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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cyclization of nitro compounds'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Elatawy, M. A. K. "SYNTHESIS OF NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES BY INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLIZATION OF ALPHA, BETA-UNSATURATED NITRO COMPOUNDS, CATALYZED BY PALLADIUM COMPLEXES AND WITH CARBON MONOXIDE AS THE REDUCTANT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/331319.

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This work consists of four main parts. Part I describes the synthesis of medicinally relevant indoles by palladium-catalyzed reductive cyclization of readily obtainable β-nitrostyrenes using carbon monoxide as the reductant and in acetonitrile as a solvent. Part II describe a new route to synthesize thieno[2,3-b]pyrrole or thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole by intramolecular reductive cyclization of α,β-unsaturated nitro compounds using carbon monoxide as the reductant and catalyzed by palladium complexes. Part III presents our work on palladium catalyzed intramolecular reductive cyclization of nitro-

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2

Nicolson, Iain Sinclair. "Catalytic pyrolysis of nitro aromatic compounds." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15526.

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The work contained in this thesis was intended to study the rearrangement of <i>o</i>-nitrotoluene to anthranil which has previously been shown to occur under a variety of conditions. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis (FVP) of nitrotoluene over zeolite 13X was carried out. <i>o</i>-Nitrotoluene was found to give conversion to toluene in 5.5% yield with recovery of starting material (12%). FVP of <i>m</i>-nitrotoluene gave recovery of toluene in 8% yield and starting material (7%). FVP of <i>p</i>-nitrotoluene gave only a trace of toluene with mainly recovery of unreacted starting material (12%). FVP of 1

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3

So, Sonia. "Boronate Urea Activation of Nitro Compounds." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395764122.

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4

Sasaki, Mikio. "Synthetic Studies on Nitro Compounds and Aziridines." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/49752.

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学位授与大学：京都大学 ; 取得学位: 博士(工学) ; 学位授与年月日: 2007-11-26 ; 学位の種類: 新制・論文博士 ; 学位記番号: 論工博第3971号 ; 請求記号: 新制/工/1422 ; 整理番号: 25647<br>Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・論文博士<br>博士(工学)<br>乙第12135号<br>論工博第3971号<br>新制||工||1422(附属図書館)<br>25647<br>UT51-2007-S505<br>(主査)教授吉田潤一, 教授檜山爲次郎, 教授杉野目道紀<br>学位規則第4条第2項該当

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5

Liu, Jia. "Cyclization Reactions Catalyzed by Bi(III) Compounds." W&M ScholarWorks, 2009. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626892.

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6

Philbin, Simon Patrick. "Studies of novel nitro-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic compounds." Thesis, Brunel University, 2001. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/2165.

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The novel candidate high energy insensitive explosive; 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ-i) has been prepared in acceptable overall yield. ANPZ-i was synthesised by the nitration of 2,5-diethoxypyrazine using nitronium tetrafluoroborate (NO2+BF4-) in sulfolane and the subsequent amination of 2,5-diethoxy-3,6-dinitropyrazine, under autoclave conditions. Oxidation studies towards the dioxide derivative of ANPZ-i, 2,5-diamino-3,6-dinitropyrazine-1,4-dioxide (PZDO), were unsuccessful. The synthesis of existing high explosives; 2,6-diamino-3,5-dintropyrazine (ANPZ) and 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropy

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7

Taher, Abutariq. "Novel cyclisations of nitro-compounds for heterocyclic synthesis." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/34705.

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The research described in this thesis is aimed at developing novel methods of synthesis for heterocyclic compounds, in particular cyclisation reactions involving the nitro functional group. The first chapter describes investigations into the Wallach imidazole synthesis. A number of chloroimidazoles were prepared, but the possible extension to highly functionalised imidazoles proved elusive. The second chapter describes studies on the successful conversion of nitroimidazolyl malonates 1 into imidazo[4,5-c]isoxazoles 2, Scheme 1. Related cyclisations are described in chapter three and the thioph

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8

Park, Jonathan Taejoo. "Enzymatic reduction of nitro compounds to amines with nitroreductases." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52267.

