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Journal articles on the topic 'Cyme flowers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Sell, Yves, and Georges Cremers. "Les inflorescences des Melastomataceae guyanaises, leur filiation et leur valeur taxonomique." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-138.

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Analysis of the inflorescence structures of 188 species from French Guyana belonging to the Melastomataceae (Myrtales) confirms that the panicle (of flowers or cymes) is the inflorescence which, under the effect of a homogenization process, gives rise to the determinate raceme (a single raceme of flowers or of cymes, or more rarely, a double raceme), and later by truncation, the indeterminate raceme. The impoverishment of these flowering units can give rise to triads which correspond to uninodal racemes morphologically identical with dichasia (triflorous cymes), albeit of a different origin, since the cyme is considered as resulting from the enrichment of a flower and thus assimilated to the latter as a flowering unit. Extreme impoverishment of these uninodal racemes gives rise to a single flower. Melastomataceae have two peculiar features: successively developing pauciflorous groups and long proliferous shoots with short side shoots specifically for flowering. Within the framework of intrafamily classification, all these inflorescences, by virtue of their great diversity and the series of links between their structural variations, may constitute an essential basis for research on phylogenetic links between taxonomic groups.

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2

SMITHA, KOKKARANIYIL, and PURAYIDATHKANDY SUNOJKUMAR. "Plectranthus sahyadricus (Lamiaceae): a new species from Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 345, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.2.8.

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A new species, Plectranthus sahyadricus is described from Munnar, southern Western Ghats, India. The species shows similarity with Plectranthus beddomei, in its stem and leaf characters but differs mainly by presence of a ring of hairs at young nodes, floral characters like cyme length, number of flowers per cyme, structure of the fruiting calyx tube, anterior corolla lip not fully opened and form an inverted dome over mouth, presence of hairs inside corolla tube and size of the disc. Detailed description, IUCN red list category and other relevant notes are provided.

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3

Li, Jin-Yu, Yan-Nan Li, Qiang Tu, and Zhi-Xiang Zhang. "Evolution of cyme architecture in Celastraceae." Phytotaxa 181, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.2.4.

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Celastraceae are characterized by a cymose pattern of inflorescence ramification. Under this basic pattern, many inflorescence forms have been described within the family, e.g., dichasium, monochasium, pleiochasium, botryoid, thyrsoid, fascicle. Thus, the question has arisen—how have these varieties evolved or transformed from one to another? Through morphogenetic observations using paraffin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stereomicroscopy, we studied the architecture and developmental processes of the inflorescences of five species of Celastrus and Euonymus. We found in C. orbiculatus that the reduction of subtending leaves of the axillary dichasia on a developing flowering shoot made it become a terminal thyrsoid. A dichasium in the leaf axil as commonly seen in Euonymus is the most frequent type of inflorescence in Celastraceae. An analysis of character evolution suggested that a dichasium is the ancestral state for Celastraceae. Therefore, within Celeastaceae, an axillary dichasium may be the basic type or unit of inflorescences. Transitions from dichasium to thrysoid and other types of cymes, and even to solitary flowers might have occurred repeatedly in the family, probably a phenomenon of evolutionary convergence due to changing environmental conditions. The present study provided helpful information for understanding the evolution of the cymose type of inflorescence in flowering plants.

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4

Kays, Stanley J., Jason Hatch, and Dong Sik Yang. "Volatile Floral Chemistry of Heliotropium arborescens L. 'Marine'." HortScience 40, no. 5 (August 2005): 1237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1237.

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Selection emphasis on cyme size and flower color of Heliotropium arborescens L. has led to cultivars with diminished floral fragrance. As a preliminary inquiry into the fragrance chemistry of the species, we identified 41 volatile compounds emanating from the flowers of 'Marine' via isolation (Tenax trapping) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The majority of the volatile compounds emanating from the flowers were terpenes (camphene, p-cymene, δ-3-carene, α-humulene, δ-1-limonene, linalool, (E)-β-ocimene, α-pinene, and β-thujone), benzenoids of which benzaldehyde was the most abundant, aldehydes (decanal, heptanal, nonanal and octanal), and hydrocarbons (decane, heneicosane, heptadecane, hexadecane, nonadecane, nonane, octadecane, tetradecane, tridecane and undecane) along with a cross-section of other compounds. Subsequent identification and quantification of critical ordorants will facilitate selecting new cultivars with quantitative and qualitative improvements in fragrance.

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5

Welty, N., C. Radovich, T. Meulia, and E. van der Knaap. "Inflorescence development in two tomato species." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 1 (January 2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-154.

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The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.

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6

Ravikumar, K., Umeshkumar L. Tiwari, and N. Balachandran. "Aristolochia gurinderii (Aristolochiaceae): a new species from Great Nicobar Island, India." Phytotaxa 172, no. 2 (June 13, 2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.172.2.7.

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Aristolochia gurinderiidescribed here as a new species, was collected from North-South Road, Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), India. Stem woody with corky fissured bark; lamina deltoid or hastate; cauliflorous inflorescences in scorpioid cyme up to 55 cm long, small size of flowers; seeds winged with distinctive ridge at the center are the distinguishable characters from its allied species A. jackii Steudel. With a detailed description, illustration, photo plates are provided.

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7

LAI, BI-DAN, BING-MOU WANG, and Fang Wen. "Primulina cordistigma, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangdong, China and supplementary and emendated description of floral morphology of P. yangchunensis." Phytotaxa 244, no. 3 (January 19, 2016): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.244.3.4.

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Primulina cordistigma, a new species from Guangdong, China, is illustrated and described. This new species is similar to P. yangchunensis, from which it is distinguished by the leaf blades broadly ovate, 4–5 × 2–3.5 cm, base broadly cuneate to cordate, and margins entire or rarely undulate; the inflorescence a cyme 1–5-flowered; the bracts lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.5–1.0 mm; the corolla tube 0.9–1 cm long; staminodes 3; and the stigma cordate with elliptic lobes covered by shortly puberulent hairs. A conservation category of “Endangered” (EN) according to IUCN Red List Category and Criteria is proposed. Based on plenty of specimens with flowers and field works, the floral morphology of P. yangchunensis, which is the congener of P. cordistigma, is supplemented and emendated here.

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8

Armitage, A. M., N. G. Seager, I. J. Warrington, and D. H. Greer. "LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD AFFECT THE USEFULNESS OF OXYPETALUM CAERULEUM, TWEEDIA, AS A CUT FLOWER CROP." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1160d—1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1160d.

