Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cylindrical grinding'

The goal of this research was to use the wire Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) to profile a metal bond diamond grinding wheel, and then study the wear and grinding performance of the EDM trued wheel. Diamond wheels are known to exhibit low wheel wear for precision grinding of ceramics but create difficulty in creating precision trued forms. With the increased use of hard engineering ceramics in mechanical design, new methods of truing these wheels had to be investigated. In profiling a vitrified bond diamond wheel, a Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) single point diamond or a diamond crush roll is often used. However, due to the high strength of the metal bond matrix, these methods cannot be implemented with a metal bond diamond wheel. Instead of applying a mechanical force, Wire Electrical Discharge Truing (WEDT) process utilizes electrical sparks to erode the metal matrix, which allows the non-conductive diamonds to simply fall away. A precision spindle was first built to rotate the wheel inside a traditional wire EDM machine. Once the process proved feasible, grinding studies were developed to compare the performance of a WEDT wheel against a diamond rotary trued/stick dressed wheel. Grinding force, surface finish of the ground silicon nitride parts, and wheel wear were all examined. The surfaces of both truing methods were compared using Stereo-Scanning Electron Microscopy to measure the protruding diamonds' height and identify the wear mechanism. Result of the research shows promise for the future use of WEDT as a truing method for metal bond wheels.

The diploma thesis deals with the technology of continuous generating gear grinding. With reference to this technology, used grinding wheels and grinding machines are described. A detailed analysis is devoted to the technological parameters of the grinding process and their influence on the resultant tooth flank surface integrity. In order to verify described rules, the diploma thesis contains results of practical experiments as well.

This master's thesis deals with vibrodiagnostics and its use for monitoring of the vibration transmission during grinding of large shafts at Siemens Electric Machines s.r.o. based in Drásov. Diagnostic system for machine tools testing was designed as well as a measurement methodology, which is used to detect the vibration transfer from the grinding spindle to the workpiece. Influences that affect the quality of the ground surface were determined, based on evaluation of measured data. The last part is dedicated to a proposal of a diagnostic and measuring system.

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A presente tese estudou a influência da friabilidade de dois rebolos de CBN (alta friabilidade – HF e baixa friabilidade – LF) na retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho do aço AISI 4340, temperado e revenido, para vários avanços. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que, comparativamente, o rebolo de baixa friabilidade (CBN LF) fornece melhor acabamento para a peça em termos de rugosidade e desvios de circularidade, com menor desgaste de rebolo, em todos os avanços. Por outro lado, o consumo de potência e seus sinais de emissão acústica foram sempre mais elevados. Para a tensão residual, a baixa friabilidade auxilia na geração de tensões compressivas na peça. Todavia, mesmo com a alta friabilidade, para condições mais agressivas de corte também é possível obter tensões compressivas elevadas. Nenhuma das condições de usinagem alterou a microestrutura das peças retificadas, com base nos resultados de microdureza Vickers. A elevada friabilidade, de um modo geral, pode promover fratura excessiva dos grãos, que acabam por aumentar o riscamento e deteriorar a qualidade superficial das peças, além de desgastar mais o rebolo, em virtude do predomínio da macrofratura sobre a microfratura. Ao mesmo tempo, contudo, reduz as forças de corte e o consumo de potência. Deve-se levar em conta todos os fatores à disposição para efetuar a melhor escolha de rebolo e sua friabilidade para determinada aplicação.
The present thesis aimed to study the influence of friability of two CBN wheels (high friability – HF and low friability – LF) on the external plunge cylindrical grinding of the AISI 4340 steel, quenched and tempered, for different feed rates. The results showed that CBN LF provided better workpiece finishing in terms of surface roughness and roundness deviations, with lower wheel wear, in all feed rates. However, power consumption and acoustic emission signals were always higher than for CBN HF. For residual stresses, low friability contributes to the generation of compressive stresses on the workpiece. For high feed conditions, even CBN HF can provide high compressive stresses. None of the grinding conditions caused alterations on the workpiece microstructure, based on the results for Vickers microhardness. High friability can promote excessive grain fracture, which can increase scratching and deteriorate the surface quality, causing higher wheel wear as well (since macrofracture predominates over microfracture). On the other side, it can reduce cutting forces and power consumption. All factors at disposal must be taken into account in order to conduct the optimal selection of grinding wheel– as well as its adequate friability – for each specific application.

