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Journal articles on the topic 'Cynicism in art'
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De Marzio, Darryl M. "Modern Art, Cynicism, and the Ethics of Teaching." Philosophy of Education 68 (2012): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47925/2012.076.
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Nestler, Gerald, and Suhail Malik. "Introduction: Art and finance." Finance and Society 2, no. 2 (2016): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/finsoc.v2i2.1723.
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The editorial premise of this special issue is that the adage ‘art and money do not mix’ is now wholly untenable. As detailed in our extended interview with Clare McAndrew, the art market has grown rapidly over the last twenty years, leading to systemic and structural changes in the art field. For some, this growth of the market and its significance for art is an institutional misfortune that, for all of its effects, is nonetheless inconsequential to the normative claim that art and money shouldn’t mix. This commonplace premise looks to keep the sanctity or romance of art from the business machinations of market mechanisms, as eloquently summarised by Oscar Wilde’s definition of cynicism (‘knowing the price of everything and the value of nothing’). This issue repudiates that normative moral code, and precisely for the reasons just stated: by now, the interests of the art market permeate all the way through the art system. The interests of the art market shape what is exhibited and where; what kinds of discourse circulate around which art (or even as art) and in what languages; and what, in general, is understood to count as art. In short, the art market – comprising mainly of collectors, galleries and auction houses – is now the primary driver in what is valuable in art.
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Chur-Hansen, Anna, and Damon Parker. "Is Psychiatry an Art or a Science? The Views of Psychiatrists and Trainees." Australasian Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (2005): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2005.02221.x.
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Objective: It is generally considered by many practitioners that psychiatry is an art, that is, one of the humanities, as well as being a science. We systematically collected the views of practitioners and trainee psychiatrists regarding the question ‘Is psychiatry an art or a science?’ Method: Eleven supervisors and nine trainees were interviewed and their responses analysed, using a qualitative method, the modified framework approach. Results: Several themes emerged from the data: that ‘art’ and ‘science’ are different; psychiatry as a discipline is difficult to define; psychiatry demands a broader range of skills than other medical specialties; the relationship of psychology to psychiatry; supervisor cynicism to the ‘science’ of psychiatry; and the ‘art’ and ‘science’ of the assessment process. Conclusions: The tension that exists within the profession's identity as a discipline has important implications for teaching, learning, and clinical and research practices.
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van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien. "The Political Psychology of Protest." European Psychologist 18, no. 4 (2013): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000156.
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We live in contentious times. Why are people prepared to sacrifice wealth, a pleasant and carefree life, or sometimes even their lives for a common cause? This question brings us to the individual level of analysis, and therefore to political psychology. People live in a perceived world. Indeed, this is what a political psychology of protest is about – trying to understand why people who are seemingly in the same socio-political configuration respond so differently. I will illustrate this point with an overview of state-of-the-art theoretical approaches and up-to-date empirical evidence. Discussed are grievances, efficacy/cynicism, identification, emotions, and social embeddedness. Most recent approaches combine these concepts into one model comprising two routes: An efficacy route steered by social embeddedness and a grievances route steered by cynicism. The working of the model is illustrated by empirical evidence from contemporary events such as migrants, collective action, demonstrating diasporas, and Social Media protests. Each of these illustrations exemplifies how different aspects of the socio-political context as dual identification, group status, and virtual embeddedness affect individuals’ protest behavior. As such the paper aims to provide an overview of political psychological work that may contribute to the understanding of our contentious times.
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Berard, Timothy J., and James K. Meeker. "Irony, Conflict, and Tragedy in Cultural Analysis: Hip-Hop between Bourdieu and Nietzsche." Critical Sociology 45, no. 2 (2018): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920518774605.
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Culture has increasingly been analyzed ironically in relation to social conflict, emphasizing themes of ideology, co-optation, and complicity in reproducing inequalities. Arguably the most sophisticated ironic cultural critique is provided by Bourdieu. Bourdieu’s critique is often criticized for reductionism, but without pursuing what is neglected by ironic reductionism. Nietzsche provides a remarkable counterpoint, offering both seminal resources for modern social criticism, and profound reflections on culture’s potential to affirm life with integrity and authenticity. Nietzsche’s analysis of classical Greek tragedy suggests how culture can collectively affirm life through art without illusions. The relative emphases and insights of these two critics are contrasted here in relation to the cultural phenomenon of hip-hop, addressing latent ideological baggage but also its social activism and tragic-realist aesthetic. Grounded in this discussion of hip-hop as predictably compromised, but also incisively defiant and painfully honest, a challenge is posed for cultural analysis to be critical without being dismissive of existential and aesthetic questions, or blind to the potentials of popular culture. Culture is neither as derivative as much social criticism would suggest, nor as autonomous as many artists and art critics would suggest. Cultural studies therefore must find a middle way, navigating between cynicism and naiveté.
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Hammond, Helena. "‘So you see, the story was not quite as you were told’:Maleficent, Dance, Disney, and Cynicism as the Choreo-philosophical Critique of Neoliberal Precarity." Dance Research 35, no. 1 (2017): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drs.2017.0181.
