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1
Teodosio, Luigi, Luca Marchitto, Cinzia Tornatore, Fabio Bozza, and Gerardo Valentino. "Effect of Cylinder-by-Cylinder Variation on Performance and Gaseous Emissions of a PFI Spark Ignition Engine: Experimental and 1D Numerical Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136035.
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Combustion stability, engine efficiency and emissions in a multi-cylinder spark-ignition internal combustion engines can be improved through the advanced control and optimization of individual cylinder operation. In this work, experimental and numerical analyses were carried out on a twin-cylinder turbocharged port fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition engine to evaluate the influence of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and pollutant emissions. In a first stage, experimental tests are performed on the engine at different speed/load points and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, covering operating conditions typical of Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Measurements highlighted relevant differences in combustion evolution between cylinders, mainly due to non-uniform effective in-cylinder air/fuel ratio. Experimental data are utilized to validate a one-dimensional (1D) engine model, enhanced with user-defined sub-models of turbulence, combustion, heat transfer and noxious emissions. The model shows a satisfactory accuracy in reproducing the combustion evolution in each cylinder and the temperature of exhaust gases at turbine inlet. The pollutant species (HC, CO and NOx) predicted by the model show a good agreement with the ones measured at engine exhaust. Furthermore, the impact of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on gaseous emissions is also satisfactorily reproduced. The novel contribution of present work mainly consists in the extended numerical/experimental analysis on the effects of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and emissions of spark-ignition engines. The proposed numerical methodology represents a valuable tool to support the engine design and calibration, with the aim to improve both performance and emissions.
2
Kao, Minghui, and John J. Moskwa. "Turbocharged Diesel Engine Modeling for Nonlinear Engine Control and State Estimation." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2798519.
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Engine models that are used for nonlinear diesel engine control, state estimation, and model-based diagnostics are presented in this paper. By collecting, modifying, and adding to current available engine modeling techniques, two diesel engine models, a mean torque production model and a cylinder-by-cylinder model, are summarized for use in the formulation of control and state observation algorithms. In the cylinder-by-cylinder model, a time-varying crankshaft inertia model is added to a cylinder pressure generator to simulate engine speed variations due to discrete combustion events. Fuel injection timing and duration are control inputs while varying engine speed, cylinder pressure, and indicated torque are outputs from simulation. These diesel engine models can be used as engine simulators and to design diesel engine controllers and observers.
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Marathe, Abhijeet Vithal, Neelkanth V. Marathe, and G. Venkatachalam. "Angular Torque Methodology for Cylinder Head Bolted Joint and Validation by FE and Experimental Work." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2016100102.
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Cylinder Head Gasketed joint is one of the important joint for internal combustion engines. The main function of cylinder Head Gasketed joint is to seal combustion gases, oil and coolant and avoid entering the air into combustion chamber. Preload is applied on cylinder head bolt to avoid the leakages. Excessive preload on cylinder head bolt will cause extra stresses and cylinder bore deformation also increased which reduces the engine performance. Hence, it is very essential to determine adequate and accurate preload on cylinder head bolts. There are different types of bolt tightening methods followed by engine manufacturers as compared to other methods loss of preload and preload variation is less in angle torque method. In this work, Angle torque method for cylinder head bolted joint classical mathematical model is developed to estimate the snug torque and angle torque. Model is validated with FE analysis and experimental work. High performance 3-cylinder diesel engine's cylinder head, cylinder head bolts and crankcase are taken for methodology development, FE and experimental work.
4
Guzzomi, A. L., D. C. Hesterman, and B. J. Stone. "Variable inertia effects of an engine including piston friction and a crank or gudgeon pin offset." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto590.
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In order to obtain greater accuracy in simulation, more sophisticated models are often required. When it comes to the torsional vibration of reciprocating mechanisms the effect of inertia variation is very important. It has been shown that the inclusion of this variation increases model accuracy for both single-cylinder and multi-cylinder engine torsional vibration predictions. Recent work by the present authors has revealed that piston-to-cylinder friction may modify an engine's ‘apparent’ inertia function. Kinematic analysis also shows that the piston side force and the dynamic piston-to-cylinder friction are interdependent. This has implications for engine vibration modelling. Most modern engines employ a gudgeon pin offset, and there is a growing interest in pursuing large crank offsets; hence, the effect of these on inertia variation is also of interest. This paper presents the derivation of the inertia function for a single engine mechanism, including both piston-to-cylinder friction and crank or gudgeon pin offset, and investigates the effect of each through predictions. The effect of crank offset on the variable inertia function is also verified by experiment.
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Zweiri, Y. H., J. F. Whidborne, and L. D. Seneviratne. "Detailed analytical model of a single-cylinder diesel engine in the crank angle domain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 215, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407011528734.
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A detailed analytical non-linear dynamic model for single-cylinder diesel engines is developed. The model describes the dynamic behaviour between fuelling and engine speed and includes models of the non-linear engine and dynamometer dynamics, the instantaneous friction terms and the engine thermodynamics. The model operates in the crank angle domain. The dynamometer model enables the study of the engine behaviour under loading. The instantaneous friction model takes into consideration the viscosity variations with temperature. Inertia variations with piston pin offset are presented. In-cycle calculations are performed at each crank angle, and the correct crank angles of ignition, speed variations, fuel supply and air as well as fuel burning rate are predicted. The model treats the cylinder strokes and the manifolds as thermodynamic control volumes by using the filling and emptying method. The model is validated using experimentally measured cylinder pressure and engine instantaneous speeds, under transient operating conditions, and gives good agreement. The model can be used as an engine simulator to aid diesel engines control system design and fault diagnostics.
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Lee, Youngbok, Seungha Lee, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Semi-empirical estimation model of in-cylinder pressure for compression ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 12 (June 2, 2020): 2862–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020916952.
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There have been significant efforts in recent years to comply with automotive emission regulations. To resolve the issue, researchers have strived to reduce the emissions through combustion control. The heat release rate, or in-cylinder pressure information, is necessary to model engine-out emissions, and can also be used to optimize efficiency and emissions by controlling combustion and estimating torque for torque-based engine dynamic control. Piezoelectric pressure sensors are widely used. However, because of cost and durability issues, there have been studies which estimate the in-cylinder pressure using data available only from the engine control unit to reduce engine costs. Therefore, in this study, in-cylinder pressure was predicted, without additional pressure sensors, in light-duty diesel engines. A variable polytropic exponent model was first adopted during the compression stroke, assuming a polytropic process. A Wiebe function was then applied for describing cumulative heat release rate during the combustion phase. Using the in-cylinder pressure model, it was possible to calculate combustion-related parameters which are frequently used such as ignition delay, combustion duration, peaked pressure, and MFB50 (mass fraction burned: timing when 50% of the fuel is burned) without pressure sensors. Notwithstanding the simplification of the model which is targeting real-time applications, the model can predict the in-cylinder pressure at steady-state conditions. The pressure at the end of compression stroke, at start of main combustion timing, and when it has a peaked value by the main combustion were estimated with accuracy of R2 0.996, 0.993, and 0.956, respectively, in test engine. The model was also validated against a second engine. This study can contribute to emission models that need to calculate in-cylinder temperature using pressure data, and other studies to establish engine control strategies, including optimization through combustion control and torque prediction, which can be applied to engine dynamic control.