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NRs are enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics to their corresponding nitroso, hydroxylamine, and, in limited cases, amine They have gathered interest in many scientific communities, and are currently actively researched bioremediation and prodrug activation. Here we attempt to utilize them for the purpose of synthesizing substituted aromatic amines that are found in a number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). As NRs described in the literature have varying product distribution ranges (from those that produce hydroxylamine to others that yield amine) several similar an

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9

Almeer, Saeed Hashim. "Synthesis and analysis of nitro compounds under zeolite catalysis." Thesis, Swansea University, 2001. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42408.

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The purpose of this study was to develop a new clean method for aromatic nitration using a heterogeneous inorganic solid catalyst. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter one presents an introduction to the types of heterogeneous catalyst with some details for the most important catalysts. An electrophilic aromatic substitution is introduced in Chapter 2. Some of the latest examples of aromatic nitration using different type of nitrating reagents are discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 deals with the nitration of halogenobenzenes using dinitrogen tetroxide, a zeolite and oxygen in a sol

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10

Berlin, Stefan. "Construction of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Compounds via Radical Cyclization." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3429.

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<p>This thesis describes how radical cyclization chemistry can be applied for the construction of heterocyclic compounds.</p><p>In the first part, a series of electron deficient α-phenylselenenylalkenes were prepared <i>via</i> a PhSeCl-addition/HCl-elimination sequence. Allyl- and propargylamines readily underwent conjugate addition to these species to produce pyrrolidines or dihydropyrrol derivatives, after triethylborane initiated reductive radical cyclization in the presence of tris(trimethylsilyl)silane.</p><p>The second part describes a convergent synthesis of the pineal hormone melatoni

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11

Cho, Jeongguk. "Porphyrin-catalyzed reduction of nitroaromatic compounds /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1992. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9307476.

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12

McFarlane, Michael David. "Base-induced cyclisations of ortho-substituted nitro-aromatics." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15209.

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In Chapter I some of the chemical, biological and physical properties of purine analogues, particularly benzimidazole N-oxides, are briefly discussed. In Chapter II, the preparations of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-amino-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxides are described. The methods employed involve base-induced cyclisation of suitably protected aminonitrophenyl glycine derivatives (esters or nitriles) followed by hydrolysis of the ester or nitrile and decarboxylation. In Chapter III, attempts are made to prepare imidazopyridine N-oxides, an area of N-oxide chemistry little explored. Although few derivatives of th

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13

Al-Harthy, Farida. "Separation of aryl nitro-compounds by HPLC on monolithic columns." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8683.

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The project has demonstrated the use of both poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) PS-DVB and silica monolithic columns for the separation of nitro-compounds. Methods were developed with PS-DVB and ODS silica packed columns for the separation of these compounds. The first part of the project was the preparation of the monolithic stationary phases prepared from PS-DVB of (250 μm I.D. × 70 mm) functionalized with methacrylate by in-situ polymerisation. The alkylated PS-DVB then was used successfully for the first time in the separation of three aryl nitro-compounds (2-NA, 1,4-DNB and 4-NT) on micro-HPLC.

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14

Baralt, Eduardo. "Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds to Amines Using Polymer Bound Catalysts." TopSCHOLAR®, 1985. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1883.

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A polymer bound catalyst is a relatively new type of catalyst. The basis of polymer bound catalysis lies in the chemical attachment of a homogeneous catalyst to a solid support, in our case, polystyrene. Applications of polymer bound catalysts started in the late 1960’s, and have been used in several types of reactions. In some cases such a catalyst offers a series of advantages over the classical models of catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous. The hydrogenation of various aromatic and aliphatic nitro compounds, such as nitro-benzene and 2-nitropropane, were performed successfully. The h

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15

Chen, Haoguo, and 陳浩國. "Silver catalyzed enyne cyclization reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841409.

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16

Chen, Haoguo. "Silver catalyzed enyne cyclization reactions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42841409.