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Dance bequeaths a conflicted legacy for resisting neoliberalism: the same portfolio careers; pick-up companies; and freelance working practices through which the artist-entrepreneur negotiates and survives the exigencies of the neoliberal market have themselves been co-opted by neoliberal economics as blueprints for labour practices in ways unimagined and never intended by arts practitioners. ‘The freelancer’ to quote Lauren Berlant (76) ‘is one of the sovereign figures of neoliberalism’.1Looking beyond dance's unwitting complicity in the neoliberal contracting of the body, this paper focuses on dance as an emergent critical aesthetics that calls attention to the incorporation of the geopolitical by the post-statist neoliberal project.Its case study is Maleficent ( 2014 ), the Angelina Jolie popular cinema radical retelling, as prequel, of the back story of Sleeping Beauty's slighted fairy Carabosse. Maleficent's status as dance intertext is many-faceted: its titular character's conjunction of malevolence and magnificence and the sourcing of her predicament to an originating act of socio-economic disenfranchisement are familiar from the characterisation of Carabosse in Marius Petipa's choreography for the ballet The Sleeping Beauty (1890). Unspecified in the ballet, this act is elaborated in the film: ‘the winged creature who rose to be protector of The Moors, a kingdom which needed neither king nor queen’ to quote the film's narration, Maleficent is shorn of her wings in an act of land-grab motivated premeditated human interspecies violence. This act, betokening rape for Jolie, renders Maleficent's aerial choreographic spectacle pedestrianised; everyday and earthbound, just as Carabosse, denied vertiginous danse d’école vocabularies, must substitute more mundane mime in their place.This paper begins by establishing the strong bonds which bind Disney to dance; the extent to which, to quote Soviet avant-garde filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein, ‘the art of animation…has its forerunner in ballet…At least in Fokine's ballets for Diaghilev…’.2Drawing on analyses of neoliberalism, those of David Harvey in particular, this paper then moves to consider Maleficent as the articulation of a critique of neoliberalism, one which – it will be suggested – relies heavily on Cynic philosophy for its formulation. Cynic philosophy, especially in the extended consideration of the Cynic life presented by Michel Foucault's final series of Collège de France lectures3will be critically important here. Arguing for Maleficent as the choreography of Feminist ethics in response to neoliberal policies that render human relations to the land ever more ethno-biologically precarious, this paper will point up the strong parallels that exist between the film and Cynic thinking. In Foucault's account, Cynicism especially prioritises the vie autre (other life). This makes Cynicism particularly effective as a vehicle for questioning neoliberal values and proposing others in their place.Maleficent's critique will be shown to be choreo-philosophical in the sense that it mobilises, and is highly reliant upon, a range of dance histories – those to do with The Sleeping Beauty especially – and dance practices, particularly those bound up, ultimately, with pantomime dance in Hellenistic ancient Greece. This article will suggest that pantomime dance as a close, cognate ally of Cynic philosophy, was already imbued, in some significant sense, with philosophical intent. It is pantomime dance's philosophical intent – this paper argues – that endures and is mobilised to such effect in the roles of Carabosse and Maleficent. Attention then turns to Alain Badiou's concept of cinema as philosophy. This article will suggest both that Badiou's concept is more indebted to dance than is generally acknowledged, and that it arguably strengthens the sorts of claims that can be made for Maleficent as choreo-philosophical critique. This paper also proposes, in a similar vein, that on the basis of his reading of Cynicism as actually highly motile, the late Foucault is more phenomenological in orientation and – so it would follow – less antithetical to dance and its study, than has hitherto been suggested.
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Afifah, Ummi, Harris Effendi Thahar, and Emidar Emidar. "PENGGUNAAN GAYA BAHASA DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN “CERMIN WAKTU” KARYA MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA 2011 FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG." Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia 8, no. 2 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/104520-019883.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to describe the type of language style based on sentence structure and based on whether or not the meaning and function of the language style contained in the anthology of the “Cermin Waktu” short story by Indonesian Language and Literature Education Students 2011 Faculty of Language and Art, State University of Padang. The method used is descriptive. The approach in this research is the stylistic. Based on the research conducted the type of language style based on sentence structure found 4 types of language style, namely climax, anticlimax, repetition, and antithesis. The type of language style is based on whether or not direct meaning is of two kinds, namely rhetorical and the style of figurative language. The rhetorical style of the language is found in 7 types of language styles, namely apostrophes, asindenton, polisindenton, euphemism, pleonasm, rhetorical questions, and hyperbole. The figurative language style is found in 4 types of language styles, namely equality, metaphor, personification, and cynicism and sarcasm. The language style function contained in the anthology of the “Cermin Waktu” short story is found in 5 types of language style function, namely concreting 25 speeches, asserting 88 utterances, beautifying 24 speeches, smoothing 2 speeches, and insinuating 4 speeches. Kata Kunci: Gaya bahasa, Fungsi, Jenis
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Nazymko, Yehor, and Dmytro Demchyshyn. "SOCIAL CONDITIONALITY OF THE CRIMINAL-LEGAL PROHIBITION OF HOOLIGAN ACTIONS." Law Journal of Donbass 75, no. 2 (2021): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-75-2-74-87.
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The article examines the social conditionality of the criminal-legal prohibition of hooligan actions. The expediency of analyzing the social conditionality of the criminal-legal prohibition of hooligan actions as a cross-cutting criminal legal category is substantiated, taking into account the systemic connections between all elements of crimes, a constructive feature of which is hooliganism. Taking into account the peculiarities of the appointment of normative prescriptions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, prohibiting hooligan actions in the system of criminal law regulation, a system of circumstances of social conditionality of the criminal law prohibition of hooligan actions has been determined: historical; predictive; technical and legal. As a result of the study, it was established that the criminal-legal prohibition of hooligan actions at the level of the existence of Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, fully socially conditioned. With regard to historical circumstances, the same act of «hooliganism» is artificial for Ukraine from a historical point of view, the criminal law prohibition does not correspond to the Ukrainian mentality, ordinary citizens in most cases do not perceive hooliganism as a crime, hooliganism does not fully fit into the modern paradigm of the development of social relationship. During the study of the prognostic circumstances of the criminal law prohibition of hooligan actions, research attention is focused on the social danger of this act (two main criteria are the object of the crime and the intensity of the criminal encroachment). It has been proved that through the abstractness of understanding social order, there is a difficulty in its perception as an object of hooliganism. With regard to the intensity of hooligan actions, other types of related crimes have a similar intensity (with inherent signs of gross violation, obvious disrespect for society, insolence and exceptional cynicism). Therefore, it is virtually impossible to assess this indicator of public danger. It is proved that the qualifying signs of hooliganism do not correspond to the signs of consistency and normative consistency. For other elements of political circumstances (except for the availability of resources), it is also established in full compliance. Based on the study of the technical and legal circumstances of the criminal-legal prohibition of hooligan actions, it was stated that the wording of Art. 296 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine inherent inaccuracies in wording. This, in general, leads to the existence of a contradiction between the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, endows the court and law enforcement agencies with excessive discretionary powers.