7
Petr, Jevič, Pražan Radek, and Šedivá Zdeňka. "Engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics of paraffinic diesel fuel in a model diesel engine." Research in Agricultural Engineering 64, No. 2 (June 28, 2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/113/2017-rae.
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The article deals with verification of a diesel fuel and two fuel mixtures blends with different amounts of the bio-component using the model single-cylinder engine without the additional equipment for treatment of exhaust gases. This combustion diesel engine served for measuring the performance characteristics of the model single-cylinder engine and the individual emission components in order to assess the use of these blends of liquid paraffinic diesel fuel in practice and to meet current and forthcoming European legislation and to fulfil the commitments by 2020. A detailed chemical analysis was performed in case of all the tested paraffinic diesel fuels.
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Qiao, Xin Yong, Xiao Yang Xie, Jian Min Liu, and Xiao Ming Zhang. "Approach to Detect Air Tightness of Engine Cylinder by Vibration Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.50.
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Cylinder compression pressure reflects the air tightness of engine. A method for measuring the compression pressure of cylinder indirectly through measuring the vibration signal of cylinder head was studied and then to detect the air tightness. The air pressure signal in cylinder and vibration signals of cylinder head were measured at the same time when the diesel engine was driven by the motor. According to port timing, the vibration signal excited by cylinder pressure was separated using time domain analysis. A RBF neural network model was set up to build the relation between compression pressure and cylinder head vibration. So the air tightness of cylinder can be detected after calculating the compression pressure by use of neural network.
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Osburn, Andrew W., and Matthew A. Franchek. "Reducing Engine Idle Speed Deviations Using the Internal Model Principle." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 4 (March 21, 2006): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2361324.
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Presented in this paper is a multivariable linear feedback controller design methodology for idle speed control of spark-ignition engines. The engine is modeled as a multi-input, single-output system. The proposed feedback control system employs both throttle and ignition timing to control engine speed and engine roughness. Throttle is used to attenuate low frequency components of the speed error and reject mean speed errors. Spark advance is used to reduce cylinder-to-cylinder differences in torque production by limiting high frequency speed deviations. The algorithm is executed in the crank-angle domain, and the internal model principle serves as the basis for cylinder torque balancing. The nonlinear relationship between ignition timing and torque production is explicitly incorporated into the design process using a sector bound. A loop shaping approach is proposed to design the feedback controller, and absolute stability of the nonlinear closed-loop system is guaranteed through the Tsypkin Criterion. Experimental results from implementation on a Ford 4.6L V-8 engine are provided.
10
Richardson, D. E., and S. A. Krause. "Predicted Effects of Cylinder Kit Wear on Blowby and Oil Consumption for Two Diesel Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 4 (November 22, 1999): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286674.
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Durability is very important for current diesel engines. Diesel engine manufacturers are trying to make the engines live as long as possible before overhaul. The time to overhaul for an engine is usually dictated by high oil consumption or blowby. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how wear affects the cylinder kit dynamics, oil consumption, and blowby in an engine. This paper explores the effect of power cylinder component (rings and cylinder bore) wear by using a cylinder kit dynamics model. The model predicts how wear will affect ring motion, inter-ring gas pressure, blowby, etc. The parameters studied were: liner wear, ring face wear, and ring side wear. Two different engines were modeled. The characteristics of these two engines are very different. As a result, the effects of wear are different and the corresponding durability will be different. This illustrates the need to model each individual type of engine separately. The modeling shows that top ring face wear is very significant for maintaining good oil and blowby control. Liner wear is important, but does not have as large an effect as ring wear. The effects of side wear are significant for these two cases. [S0742-4795(00)00203-9]
11
Hamann, Harry, Daniel Münning, Philip Gorzalka, Michael Zillmer, and Peter Eilts. "Efficiency scaling method of gasoline engines for different geometries and the application in hybrid vehicle simulation." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 7 (August 31, 2016): 732–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416667130.
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This work presents a scalable model of a naturally aspirated gasoline engine forecasting the effective efficiency map for varying cylinder displacements. Engine test bench measurements and a global nonlinear hybrid optimization method were used to calibrate the engine model. The validation showed a good prediction of engine efficiency by the scaling model with a mean error of 2% compared with the measurements. A pure scaling of the cylinder displacement led to overall small changes in the effective engine efficiency map. In addition to the development of a scalable engine model, a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation model was used in order to evaluate the impact of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption. For this purpose, simulations for varying cylinder displacements were performed in a series–parallel hybrid drivetrain of an A-class vehicle in two driving cycles. The simulation results showed a small influence of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption for the given configuration.
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Kim, Yong Wha, Giorgio Rizzoni, and Yue-Yun Wang. "Design of An IC Engine Torque Estimator Using Unknown Input Observer." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 121, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802500.
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The torque produced by each combustion in an engine is one of the most important indices tied to internal combustion engine performance. In this paper, an approach is investigated to estimate engine torque. Instead of employing expensive and delicate combustion pressure sensors to directly measure indicated pressure in each cylinder, unknown input observers are exploited to estimate cylinder indicated torque using one or more low-cost measurements of crankshaft angular position. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such torque estimators for multi-cylinder engines are presented in the paper; these include the number of angular position sensors required and their suggested placement. Model reduction issues and the number of measurements required to obtain an acceptable estimate are also considered. The approach is applied to a six-cylinder industrial diesel engine.
13
Doan, T. D., E. F. Crawford, and S. J. Hinkle. "A Steady-State Air Motion Study in a V-6 Uniflow Scavenged Two-Stroke Diesel Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240163.
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This paper presents new insight into the causes of cylinder-to-cylinder variation in swirl torque and airflow in uniflow scavenged, two-stroke diesel engines. A V-6 model of such an engine was investigated as a flow rig under steady-state conditions. These variations were found to be primarily caused by the effect of the airbox walls on the air motion. The maximum difference in the baseline cylinder-to-cylinder swirl torque and airflow rate was 11 and 3.5 percent, respectively. Two airbox design modifications, resulting from the study, in turn demonstrated increased cylinder airflow rate and reduced cylinder-to-cylinder swirl torque variation on the flow rig.
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Liang, Jinhui, Dongdong Zhang, and Shuwen Wang. "Vibration characteristic analysis of single-cylinder two-stroke engine and mounting system optimization design." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (July 2020): 003685042093063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420930631.
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Compared with four-stroke engines, single-cylinder two-stroke engines have the characteristics of small inertia, high rotational speed, and wide excitation frequency range. However, the structural vibration and noise generated by the two-stroke engine are very violent. Hence, it is necessary to reduce the vibration and noise of the single-cylinder two-stroke engine. Based on the design theory of the engine mounting system, the excitation frequency, direction, and magnitude of a single-cylinder two-stroke engine are analyzed. The rubber isolator is selected as the new mount element, and the dynamic model of the engine powertrain mounting system is established based on ADAMS software. Based on the sensitivity analysis of the design variables of the mounting system, the natural frequency of the mounting system is used as an objective, and the three-directional stiffness of the mounting system is taken as design variables for the optimization problem. The optimization model is solved by the sequential quadratic programming method. The results show that the maximum frequency of the mounting system after optimization is less than 1/[Formula: see text] of the excitation frequency, and the isolation effect is achieved. The dynamic model and the optimization method presented in this article would provide a useful tool for the design and optimization of mounting system for the single-cylinder two-stroke engine to reduce vibration from the engine to the engine support.