Este trabalho descreve uma forma prática para planejamento do ciclo de operação de retificação por mergulho, em função da especificação dimensional da peça e da rigidez da máquina. Essa otimização é estendida além do ciclo, envolve produzir lotes de peças com dispersão das dimensões dentro de limites especificados. O tempo de set-up, que normalmente não está incluído no tempo de processo, aqui é incluído e considerado. A primeira atividade de laboratório teve como objetivo confirmar a relação entre a quantidade de material removido em função do tempo de spark-out. A segunda atividade comprovou a existência de uma relação linear entre a velocidade de avanço radial do rebolo e o diâmetro final da peça. A terceira atividade confirmou a existência de uma relação entre a velocidade de avanço radial e o índice de capabilidade especificado para o processo. Ainda, foi sugerida a inclusão deste processo proposto num programa CNC da máquina, de forma a se obter automaticamente o set-up. Concluiu-se que o método aqui apresentado reduziu significativamente o tempo de set-up da máquina conferindo um incremento de produtividade aos processos que fizerem uso deste princípio.
This work shows a practical way to design the cycle of a plunge grinding process as a function of workpiece dimensional specification and the machine stiffness. This optimization is extended beyond the cycle, it\'s included make batch of parts with dispersion within the specification limits. The set-up time, that usually isn\'t in the process time, here it was included and focused. The first activity of laboratory had an objective to confirm the relation of the amount of material removed as a function of spark out time. The second activity has been confirmed the linear relationship between the infeed velocity of the grinding wheel and the final diameter of the workpiece. The third activity has been confirmed the relation of the infeed velocity and the capability of the process. Yet, it was suggested to include this procedure in a CNC set of the machine to allow a faster and automatic set up. So, this work shows a conclusion that the set up time can be reduced a lot, allowing higher productivity for who use this procedure.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Em meio à atual busca por adequações dos processos produtivos em função da saúde humana e preservação do ambiente, sem abrir mão da preocupação com os custos e a qualidade dos produtos, é preciso pesquisas a tentar novas técnicas de lubri-refrigeração eficientes como alternativas às convencionais. Assim, busca-se técnicas modernas que possam substituí-las, nesse sentido, a técnica MQL (Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificante) vem sendo uma alternativa pois utiliza baixo fluxo de óleo com ar em alta pressão, diminuindo a quantidade de resíduos gerados no processo. A técnica de MQL já se consolidou no mercado como solução para determinadas operações de usinagem como a de torneamento, porém encontra dificuldades no processo de retificação devido à formação de uma “borra” de óleo com cavacos que se forma na superfície do rebolo prejudicando os resultados do processo. A fim de superar este desafio, foi desenvolvido um sistema de ar comprimido para promover a limpeza da superfície do rebolo através da retirada da camada de borra ou resíduo que se impregna a ele durante o processo de retificação com MQL. Assim, o presente trabalho visou a análise do desempenho dos fluidos biodegradáveis LB 1100 (óleo puro) e BIOCUT 9000 (diluído em água na proporção de 1:5) aplicados a zona de corte via técnica de MQL com um sistema auxiliar de limpeza da superfície de corte do rebolo, em relação à técnica convencional. Os ensaios de retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho foram realizados no aço endurecido ABNT 4340 utilizando um rebolo convencional de óxido de alumínio. Foram avaliados três avanços radiais distintos, 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75 mm/min. O desempenho da técnica MQL com sistema de limpeza foi avaliado com base nos parâmetros de rugosidade, desvios de circularidade, potência de usinagem, desgaste diametral do rebolo, microdureza e micrografia. Os resultados mostraram que a usinagem com a técnica MQL com o sistema de limpeza da superfície do rebolo e fluido LB 1100, de modo geral, proporcionou um desempenho superior às demais técnicas nas mesmas condições analisadas, apresentando peças sem danos, com os melhores valores de Rugosidade (Ra) e desvios de circularidade e com o menor consumo de potência e rebolo, ressaltando o potencial do uso desta técnica no processo de retificação.
Currently seeking for suitability of the production processes due to the preservation of the environment and human health, without abandoning the concern with cost and quality of products, research is needed to try new efficient cooling-lubrication techniques as alternatives to conventional ones. Thus, modern techniques are sought to replace them, in this way, the MQL (Minimum Quantity of Lubricant) technique has been an alternative because it uses low oil flow with high pressure air, reducing the amount of waste generated in the process. The MQL technique has already consolidated itself in the market as a solution for certain machining operations such as turning, but it encounters difficulties in the grinding process due to the formation of an oil slurry with chips that forms on the surface of the grinding wheel, damaging the results of the process. To overcome this challenge, a compressed air system has been developed to promote the cleaning of the grinding wheel surface by removing the layer of sludge or residue which is impregnated thereto during the grinding process with MQL. Thus, the present research had as objective the performance analysis of the biodegradable fluids LB 1100 (pure oil) and BIOCUT 9000 (diluted in water in a ratio of 1:5) applied to the cutting zone through the MQL technique with an auxiliary cleaning system of the grinding wheel cutting surface, in relation to the conventional technique. External cylindrical plunge grinding trials were performed on AISI 4340 hardened steel using a conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheel. Three distinct feed rates were evaluated: 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mm/min, respectively. The performance of the MQL technique with the cleaning system was evaluated based on the parameters of roughness, roundness error, grinding power, diametric wheel wear, microhardness and micrograph. The results showed that the machining with the MQL technique with the grinding wheel cleaning system and the fluid LB 1100, in general, provided the best performance in relation to the other techniques in the same analyzed conditions, presenting parts without damages, with the best values of roughness (Ra) and roundness error and with the lowest expenditure of power and wheel wear, highlighting the potential of the use of this technique in the grinding process.