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Vedrickaitė, Imelda. "War Experience: Shaping Memory and the Future (Algirdas Landsbergis and Kurt Vonnegut)." Colloquia 33 (December 10, 2014): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/col.2014.29224.
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Landsbergis’ and Vonnegut’s novels bear witness to the catastrophe of war in order to appeal to future generations. Vonnegut was a regular Allied soldier and prisoner of war, and his novel exposes the Western cynicism that justifies one crime with another. The novel announces the destruction of the values of human life and dignity, held so high in the West; these values serve only as a smokescreen for a war, and its hero cannot bear the peace and well-being that follow. For Landsbergis, a war refugee from occupied Lithuania, the situation is different. Because he did not identify with either side in the conflict, his testimony about his experience inspires the hope that it is possible to escape from the roles of both victim and perpetrator. Landsbergis’ literary and political activities directed him and his efforts toward one goal: to understand the reasons behind destructive historical upheavals and to find a way to alter the effects of historical catastrophes. His characters seek to overcome the boundaries of the holy-demonic realm of destruction, to restore lost possibilities for joy and harmonious existence. Landsbergis’ prose revolts against the tragic fate of the average person. He creates an image of a hero who, armed with the magical powers of art, rejects the fear of death and ruling power. Here, the human being is revealed as a hero who cancels out the destructive power of fate. Landsbergis ritualizes the path of preserving life – it becomes not only the death-fearing mortal’s chain of choices, but also an act of internal transformation. One individual’s experience and conquest of fear become an historical image. Its source is individual will and the author’s testimony to the value of life and human dignity. The miraculous nature of Landsbergis’ texts – the appearance of the godly and the demonic – is an effort to come to terms with the isolating nature of historical experience, to understand the destruction wrought by chaos as part of a divine plan.
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Bogusławska, Magdalena. "Gry w podmiot. Szkic o (wczesnej) twórczości Mladena Stilinovicia." Slavia Meridionalis 16 (October 21, 2016): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2016.024.
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Games of a subject: A sketch of the (early) works of Mladen StilinovićThe article concerns the conceptualization of the subject in the works of the contemporary Croatian visual artist Mladen Stilinović. The object of analysis are most of all works (collages, texts) from the 1970s and early 1980s, when the artist formulated the basis for his creative philosophy and at the same time determined the directions of their research. His system of reference were the socialist state order and the traditionalist, academic system of artistic practice, which he criticized from the perspectives of Diogenes, philosophical Cynicism and constructive anarchism. Until this day, the attitude of resistance is the main creative principle for Stilinović’s art. He sets strong, conscious and autonomous creator’s “I” against symbolic violence of different systems (political, ideological, educational, etc.). This “I” is not so much the material and object of expression as a space of play based on concpetualism and self-irony. Gry w podmiot. Szkic o (wczesnej) twórczości Mladena StilinoviciaArtykuł dotyczy konceptualizacji podmiotu w twórczości współczesnego chorwackiego artysty wizualnego – Mladena Stilinovicia. Przedmiotem analizy są przede wszystkim prace (kolaże, teksty) z lat 70. i początku 80. XX wieku, kiedy to artysta formułował podstawy filozofii twórczej i określał kierunki swych poszukiwań. Układem odniesienia były dla niego wówczas socjalistyczny porządek państwa i tradycjonalistyczny, akademicki system praktyki artystycznej, które poddawał konsekwentnej krytyce z pozycji rozumnego, diogenesowskiego cynizmu i konstruktywnego anarchizmu. Do dziś postawa oporu jest dla Stilinovicia podstawową zasadą twórczą. Przemocy symbolicznej wszelkich systemów (politycznych, ideologicznych, edukacyjnych itp.) przeciwstawia mocne, świadome i niezależne „ja” twórcy. Jest tu ono nie tyle tworzywem i przedmiotem ekspresji, ile polem gry opartej na koncepcie i autoironii.
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AYIK, Ahmet. "Examining the Relationship between Mobbing and Organizational Cynicism." International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.10n.2p.102.
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In this study, the relations between the experience level of bullying behaviors and organizational cynicism are explored, using the views of teachers. The study group comprised 235 teachers working in state secondary schools in the Meram municipality of Konya during the 2017–2018 academic year. The Negative Act Questionnaire-Revised and Organizational Cynicism Scale were used to collect the data. In this descriptive study, standard deviation, mean, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analyses were used in the analysis of the data. It was observed that the levels of exposure to mobbing behavior and organizational cynicism of the participants in the study were low. It was furthermore shown that the dimensions (personal bullying, work-related bullying, and physical intimidation) of negative act questionnaire-revised have a positive and significant relation with all dimensions of organizational cynicism scale. According to the results of regression analysis, it was determined that the cognitive and affective dimensions of organizational cynicism scale are significantly and positively predicted by the personal bullying and work-related bullying dimensions of negative act questionnaire-revised, and all dimensions of negative act questionnaire-revised predict the behavioral dimension of organizational cynicism at a significant level. According to the results obtained from the research, as the levels of teachers’ exposure to mobbing behaviors decrease, their organizational cynicism levels also decrease. Exposure to mobbing behaviors has a strong predictive effect on organizational cynicism.
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Матвєєва, Ольга. "КОНЦЕПТ КРАСИ У РАННІЙ ТВОРЧОСТІ В. ВИННИЧЕНКА". Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 4, № 1 (2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppusn.2022.01.03.