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Yamasaki, Yudai, Ryosuke Ikemura, and Shigehiko Kaneko. "Model-based control of diesel engines with multiple fuel injections." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417747738.
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We developed a feed-forward controller for a conventional diesel combustion engine with triple fuel injection and experimentally evaluated its performance. A combustion model that discretizes an engine cycle into a number of representative points to achieve a light calculation load is embedded into the controller; this model predicts the in-cylinder gas-pressure-peak timing with information about the operating condition obtained from the engine control unit. The controller calculates the optimal main-fuel-injection timing to control the in-cylinder gas-pressure peak using the prediction result as a controller with a single input and output. The controller’s performance was evaluated by experiments using a four-cylinder diesel engine under changing the target value of the in-cylinder gas-pressure-peak timing during a target-following test and the performance was also evaluated under changing the exhaust gas recirculation ratio at the constant target value of the in-cylinder gas-pressure-peak timing for the disturbance-response test. It was found that the controller could calculate the optimal main-injection timing over a cycle and maintain the targeted in-cylinder gas-pressure-peak timing even when the target value or exhaust gas recirculation changed. The combustion model was also shown to be fast enough at predicting diesel combustion for onboard control.
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Wang, Qian, Jing Wang, Heng Song Ji, and Chen Gu. "A Numerical Simulation of the Working Process of Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 3359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.3359.
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Based on the in-cylinder hydrokinetics and by coupling the multidimensional model of in-cylinder combustion and verifying the rationality of the computational model, this thesis uses KIVA-3V program, which has been added a new subprogram, to provide a numerical simulation of the in-cylinder pressure, the temperature and the NOXdistribution and emission of a diesel engine in different injection advance angles, so as to analyze the change of in-cylinder pressure and temperature, and to find out the rules of temperature distribution, the NOXdistribution and emission condition. This thesis is of guiding significance to the better understanding of the performance of diesel engines and to the optimum design and research of the diesels.
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Jia, Libin, Jeffrey Naber, and Jason Blough. "Application of FRF with SISO and MISO model for accelerometer-based in-cylinder pressure reconstruction on a 9-L diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 4 (June 5, 2014): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214538009.
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Engine control with feedback from engine combustion process diagnostics can help improve fuel efficiency and assist in meeting stricter emission regulations. The standard is to use in-cylinder pressure measurements with analysis including rate of heat release. The measurement is usually obtained with intrusive sensors that require a special mounting process and engine structure modification. The potential of the low-cost non-intrusive accelerometer as an alternative means to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressure has been demonstrated by previous investigations. In this work, start of injection (SOI) sweep test conditions at varied speed spanning both low load and high load were conducted on an inline 6-cylinder, 9 L diesel engine. The relationship between the in-cylinder pressure and the accelerometer signal was quantified with frequency response function (FRF). The robustness of the obtained FRF was evaluated by applying the single-test-based FRF to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressures for other test conditions. Two models, single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input single-output (MISO), were investigated and compared where the accelerometer signal was taken as the input and in-cylinder pressure as the output. The optimal channel used to acquire the input signal in the SISO model was selected on the basis of coherence analysis. Results show that the MISO model assisted by principal component analysis (PCA) and offset-compensation processes can result in better in-cylinder pressure estimation than the SISO model for conditions with 2200 rpm engine speed. With the purpose of minimizing the cost for accelerometer employment, the minimum number of inputs used to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressure in the MISO model was pursued. Thresholds were set based on three estimated in-cylinder pressure parameters to select the qualified input channels and two input channels were finally determined. Results showed that the two-input single-output FRF model coupled with the PCA and offset-compensation processes improves the FRF’s robustness for the in-cylinder pressure estimation in comparison to the SISO FRF model based on all the tests conducted in this paper.
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Shin, Hyunki, Donghyuk Jung, Manbae Han, Seungwoo Hong, and Donghee Han. "Minimization of Torque Deviation of Cylinder Deactivation Engine through 48V Mild-Hybrid Starter-Generator Control." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041432.
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Cylinder deactivation (CDA) is an effective technique to improve fuel economy in spark ignition (SI) engines. This technique enhances volumetric efficiency and reduces throttling loss. However, practical implementation is restricted due to torque fluctuations between individual cylinders that cause noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) issues. To ease torque deviation of the CDA, we propose an in-cylinder pressure based 48V mild-hybrid starter-generator (MHSG) control strategy. The target engine realizes CDA with a specialized engine configuration of separated intake manifolds to independently control the airflow into the cylinders. To handle the complexity of the combined CDA and mild-hybrid system, GT-POWER simulation environment was integrated with a SI turbulent combustion model and 48V MHSG model with actual part specifications. The combustion model is essential for in-cylinder pressure-based control; thus, it is calibrated with actual engine experimental data. The modeling results demonstrate the precise accuracy of the engine cylinder pressures and of quantities such as MAF, MAP, BMEP, and IMEP. The proposed control algorithm also showed remarkable control performance, achieved by instantaneous torque calculation and dynamic compensation, with a 99% maximum reduction rate of engine torque deviation under target CDA operations.
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Arashi, Daiki, Yuuto Kakinuma, Kei Sugiura, Takamasa Terai, Satoshi Ashizawa, and Takeo Oomichi. "Research on High Efficiency Operation Method of Linear Generator Engine." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 30, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2018.p0093.
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In this paper, a novel generator engine designed to achieve high efficiency, which we call an internal combustion engine with linear generator (ICELG), is proposed and its feasibility and validity are demonstrated using a simulator. Unlike conventional crank-type engines, the ICELG employs a linear motor, which is directly connected to the piston-cylinder unit, instead of a crank mechanism, thus eliminating the motional constraints. This allows the stroke to be changed in mid-operation. The simulator is based on a model of the DC motor and consists of the motor model, which combines the actuator and generator, the engine model, which computes the state changes in the cylinder, and the charge/discharge model, which computes the energy charge and discharge. The ICELG’s feasibility is evaluated by determining the energy losses and charge in the respective models. It is possible to extract a greater amount of energy in the combustion stroke by lengthening the stroke. Losses can be reduced during the intake and exhaust strokes by operating at low speed in order to prevent drastic pressure changes in the cylinder. During the compression stroke, the inertial energy is stored when the pressure in the cylinder is still low, and then subsequently released as inertial force beyond the position from which it can complete the combustion stroke, as a result of which the motor resistance loss is reduced. It was found that the ICELG achieves higher efficiency than conventional generator engines when operated in this manner.
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Creaven, J. P., R. Fleck, R. G. Kenny, and G. Cunningham. "Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of flow within the cylinder of a motored tow-stroke cycle engine-comparison with some computational fluid dynamics predictions." International Journal of Engine Research 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 103–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808703321533268.