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A busca por melhorias no processo de usinagem é cada vez maior, principalmente no que diz respeito aos procedimentos finais de corte, como a retificação. Isso porque tais técnicas é que irão garantir, na maioria das vezes, os parâmetros tão desejados no produto final, como tolerâncias dimensionais e geométricas, além da rugosidade. Especificamente no campo da retificação, muito já se avançou com o desenvolvimento de métodos de dressagem de rebolos, de lubrirrefrigeração e outros mais. Todavia, todos estes progressos foram conseguidos apenas no que diz respeito ao corte contínuo. Nesse sentido, torna-se necessário o estudo de todos estes parâmetros no processo de retificação por corte interrompido (peça com ranhuras), pois pouco, ou mesmo nenhum conhecimento e/ou estudo foi desenvolvido com este enfoque, visto que não é encontrado material algum na literatura formal, salvo aqueles em que o rebolo é o detentor das ranhuras. Na retificação, o calor gerado na zona de corte é extremamente elevado e o uso de fluidos de corte se faz indispensável para que seja possível refrigerar tanto a peça quanto o rebolo. O uso adequado dos fluidos implica em melhorias na operação de corte, propiciando uma maior produtividade, e, por isso, o mais comum é a utilização de fluido em abundância, tendo em vista que os agentes de arrefecimento e lubrificação são capazes de proporcionar uma retificação muito satisfatória, sem que haja quaisquer danos térmicos. Portanto, a presente tese teve o propósito de estudar o processo de retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho do aço ABNT 4340, temperado e revenido com dureza média de 54 HRC com corte descontínuo (no qual o corpo de prova é que possui os entalhes) sob aplicação de refrigeração abundante e de alta pressão. Os rebolos que foram utilizados são do tipo convencional de óxido de alumínio, com ligante vitrificado e outro com ligante resinoide. A análise dos resultados foi feita através da avaliação das variáveis de saída do processo de retificação, tais como: comportamento de força tangencial de corte, rugosidade, desvios de circularidade, emissão acústica, desgaste diametral do rebolo, microscopia óptica e microdureza.
The search for improvement in the process of machining is always increasing, especially in regards to the final cutting procedures, like grinding. That is because such techniques will guarantee, most of the time, the much desired parameters of the final product, such as dimensional and geometric tolerances, besides surface roughness. Specifically in the field of grinding, there has been much advancement with the development of grinding wheel dressing methods, lubrication and cooling and more. However, all this progress was obtained only when it comes to continuous cutting. In that sense, it becomes necessary to study all these parameters in the process of interrupted cutting in grinding (workpiece with grooves), since little to no knowledge and/or study was developed with that focus, seeing that no material is found in the formal literature, except for that in which the grinding wheel is the element with grooves. In grinding, the heat generated in the cutting zone is extremely high and the use of cutting fluids becomes indispensable to allow the cooling of both workpiece and grinding wheel. The adequate use of cutting fluids brings improvements in the cutting operation, providing higher productivity, and, because of that, the most usual technique is to use abundant cutting fluids, seeing that the cooling and lubrication agents are capable of providing a much more satisfactory grinding, without the occurrence of thermal damage. Therefore, the present thesis held the purpose of studying the process of external cylindrical grinding of the ABNT 4340 steel, quenched and tempered with an average hardness of 54 HRc in discontinuous grinding (in which the workpiece is the element with grooves) under application of abundant and high pressure cooling. The grinding wheels used were conventional aluminum oxide wheels, one with vitrified bond and the other with resin bond. The analysis of the results was made through the evaluation of the output variables of the grinding process, such as: behaviour of tangential cutting force, surface roughness, circularity deviations, acoustic emission, diametrical wear of grinding wheel, optic microscopy and microhardness of the workpiece.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de precisão tem sido empregada na fabricação de componentes de responsabilidade na indústria metal-mecânica em geral. As modernas retificadoras CNC aprimoraram este processo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento e à rigidez do sistema máquina-peça-ferramenta, possibilitando a obtenção de peças de elevada precisão com baixos valores de tolerâncias dimensionais. Todavia, tem-se observado nos últimos anos uma crescente conscientização quanto à toxidade dos fluidos de corte empregados na lubrificação e refrigeração da peça. Paralelamente, criou-se nos últimos anos uma rígida legislação, visando evitar uma depredação desenfreada do meio ambiente. Diante de tal conjuntura, as indústrias iniciaram uma busca a métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração que empregassem menores quantidades. Dentre todas as técnicas existentes à de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL) vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Tal técnica pode ser entendida como um elo de ligação entre os métodos de lubri-refrigeração convencional e a usinagem a seco. Pretende-se ainda avaliar o desempenho de um novo bocal de aspersão de fluido de corte, baseando-se no modelo desenvolvido por Webster , adequado a operação de retificação cilíndrica interna. Logo, tem-se neste trabalho, o intuito de associar estas novas tendências por meio do estudo do comportamento da operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de mergulho a alta velocidade no processo de acabamento de um aço endurecido, utilizando-se a técnica de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL), o modelo otimizado e ainda o modelo convencional.A análise dos dados que servirão para a avaliação dos métodos de lubri-refrigeração empregados será feita por meio dos valores de rugosidade , desvio de circularidade , micro-estrutura e micro-dureza . Espera-se, com este...
Plunge cylindrical grinding has been widely employed in the manufacture of components by the metal and mechanical industry in general. Modern CNC grinding machines improve this process in terms of the positioning and rigidity of the machine-workpiece-tool system, allowing for the fabrication of high precision workpieces with low dimensional deviations. However, over the last few years, increasing awareness has been shown regarding the toxicity of the cutting fluids employed in the lubrication and cooling of the workpiece. Concomitantly, increasingly strict legislation has been passed in recent years, aiming to prevent inrestrained destruction of the environment. This situation has prompted the industry to seek alternative lubrication and cooling methods that use lower quantities of fluids. Among the existing techniques, the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method has gained increasing prominence. This technique can be considered a combination of the conventional cooling and dry grinding methods. An evaluation was made of the performance of a new cutting fluid dispersion nozzle, based on Webster's model, suitable for the plunge cylindrical grinding operation. The purpose of this work is to examine these new trends in a study of the behavior of highrotation plunge cylindrical grinding in the finishing operation of hardened steel, using the MQL technique, the optimized nozzle model, and the conventional model. The lubrication and cooling methods employed here are evaluated based on an analysis of the roughness, circularity deviation, microstructure, and microhardness data. The results of this study le to the conclusion that the optimized lubrication and cooling method provide the best results and that the MQL system in cylindrical grinding produced unsatisfactory results, requiring further studies aimed at solving the problems that were identified.