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A progressive increase in temperature from 14 to 30C resulted in linear increases in stem length and node number and decreases in stem diameter and stem strength. Higher temperatures also resulted in additional flower abortion, reduced time to flowering and fewer flowering stems per inflorescence. Reduction in the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) from 695 to 315 μmole m-2s-1 had similar effects as increasing the temperature on vegetative parameters but had little effect on reproductive parameters. The rate of stem elongation was greatest at low PPF for all temperatures and at high temperature for all PPF treatments. Net photosynthesis rose between 14 and 22C and declined at 30C for all PPF treatments. Long photoperiods (12, 14 hr.) resulted in longer internodes, longer stems and more flowers per cyme than short photoperiods (8, 10 hr) but photoperiod had little effect on flowering time.

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9

SMITHA, KOKKARANIYIL, and PURAYIDATHKANDY SUNOJKUMAR. "Plectranthus anamudianus (Lamiaceae): a new species from Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 284, no. 1 (November 9, 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.1.5.

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A new species, Plectranthus anamudianus (Lamiaceae) is described and illustrated from southern Western Ghats, India. The new species is similar to Plectranthus glabratus, in its inflorescence architecture but differs mainly by its habit, internode length, leaf size and shape, petiole length and texture, number of flowers per cyme, bract structure and recurved fruiting calyx. Detailed description, illustration, photographs, IUCN red list category, distribution map, notes on biogeography and other relevant notes are provided. Surface sculpturing pattern of pollen grains and mericarps of the two species are also compared.

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10

Raju, A. J. Solomon, and Rajendra Kumar. "Pollination ecology of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) in Coringa mangrove ecosystem, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): 8777. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2276.8.5.8777-8787.

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Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Lamiaceae) is bisexual, self-compatible and has a vector-dependent mixed breeding system. They are dichogamous and herkogamous; the day 1 flowers are staminate while the day 2 and 3 flowers are pistillate. The plant blooms in the evening, possesses a white long corolla with a hairy interior to exclude other insects and strong fragrance are adaptations for pollination by the hawk-moth Macroglossum gyrans. The 2nd and 3rd day flowers are nectar-rich and attract hawk-moths during the dawn and dusk hours. The plant is also visited by bees and butterflies. The bees Xylocopa and Anthophora are primary nectar robbers which collect nectar without effecting pollination. In C. inerme, three forms of flowers can be distinguished based on the position of sex organs. The first form is characterized by elongated stamens and a style which occur in close proximity to each other just after anthesis facilitating contact between the stamens and stigma. The second form is characterized by the scattered position of stamens and style. In the third form, the stamens are fully extended while the style is curved away from them, either to the left or to the right; subsequently the stamens curl inward and the style elongates. Interestingly, the three flower forms can be found within a cyme also. These forms of flowers with strong protandry prevent autonomous selfing but not geitonogamy. The fruit is a capsule and breaks open to disperse nutlets. Birds such as Acridotheres tristis, Corvus splendens, Corvus macrorhynchos and Turdoides caudatus disperse nutlets during the early winter season. Seeds germinate in June and seedlings grow gradually to produce new plants.

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11

MURUGAN, C., and W. ARISDASON. "A new species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India." Phytotaxa 258, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.258.3.5.

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Psychotria vasudevae, a new species belongs to the family Rubiaceae is described from the Little Nicobar Tribal Reserve and Katchal Island of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. This species is closely allied to Psychotria nicobarica, by having similar leaf shape (elliptic-oblanceolate), nature of inflorescence (terminal cyme), and 5-merous flowers but from which it can be distinguished by the more slender and glabrous stems, glabrous midrib with 12 or 13 pairs of secondary veins, acute stipules, longer calyx lobes, externally pubescent corolla lobes, papillose stigma and globose fruits. A detailed description, illustration, distribution map, and photographic plate are provided.

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12

OCAMPO, GILBERTO, and LAURA MAIR-SÁNCHEZ. "Diversification of inflorescence types in Portulaca (Portulacaceae) and its systematic implications." Phytotaxa 358, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.358.2.6.

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Portulaca is the only genus in Portulacaceae and includes ca. 100 species with worldwide distribution. Inflorescence types in Portulaca have been used as an important character in infrageneric classifications and it has been suggested that capitula and solitary flowers derive from a cyme. The present paper focuses on the study of the diversification patterns of the inflorescence within Portulacaceae based on a phylogenetic approach. A phylogenetic framework was used to estimate the ancestral inflorescence type under parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. The results, although ambiguous, suggest that a cymose inflorescence may have been the ancestral type for Cactineae. Diversification patterns within Portulacaceae are not clear, but it is plausible that capitula and solitary flowers are derived from a cymose inflorescence. In addition, the first two types may have evolved independently at least twice in the group. These results show that the inflorescence type has limited systematic utility, contrary to the current accepted infrageneric classifications of Portulaca, and only characterizes a group of Australian species with cymose inflorescences.

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13

Armitage, A. M., N. G. Seager, I. J. Warrington, D. H. Greer, and J. Reyngoud. "Response of Oxypetalum caeruleum to Irradiance, Temperature, and Photoperiod." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 6 (November 1990): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.910.

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Incremental increases in temperature from 14 to 22 to 30C resulted in linear increases in stem length and node number and decreases in stem diameter and stem strength of Oxypetalum caeruleum (D. Don.) Decne. Higher temperatures also resulted in additional flower abortion, reduced time to flowering, and fewer flowering stems per inflorescence. Reduction in the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) from 695 to 315 μmol·s-1·m-2 had similar effects as increasing the temperature on vegetative characteristics, but had little effect on reproductive ones. The rate of stem elongation was greatest at low PPF for all temperatures and at high temperature for all PPF treatments. Net photosynthesis rose between 14 and 22C and declined at 30C for all PPF treatments. Long photoperiods (12 or 14 hours) resulted in longer internodes, longer stems, and more flowers per cyme than short photoperiods (8 or 10 hours), but photoperiod had little effect on flowering time. Treatments to reduce latex coagulant and silver thiosulfate treatments had no significant effect on vase life.

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14

Barnes, Richard W., and Andrew C. Rozefelds. "Comparative morphology of Anodopetalum (Cunoniaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 2 (2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99006.