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17

Torano, Ronald. "Studies of new cyclisation reactions of heteroaromatic nitro and nitroso compounds." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14557.

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18

Lo, Kai-yip, and 羅啟業. "Synthesis of aza-bicyclic compounds via palladium-catalyzed cascade cyclization reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849691.

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A palladium-catalyzed oxidative cascade cyclization reaction has been developed to prepare pyrrolizidine and indolizidine derivatives from simple aliphatic alkenyl amides 2.1ak in one step in moderate to good yields, using Pd(TFA)2 as the catalyst and molecular oxygen (1 atm) as a green oxidant. This cascade cyclization can also proceed for ring-containing unsaturated amides 2.1ln to afford azatricyclic systems. Palladium(II)-catalyzed dehydrohalogenation cascade cyclization reactions have been developed to synthesize polycyclic pyrrolizidine derivatives from iodoalkenylanilides 4.1ai

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19

Rami, H. "A study of potential fluorescent probes for hypoxic cells." Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377946.

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20

French, Colin Stuart. "N-Oxides from substitued o-nitroanilines." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15200.

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The aim of this project was to investigate the cyclisation reactions of some o-nitroaryl derivatives of amino acids, with a view to the synthesis of potentially biologically active heterocyclic compounds. Chapter one is concerned with an overview of the synthesis of heterocyclic N-oxides, mainly via the cyclisations of ortho-substituted nitroaromatics. Firstly, the properties of heterocyclic N-oxides are considered, then both reductive and non-reductive methods of their synthesis by cyclisation reactions are explored. After a discussion of intramolecular condensations leading to cyclisation, t

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21

Askew, Stuart Clive. "Some studies of biologically active S-nitrosothiols." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15189.

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S-nitrosothiols are effective NO-donating drugs which can elicit vasodilation of vascular tissue and disaggregate or inhibit the aggregation of platelets in blood. The chemistries of two S-nitrosothiols, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) have been investigated in an attempt to identify the chemical and physiological mechanisms which underlie their biological actions as vasodilators and modulators of platelet behaviour. Although SNAP and GSNO have been found to be susceptible to decomposition by similar chemical mechanisms, such as by thermal and photoch

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22

Lees, Audrey. "Nitrosation and other studies of iron sulphur nitrosyl complexes." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14976.

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A structure for the selenium analogue of the Roussin's black anion, [Fe4S3(NO)7]− had been proposed, on the basis of 15N.N.M.R. spectroscopy results, as being similar to that of the sulphur molecule. X-Ray crystallography was carried out on a crystal of Ph4AS Fe4Se 3(NO)7]− to determine whether this conclusion was correct. The crystal, Mr=1053.67, was triclinic of space group p1̅ with a=13.122 (9), b=13.936 (9), c=9.908 (8)A, α =99.30 (6), β =97.04 (6), γ=71.94 (5)° and Z=2. This structure was refined from diffractometer data to an R value of 0.047 and was found to consist of isolated Ph4As+ c

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23

Al-Sa'doni, Haitham H. "Nitrosothiols as no-donor drugs : synthesis, mechanistic studies, chemical stability, pharmacological and physiological activity." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15187.

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S-Nitrosothiols (RSNO) are an important class of NO-donor drugs. They have been used clinically and occur naturally where they may have a role in several biological and physiological processes in the human body. The medical importance of S-nitrosothiols has been highlighted recently by several reports which describe the clinical use of GSNO (13) to inhibit platelet aggregation during coronary angioplasty and also to treat a form of preeclampsia, a high blood pressure condition suffered by some pregnant women. We set out to extend the range of compounds of this type by synthesising a novel seri

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24

Lee, On-yi. "Synthesis of heterocycles via phenylseleno group transfer radical cyclization and chemoselective reductive amination promoted by InCl3." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B3955756X.

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25

Parks, Samantha Terris. "Genes encoding the key enzymes for the bacterial degradation of the natural nitro compounds 3-nitrotyrosine and 1-nitro-2-phenylethane." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34002.