Resumo: A operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de precisão tem sido empregada na fabricação de componentes de responsabilidade na indústria metal-mecânica em geral. As modernas retificadoras CNC aprimoraram este processo no que diz respeito ao posicionamento e à rigidez do sistema máquina-peça-ferramenta, possibilitando a obtenção de peças de elevada precisão com baixos valores de tolerâncias dimensionais. Todavia, tem-se observado nos últimos anos uma crescente conscientização quanto à toxidade dos fluidos de corte empregados na lubrificação e refrigeração da peça. Paralelamente, criou-se nos últimos anos uma rígida legislação, visando evitar uma depredação desenfreada do meio ambiente. Diante de tal conjuntura, as indústrias iniciaram uma busca a métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração que empregassem menores quantidades. Dentre todas as técnicas existentes à de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL) vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque. Tal técnica pode ser entendida como um elo de ligação entre os métodos de lubri-refrigeração convencional e a usinagem a seco. Pretende-se ainda avaliar o desempenho de um novo bocal de aspersão de fluido de corte, baseando-se no modelo desenvolvido por Webster , adequado a operação de retificação cilíndrica interna. Logo, tem-se neste trabalho, o intuito de associar estas novas tendências por meio do estudo do comportamento da operação de retificação cilíndrica interna de mergulho a alta velocidade no processo de acabamento de um aço endurecido, utilizando-se a técnica de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL), o modelo otimizado e ainda o modelo convencional.A análise dos dados que servirão para a avaliação dos métodos de lubri-refrigeração empregados será feita por meio dos valores de rugosidade , desvio de circularidade , micro-estrutura e micro-dureza . Espera-se, com este... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Plunge cylindrical grinding has been widely employed in the manufacture of components by the metal and mechanical industry in general. Modern CNC grinding machines improve this process in terms of the positioning and rigidity of the machine-workpiece-tool system, allowing for the fabrication of high precision workpieces with low dimensional deviations. However, over the last few years, increasing awareness has been shown regarding the toxicity of the cutting fluids employed in the lubrication and cooling of the workpiece. Concomitantly, increasingly strict legislation has been passed in recent years, aiming to prevent inrestrained destruction of the environment. This situation has prompted the industry to seek alternative lubrication and cooling methods that use lower quantities of fluids. Among the existing techniques, the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method has gained increasing prominence. This technique can be considered a combination of the conventional cooling and dry grinding methods. An evaluation was made of the performance of a new cutting fluid dispersion nozzle, based on Webster's model, suitable for the plunge cylindrical grinding operation. The purpose of this work is to examine these new trends in a study of the behavior of highrotation plunge cylindrical grinding in the finishing operation of hardened steel, using the MQL technique, the optimized nozzle model, and the conventional model. The lubrication and cooling methods employed here are evaluated based on an analysis of the roughness, circularity deviation, microstructure, and microhardness data. The results of this study le to the conclusion that the optimized lubrication and cooling method provide the best results and that the MQL system in cylindrical grinding produced unsatisfactory results, requiring further studies aimed at solving the problems that were identified.
Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi
Coorientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar
Banca: Jaime Gilberto Duduch
Banca: Olivio Novaski
Banca: Amauri Hassui
Banca: Luiz Eduardo de Angelo Sanchez
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp
Doutor

