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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyclisme'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 March 2025

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1

Van Reeth, Daam. "Les finances des équipes cyclistes professionnelles." Revue d'économie financière N° 154, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.154.0179.

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Bien que les courses cyclistes se gagnent individuellement, les organisateurs des courses invitent des équipes, et non des coureurs individuels, à leurs épreuves. Par conséquent, les cyclistes professionnels doivent faire partie d’équipes cyclistes pour se garantir l’accès aux courses les intéressant. Ce chapitre se concentre sur les finances des équipes cyclistes. D’abord, l’auteur montre comment les budgets des équipes professionnelles de cyclisme sur route ont considérablement augmenté au cours des vingt dernières années. Ensuite, les coûts d’une équipe cycliste (par exemple, les salaires des coureurs, la logistique) et les sources de revenus (par exemple, le sponsoring , les prix) sont discutés en détail. Classification JEL :

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2

Cropper, Corry, and Daryl Lee. "Cyclisme Communard." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 49, no. 3-4 (2021): 516–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncf.2021.0023.

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3

Seznec, J. C. "Toxicomanie et cyclisme professionnel." Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique 160, no. 1 (February 2002): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4487(01)00133-0.

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4

Green, Samantha, Peter Sakuls, and Sarah Levitt. "Le cyclisme pour la santé." Canadian Family Physician 67, no. 10 (October 2021): e280-e284. http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6710e280.

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5

Dumont, Pascal. "Le cyclisme : le mécanisme refoulé." Cités 7, no. 3 (2001): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cite.007.0079.

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6

Kintz, Pascal, Marion Villain, and Vincent Cirimele. "Cyclisme et hypnotiques (zolpidem) : incompatibles ?" Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 20, no. 4 (2008): 181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata/2009019.

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7

Léonard, J. C. "Pathologie du périnée et cyclisme." Science & Sports 14, no. 5 (September 1999): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(00)88250-7.

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8

Fourreau, Éric. "Un acteur-clé du cyclisme." PANARD 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pan.006.0070.

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9

Dauncey, Hugh. "Dictionnaire du cyclisme. Par Alexandre Roos." French Studies 70, no. 4 (August 21, 2016): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knw215.

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10

Quintyn, Gérard. "Aspects de la récupération en cyclisme sur piste." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 27, no. 1 (2000): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.2000.1547.

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11

Grappe, Frédéric, Agnès Groslambert, C. Beaulieu, and Jean-Denis Rouillon. "Quantification subjective de la charge d'entraînement en cyclisme." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 33, no. 1 (2002): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.2002.1706.

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12

Conord, Fabien. "Le cyclisme en guerre froide, mythes et réalités." Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains N°277, no. 1 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gmcc.277.0045.

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13

Belluye, N., and M. Cid. "Approche biomécanique du cyclisme moderne, données de la littérature." Science & Sports 16, no. 2 (2001): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(01)00049-1.

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14

Lentillon-Kaestner, Vanessa, and Christophe Brissonneau. "Appropriation progressive de la culture du dopage dans le cyclisme." Déviance et Société 33, no. 4 (2009): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ds.334.0519.

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15

Trabal, Patrick, and Pascal Duret. "Le dopage dans le cyclisme professionnel : accusations, confessions et dénégations." Staps 60, no. 1 (2003): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sta.060.0059.

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16

Robinson, Neil, Patrice Mangin, Léon Schattenberg, and Martial Saugy. "Origine du suivi hématologique: Les contrôles hématocrites dans le cyclisme." Revue Française des Laboratoires 2003, no. 350 (February 2003): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0338-9898(03)80390-6.

