Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cyclone Separator

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Cyclone Separator'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 September 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Cyclone Separator.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

Moncayo, J. A., R. Dabirian, R. Mohan, O. Shoham, and G. Kouba. "Modeling Foam Breakup in Batch Separators and Cylindrical Cyclones." SPE Journal 24, no. 05 (October 5, 2018): 2264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/194002-pa.

Full text
Abstract:
Summary Models are developed for foam breakup in a batch separator, as well as inlet–cyclone and gas/liquid–cylindrical–cyclone (GLCC) compact separators, by improving the Saint–Jalmes et al. (2000) “1–g” foam–batch–separator model. The modified batch–separator model shows a better performance with respect to experimental data than does the original model. An extension of the modified “1–g” foam–batch–separator model to swirling foam flow in cyclones is developed, which accounts for the effect of higher g–forces in the cyclones. The extended model accurately predicts experimental foam–breakup data for both the inlet–cyclone and the GLCC compact separators.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Wang, Lin, Chong Xie, Zhimin Wang, and Kexu Chen. "Optimization analysis and Field application of gas-liquid cyclone separator based on CFX." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 9 (September 2022): 168781322211199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878132221119951.

Full text
Abstract:
At present, large and cumbersome gravity sedimentation separators are generally used in the separation of liquid and gas in the wellbore during emergency blowout or circulating degassing in drilling, and innovation and improvement are urgently needed. In this paper, CFX commercial simulation software is used to analyze the cut-in cyclone separator, and the axial inlet type cyclone separator with different length ratios of cylinder-cone section in swirling flow section under different flow channel structures, and carried out indoor simulation and field test verification. The results show that the axial inlet type cyclone separator is more suitable for gas-liquid separation than the cut-in cyclone separator, and the separation can be well improved by increasing the length-diameter ratio of the cyclone section under the cut-in cyclone separator structure. Finally, the experimental separation efficiency reached 99%, and the field test separation efficiency reached more than 98%. This greatly improves the separation efficiency of liquid and gas during the drilling process, and also plays a certain role in promoting the separation of gas and liquid in the entire oil and gas industry.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Zinurov, V. E., A. V. Dmitriev, R. Y. Bikkulov, O. S. Dmitrieva, and A. A. Abdullina. "Comparison of technical characteristics of a multi-vortex separator with cyclones of various modifications." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 25, no. 3 (August 2, 2023): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2023-25-3-117-127.

Full text
Abstract:
RELEVANCE. Cyclone separators are used to separate solid dust particles from the air entering the turbine. The key factors in their selection are pressure drop and efficiency. Research aimed at improving these indicators while preserving the other advantages of cyclones, as well as the development of new dust and gas cleaning devices that are not inferior to them, are relevant. THE PURPOSE. Comparison of the technical characteristics of a multi-vortex separator with cyclones of various modifications on the efficiency of separation of particles from a dusty medium, the Froude criterion and the Euler criterion. METHODS. It carried the research out using modern methods of recording parameters on a laboratory stand. RESULTS. The fractional efficiency of separation of solid particles with a size from 1 to 80 microns from the gas stream of a multi-vortex separator is higher than cyclone separators: SK-CN-24, CN-11, CN-15, CN-24. An analysis of the efficiency according to the Froude Fr criterion similarly showed that a multi-vortex separator is preferable to cyclones UC-38-250, UC-38-500, UC-38-750, UC-38-850, SCN-40 and CN-11-400. We establish that with an increase in Fr, the efficiency increases. According to the Euler Eu criterion, it can be established that the use of a multi-vortex separator is carried out with lower energy costs relative to cyclones of the UC modifications with a body diameter of 500 mm or more, SCN-40 and CN-11-400. CONCLUSION. The conducted studies show that the use of a multi-vortex separator can be considered as a replacement for cyclone separators for cleaning the cyclic air of gas turbine installations. Advantages – simplicity of design, absence of friction of vortices on the walls of the separator, low value of the Euler criterion, efficiency close to 100% when capturing particles with a diameter of over 6 μm.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Shahrin Hisham Amirnordin, Shahrin Hisham, Adam Kasani, Mohd Faizal Mohideen Batcha, and Muhammad Rafiuddin Wahidon. "Experimental Analysis of Dual Inlet Cyclone Separator." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 1 (September 11, 2022): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.1.149160.