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A aplicação da mínima quantidade de lubrificante (MQL) na usinagem dos metais começaram a ser estudados como alternativa para reduzir o uso dos fluidos de corte, para poder atingir uma produção mais limpa e menos prejudicial ao meio ambiente e aos trabalhadores, na retificação, apesar de ser considerada uma técnica inovadora no aspecto ambiental, sua aplicação é restrita devido à geração excessiva de calor e ao entupimento dos poros do rebolo causado pelos cavacos, e isto prejudica a qualidade final do produto e aumenta o desgaste da ferramenta. Esta pesquisa buscou aprimorar o uso do MQL utilizando óleo solúvel sintético da Quimatic Tapimatic ME-2. Além de usar o jato com a mistura ar e óleo e proporções de água injetado na interface rebolo-peça à alta velocidade um jato de ar comprimido, foi utilizado na superfície de corte do rebolo para minimizar o empastamento do rebolo gerado durante o processo de usinagem pela mistura formada pelo óleo do MQL mais os cavacos. Foram realizados ensaios na retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho do aço ABNT 4340, temperado e revenido com dureza média de 54 HRC, usando rebolo de nitreto de boro cúbico (CBN) com ligante vitrificado. Os métodos de lubri-refrigeração propostos foram o convencional com fluido em abundância e o MQL (sem limpeza da superfície de corte do rebolo) e MQL (com a limpeza, utilizando o ângulo de incidência do ar comprimido na superfície de corte do rebolo fixo a 30 graus). Este ângulo foi escolhido por ser a melhor condição mostrada nos trabalhos de outros autores. Consideraram-se as variáveis de saída do processo: rugosidade, desgaste diametral do rebolo, circularidade, além de análises metalográficas e medições de microdureza da superfície retificada para verificação de danos térmicos; de forma a analisar a viabilidade da substituição do tradicional método de aplicação dos fluidos em abundância pelo MQL com a limpeza. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de implementação da técnica da limpeza do rebolo como um aprimoramento tecnológico da mínima quantidade de lubrificante na retificação, reduzindo o consumo dos fluidos de corte. A técnica MQL com limpeza para um ângulo específico de incidência do ar comprimido mostrou-se extremamente eficiente com a obtenção de melhor acabamento superficial e dimensional, além de menor desgaste da ferramenta abrasiva e isenção de danos térmicos, quando comparada com os métodos convencionais sem a limpeza do rebolo.
The application of minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) on machining of metals has emerged as an alternative to reduce the abundance of cutting fluids and then achieve a cleaner production. In grinding, although considered a breakthrough technique in the environmental aspect, its application is restricted due to excessive generation of heat and grinding wheel loading caused by the chips, damaging the final product quality and increasing tool wear. The objective of this research was to improve the MQL technique synthetic soluble oil Quimatic Tapmatic ME-2 using beyond the jet with air mixture and oil and water proportions using an additional jet of compressed air to clean the clogged pores of the wheel. Grinding wheel in tests were performed in cylindrical plunge grinding of the ABNT 4340 steel, quenched and tempered (54 HRC), with a vitrified cubic boron nitride (CBN). The suggested methods of lubrication were conventional (abundant fluid), MQL (that without the use of air jet to cleaning the wheel) and MQL plus cleaning system using the angle of incidence of the compressed air on the cutting surface of the grinding wheel fixed to 30 degrees. Other autors chose This angle to be the best condition shown in the works. This performance was evaluated based on an analysis of the process output variables: roughness, diametric wear of the grinding, roundness, and metallographic analysis plus microhardness measurements of the grounded surface to verify thermal damage incidence. The results showed the possibility of implementing the technique of cleaning as a technological enhancement to minimum quantity of lubricant in the grinding, reducing the use of cutting fluids. The technique MQL plus cleaning system, in a specific incident angle of the compressed air was extremely efficient, resulting in better surface finish, reduced tool wear and free of thermal damage when compared with conventional methods without cleaning of the wheel.

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Atualmente há por parte das empresas uma constante preocupação com a atualidade de seus sistemas produtivos, buscando a melhoria da eficiência dos processos respeitando as leis de preservação ambiental. Dentro desse contexto e considerando que o segmento das cerâmicas corresponde a aproximadamente 1% do PIB brasileiro, com perspectiva de crescimento, inúmeros estudos têm sido feitos nesse campo de pesquisa. Contudo, ainda se tem um alto custo agregado ao acabamento da peça, o qual é feito, na maioria dos casos, pelo processo de retificação. Além do alto custo do processamento, o uso de fluidos de corte tem se tornado um problema para a indústria devido à dificuldade de descarte imposta pela rígida Legislação Ambiental. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho propõe o estudo de métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração para o processo de retificação externa de mergulho de cerâmica avançado com rebolo diamantado. Tais métodos visam diminuir os gastos com fluido de corte, sendo eles: a técnica de lubri-refrigeração otimizada e a de mínima quantidade de lubrificação (MQL). A avaliação das técnicas foi feita através do monitoramento do processo e da quantidade final da peça retificada. Mais especificamente, foram analisados: força tangencial de corte, rugosidade, relação G, desvio de circularidade, microestrutura e tensão residual por difração de raios X. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as duas técnicas propostas podem substituir o método convencional de lubri-refrigeração, destacando-se que a técnica otimizada reduziu o desgaste do rebolo e produziu pelas com melhor acabamento geométrico e dimensional, enquanto a técnica de MQL reduziu significativamente a quantidade de fluido utilizado no processo
During the last years there has been a constant concern by the companies about the modernization of their manufacturing methods, seeking to improve the process efficiency and environmental preservation. In this context, and considering the ceramic segment corresponds to approximatelly 1% of Brazilian GDP, with growing perspective, many studies have been done in this area. Nevertheless, the work piece finishing is still expensive, mainly because it has been usually made by the grinding process. Besides of the high cost of the process, the use of cutting fluids has become a problem for the industry because of the discard dificulty imposed by the rigorous environmental laws. In this way, the present work proposes alternative methods for the lubrification and cooling in the external cylindrical plunge grinding of advanced ceramic with diamond wheels, which aims to reduce the costs with cutting fluid. These methods are: the optimized cooling and the Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) techniques. The evaluation of these techniques has been made by the process monitoring and the work piece final quality. In the present work the following analysis techniques were used: tangential cut force, roughness, G relation, circularity deviation, microstructure and residual stress by X ray diffraction measurements. The results show both proposed techniques can replace the conventional cooling method. The main result is that the optimized technique reduced the cutting tool consuming and produced work pieces with better dimensional finishing, while the MQL techniques significantly reduced the volume of cutting fluid in the process