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The vegetative and floral morphology of the Tasmanian endemic Anodopetalum biglandulosum is re-examined and illustrated. A detailed study of herbarium and fresh material identified a number of characters that have, in the past, been misinterpreted. The subsidiary cell arrangement around the stomates is brachyparacytic, and not anomocytic; the petals are shown to be notched, and not entire; the fruit is a weakly lignified, septicidally dehiscent capsule, not a berry, and the pollen is dicolporate, not tricolporate as has been previously reported. The two- and three-flowered inflorescences and solitary flowers are interpreted as a reduced cyme, while the leaf is interpreted as a unifoliolate compound leaf. The vegetative and floral morphology in Anodopetalum is compared with the closely related genera Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum. Features including notched/fringed petals, dicolporate pollen with a discontinuous (heterogeneous) tectum and weakly heterogeneous wood rays provide support for interpreting Anodopetalum, Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum as a monophyletic group. Anodopetalum differs from these genera in its strongly dehiscent fruits and winged seeds.

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15

GARCÍA-PEÑA, MARÍA DEL ROSARIO, and JESÚS GUADALUPE GONZÁLEZ-GALLEGOS. "Cunila socorroae (Lamiaceae) a new species from Sierra Madre Occidental, Durango, Mexico." Phytotaxa 453, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.3.

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Recent botanical explorations in Durango, Mexico, led to the discovery of a new species endemic to this state: Cunila socorroae (Lamiaceae), which is consequently here described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically most similar to C. jaliscana and C. lythrifolia. It can be distinguished from both in having less flowers per cyme, lanceolate floral bracts, longer calyx tube, and lanceolate calyx teeth and longer. It also deviates from C. jaliscana by the fewer floral internodes, longer floral bract, and generally longer corolla tube. Also, the exfoliating bark, white corollas and internally pubescent, make a clear distinction against C. lythrifolia. The distinctive geographic distribution of these species is an additional support to their separation; the new species is exclusive of the middle portion of Sierra Madre Occidental, whereas C. jaliscana is restricted to the northernmost portion of Sierra Madre del Sur, and C. lythrifolia, though mostly occurs in eastern Tans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, has also some localities in southern Chihuahuan Desert, Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre del Sur.

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16

Youssef, Fadia S., Elisa Ovidi, Nawal M. Al Musayeib, and Mohamed L. Ashour. "Morphology, Anatomy and Secondary Metabolites Investigations of Premna odorata Blanco and Evaluation of Its Anti-Tuberculosis Activity Using In Vitro and In Silico Studies." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091953.

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In-depth botanical characterization was performed on Premna odorata Blanco (Lamiaceae) different organs for the first time. The leaves are opposite, hairy and green in color. Flowers possess fragrant aromatic odors and exist in inflorescences of 4–15 cm long corymbose cyme-type. In-depth morphological and anatomical characterization revealed the great resemblance to plants of the genus Premna and of the family Lamiaceae, such as the presence of glandular peltate trichomes and diacytic stomata. Additionally, most examined organs are characterized by non-glandular multicellular covering trichomes, acicular, and rhombic calcium oxalate crystals. P. odorata leaves n-hexane fraction revealed substantial anti-tuberculous potential versus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, showing a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 100 μg/mL. Metabolic profiling of the n-hexane fraction using gas-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed 10 major compounds accounting for 93.01%, with trans-phytol constituting the major compound (24.06%). The virtual screening revealed that trans-phytol highly inhibited MTB C171Q receptor as M. tuberculosis KasA (β-ketoacyl synthases) with a high fitting score (∆G = −15.57 kcal/mol) approaching that of isoniazid and exceeding that of thiolactomycin, the co-crystallized ligand. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity predictions (ADME/TOPKAT) revealed that trans-phytol shows lower solubility and absorption levels when compared to thiolactomycin and isoniazid. Still, it is safer, causing no mutagenic or carcinogenic effects with higher lethal dose, which causes the death of 50% (LD50). Thus, it can be concluded that P. odorata can act as a source of lead entities to treat tuberculosis.

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17

Yeat, Choon Sea, Marta Szydlik, and Aleksandra J. Łukaszewska. "The Effect of Postharvest Treatments on Flower Quality and Vase Life of Cut Alstroemeria ‘Dancing Queen’." Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10290-012-0024-6.

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Abstract Alstroemeria is one of the most popular cut flowers in Europe, due to its postharvest longevity and a wide colour palette. However, premature leaf yellowing reduces the ornamental value of the flowering stems even before opening of the secondary florets in cymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of sucrose, gibberellin and 8-hydroxychinoline citrate as postharvest treatments of cut Alstroemeria ‘Dancing Queen’.Several “flower models” were used to distinguish the effects of the chemicals on senescence of flowers and leaves in the above cultivar. Flowering stems were harvested in November 2011 and March 2012 and the response to treatments for both dates differed: while the longevity of primary and secondary florets was prolonged by the standard preservative (8-HQC+S) in the autumn, there was no difference for the spring collection date. For the March harvest, the secondary flower buds opened faster than for the November harvest, where bud opening was generally hastened by 8-HQC+S. Also, the flower model affected floret longevity and changed the response to the treatments: florets on defoliated flowering stems responded better to the preservative than those on stems with leaves. Florets from different flower models differed in diameter: those from complete stems were usually larger than those from isolated cymes. The secondary florets were much smaller than the primary florets, especially in isolated cymes. Both, GA3 and the standard preservative significantly increased the second floret diameter in all models; however, there were no additive effects of the treatments. GA3 significantly postponed leaf yellowing in all floral models while the sugar-containing preservative had little effect. Generally, the flower model had significant effect on leaf longevity.

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18

Pires, Andreza Maria L., Maria Rose Jane R. Albuquerque, Edson P. Nunes, Vânia M. M. Melo, Edilberto R. Silveira, and Otília Deusdênia L. Pessoa. "Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oils of Blainvillea Rhomboidea (Asteraceae)." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 5 (May 2006): 1934578X0600100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600100510.