Full text
Abstract:
Cyclone separators are suitable to remove particles in extreme conditions with high pressure and temperature during the gas-solid separation process. The important performance of cyclone separators is determined by the separation efficiency and pressure drop. The inlet parameters including the number of inlets, inlet geometry and inlet gas velocity affects the performance of cyclone separators. In this paper, the experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the effects of dual inlet to the separation efficiency of cyclone separators. The cyclone separator was fabricated using the acrylic materials to accommodate the flow observation and trajectories inside the chamber. The experiments were conducted at 9, 11 and 13 m/s of inlet velocity using three particle sizes at 277.5, 42.5 and 625 um. Results showed that as the particle sizes increases, the separation efficiency also increases up to 94.5% for 625 um particles. The findings indicate that the dual inlet cyclone separators increases the performance of cyclone separators especially to remove fly ash in the biomass processing plant and other gas-solid process.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Yang, Xin, Jian Mei Feng, Yun Feng Chang, and Xue Yuan Peng. "Experimental Study of Oil-Gas Cyclone Separator Performance in Oil-Injection Compressor System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 6436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.6436.

Full text
Abstract:
Experimental study of the separation efficiency of oil-gas cyclone separator for oil-injection compressor system was conducted with the aim of understanding the separation process and identifying the main parameters affecting the separation efficiency. Malvern Particle Size analyzer was applied to analyze the separators’ performance. By simultaneously measuring the oil droplet size distribution and oil concentration upstream and downstream of the separators, the separation performance was assessed. The results of the study contribute to an optimized cyclone separator design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Dasar, Mahesh, and Ranjit S. Patil. "Effects of helical fins with semi-circular in cross-section on the performance characteristics of novel finned-cyclone separators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 17 (April 7, 2020): 3509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220916485.

Full text
Abstract:
Separation of particles (solid) from hot gases were carried out with the help of cyclone separators in most of the power generation industries (fluidized bed boilers) and process industries. Present research focuses on improving the performances of such devices by modifying the geometry. Conventional 2D2D Lapple type cyclone separator geometry was modified by attaching semi-circular cross-section helical fins along the height of barrel wall to make it as finned-cyclone separators. Semi-circular helical fins attached on the barrel wall varies (six-sets) with size (5 mm, 7.5 mm, and 10 mm) and pitch (30 mm and 50 mm). 3D computational fluid dynamics simulations were carried out using ANSYS 15.0 tool and validation were performed with experimental data available in the literature for conventional 2D2D Lapple type cyclone separator before proceeding towards simulations of semi-circular finned-cyclone separators. Improved performance was noticed from all selected six cyclone separators with semi-circular fins (cswf) when compared to conventional cyclone separators while studying the fluid mechanics characteristics, which directly influences on collection-efficiency of cyclone separators. Among selected cyclone separators, the cswf with size of fin 7.5 mm and fin-pitch 50 mm was noted to be performing improved collection efficiency for the particles size <3 µm. Around 5%–11% improved collection efficiency when compared to conventional cyclone separators were observed in the study by fixing the semi-circular fins along the height of barrel wall without disturbing the main role of cyclone separator, which is separating the very fine particles, which would otherwise causes pollution.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Cai, Wen Bin, Yuan Gang Xu, and Qi Zhang. "Design of Downhloe Oil-Water Cyclone Separator and the Study of Laboratory Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.630.

Full text
Abstract:
The cyclone plays an important role in the downhole oil-water separator during artificial lift for high water cut oil well, the processes of oil-water separation is completing in the cyclone. The oil-water cyclone separator was designed based on the oil and water density contrast and the cyclone separation theory; the laboratory experiment of cyclone separator was carried out and the relationship of the cyclone oil cut of apex and split ratio, oil-water separation efficiency and the velocity , the pressure loss of the cyclone and the velocity were also studied. When the reinjectivity is within 70% of the produced volume, cyclone separator has good water-oil separation ability, split ratio increased with the increase of the vecolity, when the flow vecolity reached 0.25m/s, the split ratio over 30%. But with the increase of the velocity, the increased rate of the split ratio is reduced. The relationship of the flow rate and cyclone intrinsic pressure loss is nonlinear exponential curve.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Qiu, Bingbing, and Wenke Li. "Effects of the Gas Outlet Duct Length on the Performance of Cyclone Separators." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185302008.

Full text
Abstract:
The numerical simulation of the cyclone separator was carried out by CFD software. The effects of the gas outlet duct length on the pressure drop and separation efficiency were discussed. The gas phase is used as a continuous medium, and the RNG k-ϵ turbulence model is used to simulate the flow field. Using the particle phase as a discrete system, a random orbital model is used to calculate the orbit of the particle based on the calculated flow field. The simulation results show that the flow field in the cyclone separator is anisotropic. When the inlet velocity is constant, the pressure drop of cyclone separators increases with the increase of gas outlet duct length. The longer gas outlet duct can limit the inflowing gas, so that there is enough time to establish uniform rotating flow. It helps stabilize the spiral airflow and improve the separation performance of cyclone separator.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Saikat Barua, Azriszul Mohd Amin, Akmal Nizam Mohammed, Mohd Faizal Mohideen Batcha, and Makatar Wae-hayee. "Experimental Study on the Relation between the Energy Efficiency and Pressure Drop of Dual Inlet Cyclone Separator in Processing Indoor Farming Biomass Waste." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 104, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.104.1.4658.

