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Berg, Sara, and Ulrika Persson. "En cynisk historia : En studie i hur psykologiska kontrakt påverkar missnöje." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för organisation och entreprenörskap (OE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36579.
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Syfte: Vi vill med vår studie utforska hur utbrett missnöje är på arbetsplatser. Genom att studera det psykologiska kontraktet vill vi förklara hur det påverkar missnöje när kontraktet bryts. Metod: Vår studie är en kvalitativ metod med en abduktivt forskningsstrategi. Vi har utfört både kvalitativa intervjuer och enkäter för att samla in vårt empiriska datamaterial. Teoretiska perspektiv: Vi har grundat vår teori inom psykologiska kontrakt, organisationscynism och kommunikation. Dessa tre områden har vi relaterat till vårt insamlade empiriska material Empiri: Vi har intervjuat tre stycken personer på tre olika företag inom företagsledning för att få ett perspektiv på hur arbetsgivare upplever missnöje på arbetsplatsen. Intervjuerna har vi sedan kompletterat med enkäter från 91 stycken respondenter som vi slumpmässigt har valt ut. Resultat: Studien har visat att missnöje är ett utbrett problem på arbetsplatser. Vi anser att arbetsgivare inte uppmärksammar missnöje i den bemärkelsen de borde göra. Enligt vår studie visar det sig att arbetstagare har fler förväntningar på arbetsgivaren än vad denne tror och att arbetstagare också känner mer missnöje över arbetsgivarens agerande än vad arbetsgivaren är medveten om. Slutligen kan vi konstatera att arbetsgivare borde arbeta mer aktivt med psykologiska kontrakt och att uppmärksamma när missnöje uppstår. Stort Tack!Purpose: The purpose with this study is to create an understanding in how widespread dissatisfaction is in worklife. By studying the psychological contract we want to understand how dissatisfaction appears when the contract has been broken. Methodology: The study has a qualitative and abductive approach. We have collected our empirical data through qualitative interviews and forms. Theoretical perspectives: Our theoretical material has been grounded in theories about the psychological contract, organizational cynicism and communication. These three areas have we connected with our empirical data. Empirical foundations: We have done three interviews with three people with leading position at different companies to get their view on the matter of dissatisfaction. As a complement to the interviews we have done questionnaire studies to understand the perspective of the employees. Conclusion: The result of the study has shown us that dissatisfaction is a widespread problem in the workplaces. We argue that the employer does not give enough attention to this type of matter and that they should. Our results show us that the employee have more expectations, so called psychological contracts, than the employer is aware of. Also we have seen that the employer’s way to act has been a strong contributor to the employee’s dissatisfaction, which therefor needs to be considered. Finally we can establish that the employers should work more active with psychological contract and give more attention to dissatisfaction. Thank you!
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Bewes, Timothy R. T. "Cynicism and postmodernity." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318571.
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Smaligo, Nicholas. "Enlightenment and Cynicism." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/369.
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The Enlightenment was funded by a utopian hope that increased knowledge of nature as a mechanism could create the conditions for lasting peace and widespread happiness. The twentieth century, however, has been marked by catastrophes hitherto beyond imagination. This thesis examines two critiques of enlightenment that suggest this development is not accidental either to the concept of enlightenment or to the course it has taken in modern Western societies. The development in question follows from tendencies within enlightenment itself. I provide an exegetical account of Horkheimer and Adorno's analysis, in their collaborative work Dialectic of Enlightenment, of the regressive moment in enlightenment, which, for them, is owed to the entanglement of rationality and domination. Next, I examine Peter Sloterdijk's analysis, in Critique of Cynical Reason, of the ambivalent social reception of enlightenment that results in the phenomenon of modern cynicism, which must be contrasted with its ancient namesake that I render, following the translation of Sloterdijk, as "kynicism". In each of these works the way forward for enlightenment hinges upon cultivating a relationship between nature and the subject that is not based on dominating opposition: nature as a mechanism for human purposes or as the suppressed inner nature of the subject. Horkheimer and Adorno's solution is the recovery of reflection on nature within the subject. I show that this is insufficient to meet the challenges posed by modern cynicism that Sloterdijk reveals to be a late development of enlightenment. It is for this reason that Sloterdijk asks us to recall the legacy of Diogenes of Sinope. Sloterdijk finds in Diogenes a critical consciousness that resists the "melancholic stagnation" of cynical society and retains the utopian spirit of enlightenment.
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Quenette, Andrea Marie. "Measuring the cynicism epidemic: Improving conceptual and operational definition of political cynicism." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1371055163.
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Guarniz, Izquierdo Reynaldo Antonio. "The cynicism and Corporate Governance." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122413.
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In this article, the author explains about the adoption of corporate governance practices, which depends on an evaluation of costs and benefits. Peruvian companies do not assume these practices because of the lack of incentives, informality and poor regulation. Finally, he concludes peruvian regulation of corporate governance practices lacks content, which means that it is not a priority for companies.En este artículo, el autor explica acerca de la adopción de prácticas de gobierno corporativo, la cual depende de una evaluación de costos y beneficios. Las empresas peruanas no asumen dichas prácticas por causa de la falta de incentivos, informalidad y deficiente regulación. Finalmente, el autor concluye que el tratamiento peruano de las prácticas de gobierno corporativo carece de contenido, lo que genera que no sea una prioridad para las empresas.
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Naus, Alphons Johannes Aloysius Maria. "Organizational cynicism on the nature, antecedents, and consequences of employee cynicism toward the employing organisation /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2007. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=9199.
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Majling, Oscar. "Epiktetos om den cyniska filosofen." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Filosofi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32277.