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The essential oils of Blainvellea rhomboidea (Asteraceae) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. Initially, the essential oil from the aerial parts was investigated. From the 18 identified components, 5-indanol (14.5%) followed by p-cymen-8-ol (10.1%), β-caryophyllene (9.6%), caryophyllene oxide (9.6%), limonene (8.6%), terpinolene (7.8%), and spathulenol (7.7%) were the major constituents. The oil was tested against seven bacterial strains and the results showed significant antimicrobial activity. As a consequence, the essential oils from leaves and from flowers were analyzed separately. The major constituents of the leaf oil were terpinolene (21.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.2%), spathulenol (9.1%), caryophyllene oxide (7.4%), and bicyclogermacrene (7.1%), while the oil of the flowers contained terpinolene (28.1%), 5-indanol (16.3%), p-cymen-8-ol (15.3%) and limonene (14.7%) as prevalent compounds. The oils were tested against the same bacterial strains and the flower oil was the more active. These results indicated that the components of the essential oil from flowers seem to be responsible for the activity.

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19

Zhang, Kai, Mingsong Wu, Bo Pan, Lianxuan Zhou, and Dianxiang Zhang. "Jasminum parceflorum (Oleaceae), a new species from southern Yunnan, China." PhytoKeys 146 (May 8, 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.146.49625.

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Jasminum parceflorum (Oleaceae), a new species from tropical limestone habitats in Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. The new species is similar to J. pierreanum and J. rarum, but can be distinguished by its linear calyx lobes, dry calyces without ridges, terminal 1 (or 3)-flowered cymes and axillary solitary flowers.

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20

Wei, Yi-Gang, Fang Wen, Wen-Hong Chen, Yu-Min Shui, and M. Möller. "LITOSTIGMA, A NEW GENUS FROM CHINA: A MORPHOLOGICAL LINK BETWEEN BASAL AND DERIVED DIDYMOCARPOID GESNERIACEAE." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (February 9, 2010): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428609990291.

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Litostigma, a new Chinese genus of Gesneriaceae, is described and illustrated. It is characterised by its large flowers in comparison to its small leaves; slightly revolute leaf margins; 1-flowered cymes; crateriform or disciform stigma; and long ovoid capsule. Rather surprisingly, Litostigma falls among the basal didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae. Two new species, Litostigma coriaceifolium Y.G.Wei, F.Wen & M.Möller and Litostigma crystallinum Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen, are described.

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21

Balan, Anoop Puthuparampil, Aloor Jose Robi, and Ginu Joseph. "Ophiorrhiza meenachilarensis, a new species of Rubiaceae from southern Western Ghats, India." Webbia 75, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-8508.

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A new species of Ophiorriza (Rubiaceae) from southern Western Ghats, India is here described and illustrated. Ophiorriza meenachilarensis is similar to O. eriantha, from which it differs in its herbaceous habit (vs. shrubby habit), densely villous-hirsute stem (vs. pubescent-glabrous stem), entire stipule (vs. bifid stipule), short-peduncled cymes (vs. comparatively long-peduncled cymes), unscented flowers (vs. scented flowers) and corolla tube with a ring of hairs at the middle of the tube (vs. corolla tube without a ring of hairs). A detailed description, illustrations, ecological observations, and geographic distribution are provided.

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22

Wen, Fang, Stephen E. Maciejewski, Xiang-Qian He, Jing Han, and Yi-Gang Wei. "Briggsia leiophylla, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Guizhou, China." Phytotaxa 202, no. 1 (March 6, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.1.6.

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Briggsia leiophylla, a new species of Gesnericeae from southern Guizhou, China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to B. longipes (Hemsl. ex Oliv.) Craib, but can be easily distinguished by only one flower per cyme (rare two), brightly yellow and nearly glabrous corolla, anthers thecae confluent.

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23

Posluszny, Usher, and P. Barry Tomlinson. "Aspects of inflorescence and floral development in the putative basal angiosperm Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-004.

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Amborella has woody axes whose development is intrinsically plagiotropic and determinate. The tree habit is achieved through overtopping of older axes by basally produced younger axes, as in Mangenot's model. Inflorescence units, which are produced in the axils of distal leaves, may be described as extended cymes, each branch ending in a flower. Basal bracteoles have a decussate arrangement, which is modified to an alternate phyllotaxis distally. Flowers produce one or more additional bracteoles with a rapid transition to the spiral phyllotaxis of the broad overlapping tepals. In this transition the initially conical floral apex becomes invaginated to form a floral cup, with subsequent appendages appearing on its inner margin. The floral apex then forms the flat base of the cup but retains a discrete single tunica layer. The receptacular bowl is deepened and narrowed by the basal meristem of each appendage, the last formed floral organs usually consuming the floral meristem. Sexual parts are more numerous in male than female flowers, accounting for their size difference, but primordia of stamens and carpels are initially very similar. Floral symmetry is largely a consequence of close packing of appendages within the floral cup. In its initial stages of development the flower does not conform to any conventional floral model in angiosperms and is better regarded as highly specialized rather than ancestral in its synorganization. This is not unexpected in a lineage of such long independent evolution.Key words: Amborella, basal angiosperm, development, inflorescence, primitive flower.

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24

HAMMER, TIMOTHY A., ROBERT W. DAVIS, and KEVIN R. THIELE. "Wadithamnus, a new monotypic genus in Amaranthaceae." Phytotaxa 295, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.2.5.

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A new monotypic genus from near-coastal areas of Oman and Yemen is here described and named Wadithamnus. The generitype is Wadithamnus artemisioides comb. nov. (basionym Aerva artemisioides). On the basis of morphology, W. artemisioides can be separated from Aerva on the basis of its 3(–7)-flowered cymes and flowers with two outer and four inner tepals, and four stamens alternating with the inner tepals. Molecular data (nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnK–matK sequences) confirm Wadithamnus as a distinct genus outside Aerva, the latter marker placing it at a basal position to the achyranthoid clade. The name Aerva artemisioides is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at WU.

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25

LIU, HONG, JIN-LONG LUO, QIU-YU LIU, DE-QING LAN, RUI QIN, and XUN-LIN YU. "A new species of Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae) from Zhangjiajie, Hunan, central China." Phytotaxa 277, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.277.3.7.

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A new species of Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae), C. zhangjiajieense, is described and illustrated from Zhangjiajie, Hunan province in China. This new species is similar to C. macrophyllum in having broad basal leaves and compact cymes, but it differs from the latter in that the whole plant of C. zhangjiajieense is densely covered by coarse and long white villus, and the leaf adaxial surface bears thickly wart points. The new species is also similar to C. davidianum, but differs by having white flowers, only one cauline leaf, oblong sepals and the stamen is longer than sepals while C. davidianum possess yellow flower, 2–5 cauline leaves, orbicular sepals and the stamen much shorter than sepals. Base on the field investigation, this new species is accessed to be endangered according to IUCN category and criteria.