Full text
Abstract:
The cyclone separator is a device commonly used to separate particles from air, gas, or liquid streams. The addition of a secondary inlet is aimed at enhancing separation efficiency and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between energy efficiency and pressure drop in dual inlet cyclone separators. The cyclone separator was intended to be used in processing biomass waste from indoor farming. The experiment was conducted by varying the input velocity of the system and injecting sand particles into the cyclone separator. The results showed that energy efficiency is positively correlated with average particle size and negatively correlated with pressure drop and velocity. The highest energy efficiency was observed when using particles with a size of 624µm and an input velocity of 9 m/s. These findings suggest that optimizing particle size can lead to reduced energy usage and operational costs while minimizing environmental pollution. The present study provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between energy usage and efficiency in a cyclone separator, which can help industries improve their performance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Luan, Yi Gang, and Hai Ou Sun. "Effect of Blade Numbers on Pressure Drop of Axial Cyclone Separators by CFD." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.343.

Full text
Abstract:
In this article, computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is used to predict the effect of blade numbers on the pressure drop of axial cyclone separators. A three-dimensional model is built to acquire the resistance of axial cyclone separators with different blade numbers. The flow field inside cyclone separators is calculated using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. And turbulence model is used to simulate the Reynold stress. Also pressure drop of cyclone separators with different blade numbers is expressed as a function of different inlet velocities. At the same inlet velocity with increasing the blade numbers, pressure drops of cyclones reduce greatly. And changing the blade number of cyclone separator is an effective method to improve its resistance performance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

Stone, Andrew Colin. "Oil/water separation in a novel cyclone separator." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/5202.

Full text
Abstract:
Conventional bulk oil-water separation is performed in large gravity separators that take up large areas and potentially contain large volumes of hazardous material. An intensified bulk separator has the potential to provide significant benefit in saving space, especially where this is at a premium, and in improving safety. The I-SEP, a novel geometry of Axial-Flow Cyclone (also known as Uniflow or straight-through) separator, has been tested as an intensified bulk oil-water separator. The objective of this work is to quantify performance by producing a map of separation performance with variation of inlet conditions, using variation of outlet back pressure to make the separator adaptable to variable inlet flow. A second objective is to compare the experimental performance of the I-SEP with a mathematical model. Using a Perspex test-unit with kerosene, or a silicone-based oil, and water in a batch flow loop, a map has been produced for outlet compositions and separation efficiencies at multiple inlet velocities. This was done for a range of inlet water cuts from 10% to 90% and with a geometry varied by lengthening the separating chamber of the test unit. A Computational Fluid Dynamics model using the Reynolds-Stress model has been developed with the FLUENT 6.0 CFD code. This has been compared with quantitative flow visualisation data and drop sizing information to model the separation of the cyclone by a discrete-phase technique. An optimum configuration and operating conditions has been found, with peak efficiencies in excess of 80%. This shows the important effect in improving performance achieved by the manipulation of outlet flow splits using backpressure. This Axial-Flow Cyclone design achieves a broader range of separation effect than published Reverse-Flow Cyclone designs. However, the unit will need to undergo further development to reduce shear and maximise residence time at high swirl.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Dickson, Philip James. "Gas liquid separation within a novel axial flow cyclone separator." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3999.

Full text
Abstract:
Cyclone separators have been described in detail and, although substantial research has been performed on solid / gas devices, the use of cyclones for gas / liquid separation has been comparatively ignored; this is particularly true for higher concentrations of liquid and for degassing applications. Consequently no generic models are available which will predict separation efficiency or pressure drop for all designs of cyclone. A novel design of axial flow cyclone called WELLSEP was examined for the purpose of degassing. This design was not believed to be optimal and no design criteria or performance prediction models were available for it. An experimental programme was therefore produced and executed to investigate changes in geometry and the affect of fluid dynamics. Changes to the length, vortex finder and swirl generator were examined first and then one design was selected and tested over a number of liquid flow rates, Gas Void Fractions (GVFs) and liquid extractions. Data was collected from the experiments which assisted in the development of semi-empirical models for the prediction of pressure drop and separation efficiency. These models could be used in the design of WELLSEP. Geometric and fluid dynamics changes have both been shown to influence the performance of the tested cyclone. The principal conclusions that have been drawn from this research are: " Of the tested designs, the design based upon a 30mm vortex finder diameter, settling chamber length of three times the diameter of the cyclone and a four start helix gave the optimum separation efficiency over the greatest range of conditions. 0 The separation efficiency is affected by the superficial liquid velocity and the liquid extraction but not the GVF. " The dimensionless pressure drop coefficient (Euler number) is a function of liquid extraction and GVF. It may also be a function of the superficial liquid velocity but it is unproven by this research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

White, Tyrone. "Investigating gas/solid separation using a novel compact inline separator." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1999. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4615.