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This study was carried out to assess the ability of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code to predict the scavenging flow in the cylinder of a two-stroke cycle engine. Predictions were obtained from a CFD simulation of the flow within the cylinder. Due to the apparent sym-metry of the engine port layout, only half of the cylinder volume was modelled. Boundary conditions for the CFD model were obtained from experimentally measured pressure-time histories in the crankcase and exhaust. The two-stroke cycle engine was modified to allow laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements to be made of the in-cylinder flow. The engine was operated under motoring conditions at 500 r/min with a delivery ratio of 0.7. Although the engine scavenge port layout was geometrically symmetrical, an asymmetrical flow field was identified in the cylinder. As a result of this, a direct comparison of the in-cylinder LDV measured and CFD computed results was not possible. However, LDV and CFD results for the in-cylinder flow are presented to help highlight the dissimilarity between the measured and predicted flow fields. Two-dimensional LDV measurements were made in the cylinder at the transfer ports for a portion of the cycle. A comparison of these LDV measurements with CFD predictions of the in-cylinder velocities at the same locations showed that the CFD model could replicate reasonably well the general trend of the flow. The measured cylinder averaged turbulent kinetic energy was compared with that of the CFD model. The qualitative trend of the overall turbulence generating capacity of the engine was well replicated by the CFD model.
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Ji, Fen Zhu, Xiao Xu Zhou, and Mi Tian. "Study on Thermal Management for Cooling System of Aero-Piston Engine." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.452.
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A model of thermal management for cooling system of aero-piston engine was presented in this study. The models of main parts in this system were also founded. Based on the measured value of temperature and pressure in the cylinder, the heat transfer coefficient between gas-fired and the cylinder wall was calculated by using the empirical formula. A heat transfer boundary condition between fins and cooling air was determined according to various Reynolds number of the air flow. Moreover, the method of finite element analysis was utilized to calculate the temperature of cylinder block. In the specified working condition of some two-stroke piston engine used in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), the calculation and analysis were made to study on the effect of aircrew speed and flight height on the cylinder block temperature, as well as the effect of cylinder block temperature on airscrew speed by the thermal management model. The calculation results show that, as the flight height rises, the cylinder block temperature increases accordingly when engine power and airscrew speeds are kept constant; however, at the same height, the higher the airscrew speed is, the lower cylinder block temperature will be. The cylinder block temperature should be kept stable by regulating the airscrew speed.
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Connolly, Francis T., and Giorgio Rizzoni. "Real Time Estimation of Engine Torque for the Detection of Engine Misfires." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899267.
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The need for improvements in the on-line estimation of engine performance variables is greater nowadays as a result of more stringent emission control legislation. There is also a concurrent requirement for improved on-board diagnostics to detect different types of malfunctions. For example, recent California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulations mandate continuous monitoring of misfires, a problem which, short of an expensive measurement of combustion pressure in each cylinder, is most directly approached by estimating individual cylinder torque. This paper describes the theory and experimental results of a method for the estimation of individual cylinder torque in automative engines, with the intent of satisfying the CARB misfire detection requirements. Estimation, control, and diagnostic functions associated with automotive engines involve near periodic processes, due to the nature of multi-cylinder engines. The model of the engine dynamics used in this study fully exploits the inherent periodicity of the combustion process in the crank angle domain in order to obtain a simple deconvolution method for the estimation of the mean torque produced by each cylinder during each stroke from a measurement of crankshaft angular velocity. The deconvolution is actually performed in the spatial frequency domain, recognizing that the combustion energy is concentrated at discrete spatial frequencies, which are harmonics of the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. Thus, the resulting deconvolution algorithm is independent of engine speed, and reduces to an algebraic operation in the frequency domain. It is necessary to perform a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) on the measured angular velocity signal, sampled at fixed uniform crank angle intervals. The paper discusses the model used in the study, and the experimental validation of the algorithm, which has been implemented in real time using a portable computer and has been tested extensively on different production vehicles on a chassis dynamometer and on the road.
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Ye, Yao, Feng Wang, and Yong Hai Wu. "The Temperature Field Research of an Engine Cylinder Liner Based on ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.459.
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The temperature field of cylinder liner directly affects the working process of the engine cylinder. Its research is an important research direction of the engine research. We analysis the location relationship between the cylinder liner and cooperate with the components analysis in this paper. Then the finite element model of cylinder liner component is established and boundary conditions such as gas convective heat transfer coefficient, the piston top heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. A certain type of engine cylinder liner is calculated by using ANSYS temperature field equation solvers. The model and the calculation method this article uses are of great significance for the temperature field research of other heat transfer components.
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Muhamad Said, Mohd Farid, Zulkarnain Abdul Latiff, Shaiful Fadzil Zainal Abidin, and Izzarief Zahari. "Investigation of Intake Valve Strategy on the Cylinder Deactivation Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (January 2016): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.819.459.
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There are many technologies that being developed to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines as well as reducing their fuel consumption. In this paper, the main research area is focus on cylinder deactivation (CDA) technology. CDA mostly being applied on multi cylinders engines. CDA has the advantage in improving fuel consumption by reducing pumping losses at part load engine conditions. Here, the application of CDA on 1.6L four cylinders gasoline engine was studied. One-dimensional (1D) engine modeling is performed to investigate the effect of intake valve strategy on engine performance with CDA. 1D engine model is constructed according to the 1.6L actual engine geometries. The model is simulated at various engine speeds at full load conditions. The simulated results show that the constructed model is well correlated to measured data. This correlated model used to investigate the CDA application at part load conditions. Also, the effects on the in-cylinder combustion as well as pumping losses are presented. The study shows that the effect of intake valve strategy is very significant on engine performance. Pumping losses is found to be reduced, thus improving fuel consumption and engine efficiency.
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Li, P., T. Shen, and D. Liu. "Idle speed performance improvement via torque balancing control in ignition-event scale for SI engines with multi-cylinders." International Journal of Engine Research 13, no. 1 (October 24, 2011): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411405415.
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Imbalance in torque generation leads to engine speed fluctuation. To improve the idle engine speed performance, the torque balancing control problem is addressed in this paper for multi-cylinder SI engines. To evaluate cylinder-to-cylinder imbalance, the average torque in ignition-event scale is introduced as controlled output, which enables a feedback control to be performed without measurement of instantaneous torque, and the individual spark advances are chosen as control inputs. A linear discrete time model with single input and single output is proposed to represent the dynamics of the imbalance, where a sequentially switching function is introduced to describe the spark advance signals delivered to each cylinder and the differences in torque generation caused by the individual cylinder characteristics are equivalently modelled as unknown offset in the inputs. An estimation algorithm with the proof of convergence is presented to provide on-line estimation of the unknown offset under the passivity assumption of the system. Furthermore, a feedback control law which combines the unknown offset estimation and the model predictive control is proposed. Finally, the unknown offset estimation and the feedback control approach are validated based on the experimental results carried out on a six-cylinder gasoline engine test bench.
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Septivani, Nike, and Byan Wahyu Riyandwita. "Spark ignition engine modeling for in-cylinder pressure and temperature prediction using simulink." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820404001.