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This thesis examines Epictetus' view on Cynic philosophy, as it is being expressed in chapter 22 of the third book of Diatribai ("The Discourses"). The chapter has traditionally been seen as an idealized and deceitful portrait of the Cynic, and has been questioned as an intended justification of stoics and Cynics in the overall view on the history of philosophy. This thesis, however, attempts a different approach on the matter, based upon a thorough discussion regarding the field of research, as well as on different ways to read and understand the text at hand, in order to seek out a view that goes beyond the traditional distinction between practice and theory. The thesis thus challenges the view where the philosophy of Epictetus is seen as an instrumental practice of stoic theory, isolated to the field of ethics. The reading of the chapter focuses mainly on the philosophical purpose of the text and its intended practice, and finds that much of the stoic ascetic practice is not only taught through instructions, but also performed in the lecture and Epictetus' way of speaking. Epictetus' portrait of the philosophical Cynic is thus understood, not only as an extreme end that serves as an ascetic role-model, but also as a basic archetype of what it actually means to practice a philosophical way of thinking, that is of central importance to Epictetus philosophy. This sheds a new light on both the traditional distinction between stoic theory and practice, and on much of the research performed on the field of stoicism this far, as well as on that of Cynicism.
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Eaton, Judy A. "A social motivation approach to organizational cynicism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ59131.pdf.
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Gerstle, Ben O. "Job Level and Cynicism about Organizational Change." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1460573950.
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Heili, Benjamin J. "Humor and Cynicism in the German Democratic Republic." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383309234.
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Roberts, Hugh. "Representations of ancient Cynicism in French texts, 1546-1615." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404675.
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Qian, Yuxia. "A Communication Model of Employee Cynicism toward Organizational Change." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1195512463.
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Helm, Amanda E. "Cynical consumers dangerous enemies, loyal friends /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4352.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 1, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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FITZGERALD, MICHAEL ROBERT. "ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL INJUSTICE AND EXPLANATORY STYLE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1019069421.
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Mustain, Megan Rust. "William James's fields of experience : navigating the waters of cynicism /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1240690901&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Dangel, Trever J., Jon R. Webb, and Jameson K. Hirsch. "Forgiveness and Suicidal Behavior: Cynicism and Psychache as Serial Mediators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2748.
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Research is burgeoning regarding the beneficial association of forgiveness with numerous health-related outcomes; however, its particular relationship to suicidal behavior has received relatively little attention. Both cynicism and psychache, or agonizing psychological pain, have displayed deleterious associations with suicidal behavior, but have rarely been incorporated into more comprehensive models of suicidal behavior. Consistent with the recent development of a theoretical model regarding the forgiveness–suicidal behavior association, the present study utilized an undergraduate sample of college students (N = 312) to test a mediation-based model of the cross-sectional association of forgiveness with suicidal behavior, as serially mediated by cynicism and psychache. Dispositional forgiveness of self and forgiveness of uncontrollable situations were each indirectly associated with less suicidal behavior via less psychache. Also, dispositional forgiveness of others was indirectly associated with less suicidal behavior via less cynicism and less psychache, in a serial fashion. The present results are consistent with the extent literature on the forgiveness–suicidal behavior association, cynicism, and psychache, and pending future studies, may be utilized to inform further treatment efforts for individuals at a high risk of attempting suicide.
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Mokotedi, Prince Nkitsing. "Methodological challenges in the measurement of police cynicism : a critique of the Niederhoffer's police cynicism scale as applied in the South African Police Service (SAPS)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4260.
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Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Niederhoffer developed a scale in the early 1960s to measure the level of cynicism among police officials. Niederhoffer concluded that cynicism is prevalent among police officials and that professionalization of the police occupation is the root cause of cynicism. The Niederhoffer scale was subjected over years to a number of methodological tests. It was found to be multi-dimensional whilst some authors found that the scale is invalid. In this study, we confirmed these findings to some extent in that it was found that the Niederhoffer’s scale is indeed multi-dimensional and that it has a low internal reliability. This study also replicated some of Niederhoffer’s substantive hypotheses which were supported by our empirical data. The various dimensions of scale were also correlated with an Attitude Towards Organizational Change scale. It was found that cynicism is related most strongly to both fear of change and acceptance of change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die vroeë 1960’s het Niederhoffer ‘n skaal ontwikkel om die vlakke van sinisme onder polisie-amptenare te meet. Niederhoffer vind sinisme onder polisie-amptenare en skryf dit toe aan die professionalisering van dié beroep. Niederhoffer se skaal is geruime tyd al aan ‘n aantal metodologiese toetse onderwerp en die bevinding was dat dit meerdimensioneel is, hoewel sommige outeurs dit ongeldig bevind het. In hierdie studie is ook bevind dat Niederhoffer se skaal meerdimensioneel is met ‘n lae interne betroubaarheidstelling. Die studie herhaal sommige van Niederhoffer se hipoteses en bied steun aan die meeste van sy hipoteses. Die verskeie skaaldimensies is met die Houding Teenoor Organisatoriese Verandering-skaal in verband gebring en die bevinding is dat sinisme aan beide vrees vir verandering en aanvaarding van verandering verwant is.
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Stanley, David J. "Employee cynicism about organizational change, development and validation of a measure." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq30850.pdf.
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FitzGerald, Michael R. "Organizational cynicism its relationship to perceived organizational injustice and explanatory style /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1019069421.
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Pitre, Leighton J. "Organizational cynicism at the United States Naval Academy : an exploratory study /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPitre.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resource Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): Roderick Bacho, Susan Hocevar. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-51). Also available online.
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Mihailidis, Paul. "Beyond cynicism how media literacy can make students more engaged citizens /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8301.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Phillip Merrill College of Journalism. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Salessi, Solana, and Alicia Omar. "Validation of the organizational cynicism scale: A study with Argentinean workers." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/102662.
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The aim of this study was to validate the Brandes´s Organizational Cynicism Scale in orderto use it with Argentinean workers. Functional equivalence of the instrument was analyzed. The adapted version was administered to a sample of 396 workers; who also answered a selection of instruments to explore organizational trust, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor structure that explained 68.8% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis led to re-specification of the model, eliminating three items. Construct validity was demonstrated on the basis of correlationanalysis. Instrument reliability reached satisfactory levels. Weaknesses and strengths of theresearch are pointed out. A new agenda for future research is suggested.El objetivo del estudio consistió en validar la Escala de Cinismo Organizacional de Brandespara su empleo con trabajadores argentinos. Se analizó la equivalencia funcional del instrumento. Se administró una versión adaptada a una muestra de 396 empleados, quienes respondieron también una selección de instrumentos para explorar confianza en la organización, compromiso organizacional y satisfacción laboral. El análisis factorial exploratorio mostró una estructura de tres factores que explicaron el 68.8% de la varianza total. El análisis factorial confirmatorio condujo a re-especificar el modelo, eliminando tres ítems. La validez de constructo quedó demostrada en base a los análisis de correlación efectuados. La confiabilidad del instrumento alcanzó niveles satisfactorios. Se puntualizan las debilidades y fortalezas de la investigación realizada. Se sugiere una agenda para futuros estudios.
