 28, 2020): 2050032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786320500322.

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This paper revisited the relationship between capital buffers and risk adjustments by showing the impact of the business cycle. Empirically, we used an unbalanced panel dataset from 426 banks of the BRIC countries (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, and China) for the period 2007–2016. By using the two-step system GMM (2GMM), this study shows the results as: (i) capital buffers of Russia, India, and China behave counter-cyclically while it is pro-cyclical for Brazilian banks over the business cycle; (ii) in BRIC’s economy, credit risk, and bank financial stability is related to business cycle in counter and pro-cyclical fashion, respectively; (iii) capital buffers adjustment speed is the premier in China and India, shining banks accessibility to capital refill is much easier to Brazil and Russia. The adjustment speed is heterogeneous across countries; and (iv) financial stability in apex for the Chinese, Russian, and Indian banks apart from the Brazilian banks.

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Barrell, Ray, Amanda Choy, and Rebecca Riley. "Consumption and Housing Wealth in the UK." National Institute Economic Review 186 (October 2003): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010300100109.

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Consumption behaviour in the UK is frequently seen as different from that in other countries. The relationship between the housing market and consumption is discussed at length in HM Treasury (2003). The housing market, which has been particularly cyclically volatile in the past 30 years, has contributed to cycles in consumption through its impact on housing wealth. Increased house prices increase the value of assets held, and impact on consumption, making the economy more cyclical. There is a clear relationship between the level of real financial plus housing net wealth as a proportion of income and the savings ratio (excluding adjustment for changes in net equity of households in pension funds), as can be seen from chart 1, where we plot the stock of total net assets over the flow of income to indicate just how much ‘cover’ the personal sector has on its current commitments. When wealth rises, for instance because real asset prices have risen, then individuals find themselves with more assets than they need and increase their consumption in order to return their assets to their equilibrium ratio to income. Clearly this process is not instantaneous, but cycles in wealth driven by house prices could have contributed to the cyclical nature of overall demand in the UK in the past 30 years.

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Magazzino, Cosimo. "Fiscal variables and growth convergence in the ECOWAS." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-03-2015-0032.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship among fiscal variables (net lending, government expenditure and revenue) and economic growth in Sub-Saharan African countries. Design/methodology/approach – Using yearly data for the period between 1980 and 2011 in 15 Economic Communities Of West African States (ECOWAS) countries, the relationship among fiscal variables, economic growth and trade is investigated, through various econometric techniques. Findings – Government expenditure and revenue show pro-cyclical effects in West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and ECOWAS countries, while fiscal balance has a pro-cyclical nature for WAEMU during the years 1999-2011. Moreover, a weak long-run relationship between government expenditure and revenue emerge, but only in the case of West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) countries. Granger causality analysis showed mixed results for WAEMU countries, while for four out of six WAMZ countries (Gambia, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone) the “tax-and-spend” hypothesis holds, since government revenue would drive the expenditure. Finally, in the last three decades, cyclical component of economic growth has reduced its fluctuations, both for WAEMU and WAMZ member States. Originality/value – This is the first study on the effects of fiscal policies in the ECOWAS countries.

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Stepanov, Igor. "The Triple Product Rule is Incorrect." Indian Journal of Advanced Mathematics 1, no. 2 (October 10, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijam.b1102.101221.

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The triple product rule, also known as the cyclic chain rule, cyclic relation, cyclical rule or Euler's chain rule, relates the partial derivatives of three interdependent variables, and often finds application in thermodynamics. It is shown here that its derivation is wrong, and that this rule is not correct; hence, the Mayer's relation and the heat capacity ratio, which describe the difference between isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, are also untrue. Also, the relationship linking thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility is wrong. These results are confirmed by many experiments and by the previous theoretical findings of the author.

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Huart, Florence. "Is Fiscal Policy Procyclical in the Euro Area?" German Economic Review 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12000.

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Abstract We test the relationship between the cyclically adjusted primary balance and alternative indicators of cyclical conditions for the euro area and 18 OECD countries over the period 1970-2009. A countercyclical stance of discretionary fiscal policy is found during bad times after 1999 in the euro area as a whole and in a few member countries only (France, Ireland and The Netherlands). It is also associated with high public deficits or low public debts. There is no significant case of procyclical fiscal policy after 1999, neither in good times nor in bad times.

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Laverty, W. H., and I. W. Kelly. "Cyclical Calendar and Lunar Patterns in Automobile Property Accidents and Injury Accidents." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 1 (February 1998): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.1.299.