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi
Coorientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar
Banca: Dayse Iara dos Santos
Banca: Roosevelt Droppa Junior
Banca: Leonardo Roberto da Silva
Banca: Jaime Gilberto Duduch
Resumo: Atualmente há por parte das empresas uma constante preocupação com a atualidade de seus sistemas produtivos, buscando a melhoria da eficiência dos processos respeitando as leis de preservação ambiental. Dentro desse contexto e considerando que o segmento das cerâmicas corresponde a aproximadamente 1% do PIB brasileiro, com perspectiva de crescimento, inúmeros estudos têm sido feitos nesse campo de pesquisa. Contudo, ainda se tem um alto custo agregado ao acabamento da peça, o qual é feito, na maioria dos casos, pelo processo de retificação. Além do alto custo do processamento, o uso de fluidos de corte tem se tornado um problema para a indústria devido à dificuldade de descarte imposta pela rígida Legislação Ambiental. Face ao exposto, o presente trabalho propõe o estudo de métodos alternativos de lubri-refrigeração para o processo de retificação externa de mergulho de cerâmica avançado com rebolo diamantado. Tais métodos visam diminuir os gastos com fluido de corte, sendo eles: a técnica de lubri-refrigeração otimizada e a de mínima quantidade de lubrificação (MQL). A avaliação das técnicas foi feita através do monitoramento do processo e da quantidade final da peça retificada. Mais especificamente, foram analisados: força tangencial de corte, rugosidade, relação G, desvio de circularidade, microestrutura e tensão residual por difração de raios X. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as duas técnicas propostas podem substituir o método convencional de lubri-refrigeração, destacando-se que a técnica otimizada reduziu o desgaste do rebolo e produziu pelas com melhor acabamento geométrico e dimensional, enquanto a técnica de MQL reduziu significativamente a quantidade de fluido utilizado no processo
Abstract: During the last years there has been a constant concern by the companies about the modernization of their manufacturing methods, seeking to improve the process efficiency and environmental preservation. In this context, and considering the ceramic segment corresponds to approximatelly 1% of Brazilian GDP, with growing perspective, many studies have been done in this area. Nevertheless, the work piece finishing is still expensive, mainly because it has been usually made by the grinding process. Besides of the high cost of the process, the use of cutting fluids has become a problem for the industry because of the discard dificulty imposed by the rigorous environmental laws. In this way, the present work proposes alternative methods for the lubrification and cooling in the external cylindrical plunge grinding of advanced ceramic with diamond wheels, which aims to reduce the costs with cutting fluid. These methods are: the optimized cooling and the Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) techniques. The evaluation of these techniques has been made by the process monitoring and the work piece final quality. In the present work the following analysis techniques were used: tangential cut force, roughness, G relation, circularity deviation, microstructure and residual stress by X ray diffraction measurements. The results show both proposed techniques can replace the conventional cooling method. The main result is that the optimized technique reduced the cutting tool consuming and produced work pieces with better dimensional finishing, while the MQL techniques significantly reduced the volume of cutting fluid in the process
Doutor

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O processo de retificação é um processo de usinagem por abrasão que visa principalmente obtenção de superfícies com baixa rugosidade e tolerância dimensional estreita. Essa combinação é possível por causa das múltiplas arestas de corte sem geometria definida que removem material da peça em pequenas penetrações de trabalho. Contudo é um processo que apresenta problemas para a peça, devido à elevada geração de calor. Este calor pode causar alterações metalúrgicas, dentre outras. Por esta razão é necessário utilizar fluido de corte para refrigerar a zona de retificação. Ao mesmo tempo é preciso buscar uma produção mais sustentável em relação à técnica de lubri-refrigeração convencional. Esta técnica vem sendo substituída por outras que visam redução de custo e redução e/ou eliminação do impacto ambiental, sem prejuízos para qualidade da peça. Uma técnica de lubri-refrigeração que vem substituindo a técnica convencional competitivamente é a técnica de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL), que é bem difundida em processos de usinagem com geometria de corte definida (por exemplo, torneamento, fresamento e furação) e com resultados promissores também em processos de retificação. Entretanto, pelo fato da técnica MQL ser menos estudada no processo de retificação, seu desempenho ainda apresenta algumas restrições devido à sua baixa eficiência de refrigeração, que pode ocasionar danos térmicos à peça. Neste sentido, a realização deste trabalho consistiu em substituir o ar à temperatura ambiente do MQL por um ar a menor temperatura. Foi retificado o aço ABNT 4340 temperado e revenido com rebolo convencional de óxido de alumínio. Os experimentos foram realizados para as três diferentes técnicas de lubri-refrigeração (convencional, MQL e MQL com ar frio [MQL+AF]), com velocidade de corte igual a 30 m/s e com velocidade de mergulho variada em três graus de severidade (0,25; 0,50 e 0,75) mm/min. Para promover a redução da temperatura do ar misturado ao MQL, foi utilizado um sistema de refrigeração de ar por tubo de vórtice, visando aumentar a eficiência na retirada de calor do processo. Foram analisadas como variáveis de saída, a viscosidade relacionada ao fluido de corte utilizado nas técnicas MQL, a rugosidade (Ra), circularidade e integridade microestrutural relacionadas à peça, o desgaste relacionado ao rebolo e a potência de retificação relacionada ao processo. As técnicas MQL, nas duas formas de aplicação, apresentaram desempenho superior à técnica convencional. A técnica MQL+AF, mesmo com o ar frio atuando na retirada de mais calor da zona de retificação, apresentou desempenho geral inferior à técnica MQL, devido à influência exercida pela viscosidade do fluido à menor temperatura de aplicação.
The grinding process is an abrasion machining process that is mainly aimed at obtaining surfaces with low roughness and narrow dimensional tolerance. This combination is possible because of the multiple cutting edges without defined geometry that remove material from the workpiece at small work penetrations. However, it is a process that presents problems for the workpiece, due to the high generation of heat. This heat can cause metallurgical changes, among others. For this reason it is necessary to use cutting fluid to cool the grinding zone. At the same time it is necessary to seek a more sustainable production compared to the conventional lubri-cooling technique. This technique has been replaced by others that aim at cost reduction and reduction and/or elimination of environmental impact, without any damage to the quality of the part. A lubri-cooling technique that is replacing the conventional technique, competitively, is the Minimum Quantity of Lubricant (MQL) technique, which is well diffused in machining processes with defined cutting geometry (for example, turning, milling and drilling) and with promising results also in grinding processes. However, due the MQL technique is less studied in the grinding process, its performance still presents some restrictions due to its low cooling efficiency, which can cause thermal damage to the part. In this sense, the accomplishment of this work consisted in replacing the air at the ambient temperature of the MQL by air at a lower temperature. The quenched and tempered ABNT 4340 steel was ground with conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheel. The tests were carried out for three different lubri-cooling techniques (conventional, MQL and MQL with cold air [MQL + AF]), with a cutting speed of 30 m/s and a plunge speed varied in three degrees of severity (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75) mm/min. To promote the reduction of the temperature of the air mixed to the MQL, a vortex tube air cooling system was used aiming to increase the heat removal efficiency of the process. As output variables were analyzed the viscosity related to the cutting fluid used in MQL techniques, the roughness, roundness and microstructural integrity related to the workpiece, the wear related to the grinding wheel and the grinding power related to the grinding process. The MQL techniques, in both forms of application, presented superior performance to the conventional technique. The MQL+AF technique, even with the cold air acting to remove more heat from the grinding zone, presented worst general performance than the MQL technique, due to the influence exerted by the viscosity of the fluid at the lower application temperature.