Full text
Abstract:
Identified as an important issue for marginal fields, the removal of sand from hydrocarbon fluids has been investigated. A review of existing sand separation equipment has recognized a need for a new separator which will satisfy the design and performance requirements necessary for protecting offshore processing equipment. This thesis details the work and analysis undertaken which has contributed towards the design and development of a new offshore gas/solid separator. A critique of different separation techniques has identified axial flow cyclone (AFC) separators as a suitable separator design for offshore desanding applications. After reviewing existing models which simulate the performance of AFC separators a simple classification table has been developed. Using the conclusions of this review as a starting platform, a methodology for developing a new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) performance model for the new separator was proposed. Experimental work undertaken at the CALtec laboratories and the BG plc (formerly British Gas Research and Technology) Low Thornley test facilities are presented. The results obtained have been used to analysis the performance of difference separator internal designs. In addition, the results have been used to evaluate the robustness of existing AFC performance models and validate the new CFD model. For the investigated operational duties, the new CFD model has been shown to consistently under-predict the collection efficiency, whereas the other AFC models over-predict. From a design point of view, a model which under-predicts the overall collection efficiency will result in the over-design of the separator for a particular operating duty. Therefore, the use of such a model will ensure the design of a separator which will offer greater than expected levels of protection of downstream equipment from erosion wear.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Vincent, Raymond A. Jr. "Efficiency analysis of the cyclone separator using CFD techniques." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17372.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Bieldt, Lodewyk Dominico Jacobus. "Modelling and performance evaluation of a soot cyclone separator / by L.D.J. Bieldt." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4121.

Full text
Abstract:
This mini-dissertation reports on the performance of a cyclone separator used to remove excess soot that is typically formed during the production of pebble fuel for High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors. A chemical vapour deposition process is used to manufacture TRISO-coated fuel particles and during this process soot is formed that needs to be removed. This removal process uses cyclone separators as pre-filters and a bag filter as the final means of preventing unwanted particles from being introduced into the atmosphere. An important requirement of the cyclone separator is the need for a safe geometry design. This implies that the containment of enriched-uranium fuel particles can under no circumstances result in a criticality situation. An advantage of this safe geometry design is that it eliminates the use of expensive gamma detectors within the cyclone separator. In this mini-dissertation, the performance of a new safe geometry cyclone separator design to be used in the removal of soot in the manufacturing of TRISO-coated particles was investigated via theoretical modelling. Various models for predicting the performance of cyclone separators are in existence. These were examined and the best-suited model for the task at hand was selected. The model as described by Li and Wang appeared to be the most applicable and useful, given the available information, such as the cyclone geometries and particle characteristics. Li and Wang’s model, as with many of the other models in the literature, were developed to calculate the collection efficiency. This model was first benchmarked with empirical data obtained from the current cyclone separator used in the production of coated particles at the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) Advance Coater Facility (ACF) situated at Pelindaba in South Africa. The calibrated model was then used to predict the collection efficiencies of three newly designed cyclone separators. The results obtained from the model predicted an increase in collection efficiency for all the newly designed cyclone separators when compared to the existing units. Therefore, this project found that any of the newly designed cyclones should serve as a good alternative to the current cyclone separator.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Dolbear, S. "Use of numerical techniques to model and improve cyclone dust separator performance." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372303.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lucarelli, Nicola. "Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements and CFD Analysis of Vortex Flow in a Cyclone Separator." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1579623680778155.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Garwood, D. R. "Fluid flow and performance characteristics of a cyclone separator operating under side stream conditions." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1995. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/fluid-flow-and-performance-characteristics-of-a-cyclone-separator-operating-under-side-stream-conditions(22842498-a0ae-4789-93bf-0be3798ac580).html.