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Song, Hyun-Joo. "The effects of media framing of political conflicts on party identification and political participation." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5827.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (November 27, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Le, Roux Aliza. "Communication in the yellow mongoose, Cynictis penicillata." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/666.
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Amster, Sara-Ellen Lori. "Seeds of cynicism : studying the conflict between journalistic inquiry and school authority /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130198.
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Dangel, Trever. "Forgiveness and Suicidal Behavior in College Students: Cynicism and Psychache as Serial Mediators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3145.
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Research has long documented beneficial associations between forgiveness and numerous health outcomes; however, its relationship to suicidal behavior has been relatively neglected. Both cynicism, and psychache, or agonizing psychological pain, have displayed deleterious associations with suicidal behavior, but have rarely been incorporated into more comprehensive models of suicidal behavior. Recent work has resulted in the development of a theoretical model of the forgiveness-suicidal behavior association, which can incorporate several mediator variables including cynicism and psychache. The present study used an undergraduate sample of college students (N = 312) to test a serial mediation model of the cross-sectional associations between forgiveness, cynicism, psychache, and suicidal behavior. Forgiveness of self and of uncontrollable situations were indirectly associated with suicidal behavior via psychache, while forgiveness of others was indirectly associated via cynicism and psychache in serial fashion. Implications in the context of previous literature and treatment, particularly acceptance-based interventions, are discussed.
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Zhang, H. C. "Towards a greater understanding of consumer cynicism in the context of cause-related marketing." Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43828/.
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Many studies have acknowledged the importance of cause-related marketing (CRM) (e.g. Steckstor, 2011; Guerreiro et al., 2016) and increasing consumer cynicism about it (e.g. Johansen, 2016). Although the topic of consumer cynicism has attracted increasing attention in contemporary research (Andersen and Johansen, 2016), an extensive review of the literature conducted for this study revealed that such studies remain on conceptual grounds (e.g. Odou and Pechpeyrou, 2011) or focus on general consumer cynicism in the marketplace (e.g. Chylinski and Chu, 2010; Helm et al., 2015; Ketron, 2016). Despite consumer cynicism being a major challenge to CRM practices (Andersen and Johansen, 2016), previous research calls for additional studies specifically relating to cynicism within a CRM context (e.g. Paek and Nelson, 2009; Chang, 2011; Hawkins, 2012). Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap in the literature. To fulfil the research aim, this study takes the philosophical position of post-positivism by applying a 2 × 2 factorial (sudden disaster versus ongoing cause and high versus low brand-cause fit) quasi-experimental design. Two focus groups were conducted to obtain relevant information to design a self-administrated questionnaire. Students were used to satisfy the requirements of an experimental design for a homogeneous sample. Out of the 420 questionnaires collected, 408 were considered to be usable for the final analysis. Attribution Theory and the TPB were used as theoretical frameworks on which to base this research. The findings add two new dimensions to theoretical knowledge in understanding consumer cynicism in a CRM context, namely, consumers’ perceptions of company motive and protest behaviour. Protest behaviour was found to be positively related to consumer cynicism in the ongoing cause groups. This finding is consistent with Attribution Theory’s suggestion that individuals are more supportive to victims affected by sudden disaster (Ellen et al., 2000; Chochinov, 2005). Attribution Theory was applied to identify the link between consumers’ perceptions of company motives, consumer cynicism and protest behaviour. Following Fiske and Taylor (1991) quasi-experimental stimuli/scenarios (high versus low brand-cause fit and ongoing cause versus sudden disaster cause) the same technique was used for this study in order to explore how individuals make causal attributions about firms’ CRM practices. Consumer cynicism was also investigated in TPB model by using indirect questioning technique. The findings of this application indicated that consumers make different causal attributions about companies’ involvement in CRM practices when they are exposed to different information sources. Consumer cynicism was investigated in TPB model by using indirect questioning technique. In addition, the findings indicated that cynical consumers have some volitional control of intention to purchase CRM products. Despite having cynicism, the increasing self-efficacy and subjective norm play an influencing role in predicting intention. This is an important contribution to knowledge both theoretically and in terms of possible intervention strategies aiming to reduce cynicism level. This research not only demonstrates the feasibility of applying Attribution Theory and TPB to understand consumer cynicism in the context of CRM, but also identifies an interesting connection between these two theories. Future studies can incorporate consumers’ perception of company motives from Attribution Theory into TPB to explore the possibility of gaining a stronger understanding of consumer cynicism in the context of CRM. A new theoretical model was suggested for a possible application in future studies.
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Fu, Hanlong. "The role of cynicism and involvement in perceived credibility of media sources among college students." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/h_fu_071808.pdf.
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Berglund, Anders. "Modes of obeying: functional stupidity, despair, seduction, cynicism and authoritarianism : Young adults in precarious workplaces." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385376.
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This essay aims to study workplace obedience from the perspective of young adults in precarious work environments. The study was delimited to young adults that had experienced what they viewed as irrational management. These informants were interviewed to research the new and largely untested theory of functional stupidity. Functional stupidity means that employees at a workplace can become more functional by minimizing their critical capacities for reflections about the stupid practises that exist in that organization. Functional stupidity is one mode of obedience that in this essay was researched in the context of cynicism, despair, seduction and authoritarianism (Paulsen, 2017). This was done in an explorative small-scale study with a convenience sample of six informants that had this experience. Their age was 21-27. The informants were from western industrialized countries in the service sector in private companies with no work security. These informants were interviewed which were than interpreted in a thematic analysis. The major findings were that the informants deliberately move between different modes of obedience including functional stupidity in these workplaces. The context of precariousness made the management very threatening and age was one way used to reproduce stupid practises. The experience of stupid practises is a new aspect that makes the precariousness worse. Age was one factor that formed experience of the different modes of obedience. Age was one way to the set the agenda, individualising organizational problems and central to feeling of having to prove themselves. The major contribution of this study is on one hand test the theory of functional stupidity in a new context and on the other hand to introduce the perspective of stupid practises in the scholarly debate on young adults in precarious work.