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17

Delextrat, Anne, Thierry Bernard, Christophe Hausswirth, Fabrice Vercruyssen, and Jeanick Brisswalter. "Port de combinaison et depense energétique lors d'un enchaînement natation-cyclisme." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h03-026.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of swimming with a wetsuit on energy expenditure during subsequent cycling. Nine well-trained triathletes underwent three submaximal trials. The first trial (SC) consisted of a 750-m swim realised at a competition pace, followed by a 10-min cycling exercise at a power output corresponding to the ventilatory threshold +5%. The two other trials were composed of the same cycling exercise, preceded either by a 750-m swim with a wetsuit (WSC) or by a cycling warm-up (Ctrl). The main results are that the WSC trial was characterised by significantly lower swimming cadence (−14%), heart rate (−11%), and lactate values (−47%) compared to the SC trial, p < 0.05. Moreover, cycling efficiency was significantly higher in the WSC trial compared to the SC trial (12.1% difference, p < 0.05). The lower relative intensity observed during swimming with a wetsuit suggest the relative importance of swimming condition on the total performance in a sprint triathlon. Key words: triathlon, energy cost, cycling efficiency, locomotion

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18

Fincoeur, Bertrand. "L’instrumentalisation de l’éthique dans la lutte antidopage en cyclisme sur route." Movement & Sport Sciences 92, no. 2 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sm.092.0049.

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19

Fincoeur, Bertrand. "L’instrumentalisation de l’éthique dans la lutte antidopage en cyclisme sur route." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 92 (July 3, 2015): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2015015.

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20

Hue, Olivier, Alain Marc Boussana, Daniel Le Gallais, Didier Chollet, and Christian Préfaut. "Spécificités ventilatoires de l'enchaînement cyclisme-course à pied chez des triathlètes." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 24, no. 1 (1999): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1999.1439.

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21

Hurcombe, Martin. "Le Véloce-Sport et l’invention de la culture cycliste." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v10.n2.2021.442.

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FR. Publié entre 1885 et 1897, Le Véloce-Sport de Bordeaux faisait figure de chef de proue parmi les revues vélocipédiques françaises de la fin du XIXe siècle. En tant que la voix de l’Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF), cet hebdomadaire en devint par la suite son organe national officiel. Alors que certaines analyses de l’histoire du sport en France se sont penchées sur ce rapport avec l’UVF pour mieux comprendre l’évolution de cette dernière, on a plutôt négligé l’analyse des pratiques journalistiques chez Le Véloce-Sport. Une lecture plus attentive de ce dernier offre le spectacle d’une culture sportive en voie de développement et illustre donc le rôle fondamental du journalisme sportif, ainsi que celui de ses lecteurs, dans la construction de cette culture. Notre analyse se portera sur la rubrique « À travers route » et sur les articles publiés sous celle-ci entre 1885 et 1889. À la différence de la plupart d’autres rubriques, « À travers route » encourage le lecteur-cycliste de devenir cycliste-écrivain en lui invitant de raconter ses périples à vélo ; elle permet donc de mieux comprendre la contribution du cycliste-écrivain à la conceptualisation et à la représentation de la vélocipédie ainsi qu’à une culture cycliste nationale en voie de développement. Notre analyse se portera sur deux aspects de ce phénomène qu’on trouve dans les récits des écrivains-cyclistes : la représentation du temps et de l’espace traversés à vélo et l’élaboration du personnage qui les traverse (le véloceman). Écrire le cyclisme devient ainsi une façon d’afficher son appartenance à cette culture cycliste émergeante en France de l’époque tout en contribuant à sa construction et à son élaboration. *** EN. Published between 1885 and 1897, the Bordeaux-based Le Véloce-Sport was a leading figure amongst French cycling reviews of the late nineteenth century. As the voice of the Union Vélocipédique Française (UVF), this weekly subsequently became its official national publication. While some sport historians have highlighted its relationship with the UVF in order to better understand the latter’s development, scholars have largely failed to analyse the journalistic practices of Le Véloce-Sport itself. A closer reading of the latter offers the spectacle of a developing sports culture and therefore illustrates the fundamental role of sports journalism, as well as the part played by its readers, in the construction of this culture. This study will focus on one section from the review (« À travers route » [Along the road]) and the articles published in it between 1885 and 1889. Unlike most other sections of Le Véloce-Sport, « À travers route » encourages the cyclist-reader to become a cyclist-writer by inviting the latter to recount his cycling adventures. It thus allows us to better understand the contribution of a broad range of cycling-writers to the conceptualisation and representation of cycling and to a developing national cycling culture. Our analysis will focus on two aspects of this phenomenon through the examination of the submissions by the readers of Le Véloce-Sport: the representation of time and space traversed whilst cycling and the elaboration of the character who traverses these (the véloceman). Writing about cycling thus becomes a means of signalling one’s adherence to the emerging cycling culture of the time whilst helping to build and elaborate it. *** PT. Publicada entre 1885 e 1897, Le Véloce-Sport de Bordeaux impôs-se como a principal revista velocipédica francesa do final do século XIX. Enquanto voz da União Velocipédica Francesa (UVF), o hebdomadário viria a se tornar, mais tarde, seu órgão nacional oficial. Enquanto alguns estudos da história do esporte na França se concentraram nessa relação com a UVF para apreender sua evolução, a análise das próprias práticas jornalísticas na Le Véloce-Sport tem sido negligenciada. Uma leitura mais atenta dessa revista revela o espetáculo de uma cultura esportiva em desenvolvimento, ilustrando o papel fundamental do jornalismo esportivo, e de seus leitores, na construção dessa cultura. Analisamos aqui a coluna “À travers route” e os artigos nela publicados entre 1885 e 1889. Ao contrário da maioria das outras colunas, “À travers route” incentiva o leitor-ciclista a se tornar um ciclista-escritor, convidando-o a contar suas aventuras de bicicleta, proporcionando uma melhor compreensão da contribuição do ciclista-escritor para a conceituação e representação da velocipédica e para uma cultura ciclística francesa em desenvolvimento. Nossa análise foca mais especificamente em dois aspectos desse fenômeno nas narrativas dos escritores-escritores: a representação do tempo e do espaço percorridos de bicicleta; e a elaboração do personagem que os atravessa (o véloceman ou “homem-velocidade”). Escrever sobre ciclismo torna-se assim uma forma de assumir e de manifestar seu pertencimento à cultura do ciclismo emergente na França da época, ao mesmo tempo em que contribui para sua construção e seu desenvolvimento. ***