Full text
Abstract:
This study has involved the investigation of the flows in a high efficiency cyclone separator and the performance characteristics of the cyclone when operating under the influence of base suction. It has long been accepted that a bleed taken from the base region of a cyclone could, generally, enhance the overall collection efficiency. However, detail analyses and investigations have been limited. This investigation has involved flow visualisation, laser Doppler anemometry, computational fluid Dynamics, as well as both model particle tests and full scale prototype tests to quantify the effect of base suction and cyclone performance. Flow visualisation has highlighted the extension of the vortices into the solid receiver at the base of the cyclone. The flow patterns in this region have been investigated and quantified using laser Doppler anemometry and this result compared to the predictions from computational fluid dynamics. Agreement between these results tends to be good in the inner vortex but less good in the outer vortex region. Model particle tests have shown that the extension of the vortices into the solid receiver results in the complete destruction of the dust layer in the receiver with the subsequent re-entrainment and carry over of particulate to the vortex finder. These particle tests have shown that this re-entrainment can be suppressed by the application of a suction in the base region and the overall collection efficiency improved. A bleed flow of 10% by volume is shown to give the maximum overall efficiency. Above this percentage the efficiency reduces. This trend in the results was also confirmed by full scale prototype tests.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Hanafy, Shalaby Hemdan. "ON THE POTENTIAL OF LARGE EDDY SIMULATION TO SIMULATE CYCLONE SEPARATORS." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200700133.

Full text
Abstract:
This study was concerned with the most common reverse flow type of cyclones where the flow enters the cyclone through a tangential inlet and leaves via an axial outlet pipe at the top of the cyclone. Numerical computations of two different cyclones were based on the so-called Stairmand cyclone. The difference in geometry between these two cyclones was basically characterized by the geometrical swirl number Sg of 3.5 and 4. Turbulent secondary flows inside a straight square channel have been studied numerically by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in order to verify the implementation process. Prandtl’s secondary motion calculated by LES shows satisfying agreement with both, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and experimental results. Numerical calculations were carried out at various axial positions and at the apex cone of a gas cyclone separator. Two different NS-solvers (a commercial one, and a research code), based on a pressure correction algorithm of the SIMPLE method have been applied to predict the flow behavior. The flow was assumed as unsteady, incompressible and isothermal. A k − epsilon turbulence model has been applied first using the commercial code to investigate the gas flow. Due to the nature of cyclone flows, which exhibit highly curved streamlines and anisotropic turbulence, advanced turbulence models such as RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) and LES (Large Eddy Simulation) have been used as well. The RSM simulation was performed using the commercial package CFX4.4, while for the LES calculations the research code MISTRAL/PartFlow-3D code developed in our multiphase research group has been applied utilizing the Smagorinsky model. It was found that the k − epsilon model cannot predict flow phenomena inside the cyclone properly due to the strong curvature of the streamlines. The RSM results are comparable with LES results in the area of the apex cone plane. However, the application of the LES reveals qualitative agreement with the experimental data, but requires higher computer capacity and longer running times than RSM. These calculations of the continuous phase flow were the basis for modeling the behavior of the solid particles in the cyclone separator. Particle trajectories, pressure drop and the cyclone separation efficiency have been studied in some detail. This thesis is organized into five chapters. After an introduction and overview, chapter 2 deals with continuous phase flow turbulence modeling including the governing equations. The emphasis will be based on LES modelling. Furthermore, the disperse phase motion is treated in chapter 3. In chapter 4, the validation process of LES implementation with channel flow is presented. Moreover, prediction profiles of the gas flow are presented and discussed. In addition, disperse phase flow results are presented and discussed such as particle trajectories; pressure drop and cyclone separation efficiency are also discussed. Chapter 5 summarizes and concludes the thesis.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Alahmadi, Yaser. "On the application of an eddy viscosity turbulence model sensitized to rotation/curvature to the cyclone separator." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11779/.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

International Conference on Cyclone Technologies (5th 2000 Warwick University). Papers presented at 'Vortex separation': 5th International Conference on Cyclone Technologies : Warwick, UK, 31 May - 2 June 2000. Cranfield: BHR Group, 2000.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ayoade, Kuye, and Raw Materials Research and Development Council (Nigeria), eds. Design of gas cyclones. Abuja: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Alberta. Scientific and Engineering Services and Research Division. Mathematical modelling of automedium cyclones. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Energy, Scientific and Engineering Services and Research Division, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Kar, Krishnendu. Errors in sampling particulate flows with a 10-mm Dorr-Oliver cyclone separatorh. Morgantown, WV: College of Engineering, West Virginia University, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hoffmann, Alex C. Gas cyclones and swirl tubes: Principles, design, and operation. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

E, Stein Louis, ed. Gas cyclones and swirl tubes: Principles, design and operation. Berlin: Springer, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

1960-, Lumetta Gregg J., American Chemical Society Meeting, American Chemical Society. Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology., and American Chemical Society. Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry., eds. Separations for the nuclear fuel cycle in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

1960-, Lumetta Gregg J., American Chemical Society. Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Inc and Nuclear Chemistry and Technology., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Separations for the nuclear fuel cycle in the 21st century. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kilby, Joan. Homecoming wife. Toronto: Harlequin, 2004.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Nicholson, Peggy. More than a cowboy. Toronto: Harlequin, 2004.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