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The article reveals the specifics of artistic manifestation of the beauty concept based on V. Vynnychenko’s early works. This is due to the presence of a number of search lines in the writer’s interpretation of aesthetic and to a significant number of works representing current issues. Beauty is defined as a fundamental component of life in the works by V. Vynnychenko and several author’s plots of its comprehension are revealed. Firstly, it is found that in writer’s early works the characters experience a crisis of faith, emphasize the relativity of absolute truth and Christian ethics, rethink the concept of sin and sacred Christian commandments («Love your neighbour as yourself», «Do not deceive», «Do not kill», and «In the sweat of your brow, eat your bread»), professing dual moral standards and the idea of «benevolent selfishness». The writer places material values into the center of existence instead of spiritual Christian ones. The former acquire absolute status and most importantly are able to ensure the realization of the fundamental goal – to maintain vitality in the project of «fullness» of earthly existence. It is emphasized that in his early works, V. Vynnychenko substantiates the concept of «life-as-a-market», where you can get financial or moral compensation through «selling/buying/exchanging» valuables, among which female beauty is one of the fundamental values. The analysis confirms the idea that woman’s beauty and love are mercantilized due to the devaluation of spiritual values, they lose their ideal metaphysical essence and are transformed into ordinary goods and vital cycle of values components. That is closely connected with the problems of «exchange-purchase-sale» of the values, money cynicism and the interpretation of the family as an economic contract (the case of the story «The Poor People», dramas «Bazaar», «Young Blood», «Crucified»). In V. Vynnychenko’s art world, several search lines are connected with the category of beauty, particularly the problem of coordination of bodily, physically expressed female beauty with spiritual beauty in the context of «exchange of values». The author also experiments with the concept of free marriage, which is considered an alternative to an unhappy family as an economic project.
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Flower, Dean, Julian Barnes, Ferdinand Mount, et al. "Cynicism and Its Discontents." Hudson Review 52, no. 4 (2000): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3853290.
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Atalay, Mustafa Ozgun, Pınar Aydemir, and Taner Acuner. "The Influence of Emotional Exhaustion on Organizational Cynicism: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Organizational Identification and Trust in Organization." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (2022): 215824402210933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093343.
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Although many scholars have investigated the influence of emotional exhaustion on an organization, there has been relatively minimal research regarding emotional exhaustion’s impacts on organizational cynicism as well as the underlying mechanisms of it. Considering the research gaps, we attempt to find underlying mechanisms that drive the relationship between emotional exhaustion and organizational cynicism in the present research. In particular, we propose a sequential mediation model that investigates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and the sub-dimensions of organizational cynicism with the sequential mediating of organizational identification and trust in the organization. In order to empirically test these links, we utilized two waves lagged study design with 465 employees working in different sectors in Turkey. Our results provide empirical support that organizational identification and trust in an organization sequentially mediate the relationship between emotional exhaustion and cognitive cynicism with affective cynicism. However, the indirect effect of emotional exhaustion on behavioral cynicism through sequential mediators was not statistically significant. This study theoretically and empirically contributes to the emotional exhaustion literature by revealing the sequential mechanisms through which employees’ perceptions of emotional exhaustion affect their cynical attitudes in organizations and offers practical implications by stressing the importance of employees’ perceptions of emotional exhaustion. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, along with limitations and future research directions.
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Atalay, Mustafa Ozgun, Pınar Aydemir, and Taner Acuner. "The Influence of Emotional Exhaustion on Organizational Cynicism: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Organizational Identification and Trust in Organization." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (2022): 215824402210933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093343.
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Although many scholars have investigated the influence of emotional exhaustion on an organization, there has been relatively minimal research regarding emotional exhaustion’s impacts on organizational cynicism as well as the underlying mechanisms of it. Considering the research gaps, we attempt to find underlying mechanisms that drive the relationship between emotional exhaustion and organizational cynicism in the present research. In particular, we propose a sequential mediation model that investigates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and the sub-dimensions of organizational cynicism with the sequential mediating of organizational identification and trust in the organization. In order to empirically test these links, we utilized two waves lagged study design with 465 employees working in different sectors in Turkey. Our results provide empirical support that organizational identification and trust in an organization sequentially mediate the relationship between emotional exhaustion and cognitive cynicism with affective cynicism. However, the indirect effect of emotional exhaustion on behavioral cynicism through sequential mediators was not statistically significant. This study theoretically and empirically contributes to the emotional exhaustion literature by revealing the sequential mechanisms through which employees’ perceptions of emotional exhaustion affect their cynical attitudes in organizations and offers practical implications by stressing the importance of employees’ perceptions of emotional exhaustion. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, along with limitations and future research directions.
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Duarte, Fernanda. "Addressing student cynicism through transformative learning." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 7, no. 1 (2010): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.7.1.4.
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This paper reflects on insights that emerged from the findings of a qualitative study conducted by the author in 2007 with third year management students from an Australian university on their perceptions in relation to business ethics. The findings revealed an attitude of cynicism with regard to the application of ethical principles beyond university years – in “the real world of business'. This led the author to engage in more systematic efforts to address this problem, and to this end, she found Mezirow's notion of transformative learning inspiring and valuable. It is contended that reflection and critical thinking are crucially important skills to enable consciousness shifts that will lead to a deeper understanding and greater appreciation of the importance of ethical conduct in management. They can act as antidotes to attitudes of cynicism which make students feel powerless and dejected, disinclined to apply the knowledge gained during their training beyond university years. A selection of examples of class activities and assessments to foster transformative learning is provided.
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Kirillova, Natalia B. "Screen Metamorphoses of Ivan Pyryev." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 10, no. 2 (2018): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik10238-48.