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22

Aubel, Olivier. "Précarité économique et dérive des comportements : l'exemple du dopage dans le cyclisme." Le journal de l'école de Paris du management 111, no. 1 (2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/jepam.111.0038.

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23

Nuytens, Williams. "Brissonneau Christophe, Aubel Olivier, Ohl Fabien, L’épreuve du dopage. Sociologie du cyclisme professionnel." Recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques 40, no. 2 (October 15, 2009): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rsa.169.

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24

Lepers, Isabelle. "Étiologie et cinétique d'apparition de la fatigue neuromusculaire lors d'exercices prolongés de cyclisme." Science & Motricité, no. 52 (2004): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sm.052.0083.

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25

Millet, Grégoire. "[b]Pédaler[/b] ou courir ? Différences physiologiques entre cyclisme et course à pied." Revue Médicale Suisse 5, no. 212 (2009): 1564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53738/revmed.2009.5.212.1564.

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26

Litou, Arnaud, and Bryan Boronat. "Entretien avec Arnaud LITOU, manager de la performance paralympique à l’Agence nationale du sport." ErgOThérapies 94 (July 2024): 33–36. https://doi.org/10.60856/x1yr-sp79.

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Arnaud Litou est manager de la performance paralympique à l’Agence nationale du sport (ANS), en France, depuis deux ans. Son parcours est assez atypique : après avoir été passionné de sport, il s’est installé au Canada pendant dix-huit ans, où il fut d’abord entraîneur (auprès d’athlètes en individuel), puis vacataire pour la Fédération canadienne de cyclisme. Investi dans les championnats du monde de paracyclisme organisés au Canada, il en prend ensuite la direction et se forme autour du projet paralympique. De retour en France, il devient manager de la performance paralympique et travaille actuellement pour les Jeux olympiques de Paris 2024. Nous avons souhaité le rencontrer pour échanger sur cette expérience unique.

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27

Cabaud, Benjamin, Nicolas Scelles, and Aurélien François. "L’intensité compétitive appliquée au cyclisme : modélisation et impacts potentiels sur l’organisation des courses professionnelles." Staps 116, no. 2 (2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sta.116.0043.

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28

Delextrat, A., T. Bernard, F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter. "Influence des caractéristiques de la natation sur la performance lors d’un enchaînement natation–cyclisme." Science & Sports 18, no. 4 (August 2003): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(03)00147-3.