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Mathematical model for four-stroke gasoline engines based on a cylinder-by-cylinder engine modeling method that incorporates physical formulas such as engine geometry and empirical formulas such as combustion duration are applied in this study. In-cylinder pressure and temperature can be calculated for gasoline four-cycle engine. Modeling is done by treating each step in the cylinder as a volume control, solving the conservation equations of energy with submodules for combustion, heat transfer and dynamic analysis. Calculations in cycles are performed at each crank angle, so that the correct angle of ignition, variations in velocity, amount of intake mass and fuel burning speed can be predicted. Adjustment for the combustion parameter such as burn duration and form factor of the Wiebe function to increase the model accuracy was performed. It is shown that the optimization of the Wiebe function parameters able to improve the sum squared error of the engine pressure estimation by 58.17% compared to the result from generalized parameter functions, and the parameter of form factor and burn duration are influential by around twice of (1.86 and 2.55 times, respectively) the efficiency factor.
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Kulah, Serkan, Alexandru Forrai, Frank Rentmeester, Tijs Donkers, and Frank Willems. "Robust cylinder pressure estimation in heavy-duty diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 2 (June 14, 2017): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417713336.
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The robustness of a new single-cylinder pressure sensor concept is experimentally demonstrated on a six-cylinder heavy-duty diesel engine. Using a single-cylinder pressure sensor and a crank angle sensor, this single-cylinder pressure sensor concept estimates the in-cylinder pressure traces in the remaining cylinders by applying a real-time, flexible crankshaft model combined with an adaptation algorithm. The single-cylinder pressure sensor concept is implemented on CPU/field-programmable gate array–based hardware. For steady-state engine operating conditions, the added value of the adaptation algorithm is demonstrated for cases in which a fuel quantity change or start of injection change is applied in a single, non-instrumented cylinder. It is shown that for steady-state and transient engine conditions, the cylinder pressure traces and corresponding combustion parameters, indicated mean effective pressure, peak cylinder pressure, and crank angle at 50% heat release, can be estimated with 1.2 bar, 6.0 bar, and 1.1 CAD inaccuracy, respectively.
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Liu, H. Q., N. G. Chalhoub, and N. Henein. "Simulation of a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Under Cold Start Conditions Using Simulink." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 1 (February 23, 2000): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1290148.
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A nonlinear dynamic model is developed in this study to simulate the overall performance of a naturally aspirated, single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine under cold start and fully warmed-up conditions. The model considers the filling and emptying processes of the cylinder, blowby, intake, and exhaust manifolds. A single zone combustion model is implemented and the heat transfer in the cylinder, intake, and exhaust manifolds are accounted for. Moreover, the derivations include the dynamics of the crank-slider mechanism and employ an empirical model to estimate the instantaneous frictional losses in different engine components. The formulation is coded in modular form whereby each module, which represents a single process in the engine, is introduced as a single block in an overall Simulink engine model. The numerical accuracy of the Simulink model is verified by comparing its results to those generated by integrating the engine formulation using IMSL stiff integration routines. The engine model is validated by the close match between the predicted and measured cylinder gas pressure and engine instantaneous speed under motoring, steady-state, and transient cold start operating conditions.
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Nassiri, Toosi, Amir Kakaee, and Hazhir Ebne-Abbasi. "Exhaust gas heat recovery through secondary expansion cylinder and water injection in an internal combustion engine." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150915282n.
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To enhance thermal efficiency and increase performance of an internal combustion engine, a novel concept of coupling a conventional engine with a secondary 4-stroke cylinder and direct water injection process is proposed. The burned gases after working in a traditional 4-stroke combustion cylinder are transferred to a secondary cylinder and expanded even more. After re-compression of the exhaust gases, pre-heated water is injected at top dead center. The evaporation of injected water not only recovers heat from exhaust gases, but also increases the mass of working gas inside the cylinder, therefore improves the overall thermal efficiency. A 0-D/1-D model is used to numerically simulate the idea. The simulations outputs showed that the bottoming cycle will be more efficient at higher engines speeds, specifically in a supercharged/turbocharged engine, which have higher exhaust gas pressure that can reproduce more positive work. In the modeled supercharged engine, results showed that brake thermal efficiency can be improved by about 17%, and brake power by about 17.4%.
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Wang, Zhen Bing, Peng Fei, and Guan Zhang Li. "Research on Dynamic Characteristic of the Engine Cylinder Based on ANSYS and Pro/E." Applied Mechanics and Materials 101-102 (September 2011): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.101-102.640.
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The connecting rod is an important part in the engine cylinder. This paper studied the engine cylinder by using Pro/E and ANSYS and achieved some interest results. It used the Pro/E to establish three-dimensional model of the engine and to simulate on it. It also analyzes the connecting rod of cylinder by using the finite element analysis software ANSYS, its modal analysis method was put forward and the low natural frequency and vibration mode were calculated. The analysis method and the results can provide reference for the dynamic design of the connecting rod, and also provide a method for the fault diagnosis engine system.
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Woodward, J. B. "Air-Standard Modelling for Closed-Cycle Diesel Engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 2 (May 1995): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_022_02.
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The author posits that a model constructed from ideal processes is the most desirable starting point for analysis of real power machinery, and then presents means of following this concept in the case of a closed-cycle diesel engine. The traditional air-standard limited-pressure cycle is found unsuitable for this application in that it offers only an unrealistic constant-volume cooling as the model for the processes that must occur between cylinder exhaust and cylinder intake. The present paper substitutes isentropic expansion, throttling and constant-pressure cooling as being suitable ideal models for the actual processes. Equations are presented and sample calculations are given for the cylinder-to-cylinder part of an ideal cycle representing a four-stroke naturally aspirated engine. Two alternatives are also discussed via examples: an engine with partial bypassing of untreated exhaust gas to the cylinder intake and a two-stroke engine with blower or compressor driven by an exhaust gas turbine. A closing example is given to demonstrate one way in which the analyses can be used to find the effect of external process states an engine-cycle output.
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Men, Yifan, Ibrahim Haskara, and Guoming Zhu. "Multi-zone reaction-based modeling of combustion for multiple-injection diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 6 (July 18, 2018): 1012–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418788488.
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As the requirements for performance and restrictions on emissions become stringent, diesel engines are equipped with advanced air, fuel, exhaust gas recirculation techniques, and associated control strategies, making them incredibly complex systems. To enable model-based engine control, control-oriented combustion models, including Wiebe-based and single-zone reaction-based models, have been developed to predict engine burn rate or in-cylinder pressure. Despite model simplicity, they are not suitable for engines operating outside the normal range because of the large error beyond calibrated region with extremely high calibration effort. The purpose of this article is to obtain a parametric understanding of diesel combustion by developing a physics-based model which can predict the combustion metrics, such as in-cylinder pressure, burn rate, and indicated mean effective pressure accurately, over a wide range of operating conditions, especially with multiple injections. In the proposed model, it is assumed that engine cylinder is divided into three zones: a fuel zone, a reaction zone, and an unmixed zone. The formulation of reaction and unmixed zones is based on the reaction-based modeling methodology, where the interaction between them is governed by Fick’s law of diffusion. The fuel zone is formulated as a virtual zone, which only accounts for mass and heat transfer associated with fuel injection and evaporation. The model is validated using test data under different speed and load conditions, with multiple injections and exhaust gas recirculation rates. It is shown that the multi-zone model outperformed the single-zone model in in-cylinder pressure prediction and calibration effort with a mild penalty in computational time.