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Ivan Aleksandrovich Pyryev passed away fifty years ago. However, for all these years he did not become a purely historical figure, his films have not gone into nothingness, disputes about his personality and creation have not ceased. The director, screenwriter, organizer of film production, he left a rich creative heritage. Having not received a special education and actually a dilettante in art, Pyryev, nevertheless, for half a century of work in the cinema has reached the highest professionalism, having traveled from the actor and the assistant to the screenwriter, helmer, director of Mosfilm, initiator and the first head of the Union of Filmmakers of the USSR. Ivan Pyryev's creation is known to many millions of viewers of different generations for those lyrical, musical comedies with which the heyday of Soviet cinema of the socialist realism period is identified: The Country Bride, Tractor Drivers, They Met in Moscow, Symphony of Life, Cossacks of the Kuban. Analyzing the era of the Stalin Renaissance, it should be noted that Pyryev filmed, in fact, always in demand, a movie about the struggle between good and evil, about the desire of heroes to go through any obstacles to reach happiness. And this means that I.A. Pyryev created genuinely national films in the 1930s and 1940s. These same tendencies became the basis of the pictures set by him during the Great Patriotic War, the heroic drama Secretary of the Communist Party District Committee and the lyrical comedy Six O'Clock in the Evening After the War, each of which inspired the audience with faith in victory and gave hope for happiness. The appeal of Pyryev in the late 1950s to the adaptation of F.M. Dostoevsky was unexpected and paradoxical. The explanation here is one: the turbulent, reeking talent of the artist pushed him to new creative searches in order to escape from stereotypes of the Soviet theme. His best screen interpretations of Dostoevsky's novels are the films Idiot and The Brothers Karamazov. Not all succeeded Pyryevs screen reading of the most complicated works of Russian literature was not absolutely efficient. However, he did a lot to passionately, persuasively and passionately told about the tragic fate not only of Dostoevsky's heroes, but of Russia itself. He created films about love, its immense power, condemning nihilism, cynicism and lack of spirituality. That is why the phenomenon of Pyryev, as a unique phenomenon of domestic cinema, remains an object of close attention and research of modern film studies.
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Mittelstadt, Michael C. "The Thucydidean Tragic View: The Moral Implications." Ramus 14, no. 1 (1985): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00005063.
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No Greek of any calibre, at least in the fifth century, could remain intellectually or spiritually altogether unconditioned by a conscious feeling for, or awareness of, the tragic in human affairs. His poetry and his art, indeed his history, were saturated with the idea of the tragic. Thucydides is certainly no exception, and the most uninformed reader of his History will come away from the work with a keen sense of the immediately perceptible tragic coloration with which it is permeated. Interpreted from any leading, unifying thematic idea the explanation of Thucydides' work must include as central and dominant the tragic deterioration of Athens from the Periclean ideals so well expressed in the Funeral Oration, through the nadir of cynicism and moral decline of the Melian Dialogue, to the utter demoralization expressed through the catastrophe of the Sicilian campaign and its aftermath. One has merely to examine the obvious and purposefully wrought antitheses throughout the History to determine the dramatic nature of Thucydides' work. The drastic metamorphosis in Athenian character that occurs between Books One and Five, for instance, points up such a tragic contrast. The Athenians of the first assembly at Sparta claim that they more than any others were the saviors of Hellas (1.74.2), fearless and self-sacrificing in the common cause of all allies, that they acted with sagacity of judgement (1.75.1), that the empire had not been acquired by force (1.75.2) but by necessity of circumstances, that they had been more observant of justice than actually required, the overwhelming balance of power being in their favor (1.76.3), that in the courts in Athens suits of allies are judged under the same laws (1.77.1). If we compare these same Athenians with the Athenians of the Melian Dialogue it becomes abundantly clear that a deterioration of character and moral standards has taken place and that Thucydides has linked the moral with the tragic. The earlier Athenians, in spite of their desire for imperial expansion, were at least concerned with a minimum of justice and fair play in their international dealings. The Athenians of the Melian Dialogue do not even make a pretence of upholding the commonly accepted nomoi which had from time immemorial been established among men to protect the weaker. Thucydides' strong editorial statements on the effects of anomia (‘lawlessness’) during and following the plague (2.52-53), and during the stasis on Corcyra (3.81ff.) also make firm the link between the moral and the tragic.
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Van Assche, Jasper, Kristof Dhont, Alain Van Hiel, and Arne Roets. "Ethnic Diversity and Support for Populist Parties." Social Psychology 49, no. 3 (2018): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000340.
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Abstract. Putnam’s (2007) constrict claim states that ethnic diversity has serious consequences for social cohesion, making people distrustful and leery. The present contribution extends this claim by including political cynicism and trust as side effects of diversity. Moreover, we nuance this claim by considering citizens’ social-ideological attitudes as moderators of diversity effects. Using a Dutch nationally stratified sample (N = 628), we showed that both objective and perceived diversity were associated with more political cynicism and less trust, but only for those high in right-wing attitudes (i.e., social dominance orientation and particularly authoritarianism). Furthermore, only political cynicism was a unique predictor of greater populist party support. Implications for the ongoing debates on the rise in diversity and populist parties are discussed.
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Kjeldsen, Jens, and Aaron Hess. "Experiencing multimodal rhetoric and argumentation in political advertisements: a study of how people respond to the rhetoric of multimodal communication." Visual Communication 20, no. 3 (2021): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14703572211013399.
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Research into visual and multimodal rhetoric has been dominated by social scientific and textual perspectives that may not be able to provide documented understandings of how rhetorical objects are actually experienced by an audience. In this study, the authors engage in rhetorical protocol analysis through 10 in-depth interviews asking informants to make sense of selected political advertisements in the 2020 US election campaign. They examine the types of competing sensory elements found within the campaign texts and situations, which they term ‘multimodal incongruity’ and establish two types of cognitive frameworks informants use when engaging in the political rhetoric of the commercials: personal experience and cynicism. Personal experience allowed the informants to make sense of and argue against campaign messages. Cynicism often guided participants to unpack the generic conventions of political advertising, politics more generally, and opposing partisan strategies. Both interpretive frames – but the frame of cynicism, in particular – enable participants to critically distance their reading of and emotional response to the campaign commercials. This critical distancing reveals connections between rationality and emotionality through ‘deliberative embedding’, meaning that the emotional is understood in terms of and negotiated in relation to already established cognitive frameworks of information, opinions and cynical readings of the genre. The authors conclude the essay by reflecting on their methodological and theoretical insights regarding multimodal rhetoric.
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Dubbink, Wim, and Luc van Liedekerke. "Rethinking the Purity of Moral Motives in Business: Kant Against Moral Purism." Journal of Business Ethics 167, no. 3 (2019): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04167-y.