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29

Lepers, Romuald, A. X. Bigard, Christophe Hausswirth, and Charles-Yannick Guézennec. "Modélisation de la transition natation-cyclisme en laboratoire, effet sur la cinétique du lactate." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 20, no. 1 (1997): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1997.1299.

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30

Brissonneau, Christophe, and Fabien Ohl. "Effets des politiques antidopages en cyclisme sur route en 2009. Le cas de la France." Movement & Sport Sciences 92, no. 2 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sm.092.0045.

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31

Brissonneau, Christophe, and Fabien Ohl. "Effets des politiques antidopages en cyclisme sur route en 2009. Le cas de la France." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 92 (July 3, 2015): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2015014.

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32

Brissonneau, Christophe. "Le dopage dans le cyclisme professionnel au milieu des années 1990 : une reconstruction des valeurs sportives." Déviance et Société 31, no. 2 (2007): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ds.312.0129.

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33

Marles, Alexandre. "Effets d'un entraînement combiné (cyclisme et course) sur la performance aérobie chez des athlètes de fond." Science & Motricité, no. 59 (2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sm.059.0047.

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34

Lepers, R., AX Bigard, C. Hausswirth, and CY Guezennec. "Modélisation de l'enchaînement natation-cyclisme d'un triathlon en laboratoire. Influence sur la cinétique de la lactatémie." Science & Sports 10, no. 3 (January 1995): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0765-1597(96)89359-2.

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35

Schena, F., C. Dall'ovo, F. Guerrini, and P. Tregnaghi. "Incidences de l'entraînement au triathlon sur la performance maximale en natation, cyclisme et course à pied." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 20, no. 1 (1997): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1997.1294.

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36

Quintyn, Gérard. "Témoignage de Gérard Quintyn - Entraîneur national de cyclisme sur piste. Responsable du pôle France à l'INSEP." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 21, no. 1 (1997): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1997.1340.

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37

Quintyn, Gérard. "Témoignage de Gérard Quintyn - Entraîneur national de cyclisme sur piste. Responsable du pôle France à l'INSEP." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 21, no. 1 (1997): 210–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1997.1351.

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38

Lehénaff, Didier, Christophe Hausswirth, Patrick Dréano, and K. Savonen. "Incidence du « drafting » en cyclisme sur la performance en course à pied, au cours d'un triathlon." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 24, no. 1 (1999): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1999.1446.

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39

Chabrier, Michel. "Témoignage de Michel Chabrier - Entraîneur de cyclisme et d'athlétisme (lancer du disque) chargé de la préparation physique." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 21, no. 1 (1997): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.1997.1341.

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40

Nesi, Xavier, P. Pelayo, Serge Berthoin, Frédéric Maton, and Patrick Bacquaert. "Intérêt pratique de la composante lente de VO2 en cyclisme chez des sujets non entraînés en endurance." Les Cahiers de l'INSEP 33, no. 1 (2002): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/insep.2002.1699.

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41

Dela Cruz, Francis Jose, Wilfredo Dalugdog, and Mario Briones. "Safety Awareness of Cyclists in the Province of Laguna, Philippines." International Review of Social Sciences Research 3, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352959.

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This study aims to document the cyclists’ safety awareness in the province of Laguna, Philippines in terms of cycling safety gears, bike maintenance, cyclist hand signals, and road signage. The descriptive research design was utilized using a self-made survey questionnaire distributed conveniently to 126 cyclist-respondents within the province. The data was interpreted and analyzed using basic, item analysis, and Pearson correlation. The survey found that cyclists are most aware of the majority of the indicators, but are more aware of some of the indicators used for cyclist safety gear, bike maintenance, and road signage. Likewise, it becomes easy for the cyclists to ask the cyclists hand signals, except the two items. It was observed that the civil status, medical health condition, cycling per hour, bike availability, cycling objectives and cycling related accidents of the cyclist – respondents have significant relationship to the cycling safety awareness.

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42

WALDZINSKI, CEZARY, ALEKSANDRA DURZYNSKA, TOMASZ WALDZINSKI, and KAZIMIERZ KOCHANOWICZ. "An accident right before the finish of the first stage of the 77th edition of the Tour de Pologne – legal characterisation of the accident through the prism of criminal law." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity Supplement 1, no. 13 (September 30, 2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.2021.suppl.1.07.