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26

Zhou, Shou-Biao, Xin Hong, Fang Wen, and Hong-Mei Xiao. "Hemiboea roseoalba S.B. Zhou, X. Hong & F. Wen (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guangdong, China." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 20, no. 2 (December 22, 2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17391.

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A new species of Hemiboea, H. roseoalba, from Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to H. gracilis and H. angustifolia in leaf and flower shape, but can be distinguished by leaf blade with serrulate from the middle to the apex, lateral veins 7-9 on each side of midrib; peduncle 2.5-3.0 cm long, glabrous; cymes 4-6-flowered; triangular calyx base connate for c. 0.3 cm; pink corolla 4.0-4.3 cm long and margin of lobes curled or retroflexed; staminodes 3; pistil 3.7-4.0 cm long; disc 2 mm high and truncate stigma slightly swollen.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v20i2.17391Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 20(2): 171-177, 2013

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27

LIU, WEN-JIAN, QI GAO, KHANG SINH NGUYEN, DZU VAN NGUYEN, and LEI WU. "Taxonomic studies on Ophiorrhiza in Vietnam I: Ophiorrhiza hiepii and O. hainanensis, a new species and new record from northern Vietnam." Phytotaxa 429, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.429.1.5.

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Ophiorrhiza hiepii and O. hainanensis are reported as a new species and a new record for Vietnam respectively. O. hiepii is morphologically similar to O. subrubescens but differs by its smaller habit, usually unbranched stems, fewer secondary veins, umbelliform and sub-congested cymes, shorter corolla tubes and shorter stigma lobes in short-styled flowers. The mature flowers of O. hainanensis, which were unknown before, were measured in the wild for supplemental description of its floral characters. Additionally, the relationship between O. hainanensis and O. nutans, two easily confused species is clarified.

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28

Wang, Y. Z. "Reversion of floral development under adverse ecological conditions in Whytockia bijieensis (Gesneriaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 2 (2001): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00002.

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The reversion of floral development in Whytockia bijieensis Y.Z.Wang et Z.Y.Li occurs after the normal initiation of mid-adaxial sepals, which implies that the floral organs are not determined at the initiation of the floral primordium, but progressively determined during its development. Both low humidity (less than 75%) and low night temperature (12–14˚C) contribute to the reversion of floral development. However, the low humidity or low night temperature alone do not greatly affect the normal flowering process. The combination of these two ecological factors seems to considerably disturb the normal flowering process, greatly strengthening the reversion process of flowering. High humidity and moderate temperature or at least one of the two are necessary for the normal flowering process of W. bijieensis. It is likely that low humidity and low night temperature trigger the reversal to vegetative growth during floral development. The change of a flower into a bract-like organ in the flower pairs indicates that a transition from pair-flowered to normal cymes is possible.

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29

NEO, LOUISE, K. M. WONG, and HUGH T. W. TAN. "Studies in Southeast Asian Melastoma (Melastomataceae), 3. A new species of Melastoma from Peninsular Malaysia." Phytotaxa 317, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.317.4.3.

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Melastoma kemamanense is here described as a new species. It is characterised by broad, scabrid leaves, twigs with closely appressed scales, flowers in compact cymes, and anisomorphic stamens. It is similar to Melastoma imbricatum but differs from it by the thickly overlapping hypanthium scales and larger mature fruits. This new species is so far only known from northeast Peninsular Malaysia.

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30

Li, Rongtao, Zhiwei Wang, Jun Wang, Xinxin Zhu, and Han Xu. "Isotrema sanyaense, a new species of Aristolochiaceae from Hainan, China." PhytoKeys 128 (August 12, 2019): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.128.35042.

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Isotrema sanyaense R.T.Li, X.X.Zhu & Z.W.Wang, sp. nov., a new species from Hainan island, China, is described and illustrated here. It is morphologically most similar to I. ledongense (Han Xu, Y.D.Li & H.J.Yang) X.X.Zhu, S.Liao & J.S.Ma and I. jianfenglingense (Han Xu, Y.D.Li & H.Q.Chen) X.X.Zhu, S.Liao & J.S.Ma in the shape of leaf, flower, and the yellow to brown villous indumentum of the pedicel, ovary and calyx. However, I. sanyaense can be easily distinguished from the latter two species by its 1–5-flowered cymes, in hanging clusters of 1 to numerous branches, upper calyx tube obviously longer than basal calyx tube, calyx limb discoid, yellow inside, with purple-red stripes and spots, about 13–18 mm in diameter, glabrous, and a throat dark red without spots, 4–6 mm wide.

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31

Li, Fei, Wu Lan, Qin Zhou, Baojun Liu, Feng Chen, Sisi Zhang, Manzhu Bao, and Guofeng Liu. "Reduced Expression of CbUFO Is Associated with the Phenotype of a Flower-Defective Cosmos bipinnatus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102503.

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LEAFY (LFY) and UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) homologous genes have been reported to play key roles in promoting the initiation of floral meristems in raceme- and cyme-type plants. Asteraceae, a large family of plants with more than 23,000 species, has a unique head-like inflorescence termed capitulum. Here, we report a floral defective plant of the garden cosmos named green head (gh), which shows homogeneous inflorescence, indistinguishable inflorescence periphery and center, and the replacement of flower meristems by indeterminate inflorescence meristems, coupled with iterative production of bract-like organs and higher order of inflorescences. A comparison of the LFY- and UFO-like genes (CbFLY and CbUFO) isolated from both the wild-type and gh cosmos revealed that CbUFO may play an important role in inflorescence differentiation into different structures and promotion of flower initiation, and the reduced expression of CbUFO in the gh cosmos could be associated with the phenotypes of the flower-defective plants. Further expression analysis indicated that CbUFO may promote the conversion of inflorescence meristem into floral meristem in early ray flower formation, but does not play a role in its later growth period.

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32

Quang, Bui Hong, Vu Tien Chinh, Le Thi Mai Linh, and Ritesh Kumar Choudhary. "Two jasmine (Oleaceae: Jasminum L.) taxa newly recorded in Vietnam." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 9756. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2708.9.1.9756-9760.