Suri, Ujjwal, Shraman Das, Utkarsh Garg, and B. B. Arora. "Evaluation of Separation Efficiency of a Cyclone-Type Oil Separator." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 609–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8542-5_53.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Chen, Jia-nan, Wen-ming Jiang, Ce Wang, and Chao Li. "Effect of Cyclone on Purification and Separation Performance of Supersonic Separator." In Proceedings of the 2021 International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference, 527–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9427-1_51.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Malekar, Gayatri, and Niyati Raut. "Analysis of Cyclone Separator Used for Liquid-Gas Mixing." In Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 115–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2490-1_11.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Lacerda, A. F., Luiz G. M. Vieira, A. M. Nascimento, S. D. Nascimento, João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno, and Marcos A. S. Barrozo. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques for Flows in Lapple Cyclone Separator." In Advanced Powder Technology IV, 179–85. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-984-9.179.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Guo, Q., Q. H. Wang, X. F. Lu, P. Y. Ji, and Y. H. Kang. "Numerical Simulation for a CFB Boiler’s Cyclone Separator with Structure Optimizations." In Clean Coal Technology and Sustainable Development, 257–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2023-0_34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Chen, H. P., Y. Q. Shen, X. H. Wang, X. M. Dai, H. Y. Xue, and D. C. Liu. "Advanced Refractory and Anti-Wearing Technology of Cyclone Separator in CFB Boiler." In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 247–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02682-9_34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Krishnan, R. B. Ananda, Sidharth Vijayakumar, K. Hari Krishnan, and S. N. Jyothi. "Design and Analysis of an Air-Purifier Using Cyclone Separator for Industries." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 167–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8304-9_12.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Gurveer Singh, Dheeraj Saini, Laltu Chandra, and Rajiv Shekhar. "Design of a Cyclone Separator for Cleaning of Dust from Volumetric Air Receiver." In Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power – Contemporary Research, 83–93. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2743-4_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Alletto, Michael, and Michael Breuer. "Large-Eddy Simulation of the Particle-Laden Turbulent Flow in a Cyclone Separator." In High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ‘13, 377–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02165-2_26.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Prasad, S. Shyam, Sai Guruprasad Jakkala, and S.Vengadesan. "Study of Particle Dispersion Models in a Cyclone Separator with Hybrid Turbulence Models." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 369–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6970-6_62.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

Pandya, Deval A., and Brian H. Dennis. "A Low Cost Micro Scale Cyclone Microparticle Separator - Design and CFD Analysis." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48792.

Full text
Abstract:
Microparticle separation process has a variety of application varying from application in biological and biomedical industries for analysis and diagnosis, in biogas manufacturing to separate phases as well as in defense sector for detection of biological weapons like anthrax. Available electrical, magnetic, acoustic and various other methods are either very costly or not portable. The proposed design of micro scale cyclone separator is low cost as well as portable and easy to manufacture. Huge cyclone separators are widely used in various industries since decades but due to lack of research in micro scale cyclones no direct and sufficient data is available. This research attempts to develop a microscale cyclone separator and study the effect of parameters like inlet velocity on pressure drop in a micro scale cyclone separator. It further studies the effect of particle size on collection efficiency through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. CFD analysis has been proved very efficient for calculations in larger cyclones and hence is used as a tool in this study as well, though experimental verification is recommended. Computational experiments were performed using FLUENT. The results obtained are compared with various empirical relations developed for huge cyclone separators and similarities and dissimilarities in trends are analyzed. Finally a multi-cyclone model is proposed to obtain higher collection efficiency.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Gao, Xiang, Yaopeng Zhao, Jianmei Feng, Yunfeng Chang, and Xueyuan Peng. "Theoretical Modeling of the Oil–Gas Cyclone Separator in Oil–Injected Compressor Systems." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87383.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper presented a simplified theoretical model of gas flow and particle motion in cyclone separator in oil-injected compressor based on the vortex flow equations. The tangential velocity distributions in cyclone separator for the top area and the bottom area have both been deduced by defining a pressure energy coefficient and the minimum oil droplet diameter been completely separated has been determined for variable separators. The separation efficiencies of different diameter oil droplets calculated by proposed model were compared with numerical simulation results using RSM model in gas flow field and DPM in oil droplet motion and the results were acceptable.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Fankun Wu, Chao Huang, Fang Chen, Wanpeng Zhang, and Chengliang Jia. "Experimental study on cyclone separator." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987406.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Moallemi, Alireza, Maysam Saidi, and Hassan Basirat Tabrizi. "Humidity Effect on the Separation Efficiency of Cylindrical Cyclone Separator." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37284.