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On August 5, 2020 the first of five stages of the 77th edition of the Tour de Pologne took place. In the final meters of the first stage of the race around Poland, an unfortunate accident occurred. Jumbo-Visma rider, Dylan Groenewegen, who fought for the victory, deviated from his line and by going to the right prevented Fabio Jakobsen from riding and finishing the race. As a result, the Deceuninck-Quick-Step cyclist hit the barriers at high speed and suffered very serious injuries. Fabio Jakobsen, a talented cyclist, was taken to hospital in a severe condition. One of the judges who stood nearby and handled the photocell as well as numerous cyclists from the peloton were also seriously injured. By the commissaires’ panel decision Dylan Groenewegen was disqualified and excluded from further competition. The Union Cycliste Internationale considered the cyclist’s behaviour unacceptable and referred the matter to the Disciplinary Commission, to request the imposition of sanctions commensurate with the seriousness of the facts. It will be extremely difficult to determine that the injuries suffered by Fabio Jakobsen in the crash at the finish of the first stage of the 77th Tour de Pologne were caused under the conditions of sport risk justification.

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43

Shahraki, Farideh Foroozandeh, Ali Pour Yazdanpanah, Emma E. Regentova, and Venkatesan Muthukumar. "A Trajectory Based Method of Automatic Counting of Cyclist in Traffic Video Data." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 26, no. 04 (August 2017): 1750015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213017500154.

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Due to the growing number of cyclist accidents on urban roads, methods for collecting information on cyclists are of significant importance to the Department of Transportation. The collected information provides insights into solving critical problems related to transportation planning, implementing safety countermeasures, and managing traffic flow efficiently. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) employs automated tools to collect traffic information from traffic video data. One of the important factors that influence cyclists safety is their counts. In comparison to other road users, such as cars and pedestrians, the automated cyclist data collection is relatively a new research area. In this work, we develop a vision-based method for gathering cyclist count data at intersections and road segments. We implement a robust cyclist detection method based on a combination of classification features. We implement a multi-object tracking method based on the Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) in cooperation with the bipartite graph matching algorithm to track multiple cyclists. Then, a trajectory rebuilding method and a trajectory comparison model are applied to refine the accuracy of tracking and counting. The proposed method is the first cyclist counting method, that has the ability to count cyclists under different movement patterns. The trajectory data obtained can be further utilized for cyclist behavioral modeling and safety analysis.

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44

Kassim, Ali, Karim Ismail, and Shawn McGuire. "Operational Evaluation of Central Sharrows and Dooring Zone Treatment on Road User Behavior in Ottawa, Canada." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 36 (July 15, 2018): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118787092.

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The purpose of this study is to determine how new pavement markings (central sharrows and indication of “dooring zone”) influence cyclist and motorist interactions and positioning, especially with respect to the distance cyclists travel from the parking edge line. The markings are designed to discourage cyclists from riding in the dooring-zone area and to ride in the center of the travel lane to avoid serious safety hazards. A number of safety performance parameters were used to assess whether safer conditions existed after the new treatment was installed. Safe motorist behavior was defined as: (a) motor vehicle following a cyclist with or without visible oncoming traffic in the opposing lane, and (b) motor vehicle passing a cyclist at a safe lateral distance. Safe cyclist behavior was defined as: cyclist riding in the lane position indicated by the central sharrows and outside of the dooring-zone area. The findings indicate that the central sharrows and dooring-zone markings created more favorable conditions for cyclist safety and for motorist compliance. Cyclists rode further from the parking edge line and closer to the sharrows that were marked in the center of the travel lane, and motorists were shown to be less likely to pass and more likely to follow cyclists.

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45

Aldred, Rachel, Susana García-Herrero, Esther Anaya, Sixto Herrera, and Miguel Ángel Mariscal. "Cyclist Injury Severity in Spain: A Bayesian Analysis of Police Road Injury Data Focusing on Involved Vehicles and Route Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010096.