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Two Jasminum taxa i.e. J. hongshuihoense and Jasminum laurifolium var. brachylobum are reported as a new record for the flora of Vietnam. J. hongshuihoense was hitherto known as endemic to China. It differs from the closely related species J. eberhardtii in having more number (4-10) of primary veins and lesser (5-8) calyx lobes. J. laurifolium var. brachylobum is closely allied to J. laurifolium var. laurifolium but it differs in having more flowers in cymes (i.e.1-8) flowers and calyx lobes (i.e. 6-10). Description and color photographs are provided for species identification. Furthermore, a comparison of the diagnostic characters with those of related species is made.

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33

Staniulis, Juozas B., Robert E. Davis, Rasa Jomantiene, Audrone Kalvelyte, and Ellen L. Dally. "Single and Mixed Phytoplasma Infections in Phyllody- and Dwarf-Diseased Clover Plants in Lithuania." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (October 2000): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1061.

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Naturally diseased plants of clover (Trifolium spp.) exhibiting symptoms of clover phyllody (virescence and phyllody of flowers) or of clover dwarf (abnormally small leaves, shortened internodes, proliferation of shoots, and dwarf growth habit) were observed in fields in Lithuania. Phytoplasma group-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that the plants were infected by two mutually distinct phytoplasmas. Clover phyllody-diseased plants were infected by a subgroup 16SrI-C (subgroup I-C) phytoplasma (CPh-L) related to clover phyllody (CPh-C) phytoplasma in Canada. Clover dwarf-diseased plants were infected by both CPh-L and a phytoplasma (CYE-L) related to clover yellow edge (CYE-C) phytoplasma (subgroup 16SrIII-B = III-B) in Canada. A 1.8-kbp fragment of rRNA operon from CYE-L was amplified, cloned, and sequenced, and putative restriction sites mapped. This sequence shared high similarity (99.7%) with that of CYE-C and exhibited no differences from CYE-C in RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA; therefore, we tentatively classified CYE-L in subgroup 16SrIII-B (type strain, CYE = CYE-C phytoplasma) of the X-disease phytoplasma group. These findings extend the known geographical ranges of subgroup I-C and subgroup III-B taxa to the region of northern Europe including Lithuania and suggest a role of the subgroup III-B phytoplasma in clover dwarf disease.

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34

NARAYANAN, M. K. RATHEESH, V. MINI, T. SHAJU, K. A. SUJANA, JAYESH P. JOSEPH, AHMED H. ALFARHAN, and M. SIVADASAN. "A new species of Sonerila Roxb. (Melastomataceae) from Kerala, India." Phytotaxa 110, no. 1 (June 12, 2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.110.1.5.

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Sonerila veldkampiana, a new species of Melastomataceae collected from an exposed, high-elevation rocky grassland in Kerala, India is described and illustrated. It resembles S. rotundifolia, but differs in having several important characters like pilose leaf-lamina, terete and glabrous peduncle, inflorescence with 10–35 flowers in branched or unbranched scorpioid cymes, an obscurely ridged hypanthium, long acuminate anthers with a deeply cordate base, and seeds with a sub-excurrent raphe.

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35

Chen, Li-Yun, Chien-Young Chu, and Min-Chang Huang. "Inflorescence and Flower Development in Chinese Ixora." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.1.0023.

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Experiments were conducted on 6-month-old chinese ixora (Ixora chinensis Lam.) from February 1999 to April 2000. Floral development was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the flowering sequences. Morphological characters were used to clarify the stages of flowering processes. The time of organogenesis and flowering arrangement was established through field observations. Floral evocation occurred in early September, floral initiation occurred in the middle of September and floral differentiation began in late September. A distinctly convex apex with bracts around the shoulder indicated the beginning of reproductive development. Subsequently, primary inflorescence axes were observed and differentiated into secondary, tertiary, and quaternary inflorescence axes consecutively in about one and a half months. Once the terminal apex reached the inflorescence bud stage, it would flower without abortion, and this may be assessed as no return. The sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil were well developed thereafter and anthesis was achieved in January through March in the following year. The observation of floral differentiation sequences and investigation of floret arrangement made it certain that chinese ixora had cymose inflorescence (cyme), but not corymb. A quadratic equation was established to predict floret number from the differentiation level (a quantitative description of differentiation stage) of a developed inflorescence.

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36

Lorence, David H., Thomas R. Van Devender, and George M. Ferguson. "Chiococca grandiflora (Rubiaceae), a new species from Northern Mexico." PhytoKeys 98 (May 2, 2018): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.98.25170.

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The new species Chiococcagrandiflora Lorence & T.Van Devender from Sinaloa and Sonora, Mexico differs from its congeners by its larger, showy white flowers in compact cymes of 3–9, and infundibuliform corollas 16–20 mm long with tubes 13–17 mm long and lobes 3–3.5 mm long. Its distribution, habitat, and relationships are outlined. The conservation status for this species is estimated to be Endangered (EN) based on IUCN Red List Criteria.

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37

YunHong, TAN, LI JIANWU, and YIN JIANTAO. "Oreocharis tsaii, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Yunnan, China." Phytotaxa 195, no. 2 (January 23, 2015): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.195.2.9.

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Oreocharis tsaii, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Yunnan, China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to O. hirsuta and O. aurea, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by its smaller cordate to ovate leaves; cymes with 1–5 flowers, corolla tube narrowing gradually from base to throat, constricted at the throat, corolla lobes mostly more than half as long as the tube; filaments sparsely glandular-pubescent and pilose, style sparsely glandular-pubescent.

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38

Banag, Cecilia Illiscupides, Danilo Tandang, Ulrich Meve, and Sigrid Liede-Schumann. "Two new species of Ixora (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) endemic to the Philippines." Phytotaxa 202, no. 2 (March 12, 2015): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.8.

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Two new species of Ixora are described from the provinces of Palawan and Samar, Philippines: I. alejandroi and I. reynaldoi. The two new species are compared mostly with other species of the genus from the Philippines and neighbouring Asian countries. Ixora alejandroi is characterized by its elongated cyme with congested secondary axes, reddish-brown corolla, stigmatic lobes shortly cleft in the middle, round at tip; while I. reynaldoi is easily recognised by its pseudanthium-type, 9–15 flowered inflorescences, long bracteoles (3.5–8 mm long), and keeled, foliaceous calyx lobes (8–10 mm long). The conservation status of each species is proposed, using IUCN Criteria.

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Lin, Ning Zu, Li Dong Mei, and Kang Ming. "Primulina rubribracteata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Hunan, China." Phytotaxa 239, no. 1 (December 18, 2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.239.1.5.