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AbstractMoral purism is a commonly held view on moral worthiness and how to identify it in concrete cases. Moral purists long for a moral world in which (business) people—at least sometimes—act morally worthy, but in concrete cases they systematically discount good deeds as grounded in self-interest. Moral purism evokes moral cynicism. Moral cynicism is a problem, both in society at large and the business world. Moral cynicism can be fought by refuting moral purism. This article takes issue with moral purism. The common strategy to tackle moral purism is to reject the exclusion thesis which states that self-interest and the ‘pure’ moral motive (and thus moral worthiness) exclude each other. We develop a different strategy. We argue that moral purists are mistaken in the way they judge moral worthiness in concrete cases. They employ the wrong procedure and the wrong criteria. We develop a proper procedure and proper criteria. We build on Kant, who we argue is unfairly regarded as the champion of moral purism. In order to see how Kant can develop a consistent (non-purist) philosophy, the exclusion thesis must be embedded in Kant’s transcendental philosophy. Properly embedded, Kant turns out to be both anti-purist and anti-cynical.
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Tomlin, Liz. "Beyond Cynicism: The Sceptical Imperative and (Future) Contemporary Performance." Contemporary Theatre Review 18, no. 3 (2008): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10486800802123633.
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Jordan, Alexander. "That Scotch Diogenes: Thomas Carlyle and Cynicism." International Journal of the Classical Tradition 26, no. 3 (2018): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12138-018-0466-x.
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Tabor-Smith, Amara. "Shame the Devil." TDR/The Drama Review 61, no. 1 (2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00618.
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Urbany, Joel E. "Inspiration and Cynicism in Values Statements." Journal of Business Ethics 62, no. 2 (2005): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-0188-2.
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Yıldırım, İsa. "What Is the Role of Organizational Cynicism in School Effectiveness?" SAGE Open 12, no. 3 (2022): 215824402211111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221111102.
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Human resources are frequently emphasized as being critical to the school social system’s survival. This study examined the effects of teachers’ negative attitudes toward the organization for which they work at the level of school effectiveness. The study sought to determine how negative attitudes of secondary school teachers toward their schools harmed school effectiveness in one of Turkey’s eastern provinces. The analyses revealed that organizational cynicism may reduce perceived school effectiveness by reducing teachers’ participation in school decision-making. In terms of understanding how the negative effects of organizational cynicism on school effectiveness occur, the findings of this study had a wide range of implications in research, practice, and policy.
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Blank, Diana R. "Fairytale Cynicism in the ‘Kingdom of Plastic Bags’." Ethnography 5, no. 3 (2004): 349–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138104041591.
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Zias, H. "Who Can Believe? Sentiment vs. Cynicism in Richardson's Clarissa." Eighteenth-Century Life 27, no. 3 (2003): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-27-3-99.
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Cheung, Ho Kwan, Caren B. Goldberg, Eden B. King, and Vicki J. Magley. "Are They True to the Cause? Beliefs About Organizational and Unit Commitment to Sexual Harassment Awareness Training." Group & Organization Management 43, no. 4 (2017): 531–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601117726677.
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Sexual harassment awareness training is crucial for both legal defensibility purposes and for creating a psychologically safe environment for employees. Using a pretest/posttest design in an organizational setting, this study examined the simple and interactive effects of two individual perceptions toward the training context—cynicism toward organizational harassment change and perceived unit ethical climate—on posttraining knowledge and myth-based attitudes regarding sexual harassment. With the exception of a marginally significant effect of cynicism on posttraining knowledge, the outcomes were largely unaffected by either of the predictors, individually. However, cynicism toward organizational harassment change and perceived unit ethical climate interacted to predict both outcomes, such that training outcomes particularly suffer when individuals are cynical toward organizational change and perceive the work group as unethical. This underscores the importance of consideration of both organizational and work group levels of context simultaneously, in evaluating effectiveness, as well as the need for the organization to communicate a congruent harassment-free workplace message at both the unit and organizational levels. In addition, we examined the mediating role of motivation to learn on these relationships but found no evidence of indirect effects. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
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Leung, Kwok, Olivia K. M. Ip, and Kwan-Kwok Leung. "Social Cynicism and Job Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Analysis." Applied Psychology 59, no. 2 (2010): 318–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00392.x.
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Raunig, Gerald. "Singers, Cynics, Molecular Mice: The Political Aesthetics of Contemporary Activism." Theory, Culture & Society 31, no. 7-8 (2014): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276413497406.
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On the basis of certain tensions between Jacques Rancière’s aesthetics and his political philosophy, the article tries to trace new modes of subjectivation in contemporary activism and art. It explores how the actors of the overlapping terrains of aesthetic and political practices organize ‘different forms, different spaces of expression and distribution of ideas’ in Rancière’s sense. Yet, analysing the practices of the Occupy movement, the Spanish M15 movement, and the dOCUMENTA (13) ‘agents’ AND AND AND as radically inclusive, polyvocal and transversal, it proposes a position that differs from Rancière’s rejection of activist art, a non-totalizing political aesthetics as a component of molecular revolution.
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Okumuş, Alparslan, and Mustafa Şahin. "The relationship of emotional ıntelligence and ınstitutional culture with organizational cynicismDuygusal zekâ ve kurum kültürü algısının örgütsel sinizmle ilişkisi." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 4 (2019): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i4.5647.