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This study analyses factors associated with cyclist injury severity, focusing on vehicle type, route environment, and interactions between them. Data analysed was collected by Spanish police during 2016 and includes records relating to 12,318 drivers and cyclist involving in collisions with at least one injured cyclist, of whom 7230 were injured cyclists. Bayesian methods were used to model relationships between cyclist injury severity and circumstances related to the crash, with the outcome variable being whether a cyclist was killed or seriously injured (KSI) rather than slightly injured. Factors in the model included those relating to the injured cyclist, the route environment, and involved motorists. Injury severity among cyclists was likely to be higher where an Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) was involved, and certain route conditions (bicycle infrastructure, 30 kph zones, and urban zones) were associated with lower injury severity. Interactions exist between the two: collisions involving large vehicles in lower-risk environments are less likely to lead to KSIs than collisions involving large vehicles in higher-risk environments. Finally, motorists involved in a collision were more likely than the injured cyclists to have committed an error or infraction. The study supports the creation of infrastructure that separates cyclists from motor traffic. Also, action needs to be taken to address motorist behaviour, given the imbalance between responsibility and risk.

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Chaloux, Nick, and Ahmed El-Geneidy. "Rules of the Road: Compliance and Defiance among the Different Types of Cyclists." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 3, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119844965.

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Although cycling has become a more attractive option to commuters in many North American cities recently, significant apprehension remains around its safety. Though risks experienced by cyclists are diverse, the idea that they are because of scofflaw cyclists—cyclists who regularly ignore the rules of the road—remains prevalent. Improving cycling safety requires countering this idea, and therefore an understanding of how different cyclists act under the existing rules. Using a survey of 1,329 cyclists in Montreal, Canada, this study generated a typology of cyclists based on cycling motivations and behaviors and conducted comparisons based on their responses to four cycling rule-breaking scenarios. Our study shows that all cyclist types contravene traffic laws in similar ways, and 0.6% of respondents consistently follow the traffic laws. Breaking the law was often considered the safest option by respondents, which reflects a disconnect between the safety goals of traffic laws and the reality on the streets based on the perspectives of different cyclist types. Although cyclist types may act similarly in response to existing laws, they still respond uniquely to policies aimed at increasing rule adherence. Targeted interventions aimed at educating young cyclists, improving dedicated infrastructure, and prioritizing cycling traffic could increase rule compliance across all types. Through our study, planners, policy makers, and law enforcement could improve cycling safety by better understanding the behavior and rationale taken by cyclists.

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Collard, Luc. "Approche sociologique des sports à risque." STAPS 18, no. 44 (1997): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/staps.1997.1261.

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Quels sont les sports les plus dangereux ? Une étude portant sur 27 468 déclarations d’accidents sportifs, complétée par une autre de 1 037 cas, questionne quelques idées reçues. Si les sports collectifs sont les pratiques où l’on relève le plus d’accidents, c’est d’abord parce qu’ils recrutent le plus de participants. En neutralisant la variable «nombre de pratiquants», le football, le rugby apparaissent moins «accidentogènes» que le cyclisme, l’équitation ou le motocross. La gravité des traumatismes, mesurée par un «indice de dangerosité», confirme les conclusions observées sur la base des fréquences d’accidents. Dans un second temps, la Théorie des jeux nous permet d’avancer une définition des «sports à risque», complétant ainsi les données brutes de l’accidentologie. D’un point de vue conceptuel, le risque est une entité à deux dimensions : il est fait de processus stochastique associé à la présence d’enjeux. L’exposition d’enjeux corporels n’est pas le dénominateur commun de tous les sports, ce qui semble pouvoir expliquer que certains sports soient moins dangereux que d’autres. À travers les sports, c’est le rapport au risque contemporain qui peut être envisagé. La violence est chassée, mais le danger en solitaire reste supporté.

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Wang, Fang, Ke Peng, Tiefang Zou, Qiqi Li, Fan Li, Xinghua Wang, Jiapeng Wang, and Zhou Zhou. "Numerical Reconstruction of Cyclist Impact Accidents: Can Helmets Protect the Head-Neck of Cyclists?" Biomimetics 8, no. 6 (September 27, 2023): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060456.