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HUNICZ, Jacek. "A study of charge exchange in a residual-effected HCCI gasoline engine." Combustion Engines 145, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117097.
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An in-cylinder charge exchange process in a gasoline homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine operated in a negative valve overlap (NVO) mode was studied. Research was performed using a single-cylinder research engine with fully variable valve actuation. Combination of in-cylinder pressure traces processing and fluid flow model enables cycle-by-cycle analysis of charge composition and temperature. It allows forecasting of in cylinder pressure volume and temperature-volume histories and can be used for physical-based engine control. In this paper influence of valves timings and valves lifts on the gas exchange process was analyzed. Special attention was paid to the effects of backflows of the in cylinder charge to an intake port.
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Yang, S. L., B. D. Peschke, and K. Hanjalic. "Second-Moment Closure Model for IC Engine Flow Simulation Using Kiva Code1." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 122, no. 2 (August 31, 1999): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483213.
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The flow and turbulence in an IC engine cylinder were studied using the SSG variant of the Reynolds stress turbulence closure model. In-cylinder turbulence is characterized by strong turbulence anisotropy and flow rotation, which aid in air-fuel mixing. It is argued that solving the differential transport equations for each turbulent stress tensor component, as implied by second-moment closures, can better reproduce stress anisotropy and effects of rotation, than with eddy-viscosity models. Therefore, a Reynolds stress model that can meet the demands of in-cylinder flows was incorporated into an engine flow solver. The solver and SSG turbulence model were first successfully tested with two different validation cases. Finally, simulations were applied to IC-engine like geometries. The results showed that the Reynolds stress model predicted additional flow structures and yielded less diffusive profiles than those predicted by an eddy-viscosity model. [S0742-4795(00)00101-0]
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Tee, J. W., S. H. Hamdan, and W. W. F. Chong. "Predictive tool for frictional performance of piston ring-pack/liner conjunction." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 5513–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.3.2019.19.0445.
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Fundamental understanding of piston ring-pack lubrication is essential in reducing engine friction. This is because a substantial portion of engine frictional losses come from piston-ring assembly. Hence, this study investigates the tribological impact of different piston ring profiles towards engine in-cylinder friction. Mathematical models are derived from Reynolds equation by using Reynolds’ boundary conditions to generate the contact pressure distribution along the complete piston ring-pack/liner conjunction. The predicted minimum film thickness is then used to predict the friction generated between the piston ring-pack and the engine cylinder liner. The engine in-cylinder friction is predicted using Greenwood and Williamson’s rough surface contact model. The model considers both the boundary friction and the viscous friction components. These mathematical models are integrated to simulate the total engine in-cylinder friction originating from the studied piston ring-pack for a complete engine cycle. The predicted minimum film thickness and frictional properties from the current models are shown to correlate reasonably with the published data. Hence, the proposed mathematical approach prepares a simplistic platform in predicting frictional losses of piston ring-pack/liner conjunction, allowing for an improved fundamental understanding of the parasitic losses in an internal combustion engine.
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Altosole, Marco, Ugo Campora, Massimo Figari, Michele Laviola, and Michele Martelli. "A Diesel Engine Modelling Approach for Ship Propulsion Real-Time Simulators." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 11, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7050138.
Full textAbstract:
A turbocharged diesel engine numerical model, suitable for real-time ship manoeuvre simulation, is presented in this paper. While some engine components (mainly the turbocharger, intercooler and manifolds) are modelled by a filling and emptying approach, the cylinder simulation is based on a set of five-dimensional numerical matrices (each matrix is generated by means of a more traditional thermodynamic model based on in-cylinder actual cycle). The new cylinder calculation approach strongly reduces the engine transient computation time, making it possible to transform the simulation model into a real-time executable application. As a case study, the simulation methodology is applied to a high speed four stroke turbocharged marine diesel engine, whose design and off design running data are available from the technical sheet. In order to verify the suitability of the proposed model in real-time simulation applications, a yacht propulsion plant simulator is developed. Numerical results in ship acceleration and deceleration manoeuvres are shown, reducing the simulation running time of 99% in comparison with the corresponding in-cylinder actual cycle engine model.
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Zhang, Xue Liang, and Yun Jie Xu. "Fault Diagnosis for Diesel Engine Cylinder Head Based on Genetic-SVM Classifier." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.390.
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Fault diagnosis of Diesel engine cylinder head is very complex, so it is difficult to use the mathematical model to describe their faults. In this study, support vector machine trained by genetic algorithm based on high frequency demodulation analysis is proposed to fault diagnosis of Diesel engine cylinder head. Genetic algorithm is used to determine training parameters of support vector machine in this model, which can optimize the support vector machine (SVM) an intelligent diagnostic model. The performance of the GSVM system proposed in this study is evaluated by Diesel engine cylinder head in the wood-wool production device. The application to fault diagnosis for diesel engine shows the effectiveness o f the method.
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Ivnev, Alexander Andreevich, Vladimir Anatoljevich Zhukov, Yuriy Evgenievich Khryashchyev, and Alexander Ivanovich Yamanin. "Thermal tension of cylinder covers of transport diesel engines converted to marine diesels." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-55-64.
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The article describes the characteristics of thermal loading of the cylinder covers of transport diesel engines during their conversion to marine diesels. The engines of the CHN14/14 type produced by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant are proposed as promising for use in marine power plants. A special feature of the engine design is the individual four-valve cylinder heads, which have a complex geometric shape. The conversion of automobile engines, the cylinder heads of which were made of aluminum alloys, to marine ones is accompanied by an increase in the degree of their acceleration. The cylinder heads in operation experience significant thermal and mechanical loads, which causes the need for increased requirements for the materials of the cylinder heads. The rational choice of the cylinder head material is one of the most important tasks to be solved when upgrading and boosting engines. Experience in the operation of marine diesel engines shows that in order to ensure the required reliability under prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures due to forcing, it is necessary to choose cast iron as a structural material. A three-dimensional model of the cylinder head is developed. When performing the calculations, the boundary conditions are justified, taking into account the local nature of the distribution of thermal and mechanical effects on the diesel cylinder head. As a result of numerical modeling, the stress-strain states of cylinder heads made of high-strength cast iron, ductile iron and cast iron with vermicular graphite are determined and analyzed. There has been proved the preference for using cast irons with vermicular graphite, which have satisfactory casting and physical and mechanical properties. The advantages of using cast iron with vermicular graphite include a decrease in the temperature of the cylinder head in the area of the inter-valve bridge. The possibility of increasing the engine power from 330 to 560 kW when replacing aluminum alloys with cast iron with vermicular graphite for the manufacture of cylinder heads is proved.
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Shih, L. K., and D. N. Assanis. "Effect of Ring Dynamics and Crevice Flows on Unburned Hydrocarbon Emissions." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 784–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906886.