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Sobreira, Antônio Elísio Garcia [UNESP]. "Pedagogia Anarquista e ensino de Geografia: conquistando cotas de liberdade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105039.
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Este trabalho visa analisar a possibilidade de ensinar geografia por meio do paradigma educacional anarquista. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes contendo a primeira o construto teórico geral da tese nos seguintes eixos interrelacionados: pesquisa educacional em geografia, conceituação de ideologia, Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt, Geografia Crítica e apreciação histórica e teórica das experiências das pedagogias socialistas da Liberdade, Radical e Libertária Anarquista. Dentro do texto está situada a filiação ideológica entre o anarquismo social e a Crítica da Razão Cínica. A aproximação da educação libertária com a geografia é feita através dos postulados educacionais dos geógrafos anarquistas Elisée Reclus e Piotr Kropotkin. Na segunda parte do trabalho são incluídos os aspectos teóricos e práticos atuais que delimitam a pedagogia anarquista e o que deve considerar um projeto de escola libertária. Com a reunião dessas informações se avalia como a geografia pode ser incluída na educação libertária se não existe uma epistemologia anarquista de geografia contemporânea Diante disso, apresentam-se alguns teóricos que oferecem elementos para constituir uma proposta de anarcogeografia ou geografia anarquista, que embora seja viável deixou de ser um problema essencial. O estudo empírico se restringe à visita e entrevista com a escola democrática Summerhill (Inglaterra), da vivência na escola anarquista Paideia (Espanha) e do relato de cinco professores de geografia no Brasil. O conjunto referencial teórico, prático e empírico reunido permite dizer que a geografia realizada em escola convencional é incapaz de produzir os efeitos éticos, racionais e políticos comprometidos com a sociedade porque essa instituição é antagônica a esses propósitos. O princípio basilar da educação antiautoritária é que ninguém tem o direito...
The proposal of this study is to evaluate anarchist education paradigm using in geography teaching. The first part have are historical and theoretical explanations and in the second part have practical aspects of anarchist education and a design project to anarchist education community and geography place in it. The education research teaching geography and ideology concept and Critical Theory (Frankfurt school) and Radical Geography are the basis to discuss socialist pedagogies like radical, democratic and anarchist education experiences. The research project includes to study Piotr Kropotkin and Elisée Reclus statement about learning geography and to analyse why anarchism have not advanced in geography thought nowadays. The information collected is using to evaluate how anarchist education can be learning if there are not anarchist geography to base in it. The reports from five teachers, Summerhill Schools (UK) and Escuela Paideia (Spain) point out empirical references about free education and its possibilities to be applied in state education. The perspective arising from this account is used to offer a trenchant critique of some ways to teaching geography in the anti-authoritarian education with self-government based in democratic meetings. And have no-sense to teaching to imposing fragments of science by curriculum of school. The result is that is impossible to use anarchist paradigm in conventional education but teacher can be able to resist against fascism at school and improving freedom quotas committed with own individuality and collective and mutual practices.
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Hornby, Catherine Muriel. "A history of confession: the dialogue between cynicism and grace in selected novels of J.M. Coetzee." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002232.
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In introducing the four novels under discussion as a “History of Confession”, this study explores the resistance to the dominant discourse of ‘history’ offered by the sustained confessions of individuals. In examining Coetzee’s oeuvre it is possible to delineate the outline of a dialogue between cynicism and grace, and the effects of these on the process of confession in each of the works Chapter One, dealing with Age of Iron, draws on Levinas’ theory of ‘the Other’ in order to elucidate the role played by the interlocutor or confessor in the process of confession.The recognition of the passage of the self through the Other is integral to the attainment of a state of grace, without which confession cannot be brought to an end The countermanding claims of the writer's will-to-write and duty to society are illuminated as a source of cynicism which overwhelms the intervention of grace. The Master of Petersburg, discussed in Chapter Two, is a confession of the guilt and despair faced by the writer who sacrifices his soul to answer the urge to write. Chapter Three, which examines Coetzee’s excursion into autobiography, represents a continuation of the confessional trend. The distance between the narrator and protagonist of Boyhood illustrates the convolutions of self-deception in the process of confession. The chapter which deals with Disgrace identifies a new trend in Coetzee’s writing:the concern with animals. Levinas’ theory, which identifies the encounter with the Other as necessary to precipitate an intervention of grace, is again useful in explaining how Coetzee has postulated the unassimilable otherness of animals as primary to human ethical development. This chapter also concludes that Disgrace represents a high point in the recovery of both grace and agency in Coetzee’s oeuvre.The concluding chapter suggests that the accumulation of meanings to the term ‘grace’enables its definition as a semi-religious abstraction. Coetzee suggests that belief in its existence has the power to affect interactions on the physical plane, especially those between the self and the Other.
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Wolcott, Bruce Stephen. "Constructing critical readers and writers through the teaching of irony in the composition classroom." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1983.
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The construction of critically literate students must be paramount among goals in the freshman composition classroom. The approach for constructing critical readers positioned in this thesis employs conceptualizing both the complexity of a text and the importance of comprehending the context within which a text is both read and written. It utilizes the rhetorical feature of irony.
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Crighton, Lindsay. "CEO Icon to GOP Hopeful: A Quantitative Analysis Exploring Politically Motivated Celebrity CEOs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76998.