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Nine years of traffic accidents involving damage to property (n = 246,926 accidents) and involving nonfatal injury ( n = 50,492) in Saskatchewan were examined by regression and spectral analyses. Both calendar and seasonal periodicities were found in both sets of data. After data were adjusted for calendar effects, no relationship was found with the total or half synodic and anomalistic lunar cycles or between the waxing and waning synodic cycle. No sudden change on the day of the full moon or surrounding days was found.

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Liu, Jiaqian. "Bank’s Regulatory Capital Buffer and Counter-cyclical Behavior - Empirical Analysis Based on China’s 18 Com- mercial Banks." International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration 2, no. 4 (2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.24.1001.

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This paper estimates the relationship between the Chinese business cycle and the regulatory capital buffers of China’s commercial banks, conducts empirical tests by using an unbalanced panel of 18 listed Chinese banks for the period 2005–2014. The results show that in China there is a robustly significant negative relationship between the economic cycle and bank capital buffers. Insignificance of coefficient of the total amount of loans shows that China’s commercial banks holding more capital buffer do not necessarily lead to a “credit crunch” phenomenon. Positive significant asset coefficient indicates the larger the size of the assets, the more inclined for China banks to hold more capital buffers, which is incompatible with “too big to fall” theory. The relationship between the loan loss provisions and capital buffers is not significant and this caused by Chinese commercial bank’s balance between the profit and cost perspective.

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Du, Juan, and Takeshi Yagihashi. "Health Care Use, Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, and Macroeconomic Conditions during the Great Recession." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 119–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2014-0016.

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Abstract We study how macroeconomic conditions during the Great Recession affected health care utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures of American households. We use two data sources: the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); each has its own advantages. The CE contains quarterly frequency variables, and the SIPP provides panel data at the individual level. Consistent evidence across the two datasets shows that utilization of routine medical care was counter-cyclical, whereas hospital care was pro-cyclical during the Great Recession. When we examine the pre-recession period, the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health care use was either non-existent or in opposite directions, suggesting that this relationship may have been unique to the Great Recession.

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Hultquist, Philip. "Is collective repression an effective counterinsurgency technique? Unpacking the cyclical relationship between repression and civil conflict." Conflict Management and Peace Science 34, no. 5 (October 5, 2015): 507–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894215604972.

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Research on the relationship between civil conflict and repression has led to one conclusion—the law-like finding that states respond to internal challengers with repression—and one puzzle with competing hypotheses—whether state repression escalates civil conflict or not. Studies of repression’s effect on conflict dynamics have been limited to case studies and subnational designs, which limits the external validity of the arguments. Studies of conflict’s effect on repression have treated conflict as a control variable without taking into account the inherent endogeneity between internal conflict and state repression. This article contributes by providing a general, cross-national study of repression’s effect on conflict, and vice versa, for external validity. Results of simultaneous equation models demonstrate that both directions of the relationship between state repression and conflict are positive and significant—suggesting a cyclical relationship—while single equation models with a lag structure establish that the effect of repression on conflict is greater than the reverse.

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MEULLENET, J.-F. C., J. A. CARPENTER, B. G. LYON, and C. E. LYON. "BI-CYCLICAL INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSING TEXTURE PROFILE PARAMETERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SENSORY EVALUATION OF TEXTURE." Journal of Texture Studies 28, no. 1 (April 1997): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1997.tb00104.x.

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Martin, W. Gary, and Dawn Berk. "The Cyclical Relationship Between Research and Standards: The Case of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics." School Science and Mathematics 101, no. 6 (October 2001): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2001.tb17964.x.

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Askew, G. N., and R. L. Marsh. "Optimal shortening velocity (V/Vmax) of skeletal muscle during cyclical contractions: length-force effects and velocity-dependent activation and deactivation." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 1527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.10.1527.