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Natural nitro compounds with diverse structures and biological functions are produced by bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Little is known about the behavior of such compounds in natural ecosystems. The lack of accumulation in the biosphere implies that they are biodegraded. Microbial strategies for biodegradation of synthetic nitro compounds are well established; however only two pathways are known for degradation of natural nitro compounds. The research described here examines the genes that encode the key enzymes required for biodegradation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3NTyr) and 1-nitro-2-ph

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26

Scherer, Michelle Marie. "Reduction of chlorinated aliphatic and nitro aromatic compounds at the Fe0-oxide-water interface /." Full text open access at:, 1998. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,201.

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27

Lambert, Ronald J. W. "The bonding, synthesis and electrochemistry of some iron-sulphur-nitrosyl compounds." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14972.

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Salts of the bls(μ-thiosulphato-S)-bis(dinitrosylferrate)(2-) anion, [Fe2(S2o3)2(NO)4]2- can be prepared by the reaction of iron(ll)/thiosulphate mixtures with nitrite ion. The crystal structure of {(Ph3P)2N}2[ Fe2(S203)2(NO)4] reveals it to adopt a trans structure. 15N n.m.r. studies of this salt also show it to adopt the trans structure in solution. The anion reacts with thiolate ion, RS-, to provide good yields of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4; e.p.r. studies show the mononitrosyl [Fe(N0)(SR)3]3− to be a major intermediate in this reaction. Salts of the Black Roussin ion, [Fe4S3(NO)7]- react with aryldiazo

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28

Aken, Everhard van. "Aliphatic nitro compounds in stereoselective synthesis the development of a chiral catalyst /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 1992. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/292891849.

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29

Duffield, Gaynor Louise. "Some studies of the reactions of carbon nucleophiles with aromatic nitro compounds." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5191/.

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Some reactions of aromatic nitro-compounds with carbon nucleophiles have been investigated. The techniques used include NMR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The initial rapid reactions of carbanions derived from ring-substituted phenylacetonitriles with 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene yield σ-adducts. Carbanions were generated from the phenylacetonitriles by reaction with sodium methoxide in methanol. Values of the equilibrium constants for the deprotonation reaction were determined spectrophotometrically. Rate constants for the σ-adduct forming reactions were me

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30

Li, Zhao. "The Kinetics and Mechanisms of Some Fundamental Organic Reactions of Nitro Compounds." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1407.

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The central topic of this dissertation is to seek the answer to the question: Is the single transition state model appropriate for (1) the proton transfer reactions of nitroalkanes and (2) the aromatic nucleophilic reactions of trinitroarenes? If not, what are the real mechanisms? This objective has been accomplished by careful kinetic and mechanistic studies which take advantage of modern digital acquisition of absorbance - time data, combined with extensive new data analysis of results from pseudo-first-order kinetic measurements. Several new analysis procedures for pseudo-first-order kineti

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31

Woodcock, Steven Robert. "Synthesis and chemical biology of nitrated lipids /." view abstract or download file of text, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1324377731&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-207). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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32

Pan, Jiehui. "Transition metal catalyzed cyclization and synthesis of triptolide analogs." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37765966.

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33

李安怡 and On-yi Lee. "Synthesis of heterocycles via phenylseleno group transfer radical cyclization and chemoselective reductive amination promoted by InCl3." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3955756X.

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34

Pan, Jiehui, and 潘杰輝. "Transition metal catalyzed cyclization and synthesis of triptolide analogs." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37765966.

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35

Hyde, Andrew Richard. "Aspects of the chemistry of iron-nitrosyls." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14967.