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This study examined the perceptions of celebrity CEOs potentially transitioning to political candidates. Using Carly Fiorina's campaign for Senator of California, this study identified how young voters perceive celebrity CEOs as politicians, their identification of celebrity CEOs, and the evaluations of CEOs and their companies. Results indicate a more favorable evaluation of Fiorina resulted in a more favorable reaction to Hewlett- Packard. Results also confirm the use of media messages to prime young voters about political candidates. Finally, political party affiliation was found to significantly influence the findings of this study while gender and political cynicism did not. Theoretical implications and areas of future research in celebrity and politics are discussed.Master of Arts
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Kaplan, Sara Esther. "Magazine." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1086450926.
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Boessen, Brett. "Communities of judgment and fan citizenship challenging univocality, cynicism, and isolation among viewers of "The West Wing" /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3232585.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Communication and Culture, 2006."Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 10, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-08, Section: A, page: 2813. Adviser: John L. Lucaites.
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O'Neill, Carly. "The cynic's guide to shopping for morals : on the commodification of morality in consumer culture." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22296/.
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This thesis questions the idea that morality is only part of consumer culture in explicitly ethical consumption, and instead argues that morality is shaped in several layers throughout consumer culture. This thesis examines these layers by considering the question: How is morality shaped and perpetuated both explicitly and implicitly in consumer culture? It has found that consumer culture is not post-ideological but that in it, ideology and morality are obscured by a cynical disconnection between belief and action ,which is used by both consumers and producers. By disconnecting what people 'know and believe' from what they 'do', it becomes harder to recognise where ideology and morality affect consumer culture, because they are denied their role while they fulfil it. Ideology and morality are obscured further by a second disconnection within this first one; between what people 'know' and what they 'believe'. The tension this disconnection causes is addressed through myth, which adds and hides ideology and morality in consumer culture by naturalising ideology and morality in advertising. This shows that there is more to consumption than the satisfaction of needs, and there is more to the concept of needs in consumer culture than their practical satisfaction. Consumer culture is a complex sphere where good and bad co-exist, and consumers are active co-creators of ideology and morality. Their contributions however, are made within limits set by dominant voices in consumer culture, perpetuating an inequality of power in consumer culture. This thesis shows that when consumer culture is looked at as a complex social sphere, it becomes clear that atonement is an important part of consumer culture, not just in explicitly ethical consumption but in consumer culture in general, and that consumer culture is a sphere where morality is taught and learned.
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Montgomery, Amanda Jane. "Burnout of primary school teachers in the North West Province / A.J. Montgomery." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/509.
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The foundation of the education of our country lies in the hands of the primary school teachers.
Unfortunately, teachers have to juggle many roles - not only are they expected to teach diverse
classes and be a role model, but they also have to deal with social problems - all for very little
remuneration. Our teachers are becoming less motivated, frustrated and very despondent and as a
result, an increasing number of teachers are suffering from burnout.
The objective of this research was to investigate the job characteristics associated with burnout
as well as the burnout-strain relationship among primary school teachers in the North-West
Province. A stratified random sample of 646 primary school teachers in the North West Province
was taken. The Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBEGS), Job Characteristics
Scale and Your Health Questionnaire (third questionnaire of the ASSET) were used as
measuring instruments. Cronbach alpha coefficients, inter-item correlation coefficients, Pearsonproduct
correlation coefficients and canonical correlation coefficients were used to analyse the
data. Structural equation modelling (SEM) methods were used to construct job characteristic
models of burnout.
The results showed that overload leads to exhaustion, which leads to cynicism and in turn to lack
of professional efficacy. Job resources was found to be related to all three dimensions of burnout,
while rewards played a moderating effect between both overload and exhaustion, and job
resources and burnout. Exhaustion and lack of professional efficacy lead to physical and
psychological strain.
Recommendations were made for further research.Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Gkortsilas, Paschalis. "John Chrysostom and the Greeks : Hellenism and Greek philosophy in the rhetoric of John Chrysostom." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/32070.
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The aim of the present study is to examine how Hellenism and Greek philosophy were received and used in arguments in the writings of John Chrysostom. The thesis is divided into five chapters of varying lengths, with the fifth chapter being the conclusion of the thesis. Chapter 1 is divided into two major parts. Part A is the story of certain major scholarly works on the topic of Hellenism and Christianity, particularly in late antiquity. Part B turns to previous scholarship on John Chrysostom and Hellenism specifically. We discuss three particular aspects of John’s reception, rhetoric, philosophy, and religious identity while also looking in interpretations from modern scholarship. This part and the chapter conclude with a general overview of the argument and an identification of research gaps. Chapter 2 is divided into five parts. After a discussion of the identity of those called Greeks in John’s corpus we proceed to analyse his extensive criticism of several aspects of Hellenism: philosophy, religion, public attitudes, and the binding power of tradition. The third part goes into the opposite direction and examines instances of John’s positive references to Hellenes and Greek history. In part four we see the reception moving on from the binary of praise and criticism and we discuss examples of both praise and criticism combined, along with indifferent references to Hellenes and John’s practical suggestions on how the Christians should treat the Greeks. In Chapter 3 we examine John’s embodiments of Hellenism and Christianity respectively through his comparisons of individuals. The first three parts consist of major comparisons, which are the most frequent ones in terms of the individuals compared, and minor comparisons, which are smaller treatments and usually group individuals together instead of treating them separately. The fourth part is a close analysis of Chrysostom’s Discourse on Babylas, a treatise that includes a major comparison between Babylas and Diogenes but also provides an opportunity for John to launch a full-scale attack against Hellenism. Finally, in Chapter 4 we will be looking into John’s reception of a specific philosophical school: the Cynics. After situating John’s own texts within previous Christian tradition and assessing differences and similarities, we complete the chapter by a comparison between John and the Cynics and their respective conception of a specific philosophical concept, that of autarkeia.
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Schaible, Lonnie Matt. "The impact of emotional labor, value dissonance, and occupational identity on police officers [sic] levels of cynicism and burnout." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2006/L%5FSCHAIBLE%5F042506.pdf.
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Byza, Olivia [Verfasser]. "Leader-follower compatibility: how (dis-)similarities in values, social cynicism and leadership qualities relate to employee outcomes / Olivia Byza." Bielefeld : Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169057764/34.
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Grulke, Eric. "Digital government, trust and cynicism : an empirical analysis of social capital and the use of technology by governmental institutions." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/E_Grulke_110308.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2008.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 26, 2010). "Department of Political Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-212).