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Primulina rubribracteata Z.L. Ning & M. Kang, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Hunan, China, is described and illustrated. The new species morphologically resembles P. polycephala (Chun) Mich. Möller & A. Weber and P. porphyria X.L. Yu & Ming Li, but it can be easily distinguished by having ovate or broadly ovate leaf blade, purple red bracts and calyx, shorter peduncle and pedicel, thoroughly purple corolla, unbranched cymes with 1–4 flowers, and densely glandular pubescent inside corolla lobes.

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Weber, Anton. "Pair-flowered cymes in the Lamiales: structure, distribution and origin." Annals of Botany 112, no. 8 (July 24, 2013): 1577–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct156.

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41

Pavlovic, S., D. Pljevljakusic, M. Starovic, S. Stojanovic, and D. Josic. "First Report of 16SrIII-B Phytoplasma Subgroup Associated with Virescence of Arnica montana in Serbia." Plant Disease 96, no. 11 (November 2012): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0650-pdn.

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Arnica montana L. is a high altitude perennial plant, indigenous to Europe, but it is not native in the flora of Serbia. Plantain introduction of A. montana began a few years ago in the Tara mountain region, Western Serbia (43°53′44.17″N 19°33′11.62″E, 1,008 m ASL). The mountainous climate in this region is characterized by 850 mm of precipitation per year and an average decade temperature range from 11 to 25°C in the vegetation period of May through September. The main soil type is dystric cambisol, exhibiting a slightly acidic reaction (pH 6.4). Seeds of A. montana cv. ARBO were obtained from the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland. Seedlings were produced in a greenhouse during the period March through April and planted in May 2008. Virescence symptoms were observed starting from May 2010. A. montana exhibited symptoms mainly on flowers, like green leaflike structures instead of flowers and proliferation of acillary buds. Later in the season, flowers were malformed and consequently failed to produce seeds. Plant material for analyses was collected during 2010 and 2011 from an experimental field located at Tara mountain. Total DNA was extracted from the leaf midveins of 14 symptomatic and six symptomless plants (3). Nested PCR was carried out with primers P1/P7 followed by P1/16S-Sr and R16F2n/R16R2 primers, resulting with the DNA fragments amplification of expected size: 1.8, 1.5, and 1.2 kb, respectively, in all symptomatic samples tested. No phytoplasmas were detected in symptomless samples. PCR products of 1.2 kb, obtained by R16F2n/R16R2 primers from symptomatic samples, were digested independently with four restriction enzymes (Alu I, Tru I, Hpa II and Hha I) and the RFLP patterns were compared with those of Stolbur (Stol), Aster Yellows (AY), Flavescence Doree-C (FD-C), Poinsettia Branch-Inducing (PoiBI) and Clover Yellow Edge (CYE) phytoplasmas (2). RFLP patterns from all symptomatic A. montana samples were identical to CYE pattern. Comparison of the 16S rDNA sequence of representative symptomatic sample Am4, deposited under accession number JX297491 in NCBI GenBank, with other phytoplasmas from the database revealed 99% identity with members of 16SrIII-B phytoplasma group: Clover yellow edge phytoplasma strain CYE (JQ944798.1), ‘Euscelidius variegatus’ phytoplasma strain AP-I (HQ589197.1), Clover phyllody phytoplasma strain CP (HQ589196.1), etc. In Serbia, phytoplasma belonging 16SrIII-B subgroup has been identified in Cirsium arvense (4) and pear plants (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural infection of A. montana by phytoplasma. Cultivation of A. montana provides the necessary raw material for medicament production. The flower heads are widely used for the topical treatment of bruises and sprains in phytopharmaceutical preparations.Taking into consideration that monoculture plantation growing of perennials favorites rapid spreading of infections, the present study tended to examine the potential threat of virescence, which could be the limiting factor of ex-situ conservation of this endangered plant by its cultivation. References: (1) B. Duduk et al. Acta Hortic. 781:351, 2008. (2) I. M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) J. P. Prince. Phytopathology 83:1130, 1993. (4) D. Rancic et al. Plant Pathology 54:561, 2005.

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ZHANG, LiXiang, YunHong TAN, JianWu LI, Bin WEN, JianTao YIN, and QinYing LAN. "Hemiboea malipoensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Yunnan, China." Phytotaxa 174, no. 3 (July 11, 2014): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.3.5.

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Hemiboea malipoensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southeastern Yunnan, China, is here described and illustrated. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, it was found to be similar to H. magnibracteata and H. cavaleriei var. paucinervis by conspicuous involucre and anthers fused by entire adaxial surfaces, but can be easily distinguished from the latter two species by its manificat spherical involucre, 3.5–4.5 cm in diameter, cymes with 4–10 flowers, corolla larger, 4.5–5.5 cm long, pale yellow-yellow, corolla tube glabrous, Calyx lanceolate, 5-parted from the base.

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43

PAGE, NAVENDU V., MANSA SRIVASTAV, and RAMACHANDRA G. RAO. "A new species of Reissantia (Celastraceae) from coastal Karnataka, India." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.9.

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Reissantia N. Hallé (1958: 466) is a small but widespread genus distributed in the Old World tropics of Africa and Indo-Malaya (Ramamurthy and Naithani, 2000). Members of Reissantia are climbing, scandent or erect shrubs with decussate leaves. They are characterised by small flowers borne in dichotomous cymes or panicles with accessory branches, small calyx and corolla with imbricate aestivation, inconspicuous disc that is mostly fused with the ovary, 3 stamens inserted at the base of the carpel, 3-locular ovary and 3-fascicled capsular fruit with seeds that have a basal membranous wing.

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Stehmann, Joao Renato, Daniela Melo Garcia de Oliveira, and Francisco Romário Tabosa. "Solanum confertiflorum (Solanaceae), a New Species from Brazil for the Cyphomandra Clade." Systematic Botany 45, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364420x16033962925169.

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Abstract—Solanum confertiflorum (Solanaceae), a new species for the Cyphomandra clade, is described and illustrated. The species is endemic to Bahia state, in Brazil, restricted to few localities, inhabiting seasonal forests and outcrops in the Caatinga biome. It is morphologically related to S. luridifuscescens, sharing the papillose anthers without swollen connectives, but distinguished by the forked cymes with flowers congested at the apex, swollen calyx with shorter lobes, as well as shorter, sessile stamens. The morphology, geographic distribution, ecology, and conservation status are discussed and a key for the Brazilian species without swollen connectives belonging to the Cyphomandra clade is presented.