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The work described in this thesis is a study of iron-sulphur-nitrosyls and related compounds. Chapter One is an introduction to the work presented. Chapter one is introduction to the work presented. Chapter Two is concerned with the analogous Fe2(SR)2(CO)6 and its conversion to Fe2(SR)2(NO)4. Chapter Three is concerned with an n.m.r. study of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4, Fe2X4(NO)4 and [Fe4X3(NO)7] (X=S, Se). Chapter four is concerned with an e.p.r. examination with an n.m.r. study of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4, Fe2X4(NO)4 [Fe4X3(NO)7] (X=S,Se). Chapter four is concerned with an e.p.r. examination of Fe2(SR)2(NO)4 and b

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36

Murray, James K. Wade Peter A. "[Alpha] [Greek small letter alpha]-nitrosulfones : synthetic and mechanistic studies /." Philadelphia : Drexel University, 2003. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1721.1/101.

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37

Eltayeb, M. A.-Z. "Aspects of the detection and determination of aromatic nitro-compounds for forensic purposes." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374190.

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38

Zheng, Baofu. "Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric atom and group transfer radical cyclization reactions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3625812X.

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Lam, Sze-kui. "An asymmetric carbene cyclization cycloaddition strategy toward the synthesis of indicol." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36631863.

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Zheng, Baofu, and 鄭保富. "Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric atom and group transfer radical cyclization reactions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3625812X.

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Gao, Qiang, and 高強. "Novel Lewis Acid-promoted cyclization reactions and synthesis of triptolide analogs." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245316.

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42

Hakki, Amer [Verfasser]. "Novel photocatalytic organic synthesis : cyclization and N-alkylation of nitroaromatic compounds / Amer Hakki." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1049226887/34.

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43

Mamaliga, Galina. "Progress towards the synthesis of tetracyclic heteroaromatic compounds via tandem benzannulation-cyclization strategies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78512.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, February 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>A tandem benzannulation-cyclization strategy was successfully applied to the synthesis of a tetracyclic heteroaromatic compound expected to have interesting electronic properties. Benzannulation of a diazo ketone and a ynamide yielded a highly substituted aniline that was cyclized to indole according to protocols developed in our laboratory previously.<br>by Galina Mamaliga.<br>S.B.

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44

Lam, Sze-kui, and 林詩鉅. "An asymmetric carbene cyclization cycloaddition strategy toward the synthesis of indicol." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36631863.

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45

Ho, Chun-yu. "Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins and cyclization reactions catalyzed by amines /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31490682.

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46

Asghar, Basim Hussain. "Some studies of the reactions of aromatic nitro compounds with nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles." Thesis, Durham University, 2006. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2347/.

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Kinetic and equilibrium studies have been made of the reactions of a series of ring-substituted anilines with l,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and with 4- nitrobenzofuroxan (4-NBF) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). There is evidence from (^1)H NMR spectroscopy that in the presence of Dabco these reactions yield anionic σ-adducts. Kinetic studies are compatible with a two-step process involving initial nucleophilic attack by amine to give a zwitterionic intermediate which can transfer an acidic proton to Dabco. In the case of TNB the proton transfer step is rate-limiting due to the high rate of reversio

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47

Demirci, Deniz. "Synthesis Of 4-phenylselenyl-1h-pyrazoles By Electrophilic Cyclization." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613910/index.pdf.

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In this study, the synthesis of 5-ferrocenyl/aryl-4-(phenylselenyl)-1H-pyrazole derivatives was investigated since the integration of ferrocenyl and selenium moieties into pyrazole derivatives may increase their current biological activities. Initially, the starting propargyl aldehydes were synthesized from corresponding acetylenes. Subsequently, propargyl aldehydes were reacted with hydrazines to yield corresponding hydrazones. Then the in situ synthesized hydrazones were subjected to electrophilic cyclization with phenylselenyl chloride, which afforded 5-ferrocenyl/aryl-4-(phenylselenyl)-1H-

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48

Ho, Chun-yu, and 何振宇. "Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins and cyclization reactions catalyzed by amines." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014814.

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49

Li, Ling. "Hemoprotein-Mediated Activation of Nitroalkanes." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1268069794.

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Shoaib, Mohammad [Verfasser]. "Asymmetric Michael Addition of Carbonyl Compounds to Nitro-olefins Catalyzed by Simple Organocatalysts / Mohammad Shoaib." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1035217015/34.

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