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In this study, Turkey organizational cynicism relationship of emotional intelligence and corporate culture perceptions of personnel working in research centers attached to the Ministry of Education was examined. This research is designed according to one of the quantitative research approaches. In this study, the research group in the 2016-2017 academic year guidance research centers in various cities in Turkey tasks that constitute 364 staff. Personal Information Form, Corporate Culture Scale, Emotional Intelligence Scale and Organizational Cynicism Scale were used to collect the research data. In order to analyze the data, Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data. As a result of the analysis of the research data, it has been found that there is a relationship between corporate culture and emotional intelligence and organizational cynicism. The results were discussed in the context of literature and some suggestions were made according to the results.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışmada Türkiye Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı rehberlik araştırma merkezlerinde çalışan personelin duygusal zekâ ve kurum kültürü algılarının örgütsel sinizmle ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma nicel araştırma yaklaşımlarından biri olan tarama modeline göre tasarlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın araştırma grubu 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında Türkiye’nin çeşitli illerindeki rehberlik araştırma merkezlerinde görev yapan 364 personel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerini toplamak için “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Kurum Kültürü Ölçeği”, “Duygusal Zekâ Ölçeği” ve “Örgütsel Sinizm Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için parametrik yöntemlerden Pearson Momentler Çarpımı korelasyon katsayısı tekniği ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizi sonucunda kurum kültürü ve duygusal zekâ ile örgütsel sinizm arasında bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiş olup, kurum kültürünün alt boyutlarından olan sosyalleşmenin ve duygusal zekânın örgütsel sinizmi anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuçlar literatür bağlamında tartışılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
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Poletti, Monica, and Kees Brants. "Between partisanship and cynicism: Italian journalism in a state of flux." Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 11, no. 3 (2010): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884909360923.
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O'Leary, Majella. "From Paternalism to Cynicism: Narratives of a Newspaper Company." Human Relations 56, no. 6 (2003): 685–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00187267030566003.
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Medina, Justin C., and Herbert Rodrigues. "The Effects of Victimization and Fear of Crime on the Legal Socialization of Young Adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 8 (2018): 1148–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18818810.
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It is important to understand how young adolescents come to view authorities during formative years. Experiencing, witnessing, and fearing victimization have been linked to the process of legal socialization and subsequent attitudes and behavior. In addition, procedural justice may influence adolescent perceptions of fairness of the authorities. The present study tested whether procedural justice mediated and moderated the relationship between young adolescents’ direct and vicarious victimization and developing a sense of legitimacy in authority and cynicism towards authority. A longitudinal sample of 800 Brazilian students, age 11 to 12, living in São Paulo was used to fit structural equation models to examine these relationships. The findings revealed a partial link between victimization and legal socialization. The overall mediating model significantly predicted the direct and indirect relationships between victimization and fear of crime and the formation of legitimacy and cynicism. The moderating effect of procedural justice on direct victimization also significantly predicted the formation of legitimacy. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Clark, Michael E. "Interpretive Limitations of the MMPI-2 Anger and Cynicism Content Scales." Journal of Personality Assessment 63, no. 1 (1994): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6301_7.
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Liu, Xin. "Steinmüller, Hans, and Susanne Brandtstädter (eds.): Irony, Cynicism, and the Chinese State." Anthropos 112, no. 1 (2017): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2017-1-359.
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Morningstar, Natalie. "Bad parrhesia: the limits of cynicism in the public sphere." Social Anthropology 29, no. 2 (2021): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.13036.
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Airaksinen, Timo. "Irony and Sarcasm in Ethical Perspective." Open Philosophy 3, no. 1 (2020): 358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0132.
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AbstractIrony and sarcasm are two quite different, sometimes morally dubious, linguistic tropes. We can draw a distinction between them if we identify irony as a speech act that calls what is bad good and, correspondingly, sarcasm calls good bad. This allows us to ask, which one is morally worse. My argument is based on the idea that the speaker can legitimately bypass what is good and call it bad, which is to say that she may literally mean what she says. This is not true of the opposite case: one cannot bypass what is bad and, therefore, she paradoxically does not mean what she says. In other words, irony is a morally less guilty trope. What is bad has its faults and thus it can be ironized; what is good is without blemish and thus it is difficult to know how it could be called bad. Also, irony can be freely intended, or verbal, or it can be situational in social context. I also discuss dramatic irony in Classical context. Sarcasm does not allow such complexity. Instead, we speak of cynicism and even nihilism as moral attitudes that accompany sarcasm and give it its typical force; or sarcasm may lead to cynicism and nihilism, that is, to the denial of values. Irony does not entail any corresponding attitudes or moral positions. This paper is a philosophical contribution to the ethics of communication and language.
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Hossain, Md Mozaffor. "Oscar Wilde’s aesthetic cynicism and humanistic liberalism in the picture of Dorian Gray: A post-modern assessment." EnJourMe (English Journal of Merdeka) : Culture, Language, and Teaching of English 7, no. 2 (2023): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/enjourme.v7i2.8346.
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In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde, regarding myriad aspects of life, comes up with commendable aesthetic notions just before he serves on the table, as to them, direly cynical views. Each of the appealing concepts gives one an intellectually euphoric realization as much as each of the cynic additions, instantly, renders one confused. Surprisingly, the seemingly deliberate twists added to the aesthetic considerations make them more beautiful and thought-provoking. Wilde’s cynical parts characteristically offer an obvious liberalism which profoundly hinges upon humanity. This article intends to investigate into the narrative with the post-modern literary outlooks with the belief that such an appraisal might provide a scholastically apt understanding of Oscar Wilde.DOI: 10.26905/enjourme.v7i2.8346
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Hermez, Sami. "When the state is (n)ever present: on cynicism and political mobilization in Lebanon." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 21, no. 3 (2015): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12249.
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Bensley, D. Alan, Cody Watkins, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Christopher Masciocchi, Michael P. Murtagh, and Krystal Rowan. "Skepticism, cynicism, and cognitive style predictors of the generality of unsubstantiated belief." Applied Cognitive Psychology 36, no. 2 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3927.
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Bensley, D. Alan, Cody Watkins, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Christopher Masciocchi, Michael P. Murtagh, and Krystal Rowan. "Skepticism, cynicism, and cognitive style predictors of the generality of unsubstantiated belief." Applied Cognitive Psychology 36, no. 1 (2022): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3900.
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Mahmoud, Ali Bassam, Nicholas Grigoriou, Leonora Fuxman, and William D. Reisel. "Political advertising effectiveness in war-time Syria." Media, War & Conflict 13, no. 4 (2019): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635219841356.