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The force-velocity relationship has frequently been used to predict the shortening velocity that muscles should use to generate maximal net power output. Such predictions ignore other well-characterized intrinsic properties of the muscle, such as the length-force relationship and the kinetics of activation and deactivation (relaxation). We examined the effects of relative shortening velocity on the maximum net power output (over the entire cycle) of mouse soleus muscle, using sawtooth strain trajectories over a range of cycle frequencies. The strain trajectory was varied such that the proportion of the cycle spent shortening was 25, 50 or 75 % of the total cycle duration. A peak isotonic power output of 167 W kg-1 was obtained at a relative shortening velocity (V/Vmax) of 0.22. Over the range of cyclical contractions studied, the optimal V/Vmax for power production ranged almost fourfold from 0.075 to 0.30, with a maximum net power output of 94 W kg-1. The net power output increased as the proportion of the cycle spent shortening increased. Under conditions where the strain amplitude was high (i.e. low cycle frequencies and strain trajectories where the proportion of time spent shortening was greater than that spent lengthening), the effects of the length-force relationship reduced the optimal V/Vmax below that predicted from the force-velocity curve. At high cycle frequencies and also for strain trajectories with brief shortening periods, higher rates of activation and deactivation with increased strain rate shifted the optimal V/Vmax above that predicted from the force-velocity relationship. Thus, the force-velocity relationship alone does not accurately predict the optimal V/Vmax for maximum power production in muscles that operate over a wide range of conditions (e.g. red muscle of fish). The change in the rates of activation and deactivation with increasing velocity of stretch and shortening, respectively, made it difficult to model force accurately on the basis of the force-velocity and length-force relationships and isometric activation and deactivation kinetics. The discrepancies between the modelled and measured forces were largest at high cycle frequencies.

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Hay, Dean C., Mark P. Wachowiak, and Ryan B. Graham. "Evaluating the Relationship Between Muscle Activation and Spine Kinematics Through Wavelet Coherence." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 5 (October 2016): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0334.

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Advances in time-frequency analysis can provide new insights into the important, yet complex relationship between muscle activation (ie, electromyography [EMG]) and motion during dynamic tasks. We use wavelet coherence to compare a fundamental cyclical movement (lumbar spine flexion and extension) to the surface EMG linear envelope of 2 trunk muscles (lumbar erector spinae and internal oblique). Both muscles cohere to the spine kinematics at the main cyclic frequency, but lumbar erector spinae exhibits significantly greater coherence than internal oblique to kinematics at 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 Hz. Coherence phase plots of the 2 muscles exhibit different characteristics. The lumbar erector spinae precedes trunk extension at 0.25 Hz, whereas internal oblique is in phase with spine kinematics. These differences may be due to their proposed contrasting functions as a primary spine mover (lumbar erector spinae) versus a spine stabilizer (internal oblique). We believe that this method will be useful in evaluating how a variety of factors (eg, pain, dysfunction, pathology, fatigue) affect the relationship between muscles’ motor inputs (ie, activation measured using EMG) and outputs (ie, the resulting joint motion patterns).

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Szarowská, Irena. "Relationship between government spending and economic growth in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070415.

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This article aims to provide direct empirical evidence on business cycle relations between government spending and economic growth in the Czech Republic. Government spending plays an important role in a fiscal policy as a possible automatic stabilizer. We analyzed annual data on government spending in compliance with the COFOG international standard. We use cross-correlation on cyclically filtered adjusted time series over the period 1995–2008. The cyclical properties of GDP and government spending function were, in average, found as weakly correlated. However, we report considerable differences in correlations across the spending functions. The lowest correlation coefficient (0.06) was found for recreation, culture and religion and the highest average was reported for economic affairs (−0.51). As regards to using government spending as the stabilizer, total government spending, general public services, defense, economic affairs and education spending were negative correlated and it confirms countercyclical relation between these spending functions and GDP. It is in line with theory suggestion. On the other hand, the highest spending function (social protection) correlated weak positive and it expresses procyclical development.The results of Johansen cointegration test proved the existence of long-run relationship between GDP and total government spending, GDP and public order and safety spending and GDP and economic affairs spending.

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Artikis, Panayiotis. "Economic Spread and Market Value: The Case of Listed Companies in Greece." Journal of International Business and Economy 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2007): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2007.1.4.

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The present article aims to evaluate the relationship between economic spread and market value for all firms, except financials, listed in the Athens Stock Exchange over the period 2000~2004. Specifically, this relationship was examined both on a whole market and on an industry basis. The sample firms were classified into six industries, namely consumer cyclical, basic materials, consumer non-cyclical, industrial, technology, and communications. In doing so a regression analysis was performed having economic spread as the independent variable and the ratio of market value over the invested capital as the dependent variable. Economic spread is defined as the difference between the return on invested capital and the weighted average cost of capital and indicates the net return a firm achieves for the capital it uses in its operations. Market value of a firm is defined as the sum of the market value of equity plus the market value of debt. The results for the whole market showed that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between economic spread and market value in 66.67% of the cases. On the industry basis the results showed a positive relationship between the two variables in all sectors except the technology one.