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Gazzo, Jeffrey T. Mr. "Evaluating the Influences of Domestic Violence Training on the Attitudes and Perceptions of Police Recruits at the East Tennessee Regional Law Enforcement Academy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3403.
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A sample of recruits attending the East Tennessee Regional Law Enforcement Academy were surveyed about attitudes relating to a variety of topics, including their perceived role as police officers, domestic violence, its victims, perpetrators, and police interactions with domestic violence. The recruits completed the survey during their first week at the academy. The recruits completed the identical survey on the last week of academy training. No significant change in attitudes were found following the completion of the Regional Law Enforcement Academy training program. Conclusively, the results of this study show that the training provided at the East Tennessee Regional Law Enforcement Academy does not significantly change the attitudes and perceptions of the recruits toward domestic violence.
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Sobreira, Antônio Elísio Garcia. "Pedagogia Anarquista e ensino de Geografia : conquistando cotas de liberdade /." Presidente Prudente : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105039.
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Orientador: Eliseu Savério SpositoBanca: Silvio Donizetti de Oliveira Gallo
Banca: Antonio Carlos Vitte
Banca: Divino José da Silva
Banca: Clovis Nicanor Kassick
Resumo: Este trabalho visa analisar a possibilidade de ensinar geografia por meio do paradigma educacional anarquista. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes contendo a primeira o construto teórico geral da tese nos seguintes eixos interrelacionados: pesquisa educacional em geografia, conceituação de ideologia, Teoria Crítica da Escola de Frankfurt, Geografia Crítica e apreciação histórica e teórica das experiências das pedagogias socialistas da Liberdade, Radical e Libertária Anarquista. Dentro do texto está situada a filiação ideológica entre o anarquismo social e a Crítica da Razão Cínica. A aproximação da educação libertária com a geografia é feita através dos postulados educacionais dos geógrafos anarquistas Elisée Reclus e Piotr Kropotkin. Na segunda parte do trabalho são incluídos os aspectos teóricos e práticos atuais que delimitam a pedagogia anarquista e o que deve considerar um projeto de escola libertária. Com a reunião dessas informações se avalia como a geografia pode ser incluída na educação libertária se não existe uma epistemologia anarquista de geografia contemporânea Diante disso, apresentam-se alguns teóricos que oferecem elementos para constituir uma proposta de anarcogeografia ou geografia anarquista, que embora seja viável deixou de ser um problema essencial. O estudo empírico se restringe à visita e entrevista com a escola democrática Summerhill (Inglaterra), da vivência na escola anarquista Paideia (Espanha) e do relato de cinco professores de geografia no Brasil. O conjunto referencial teórico, prático e empírico reunido permite dizer que a geografia realizada em escola convencional é incapaz de produzir os efeitos éticos, racionais e políticos comprometidos com a sociedade porque essa instituição é antagônica a esses propósitos. O princípio basilar da educação antiautoritária é que ninguém tem o direito... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The proposal of this study is to evaluate anarchist education paradigm using in geography teaching. The first part have are historical and theoretical explanations and in the second part have practical aspects of anarchist education and a design project to anarchist education community and geography place in it. The education research teaching geography and ideology concept and Critical Theory (Frankfurt school) and Radical Geography are the basis to discuss socialist pedagogies like radical, democratic and anarchist education experiences. The research project includes to study Piotr Kropotkin and Elisée Reclus statement about learning geography and to analyse why anarchism have not advanced in geography thought nowadays. The information collected is using to evaluate how anarchist education can be learning if there are not anarchist geography to base in it. The reports from five teachers, Summerhill Schools (UK) and Escuela Paideia (Spain) point out empirical references about free education and its possibilities to be applied in state education. The perspective arising from this account is used to offer a trenchant critique of some ways to teaching geography in the anti-authoritarian education with self-government based in democratic meetings. And have no-sense to teaching to imposing fragments of science by curriculum of school. The result is that is impossible to use anarchist paradigm in conventional education but teacher can be able to resist against fascism at school and improving freedom quotas committed with own individuality and collective and mutual practices.
Doutor
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Currie, Eilidh. ""What's the Alternative?": Attitudes of Discrimination Investigators Toward the Efficacy of Anti-Discrimination Law." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108767.
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Thesis advisor: Sarah BabbAmerican discrimination law is a paradox: it attempts to eradicate discrimination – an inherently systemic problem impacting the most marginalized groups – using bureaucratic procedures. As a result, public servants tasked with investigating violations of discrimination law must pursue the fulfillment of such a sweeping goal through incremental means, adhering to laws that define discrimination narrowly. There is an extensive literature arguing that this misalignment between the law’s driving goals and its methods of enforcement renders it ineffective; there is also considerable research on the public servant’s unique position in this sense. Applying these literatures together to twelve discrimination investigators at three state-level commissions, it seems investigators are aware of the law’s limitations, but are able to close the gap between the bureaucratic nature of their work and its driving goals by rationalizing these limitations, allowing them to remain idealistic about the efficacy of the law
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Sociology
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LoFaso, Charles Anthony. "Solving Homicides in Rochester, New York: What Matters Most in Clearing the Case? Analysis of the Intersection of Neighborhood, Demographic, and Incident Characteristics." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1513184414917652.
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Gustainis, Šarūnas. "Ciniškojo lyderio veiklos prototipai verslo ir politikos organizacijoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20110331_171352-16271.