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This study addresses the effectiveness of political advertising in an extreme context, during war-time. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was used to collect data during the 2016 parliamentary elections in Syria. Structural equation modelling was utilized to test the hypothetical model and its invariance related to political involvement. The results indicated that beliefs are a four-dimensional structure consisting of information, veracity, sarcasm, and cynicism. Furthermore, war-time perceptions were found to negatively affect attitude towards political advertising via sarcasm among less politically involved voters. Negative attitude was found to be linked to lower levels of veracity among such voters and to higher levels of cynicism for those who are highly involved in politics. Negative attitudes regarding political advertising were found for lowering the chances for watching advertisements, for supporting a candidate, and for willingness to vote. The results also revealed that paying attention to political advertising does not relate to voters’ intention to vote. This study is the first of its kind to empirically validate a conceptual model predicting voters’ turnout behaviour based on voters’ war-time perceptions, beliefs and attitudes regarding political advertising in an authoritarian setting. In addition, this study investigates whether the effects of the proposed model may be moderated by voters’ political involvement.
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Resheteeva, Regina I. "How Consumers Perceive the Market: Cynical Reason and Individual Resistance (Based on Interviews with Residents of Moscow)." Sociological Journal 26, no. 3 (2020): 90–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.3.7397.
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This study seeks to investigate how consumers interpret their place in the market system and how consumers act on these perceptions. By drawing from 54 interviews with a diverse sample of Moscow residents, this article explicates three key categories — presumption of market players’ guilt, (ir)responsibility of the state and proactive consumer behavior. Interviews suggest that consumers infuse market with moral meaning and have a strong sense of appropriateness. Consumers have a generalized idea of market players born within the commonsense world of everyday life and it produces a relay of signification and interpretation. Consumers’ past problems or grievances may result in placing blame onto market players. A typical way to interact with market players was described in terms of confrontation or rivalry. Tensions between market players and consumers are expected to be resolved by an impartial party — state representatives, consumers’ expectations — to be protected by a government indicated victim-based consumer identity. Adopting the “cynical reason” concept established by P. Sloterdijk, the author offers a category called “consumer cynicism”, encompassing mundane suspicion and disappointment in the relationship between consumers and market players. Yet consumers’ vigilance and alertness paradoxically create a sense of security and self-affirmation. Moreover, consumer cynicism fuels proactive consumer behavior. Trying to fight back against market injustice, consumers’ choices are governed by the principle “do not overpay” for financially stable informants, as well as the principle “do not go broke” for those who struggle with money. Saving and coping are interpreted as a choice rather than a financial necessity. Proactive consumer behavior is conceptualized as a form of individual resistance. Tactical everyday resistances allow for protecting one’s interests while entailing a perception of possessing less power. The author discusses three understandings of saving and coping: survival, game and calculation.
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Tong, Jiajin, SinHui Chong, Jiayu Chen, Russell E. Johnson, and Xiaopeng Ren. "The Interplay of Low Identification, Psychological Detachment, and Cynicism for Predicting Counterproductive Work Behaviour." Applied Psychology 69, no. 1 (2019): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apps.12187.
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Aqueveque, Claudio, and Catherine Encina. "Corporate Behavior, Social Cynicism, and Their Effect on Individuals’ Perceptions of the Company." Journal of Business Ethics 91, S2 (2010): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0621-z.
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Kvam, Wayne. "Gründgens, Mann, and Mephisto." Theatre Research International 15, no. 2 (1990): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300009238.
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Klaus Mann, the eldest son of Thomas Mann, was among the first emigrants to leave Germany after the Nazi takeover in 1933. From the vantage point of his early exile in Amsterdam, he looked back disapprovingly at German artists and intellectuals who appeared to thrive under Hitler's regime. Especially galling to him was the success of actor/director Gustaf Gründgens (1899–1963), his former brother-in-law:I visualize my ex-brother-in-law as the traitor par excellence, the macabre embodiment of corruption and cynicism. So intense was the facination of his shameful glory that I decided to portray Mephisto-Gründgens in a satirical novel. I thought it pertinent, indeed, necessary to expose and analyse the abject type of the treacherous intellectual who prostitutes his talent for the sake of some tawdry fame and transitory wealth.
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Renaud, Marc, Suzanne Doré, and Deena White. "Sociology and social policy: from a love-hate relationship with the state to cynicism and pragmatism." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 26, no. 3 (2008): 426–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1989.tb00430.x.
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Pietrzak, Marcin. "Uwagi o mowie cynicznej. Kallikles i Trazymach jako mówcy cyniczni." Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia 14, no. 4 (2020): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1895-8001.14.4.3.
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Notes on Cynical Speech. Callicles and Thrasymachusas Cynical SpeakersCynical speech is a proper form of manifestation of what we call cynicism. It takes the form of a persuasive strategy which assumes the achievement of the rhetorical consubstantiation of a cynical speaker and her/his auditorium. Cynical speech is a game that takes place between three sides: a cynical speaker posing as an immoralist, a moralist and an auditorium, the acquisition of which is the aim of both interlocutors. At the outset, the cynical speaker gives the identity of naive dilettantes’ to both the members of the auditorium and the moralist and then tries to persuade the audience to side with him and take on the role of the students of a cynical expert. This is what can be described as cynical modulation. In its course, the initial opposition of a professional versus dilettante turns into an opposition of master versus student, while the unattractive identity of a dilettante is transferred to a moralist. In this way, the speaker achieves what Kenneth Burke thinks is the right goal for any rhetorical act: the speaker’s consubstantiation with the auditorium. This process is presented based on the example of the disputes between Socrates, as a moralist on the one hand, and sophist-politicians Thrasymachus and Callicles, who personify the type of cynical speakers, on the other. The analysis of cynical speech carried out in the paper leads to an indication of some basic features of this way of speaking, as well as the relationship that exists between them and the content of viewpoints voiced by cynical speakers. These viewpoints have been described as aristocratic democratism and people’s anti-democratism. These are two forms of what has been described as the cynical counter-ideal. The adoption of these positions is an indirect expression of the same systematic ambiguity that lies in the form of cynical speaking, which belongs to the very essence of cynicism as a cultural phenomenon.