Full textAbstract:
A significant source of unburned hydrocarbon emissions from internal combustion engines originates from the flow of unburned fuel/air mixture into and out of crevices in the piston-cylinder-ring assembly. During compression, fuel vapor flows into crevice regions. After top dead center, the trapped fuel vapor that returns into the cylinder escapes complete oxidation and contributes to unburned hydrocarbon emissions. In this work, the crevice flow model developed by Namazian and Heywood is implemented into KIVA-II, a multidimensional, reacting flow code. Two-dimensional, axisymmetric simulations are then performed for a 2.5 liter gasoline engine to investigate the effects of engine speed and selected piston-ring design parameters on crevice flows and on unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Results suggest that engine-out unburned hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced by optimizing the ring end gap area and the piston-cylinder side clearance.
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Pastor, José, Pablo Olmeda, Jaime Martín, and Felipe Lewiski. "Methodology for Optical Engine Characterization by Means of the Combination of Experimental and Modeling Techniques." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122571.
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Optical engines allow for the direct visualization of the phenomena taking place in the combustion chamber and the application of optical techniques for combustion analysis, which makes them invaluable tools for the study of advanced combustion modes aimed at reducing pollutant emissions and increasing efficiency. An accurate thermodynamic analysis of the engine performance based on the in-cylinder pressure provides key information regarding the gas properties, the heat release, and the mixing conditions. If, in addition, optical access to the combustion process is provided, a deeper understanding of the phenomena can be derived, allowing the complete assessment of new injection-combustion strategies to be depicted. However, the optical engine is only useful for this purpose if the geometry, heat transfer, and thermodynamic conditions of the optical engine can mimic those of a real engine. Consequently, a reliable thermodynamic analysis of the optical engine itself is mandatory to accurately determine a number of uncertain parameters among which the effective compression ratio and heat transfer coefficient are of special importance. In the case of optical engines, the determination of such uncertainties is especially challenging due to their intrinsic features regarding the large mechanical deformations of the elongated piston caused by the pressure, and the specific thermal characteristics that affect the in-cylinder conditions. In this work, a specific methodology for optical engine characterization based on the combination of experimental measurements and in-cylinder 0D modeling is presented. On one hand, the method takes into account the experimental deformations measured with a high-speed camera in order to determine the effective compression ratio; on the other hand, the 0D thermodynamic analysis is used to calibrate the heat transfer model and to determine the rest of the uncertainties based on the minimization of the heat release rate residual in motored conditions. The method has been demonstrated to be reliable to characterize the optical engine, providing an accurate in-cylinder volume trace with a maximum deformation of 0.5 mm at 80 bar of peak pressure and good experimental vs. simulated in-cylinder pressure fitting.
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Wang, Qiming, Tao Sun, Zhichao Lyu, and Dawei Gao. "A Virtual In-Cylinder Pressure Sensor Based on EKF and Frequency-Amplitude-Modulation Fourier-Series Method." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 3122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143122.
Full textAbstract:
As a crucial and critical factor in monitoring the internal state of an engine, cylinder pressure is mainly used to monitor the burning efficiency, to detect engine faults, and to compute engine dynamics. Although the intrusive type cylinder pressure sensor has been greatly improved, it has been criticized by researchers for high cost, low reliability and short life due to severe working environments. Therefore, aimed at low-cost, real-time, non-invasive, and high-accuracy, this paper presents the cylinder pressure identification method also called a virtual cylinder pressure sensor, involving Frequency-Amplitude Modulated Fourier Series (FAMFS) and Extended-Kalman-Filter-optimized (EKF) engine model. This paper establishes an iterative speed model based on burning theory and Law of energy Conservation. Efficiency coefficient is used to represent operating state of engine from fuel to motion. The iterative speed model associated with the throttle opening value and the crankshaft load. The EKF is used to estimate the optimal output of this iteration model. The optimal output of the speed iteration model is utilized to separately compute the frequency and amplitude of the cylinder pressure cycle-to-cycle. A standard engine’s working cycle, identified by the 24th order Fourier series, is determined. Using frequency and amplitude obtained from the iteration model to modulate the Fourier series yields a complete pressure model. A commercial engine (EA211) provided by the China FAW Group corporate R&D center is used to verify the method. Test results show that this novel method possesses high accuracy and real-time capability, with an error percentage for speed below 9.6% and the cumulative error percentage of cylinder pressure less than 1.8% when A/F Ratio coefficient is setup at 0.85. Error percentage for speed below 1.7% and the cumulative error percentage of cylinder pressure no more than 1.4% when A/F Ratio coefficient is setup at 0.95. Thus, the novel method’s accuracy and feasibility are verified.
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Park, Chan-Woo, and Massoud Kaviany. "Evaporation-Combustion Affected by In-Cylinder, Reciprocating Porous Regenerator." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 1 (May 20, 2001): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1418368.
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An existing in-cylinder thermal regeneration concept for Diesel engines is examined for the roles of the porous insert motion and the fuel injection strategies on the fuel evaporation and combustion and on the engine efficiency. While the heated air emanating from the insert enhances fuel evaporation resulting in a superadiabatic combustion process (thus increasing thermal efficiency), the corresponding increase in the thermal NOx is undesirable. A two-gas-zone and a single-step reaction model are used with a Lagrangian droplet tracking model that allows for filtration by the insert. A thermal efficiency of 53 percent is predicted, compared to 43 percent of the conventional Diesel engines. The optimal regenerative cooling stroke occurs close to the peak flame temperature, thus increasing the superadiabatic flame temperature and the peak pressure, while decreasing the expansion stroke pressure and the pressure drop through the insert. During the regenerative heating stroke, the heated air enhances the droplet evaporation, resulting in a more uniform, premixed combustion and a higher peak pressure, thus a larger mechanical work.
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Gregório, Jorge P., and Francisco M. Brójo. "Development of a 4 stroke spark ignition opposed piston engine." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 3, 2018): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0039.
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Abstract The purpose of this project was to develop a low-cost OP engine, 4-stroke, gasoline by joining two single-cylinder reciprocating internal combustion engines with side valves on the block, removing the heads. The chosed engine was Model EY15 of Robin America. Joining these two engine blocks together made possible to build an opposed-piston engine (OPE) with two crankshafts. In this new engine, the combustion chamber is confined to the space inside the cylinder between the piston heads and the chamber between the valves. The pistons move in the cylinder axis in opposite directions, a feature typical of opposed-piston engines. After building the engine, parameters characteristic of the OPE, such as: rotational speed, torque, fuel consumption and emissions, were measured on an Eddy currents dynamometer. With the collected data, power, specific consumption and overall efficiency were calculated, allowing to conclude that the motor with the opposed-piston configuration is less expensive and is more powerful. The development of the opposed-piston engine in this project has shown that it is feasible to build one engine from a different one already in use, reducing the manufacturing and development costs. In addition, higher power can be obtained with better specific fuel consumption and less vibration.
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Zhao, Jian, Bin Tang, Yun Bang Tang, Kun Peng Qi, and Er Lin Ma. "Transient Performance Simulation of Single-Cylinder Engines Based on Tribology Behaviors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.946.
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The transient performance of engines is investigated in this paper. A mathematical model of single-cylinder engines is established and the friction torques produced by crankshaft bearing, piston assembly, pumping loss and other major factors are modeled. A dynamic simulation system is developed based on the MATLAB Simulink environment. Friction torques and instantaneous motion characteristics of the engine are predicted. The results show that crankshaft bearing, piston assembly, and pumping loss have a major effect on the transient performance of the engine, and the models described in this paper provide an effective tool to simulate engine processes.