An autonomous system has been developed for cylindrical plunge grinding to optimize the operating parameters while taking complete sets of part quality and machine related constraints into account. The system is capable of adjusting the operating parameters from part to part to minimize cycle time while satisfying part quality and machine related constraints in response to in-process and post-process measurements which characterize the processing conditions and part quality. Two important constraint models for out-of-roundness and taper have been developed analytically and verified experimentally. Existing process and constraint models have also been improved and verified experimentally. Two optimization strategies have been developed to find closed-form solutions for real-time control to minimize the grinding time and also to minimize the production time which includes optimization of the dressing interval. The system is capable of coping with the quantitative uncertainty of the process by using a newly developed predictive model for the uncertain parameters and employing parameter estimation to update the models from part to part. Modified strategies for accelerated control have also been developed to reduce transient times. Optimization strategies were first evaluated in simulation. Practical implementation and testing of the autonomous system was then performed on an internal grinder, retrofitted with electrical drives and sensors and interfaced to a personal computer for data acquisition, system identification, and machine control. The system has also been successfully applied on a production machine in industry. The results of this investigation provide the scientific and technological basis for commercial development of a new generation of grinding systems and for retrofitting of older grinders.

博士
國立中正大學
機械系
99
Form grinding method has been widely used to manufacture high precision thread on cylindrical workpieces. This thesis proposes a design of form milling cutter with multiple inserts for roughing process and computerized numerical simulation methods instead of simultaneous system equations for finishing process. The research subjects are: 1. Based on the geometrical relations, a geometric approach to determine the grinding wheel profile with or without a tilt angle is presented. Instead of simultaneous system equations, the grinding wheel profile calculated by the proposed method cuts off no extra material even when undercutting occurs. 2. A simplified 2D simulation method executed in AutoCAD ObjectARX CAD software by executing a script file generated by Visual C++ for simulating gear manufacturing process is proposed. The simulation method is demonstrated by taking the cases of manufacturing processes of the cylindrical gear and hypoid gear below with form grinding and face milling processes, respectively. 3. Based on the geometrical relations, this thesis proposes a simplified two-dimensional numerical simulation method for form grinding the thread on cylindrical workpieces without solving the simultaneous system equations that produce numerically unstable solutions in the presence of undercutting, interference, or double enveloping. 4. Based on the equal wear rate for insert cutting edges and the geometrical tolerance, a mathematical model for finding the distribution of cutter body inserts is proposed. The tool life of the insert in every position is estimated based on its cutting material volume and corresponding wear rates for making geometric precision easier to maintain when the insert’s cutting edges become dull.

A new methodology is developed for optimal infeed control of cylindrical plunge grinding cycles. Unlike conventional cycles having a few sequential stages with discrete infeed rates, the new methodology allows for continuous variation of the infeed rate to further reduce the cycle time. Distinctive characteristics of optimal grinding cycles with variable infeed rates were first investigated by applying dynamic programming to a simulation of the grinding cycle. The simulated optimal cycles were found to consist of distinct segments with predominant constraints. This provided the basis for an optimal control policy whereby the infeed rate is determined according to the active constraint at each segment of the cycle. Accordingly, the controller is designed to identify the state of the cycle at each sampling instant from on-line measurements of power and size, and compute the infeed rate according to the optimal policy associated with that state. The control system to implement the optimization policy is proposed together with provisions to enhance robustness to modeling uncertainty and measurement noise. Robustness provisions include model adaptation by parameter estimation from on-line measurements of size and power, and incorporation of safety margins in the optimization process. Problems associated with practical implementation of the control system, stemming from power limitations and wheel wear, are also discussed. The controller performance is demonstrated on an instrumented internal cylindrical grinding machine.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
99
The in-process measurement system of present CNC cylindrical grinding machine can only measure workpiece with single dimension. It requires more than one set of single stage in-process measurement system to measure different dimensions of workpiece, and the measuring dimension need to be manually adjusted and calibrated. The process is not qualified for the requirement of flexible production. Therefore, the study aims to develop an in-process multi-measurement system for cylindrical grinding machines by applying servo drives to change the dimension automatically. There is only one set of multi-measurement system required to control more than one dimension on the workpiece diameter without manual adjustments. The resolution of measurement element proposed in this study is 0.1 μm and three measuring diameters are tested through servo drives to access 50 measurement results. The accuracy in changing measuring diameter reaches ±2.0 μm, which conforms to the ISO 230-2 international standard. Moreover, one set of multi-measurement system not only replaces 6 sets of single stage in-process measurement system but also reduces 50 % of material expenses, thereby saves 14.96 workdays of reset operation time per year and enhances grinding productivity.