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Išanalizuoti ir įvertinti ciniškojo lyderio veiklos bruožus verslo ir politikos organizacijose. Pateikti praktines interpretacijas verslo ir politikos organizacijų vadovams. Mokslinėje literatūroje analizuojama cinizmo sąvokos samprata ir cinizmo ištakos, aptariami šiuolaikiniai ciniški lyderiai bei jų bruožai: avantiūrizmas, kritinis mąstymas, ironija. Remiantis moksline literatūra sukuriami šie cinizmo modeliai: kritiškasis modelis, hipinis (lėkštas) modelis, radikalusis modelis, autoritarinis modelis. Pateikiamos modelių charakteristikos. Siekiant nustatyti ciniškojo lyderio veiklos ir bruožų prototipus, atlikta kiekybinė Lietuvos verslo ir politikos atstovų apklausa. Atlikus Lietuvos politikų ir verslo organizacijų lyderių apklausą nustatyta, kad kritinis mąstymas yra svarbiausias tiek ciniškų verslo, tiek politikos lyderių bruožas. Savanaudiškumui tiek verslo, tiek politikos lyderiai teikia antrą prioritetą po kritinio mąstymo. Nors avantiūrizmas ir rizika būdingi abiems lyderių grupėms, tačiau, skirtingai nei pirmieji du ciniško lyderio bruožai, šie ciniško lyderio bruožai yra dažniau priskirtini verslo lyderiams. Remiantis literatūros analize bei tyrimo išvadomis pateiktos išvados ir praktinės rekomendacijos Lietuvos verslo ir politinių organizacijų vadovams.Analize and evaluate activities and features of cynical leader in business and political organizations. Provide practical recommendations for leaders of business and political organizations. Academic literature analyses definition of cynicism and sources of cynicism. Scholars discuss contemporary cynical leaders and their attributes: adventurism, critical thinking and irony. Based on academic literature four models of cynicism are discussed: critical model, flat model, radical model and authoritarian model. Chraracteristics of the models are described. Quantitive survey of representatives of politics and business is conducted in order to determine prototypes of activities and features of cynical leader. The survey findings demonstrate that the key attiribute of cynical political and business leaders is critical thinking. Self-interest follows critical thinking as a priority. Even though adventurism and risk-taking feature in both groups, they are more prevalend among leaders of business organizations. The thesis provides practical recommendations for Lithuanian business and political leaders based on academic research and survey findings.
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Meyer, Anna R. "That wasn't funny! the critical humor of Otto Dix in Weimar Germany /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6111.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on July 13, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.
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Wu, Zhao-xian, and 吳昭憲. "Cynicism, Subject Formation, and Critique." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98570235741586132794.
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碩士東吳大學
政治學系
94
The word ‘cynicism’ refers ambiguously to negative personal characters or to harmful political, social, and cultural phenomena. Therefore, the first problematization of this thesis would be what is ‘cynicism’. If the origin of the word is classical Cynics who preached critical thoughts about two thousands years ago, in what kind of historical process had the word been depreciated? This would be the second problematization of this research. However, the main problematization of this study is to recognize that the negative ‘cynicism’ is an accomplished fact of language, that the phenomenon which had been related to the word are actually existing in the world universally, and then to understand it and to criticize it. In the end, This research have detected that the negative cynical subject, who erroneously concludes that the symbolic order (the Other) does not function and believes only in the Real of jouissance, still indulges in fantasy and jouissance unknowingly. Thus, the way to make critique possible again in today’s world would be traversing the fantasy, confronting with the Real directly, practicing the act, and then changing the institution. And actually, all of the above correspond to the teachings of classical Cynics.
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Ting-ju, Chiang, and 江亭儒. "Organizational Cynicism: Causes and Effects." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17044669292055909685.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
91
Organizational cynicism is an attitude consisting of two concepts: employees think organization without integrity and regard negative incidents happened in the company as organizational mistakes and responsibilities. This research reviewed all different foci of cynicism in the past studies and redefined the construct of organizational cynicism; then discussed possible causes and effects of it. The results indicate person-organization value fit (POVF) and perceived organizational support (POS) have significant effects on organizational cynicism, and organizational cynicism has significant effects on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Finally, this study examined the mediating effect of organizational cynicism. The result suggests that POVF affects affective commitment, instrumental commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention by influencing organizational cynicism, and POS affects instrumental commitment, and turnover intention by influencing organizational cynicism as well.
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Hayes, Kathleen. "Résurgence et transformation du cynisme au XVIIIe siècle : la réception de Diogène dans les Lumières françaises." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18478.
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De nos jours omniprésent sur la scène politique, le cynisme fut depuis son origine l’objet de polémiques. Le mode de vie scandaleux auquel il est associé pose la question de l’appartenance ou non de Diogène et des Cyniques à la philosophie. Par ailleurs, qu’a à voir le cynisme des sociétés actuelles avec celui que pratiquait Diogène ? Si des analystes situent au siècle des Lumières l’émergence d’une nouvelle conception du cynisme propre à la modernité, peu d’études historiques ont été menées sur la question. Il importe donc de retourner aux sources et de mesurer la validité de cette hypothèse.
Par une étude de l’histoire du cynisme et de sa transmission, nous retraçons l’évolution des enjeux au cœur du mouvement cynique et de sa postérité, et présentons une synthèse des significations du cynisme ainsi que des tensions qu’elles comportent. De nombreuses références permettent de définir la place qu’occupe le cynisme au XVIIIe siècle. Les auteurs des Lumières se sont réappropriés l’antique sagesse de Diogène et ont voulu concilier son impudique franchise aux exigences de la sociabilité. Ainsi, l’étude de la réception du cynisme au siècle des Lumières doit tenir compte des débats moraux de l’époque. Visant l’élaboration d’une morale matérialiste sur un fondement naturel, les Philosophes ont tâché de contourner les problèmes de l’amoralisme révélés par le constat de La Mettrie selon lequel il y a inadéquation entre bonheur et vertu. Pour ce faire, Helvétius réduit la portée des déterminismes liés à l’organisation, en soulignant l’importance des facteurs externes dans la gestion des comportements ; Diderot et D’Holbach mettent l’accent sur la sociabilité afin d’assurer l’inhérence d’un fondement moral chez l’être humain, renforçant un désaccord déjà profond entre le cynisme et les idéaux des Lumières. Or, cette approche est-elle généralisée ? Ou le cynisme des Lumières est-il sujet à des variantes selon les auteurs ? Cette thèse se propose d’étudier, par l’analyse des occurrences du cynisme dans les textes de la France des Lumières, les différentes acceptions du cynisme, pour cerner les enjeux auxquels elles s’attachent. Des textes tels qu’Aihcrappih de Godart de Beauchamps, Le Diogène décent de Prémontval, le Socrate en délire de Wieland, Le cynique moderne de Cœtlogon, Le désapprobateur de Castilhon, Le cosmopolite de Fougeret de Monbron, Le paysan perverti de Restif de la Bretonne et Arlequin Diogène de Saint-Just seront pris en considération. Ils s’ajouteront à une étude du cynisme chez Diderot, chez qui la thématique parcourt l’ensemble de l’œuvre et atteint son expression la plus achevée dans Le neveu de Rameau. Par ses doutes, Diderot trouve également sa place dans l’étude des critiques des Lumières qu’ont formulées Rousseau et Sade, chez qui l’on évalue la pertinence de l’enjeu cynique.