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Arabaci, Özer, and Rabihan Arabaci. "A flexible nonlinear inference to Okun’s law for Turkish economy in the last decade." Panoeconomicus 65, no. 5 (2018): 569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan130913026a.

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The study applies the flexible nonlinear inference approach of James D. Hamilton (2001) to investigate the relationship between cyclical components of unemployment and output in the Turkish economy where the unemployment rate remains at double digits despite the relatively stable economic environment over the last decade. The paper shows that economic expansion and contraction terms have an asymmetric effect on cyclical unemployment in Turkey. Moreover, the study identifies a specific range for the output gap level at which jobless growth pattern occurs in the Turkish economy. According to our findings, contrary to standard literature, cyclical component of unemployment does not decrease even though cyclical component of output is positive and increases in the middle stages of the upswing phase of the economy. This result may also indicate that the employers are reluctant to extend employment and alter into informalization for reasons such as over-valued domestic currency, surplus labour force and/or any rigid regulatory frameworks in the middle stages of the expansion phase of the economy. However, they become eager to expand employment and renounce informalization only after a certain rate of economic growth is achieved.

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Rupani, Nawaz, Mona Massoud, Sajeer Bhura, and Neeraj Kaplish. "1246 Resolution of Cyclical Ventricular Ectopy with ASV Therapy in a Patient with Cheyne-Stokes Respirations." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1240.

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Abstract Introduction Nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias, ranging from ventricular ectopy to heart blocks, have been commonly reported in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Potential mechanisms for these rhythm disturbances include OSA-associated hypoxemia, arousal trigger increased sympathetic activity and alterations in intrathoracic pressures leading to cardiac mechanical structural changes. A beneficial effect of CPAP treatment on rhythm abnormalities in patients with obstructive sleep apnea has also been demonstrated. However, the relationship of cardiac arrhythmias and central sleep apnea is not well established. Report of Case We report an 82-year-old male with CAD and Atrial fibrillation s/p PPM who presented for management of his sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Upon review, his original sleep studies performed at an outside facility revealed obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes Respirations. The patient presented to us on treatment with an auto-adjusting PAP (APAP) of 7-15 cmH2O with an average delivered pressure of 12 cmH2O. A re-titration study was recommended and demonstrated persistent central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing despite treatment with CPAP 12-18 cmH2O. During this time, EKG monitoring revealed an atrial paced rhythm with frequent premature ventricular beats (PVBs) which occurred in a cyclical pattern. After initiation of Adaptive Servo-Ventilation (ASV), periodic breathing was well controlled and cyclical ventricular ectopy had completely resolved. Conclusion Although CPAP therapy has been shown to improve nocturnal arrhythmias in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, the same relationship, to our knowledge, has not been reported in patients with central sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes breathing. This case demonstrates the improvement of cyclical ventricular ectopy with ASV therapy.

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MORRIS, EMILY. "Cuba's new relationship with foreign capital: economic policy-making since 1990." Journal of Latin American Studies 40, no. 4 (November 2008): 769–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x08004756.

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AbstractThis article attempts to analyse the nature of Cuban policymaking during the period of economic ‘adjustment’ since the collapse of the Soviet bloc by focusing on one aspect: the opening to foreign capital. It outlines the widely-accepted characterisation of policy as a cyclical process and identifies the assumptions about the policy-making process that underlie it. Citing data on the changes in economic conditions and the sequencing of policy towards foreign capital in the post-1990 period, it suggests that policy-making can be better understood as an evolutionary process. This conclusion has implications for the way in which we understand the renewed wave of reforms launched in March 2008.

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Nejadihassan, Sanaz, and Ali Arabmofrad. "A Review of Relationship between Self-regulation and Reading Comprehension." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 4 (April 5, 2016): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0604.22.

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Over the past three decades, researchers have found that motivational variables have an effective role in language skills and in academic achievement and success (Khajavi & Abbasian, 2013). An attempt was made in the present research to review the relationship between self-regulation as one of the motivational variables and reading comprehension. Moreover, the present paper is organized in the way that some of the significant notions of self-regulation and cyclical phases, and some models of self-regulated learning Pintrich’s model and characteristics of self-regulated learners will be explained. Then, the notion of reading comprehension and different purposes of reading will be defined. Finally, some empirical studies on the relationship between self-regulation and reading comprehension will be elaborated.

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