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TAN, YUN-HONG, JIAN-WU LI, WEN-HONG CHEN, BIN WEN, and MICHAEL MÖLLER. "Additional notes on Oreocharis yunnanensis, a species of Gesneriaceae from southern Yunnan, China, including morphological and molecular data." Phytotaxa 167, no. 3 (May 14, 2014): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.167.3.7.

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Oreocharis yunnanensis, a recently described species from southern Yunnan, China, is here compared using morphological and molecular evidence, with its closest congener O. aurea and O. hirsuta, but can be easily distinguished from the latter two by its cordate leaves, 3–4 branched cymes with 4–16(–20) flowers, corolla larger, corolla tube constricted or slightly constricted above the base and then moderately enlarged without constriction at the throat, longer relative to the corolla lip, the upper corolla lip much smaller than the lower lip, lobes entire or calyx margins 2–3 denticulate, disc entire or subentire, and stigma capitate.

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46

Zeng, Si-Jin, Ye-Chun Xu, Gang-Tao Wang, Peng Jia, and Da-Fang Cui. "Tigridiopalma exalata, a new and endangered species of Melastomataceae from China." PhytoKeys 176 (April 16, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.176.63619.

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A new species of the genus Tigridiopalma, formerly considered monotypic, is here described as T. exalata and illustrated based on molecular and morphological evidence. It is morphologically similar to T. magnifica in having a short stem, huge basal leaves, scorpioid cymes, and 5-merous flowers, but differs in having ribbed and pale yellow puberulent petioles, purple petals with a small white apical patch, connectives of longer stamens with a distinct dorsal short spur at their base, and wingless capsules. Due to the restricted distribution, small populations and horticultural potential of this new species, it should be categorized as an Endangered species (EN).

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47

RESMI, S., K. M. MANUDEV, C. PRAMOD, and SANTHOSH NAMPY. "A new species of Sonerila (Melastomataceae: Sonerileae) from southern Western Ghats, India." Phytotaxa 333, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.333.2.7.

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Sonerila lateritica, a tuberous species of Melastomataceae is described in connection with a taxonomic revision of Sonerila in India. The new species is morphologically close to S. anaimudica but differs by its tuberous root stocks, quadrangular stems, opposite-decussate leaves, many-flowered cymes and mucronate petals. Description, illustration, taxonomic notes and photoplates are provided.

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48

YANG, FENG, XIAO-LAN LIU, YU-RAN LI, YE TIAN, and HUAN-CHONG WANG. "Stellaria procumbens sp. nov. and S. amplexicaulis comb. & stat. nov. (Caryophyllaceae) from Southwest China." Phytotaxa 435, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.435.2.6.

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Stellaria procumbens Huan C. Wang & Feng Yang, a new species in Caryophyllaceae, is described and illustrated. The new species was found in provinces Sichuan and Yunnan, Southwest China. Stellaria procumbens is most similar to S. longifolia, but clearly differs from the latter by its stems cylindrical, 5–10 cm in length, leaves 0.4–1.5 cm long, 0.3–0.7 mm broad, the ratio of length to width of leaves from 13 to 23, cymes usually with 1–2 (–3) flowers, and peduncles 0.3–2.5 cm long. Also, the variety S. saxatilis var. amplexicaulis from southwest China, is raised to species rank based on its distinctiveness and its lectotype is designated.

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Seibert, Tanja, Christin Abel, and Vanessa Wahl. "Flowering time and the identification of floral marker genes in Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (October 28, 2019): 986–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz484.

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Abstract Solanaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes agricultural species such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (S. melongena), pepper (Capsicum annuum), and potato (S. tuberosum). The transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage has been extensively investigated in tomato as it affects fruit yield. While potato has mainly been studied with regards to the formation of storage organs, control of flowering time is a subject of increasing interest as development of true seeds is becoming more important for future breeding strategies. Here, we describe a robust growth regime for synchronized development of S. tuberosum ssp. andigena. Using SEM to analyse the developmental stages of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) throughout the floral transition, we show that andigena is a facultative long-day plant with respect to flowering. In addition, we identify the flower meristem identity gene MACROCALYX (StMC) as a marker to distinguish between the vegetative and reproductive stages. We show that the expression of WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX 9 (StWOX9) and ANANTHA (StAN) are specific to the inflorescence meristem and flower meristems in the cyme, respectively. The expression patterns of homologs of Arabidopsis flowering-time regulators were studied, and indicated that SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (StSOC1) and StFD might regulate flowering similar to other plant species.

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Murray, Jeffrey. "DRACONTIUS (LD 3.279–95) AND THE SOURCE OF THE THERMOPYLAE NYKTOMACHIA." Classical Quarterly 64, no. 1 (April 16, 2014): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838813000797.

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The account of the Battle of Thermopylae found in Diodorus Siculus (11.8.4–10.4) is remarkably different from the more commonly known Herodotean version of events (7.201–33). Most strikingly, his account includes details of a night raid on the Persian camp made by Leonidas and his men. Diodorus’ principal source for this section of the narrative, historians generally agree, was Ephorus of Cyme (c. 405–330 b.c.). This tradition was later taken up also by Justin (2.11.12–18) and Plutarch (De malignitate Herodoti 866a). But who was Ephorus’ source? Many believe that Ephorus simply made it up. However, Michael Flower, in a discussion of Ephorus and his sources, rightly I think, dismisses this verdict on a number of accounts. Firstly, he questions the willingness of Ephorus’ audience to accept this novel version without Ephorus providing a suitable source for it. Secondly, he points out that scholars have never conclusively demonstrated that Ephorus simply fabricated the events that he related. Instead, dismissing the Greek physician Ctesias of Cnidus (‘It could not have come from Ctesias’), who was active during the last decades of the fifth and early part of the fourth century b.c., Flower argues for the possibility that the lyric poetry of Simonides of Ceos was Ephorus’ source. It is the argument of this paper that Flower dismisses Ctesias as a source for the Thermopylae nyktomachia too quickly, and that by combining information found in Dracontius (De laudibus Dei 3.279–95) and Tertullian (Apologeticum 9.6) it is probable to conclude that Ctesias is indeed the source for this alternative tradition.

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