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Boulanger, Joan, Fengshan Liu, W. Stuart Neill, and Gregory J. Smallwood. "An Improved Soot Formation Model for 3D Diesel Engine Simulations." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129, no. 3 (December 13, 2006): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2718234.
Full textAbstract:
Soot formation phenomenon is far from being fully understood today and models available for simulation of soot in practical combustion devices remain of relatively limited success, despite significant progresses made over the last decade. The extremely high demand of computing time of detailed soot models make them unrealistic for simulation of multidimensional, transient, and turbulent diesel engine combustion. Hence, most of the investigations conducted in real configuration such as multidimensional diesel engines simulation utilize coarse modeling, the advantages of which are an easy implementation and low computational cost. In this study, a phenomenological three-equation soot model was developed for modeling soot formation in diesel engine combustion based on considerations of acceptable computational demand and a qualitative description of the main features of the physics of soot formation. The model was developed based on that of Tesner et al. and was implemented into the commercial STAR-CD™ CFD package. Application of this model was demonstrated in the modeling of soot formation in a single-cylinder research version of Caterpillar 3400 series diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Numerical results show that the new soot formulation overcomes most of the drawbacks in the existing soot models dedicated to this kind of engineering task and demonstrates a robust and consistent behavior with experimental observation. Compared to the existing soot models for engine combustion modeling, some distinct features of the new soot model include: no soot is formed at low temperature, minimal model parameter adjustment for application to different fuels, and there is no need to prescribe the soot particle size. At the end of expansion, soot is predicted to exist in two separate regions in the cylinder: in the near wall region and in the center part of the cylinder. The existence of soot in the near wall region is a result of reduced soot oxidation rate through heat loss. They are the source of the biggest primary particles released at the end of the combustion process. The center part of the cylinder is populated by smaller soot particles, which are created since the early stages of the combustion process but also subject to intense oxidation. The qualitative effect of EGR is to increase the size of soot particles as well as their number density. This is linked to the lower in-cylinder temperature and a reduced amount of air.
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van Nieuwstadt, M. J., and I. V. Kolmanovsky. "Detecting and Correcting Cylinder Imbalance in Direct Injection Engines." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 3 (July 6, 2000): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1386647.
Full textAbstract:
Modern direct injection engines feature high pressure fuel injection systems that are required to control the fuel quantity very accurately. Due to limited manufacturing accuracy these systems can benefit from an on-line adaptation scheme that compensates for injector variability. Since cylinder imbalance affects many measurable signals, different sensors and algorithms can be used to equalize torque production by the cylinders. This paper compares several adaptation schemes that use different sensors. The algorithms are evaluated on a cylinder-by-cylinder simulation model of a direct injection high speed diesel engine. A proof of stability and experimental results are reported as well.
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WOLFF, Andrzej. "Influence of piston ring profiles and oil temperature distribution on cylinder liner lubrication of a marine two-stroke engine." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-345.
Full textAbstract:
In the paper a comprehensive model of a piston-ring-cylinder (PRC) system has been presented. The local thickness of the oil film can be compared to height of the combined surface roughness of a cylinder liner and piston rings. Equations describing the mixed lubri-cation problem based on the empirical mathematical model formulated in works of Patir, Cheng and Greenwood, Tripp have been ap-plied. The main parts of the model have been experimentally verified abroad by the author at the marine engine designing centre. In contrast to the previous papers of the author concerning the PRC system of combustion engines, new calculation results for a ma-rine two-stroke engine have been presented. Firstly the right selection of barrel-shaped sliding surface of piston rings has been analysed. Secondly the influence of oil temperature distribution along the cylinder liner on the lubrication of the PRC system has been assessed. The developed model and software can be useful for optimization of the PRC system design.
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LEE, HYUN-SEUNG, YOUNG-SHIN LEE, JAE-HOON KIM, JOON-TAK JUN, JAE-OK LEE, and CHUL-GOO KIM. "A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION ON CYLINDER BLOCK OF HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGIN." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210065453.
Full textAbstract:
The heavy duty diesel engine must have a large output for maintaining excellent mobility. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of a heavy-duty diesel engine was developed to conduct the stress analysis by using property of CGI. The compacted graphite iron (CGI) is a material currently under study for the engine demanded for high torque, durability, stiffness, and fatigue. The FE model of the heavy duty diesel engine section consisting of four half cylinders was selected. The heavy duty diesel engine section includes a cylinder block, a cylinder head, a gasket, a liner, a bearing cap, bearing and bolts. The loading conditions of engine are pre-fit load, assembly load, and gas load. A structural analysis on the result was performed in order to optimize on the cylinder block of the diesel engine.
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Dunne, Julian F., and Colin Bennett. "A crank-kinematics-based engine cylinder pressure reconstruction model." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 7 (October 16, 2019): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419881869.
Full textAbstract:
A new inverse model is proposed for reconstructing steady-state and transient engine cylinder pressure using measured crank kinematics. An adaptive nonlinear time-dependent relationship is assumed between windowed-subsections of cylinder pressure and measured crank kinematics in a time-domain format (rather than in crank-angle domain). This relationship comprises a linear sum of four separate nonlinear functions of crank jerk, acceleration, velocity and crank angle. Each of these four nonlinear functions is obtained at each time instant by fitting separate m-term Chebyshev polynomial expansions, where the total 4 m instantaneous expansion coefficients are found using a standard (overdetermined) linear least-square solution method. A convergence check on the calibration accuracy shows that this initially improves as more Chebyshev polynomial terms are used, but with further increase, the overdetermined system becomes singular. Optimal accuracy Chebyshev expansions are found to be of degree m = 4, using 90 or more cycles of engine data to fit the model. To confirm the model accuracy in predictive mode, a defined measure is used, namely the ‘ calibration peak pressure error’. This measure allows effective a priori exclusion of occasionally unacceptable predictions. The method is tested using varying speed data taken from a three-cylinder direct-injection spark ignition engine fitted with cylinder pressure sensors and a high-resolution shaft encoder. Using appropriately filtered crank kinematics (plus the ‘calibration peak pressure error’), the model produces fast and accurate predictions for previously unseen data. Peak pressure predictions are consistently within 6.5% of target, whereas locations of peak pressure are consistently within ±2.7 °CA. The computational efficiency makes it very suitable for real-time implementation.
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Li, Tian, Jun Deng, Tang Tang Bao, and Zhi Jun Wu. "Numerical Study on Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Additive on Ethanol HCCI Engine." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.244.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, based on a combined chemical mechanism with detailed ethanol oxidization and NO production mechanisms, a single cylinder ethanol HCCI engine model was established using the software CHEMKIN. Comparing with experimental data, this model can well predict cylinder pressure and NO emission. By changing mole fraction of hydrogen peroxide in initial ethanol mixture at different conditions, the effect of hydrogen peroxide additive on ethanol HCCI engine performance was investigated. The results show that hydrogen peroxide can effectively improve cylinder pressure and advance heat release progress, without notably increasing NO production.