Full text
Abstract:
In order to evaluate the humidity effect on the performance of a gas-solid cyclone, an experimental setup is designed including a cylindrical cyclone with a tangential inlet, air compressor, humidifier, flow meter and injector of particles with known properties. The cyclone body is a cylinder with diameter and height of 50 and 150 mm, respectively and the rectangular inlet with dimension of 10 mm × 22 mm. The solid particles used in the experiments are cement because of the application of cyclones in air purification in cement industry. The injection of particle is performed with a controlled rate. A humidifier device increases the relative humidity of the inlet flow from 30 to 100 percent. Separation efficiency is defined as the ratio of collected to injected particles and calculated for different inlet airflow rates for dry and humidified conditions. Obtained results for this experiment indicates humidity has a favorable effect on increasing the efficiency of a cyclone separator. Although increasing the humidity of the air increases the density, which has an adverse effect on the separation efficiency, it is negligible in contrast to its benefits on agglomeration of particles.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Najafabadi, Masoud Molaei, Mohammad Ali Ehteram, Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian, and Ahmad Barari. "System and Method for Analysis of Involving Factors in the Demisting Cyclone Efficiency." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65867.

Full text
Abstract:
In this study a system for real-time analysis of some involving factors in the efficiency of gas-liquid separators is developed based on the weighing method. An ultrasonic atomizer generates water drops in a size range of 1–10 μm with the same frequency during the test. A cyclone separator is selected and effect of the developing flow rate and shape of the mini-riser as a part of connecting assembly to the cyclone separator is investigated. Further an efficient electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with outcome of single-phase airflow is employed in the downstream of the cyclone to separate remaining droplets and produce the same pressure loss during the test. Circular, triangular, rectangular and square cross section areas with the same hydraulic diameter of 14 mm were examined. The highest cyclone efficiency was recorded for the triangular and rectangular risers comparing to the circular riser at the same length and hydraulic diameter, so the connecting risers with corner could improve the separation efficiency.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Alitavoli, M., M. J. Mahmoodabadi, M. Andalib Sahnehsaraei, and A. Bagheri. "Pareto optimum design of cyclone separator." In 2012 International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inista.2012.6247039.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Chen, Han-Ping, Qiao He, Shi-Hong Zhang, Chu-Guang Zheng, De-Chang Liu, Jun Wu, Lu-Jun Ren, Hua Zhang, Chang-Lin Li, and Rong Wang. "A Novel Inertial Separator for CFB Boilers." In 18th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2005-78113.

Full text
Abstract:
Besides several cyclone separators, some inertial separators had also developed and applied in the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. The inertial separators have some advantages such as simple structure, small volume, low pressure drop, easy scale-up and so on. But almost every existing inertia separator has great difficulty in solving the main shortage of lower separation efficiency especially for fine particles. Based on the research for the separation mechanism and performances of inertial separators, the State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion (SKLCC) had developed a novel inertial separator for CFB boilers. The patented separator improves the structure of the U-beam that is the separation element of U-beam separators of Studsvik Energiteknik (Sweden) and Babcok & Wilcox (USA). A ash channel is added to avoid re-entrainment of the separated solid downward along the U-beam. Test result indicates that the novel separator has great higher separation efficiency with the same pressure drop, compared with the U-beams at same conditions. The novel separator is more suitable for a larger CFB boiler or repowering projects as primary separator than the U-beams. The novel inertial separator had been used for designing 25 ∼ 420 tons of steam per hour (t/h) two-stage-recirculation CFB boilers. The two-stage-recirculation CFB boilers in capacity of 25 t/h and 65t/h had been put into operation. This paper presents the work on research, development and application of the novel inertial separator with high separation efficiency and low pressure drop.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Molina, Robiro, Shoubo Wang, Luis E. Gomez, Ram S. Mohan, Ovadia Shoham, and Gene Kouba. "Wet Gas Separation in Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) Separator." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29386.

Full text
Abstract:
A novel Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©), equipped with an Annular Film Extractor (AFE), for wet gas applications has been developed and studied experimentally and theoretically. Detailed experimental investigation of the modified GLCC has been carried out for low and high pressure conditions. The results show expansion of the operational envelope for liquid carry-over, and improved performance of the modified GLCC. For low pressures, the modified GLCC can remove all the liquid from the gas stream, resulting in zero liquid carry-over. For high pressure conditions, the GLCC with a single AFE has separation efficiency > 80% for gas velocity ratio of < 3. A mechanistic model and an aspect ratio design model for the modified GLCC has been developed, including the analysis of the AFE. The model predictions agree with the experimental data within ± 15% for low pressure and ± 25% for high pressure conditions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Reyes, Miguel A., Jorge E. Pacheco, Juan C. Mari´n, Luis R. Rojas, and Jose´ Rinco´n. "Numerical Simulation and Experiments of the Multiphase Flow in a Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separator." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98399.