碩士
修平科技大學
精密機械與製造科技碩士班
106
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the optimization of cylindrical grinding process parameter of SUJ2 steels by response surface method (RSM). The selected grinding parameters are grinding wheel dressing speed, feed rate, speed of work and depth of grinding. The experimental machine used is SHM CNC cylindrical grinding machines. After the experiment, the surface roughness and roundness of work were measured. The relationship between processing parameters and surface quality were obtained by using RSM approximate optimal method for second order mathematical module and continuous sequential approximation optimization method (SAO). The results shown that the dressing speed of grinding wheel is the most significant parameter. The optimum predicted value of surface roughness compared with that of initial value was 36.9% reduced. The results shown that the dressing speed of grinding wheel is the most significant parameter.The optimum predicted value of roundness compared with that of initial value was 6.9% improved.

博士
國立中正大學
機械工程系研究所
104
Tooth modified a ground helical gear is usually done on the modern gear finishing machine since the demand for assembly precision and smooth working. And using generated grinding machine is the most stable and efficient method. Modern gear grinding machine equipped with CNC dresser. In this paper, study on the modified gear tooth surface grinding by gear grinding machine and its dressing disk. Hence, we propose a tooth flank modified method for helical gears that uses a diagonal (combined tangential and axial) feed on a grinding machine with a variable grinding worm obtained by adjusting the axial, radial, and tangent feed of the dressing disk with respect to the rotating angle of the grinding worm. Since all the required corrective motions for the proposed multi-axis dressing method are existing CNC controlled axes on modern gear grinding machines, it can easily be implemented without extra cost to modify the grinder hardware. By setting the polynomial of multi-axis dressing grinding worm, polynomial of dresser profile, and polynomial of grinding feed. Then solve the coefficients of these polynomial with sensitivity analysis and singular value decomposition method are proposed and supplemented to modified work gear. This multi-axis dressing method not just correcting common twisted error in gear crowned tooth flank, more to control direction and magnitude of the twisted error. The three numerical examples used to validate the proposed method clearly show its ability to reduce or control tooth flank twisted error in crowned helical gear. We found that the gear pair have a better performance from the control of their twisted error.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
工業工程與管理系
107
Facing the trend of competition of internationalization and globalization, the machine tool industry has the only way to speed up production and optimize the distribution of resources through the production of sub-line processing. Expecting the expansion of manufacturing scale and economies of scale and scope can improve the competitiveness in the industry. This study explores the production planning problems encountered by small to medium-sized enterprise machine tool assembling company with the problem of the long manufacturing cycle times of customized products faced by a grinding equipment manufacturer in Taiwan. Traditionally, the production planning of such companies relies on the manager's subjective judgment and lacks a systematic decision-making plan. Therefore, it is impossible to flexibly examine the characteristics of each order, especially in the form of customized orders, which leads to poor decision-making quality. The scheduling is also quite time consuming. In this study, by analyzing the characteristics of related problems, it is found that the key problem of production planning can be solved by the flexible application of the sub-line production, and the optimal production capacity is combined with the front shop flow control. Taking into account the pace requirements of the main production line, including the personnel assembly rhythm, feeding time and other factors, can provide the best task scheduling in line with the customized products in a short time.

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
機械與電腦輔助工程系碩士班
104
This study is automatic angular cylindrical grindering for industry 4.0 technology application. The PC-based systems of the automation and intelligence are developed by TCP/IP communication to read and write coordinates, correct controller parameter values and monitor the NC program states of the FANUC controller. The PC-Based systems divide a dressing system of automation grinding wheel and an intelligent system of grinding monitoring. The dressing system of automation grinding wheel can automatically measure gap distance between the wheel and diamond dressing for achieving automatic correction and grinding wheel dressing using machine vision and image processing. The resolution of image processing and the maximum standard percentage error of measurement reproducibility are 8.2 μm and 0.76%, respectively. The intelligent system of grinding automatically generates NC codes and monitor resonance responses of machine tools in real-time. Besides, the system has a safety retraction function, when the maximum peak intensity greater than the safety threshold for grinding, the system will be command wheel to retract. The natural resonance frequency of angular cylindrical grindering is investigated using servo tuning method and g-sensor measurement. Results showed that the system has same resonance frequencies in 381 Hz and 632 Hz for servo tuning method and g-sensor measurement. In addition to established PC-Based system, this study also applies industry 4.0 technology to manage report data and establish a database. The report data can be stored and managed for database based on MySQL. Additionally, the system uploads the data from cloud and monitors the operational status of machine tools based on PHP web and mobile APP.