Il ressort de cette thèse que les acceptions moderne et contemporaine du cynisme comportent des distinctions conceptuelles qui nous interdisent de les amalgamer. Notre analyse du cynisme dans le contexte français des Lumières montre que l’on est, jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, en présence d’une conception typiquement moderne du cynisme, laquelle met l’accent sur la redécouverte de l’impudeur de Diogène. Plus précisément, le cynisme se caractérise, au XVIIIe siècle, par un repli misanthrope et solitaire, lequel s’oppose à l’optimisme humaniste des Philosophes. Il est l’expression d’un rejet de la sociabilité mise de l’avant par ces derniers, en réponse au constat de corruption de la société. S’il est possible d’y situer l’émergence d’une nouvelle conception du cynisme, c’est donc seulement dans la mesure où les débats liés à l’élaboration d’une morale matérialiste, fondée en intérêt ou en sentiment, montrent que chacun de ces fondements comportent des failles, et non parce que certains auteurs des Lumières auraient entendu par cynisme ce que nous entendons aujourd’hui. Tout se passe comme si l’homme désabusé, qui tient pour acquis l’incorrigibilité de sa nature et de la société, choisissant d’en tirer profit malgré l’immoralisme que cela comporte, avait forgé le statut de cynique postmoderne. Cela rompt avec la tradition qui, jusqu’à la fin de l’époque moderne, tient le Cynique pour une figure d’un dire vrai fondamentalement désapprobateur du genre humain. Si l’impudeur poussée dans ses derniers retranchements conduit le cynique à n’éprouver aucune honte à mentir, il poursuit en cela la devise d’altération des valeurs initiée par Diogène, mais contribue désormais au maintien d’un statu quo sur l’état de corruption de la société qu’aucun cynique, ancien ou moderne, n’aurait accepté de taire.Now pervasive on the political scene, cynicism has been contentious from its beginnings. The scandalous way of living to which it is linked raise the issue of whether or not Diogenes and the Cynics must be considered as part of the history of philosophy. Besides, what do today’s cynical practices share with those of Diogenes? Some interprets situate the emergence of a new conception of cynicism peculiar to modernity during the Enlightenment, but few historical studies have been centered on this question. It is consequently important to return to the sources of cynicism to measure this hypothesis’ validity. Through a study of cynicism’s history and its transmission we trace the evolution of the major issues at the core of cynic movement and its posterity, and present a synthesis of its significations and their internal tensions. Many references allow us to define the place that cynicism occupies within the XVIIIth century. Philosophers have tried to reclaim Diogenes’ antique wisdom while also accommodating his shameless frankness to the requirements of sociability. The study of the reception of cynicism in the XVIIIth century french Enlightenment must therefore be seen within the scope of the moral debates of that time. Those debates aim to elaborate a materialist moral on a natural basis, trying in doing so to tackle the problem of amoralism revealed by La Mettrie’s statement of the inadequacy between happiness and virtue. To do that, Helvetius reduces the scope of natural determinisms by underlining the importance of exterior factors when managing behaviors. Diderot and D’Holbach, on their part, emphasize the notion of sociability to make sure there’s a moral sense within human nature itself; this belief reinforces an already profound disagreement between the ideals of Enlightenment and cynicism. But is this approach that widespread? Or is cynicism subject to vary according to authors? This thesis proposes, by studying the occurrences of cynicism in French Enlightenment’s texts, to give an account of its different meanings in order to identify the issues that are put forward. Therefore, texts such as Aihcrappih by Godart de Beauchamps, Le Diogène décent by Prémontval, Le Socrate en délire by Wieland, Le cynique moderne by Cœtlogon, Le désapprobateur by Castilhon, Le cosmopolite by Fougeret de Monbron, Le paysan perverti by Restif de la Bretonne, and Arlequin Diogène by Saint-Just will be taken into account, as will be cynicism in Diderot’s texts; this thematic is present in his whole work, Le neveu de Rameau being the most achieved expression of it. Exposing his doubts, Diderot also finds its place in our exposition of the Enlightenment’s critics as they have been formulated by Rousseau and Sade; we’ll also analyze the relevance of their cynical stakes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the modern and contemporary meanings of cynicism entail important conceptual distinctions that forbid us to amalgamate them. Our analysis of cynicism in French Enlightenment’s texts shows that up until the end of the XVIIIth century, we are faced with a modern conception of cynicism that rests to a considerable extent upon the rediscovery of Diogene’s immodesty. More precisely, the XVIIIth century cynicism can be characterized by a solitary and misanthropic withdrawal, which opposes the Philosophers’ humanist optimism. Cynicism is therefore a rejection of sociability, a value put forward by Philosophers in response to the general state of corruption of society. In other words, if one can locate the emergence of a new form of cynicism in the Enlightenment, it’s not that some authors understood cynicism as we do now: it is because the debates linked with the construction of a materialist conception of morality, be it be founded on interests or sentiments, show that these fundaments carry some weaknesses. It is as though the disillusioned man who takes for granted the incorrigibility of nature and society and chooses to take advantage of it despite the immorality of doing so has given birth to the postmodern cynic. This is he who breaks with a tradition which, up to the modern era, considered the cynic as the figure of a blunt truth teller, disapproving of mankind. If immodesty, driven into a corner, leads the postmodern cynic to shamelessness in lying, he in a sense pursues the motto of the alteration of values initiated by Diogenes, but now contributes to maintain the corruption of society, which no cynic, may he be ancient or modern, would have accepted to silence.