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Cyclists are vulnerable road users and often suffer head-neck injuries in car–cyclist accidents. Wearing a helmet is currently the most prevalent protection method against such injuries. Today, there is an ongoing debate about the ability of helmets to protect the cyclists’ head-neck from injury. In the current study, we numerically reconstructed five real-world car–cyclist impact accidents, incorporating previously developed finite element models of four cyclist helmets to evaluate their protective performances. We made comparative head-neck injury predictions for unhelmeted and helmeted cyclists. The results show that helmets could clearly lower the risk of severe (AIS 4+) brain injury and skull fracture, as assessed by the predicted head injury criterion (HIC), while a relatively limited decrease in AIS 4+ brain injury risk can be achieved in terms of the analysis of CSDM0.25. Assessment using the maximum principal strain (MPS0.98) and head impact power (HIP) criteria suggests that helmets could lower the risk of diffuse axonal injury and subdural hematoma of the cyclist. The helmet efficacy in neck protection depends on the impact scenario. Therefore, wearing a helmet does not seem to cause a significant neck injury risk level increase to the cyclist. Our work presents important insights into the helmet’s efficacy in protecting the head-neck of cyclists and motivates further optimization of protective equipment.

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Drory, Ami, Hongdong Li, and Richard Hartley. "Estimating the projected frontal surface area of cyclists from images using a variational framework and statistical shape and appearance models." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 3 (May 10, 2017): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117705489.

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We present a computer vision-based approach to estimating the projected frontal surface area (pFSA) of cyclists from unconstrained images. Wind tunnel studies show a reduction in cyclists’ aerodynamic drag through manipulation of the cyclist’s pose. Whilst the mechanism by which reduction is achieved remains unknown, it is widely accepted in the literature that the drag is proportional to the cyclist’s pFSA. This paper describes a repeatable automatic method for pFSA estimation for the study of its relationship with aerodynamic drag in cyclists. The proposed approach is based on finding object boundaries in images. An initialised curve dynamically evolves in the image to minimise an energy function designed to force the curve to gravitate towards image features. To overcome occlusions and pose variation, we use a statistical cyclist shape and appearance models as priors to encourage the evolving curve to arrive at the desired solution. Contour initialisation is achieved using a discriminative object detection method based on offline supervised learning that yields a cyclist classifier. Once an instance of a cyclist is detected in an image and segmented, the pFSA is calculated from the area of the final curve. Applied to two challenging datasets of cyclist images, for cyclist detection our method achieves precision scores of 1.0 and 0.96 and recall scores of 0.68 and 0.83 on the wind tunnel and cyclists-in-natura datasets, respectively. For cyclist segmentation, it achieves 0.88 and 0.92 scores for the mean dice similarity coefficient metric on the two datasets, respectively. We discuss the performance of our method under occlusion, orientation, and pose conditions. Our method successfully estimates pFSA of cyclists and opens new vistas for exploration of the relationship between pFSA and aerodynamic drag.

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Nordengen, Ruther, Riiser, Andersen, and Solbraa. "Correlates of Commuter Cycling in Three Norwegian Counties." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224372.

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Globally, there is an increasing challenge of physical inactivity and associated diseases. Commuter cycling is an everyday physical activity with great potential to increase the health status in a population. We aimed to evaluate the association of self-reported factors and objectively measured environmental factors in residence and along commuter routes and assessed the probability of being a commuter cyclist in Norway. Our study included respondents from a web-based survey in three Norwegian counties and we used a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the natural and built environment. Of the 1196 respondents, 488 were classified as commuter cyclists. Self-reported factors as having access to an e-bike (OR 5.99 [CI: 3.71–9.69]), being physically active (OR 2.56 [CI: 1.42–4.60]) and good self-rated health (OR 1.92 [CI: 1.20–3.07]) increased the probability of being a cyclist, while being overweight or obese (OR 0.71 [CI: 0.54–0.94]) reduced the probability. Environmental factors, such as high population density (OR 1.49 [CI: 1.05–2.12]) increased the probability, while higher slope (trend p = 0.020), total elevation along commuter route (trend p = 0.001), and >5 km between home and work (OR 0.17 [CI: 0.13–0.23]) decreased the probability of being a cyclist. In the present study, both self-reported and environmental factors were associated with being a cyclist. With the exception of being in good health, the characteristics of cyclists in Norway, a country with a low share of cyclists, seem to be similar to countries with a higher share of cyclists. With better knowledge about characteristics of cyclists, we may design better interventions and campaigns to increase the share of commuter cyclists.

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