Full text
Abstract:
A Liquid-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone separator (LLCC) is a device used in the petroleum industry to separate the oil-water mixture obtained from the well. The use of this device has not been widespread due to the lack of tools for predicting its separation capability. This paper presents a numerical and experimental study of the fluid dynamic performance of this type of cylindrical cyclone separators. The use of numerical simulations would reduce the time and cost necessary to obtain information for predicting the behavior of the equipment. The objective of this study is to determine if CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) techniques are able to reproduce the behavior of a LLCC separator. The CFD software examined was ANSYS-CFX 5.6™ and numerical simulations were carried out using the dispersed model with oil as the dispersed phase. The oil and water mixture entering the separator is divided due to centrifugal and buoyancy forces in an upper (oil rich) exit and a bottom (water rich) exit. The separation capability is determined as the maximum amount of water removed from the mixture with the minimum amount of oil content in the water rich exit. The experiments were conducted in a transparent LLCC separator that allows the visualization of the mixture and the measurement of the oil content. Experiments were conducted for three variables: mixture velocity and water content at the entrance, and the split ratio. The split ratio is defined as the bottom exit flow rate divided by the water flow rate at the entrance. The results showed that CFD tools are able to reproduce the oil content obtained from the experiments for all analyzed conditions. Additionally, the mixture distribution images from numerical and experimental data showed good agreement. This study confirms the capacity of CFD tools for the multiphase flow analysis of LLCC separators.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Gorny, Ramona Klaudia, Gerhard Schaldach, Peter Walzel, and Markus Thommes. "Spray Conditioning for the Preparation of Spray Dried Submicron Particles." In ILASS2017 - 28th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4701.

Full text
Abstract:
Particle size reduction down to the submicron range (0.1-1 µm) is an effective option to increase the bioavailabilityof low water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. According to the Nernst-Brunner equation, the preparation of submicron sized particles increases the specific surface area, thus increases the dissolution rate. Conventional spray drying devices for submicron particles show certain limitations. The main challenge is the preparation of small and uniform droplets during the atomisation step. In this work, fine droplets were generated combining a nozzle with a droplet separator. Therefore, the aerosol is generated with a pneumatic nozzle and is sprayed into a cyclone droplet separator. Depending on the characteristics of the cyclone, droplets larger than the cut-off-size were separated and returned into the liquid feed. The conditioned aerosol at the top of the cyclone separator can then be introduced into the drying chamber. With this concept the usable part is separated, thus no classification process after drying is necessary. The investigations show that the dependencies during atomisation of the droplets size on the liquid-to-gas mass flow ratio µm and the liquid properties (e.g. viscosity) do not apply to the separation step. The conditioned aerosol only depends on the separation characteristics of the cyclone droplet separator. However, the amount of droplets separated is determined by the atomisation step. Hence, the amount of droplets smaller than the cut-off-size can be increased by decreasing the droplet size of the primary aerosol. This is realised by secondary droplet fragmentation. An impact surface causes breakup of the droplets of theprimary aerosol before separation. The investigations show an increased amount of droplets &lt;2µm.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4701
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Cyclone Separator"

1

Mohan, Ram S., and Ovadia Shoham. Design and Development of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Compact Separators for Three-Phase Flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14127.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mohan, R. S., and O. Shoham. Design and Development of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Compact Separators for Three-Phase Flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773002.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Mohan, R. S., and O. Shoham. Design and Development of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Compact Separators for Three-Phase Flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773336.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Dr. Ram S. Mohan and Dr. Ovadia Shoham. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR THREE-PHASE FLOW. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819514.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dr. Ram S. Mohan and Dr. Ovadia Shoham. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR THREE-PHASE FLOW. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819515.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Dr. Ram S. Mohan and Dr. Ovadia Shoham. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR THREE-PHASE FLOW. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819516.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Dr. Ram S. Mohan and Dr. Ovadia Shoham. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR THREE-PHASE FLOW. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819517.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Dr. Ram S. Mohan and Dr. Ovadia Shoham. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS-LIQUID CYLINDRICAL CYCLONE COMPACT SEPARATORS FOR THREE-PHASE FLOW. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819518.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Mohan, R. S., and O. Shoham. Design and development of gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone compact separators for three-phase flow. Quarterly report, January 1--March 31, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/663456.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Mohan, R. S., and O. Shoham. Design and development of gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone compact separators for three-phase flow. First quarterly technical progress report, October 1, 1997--December 31, 1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/582501.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Cyclone Separator' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography