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McDonald, Ronan. "Mock Mockers: Cynicism, Suffering, Irish Modernism." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 8, no. 2 (April 2021): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2020.40.
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Cynicism styles itself as the answer to the mental suffering produced by disillusionment, disappointment, and despair. It seeks to avoid them by exposing to ridicule naive idealism or treacherous hope. Modern cynics avoid the vulnerability produced by high ideals, just as their ancient counterparts eschewed dependence on all but the most essential of material needs. The philosophical tradition of the Cynics begins with the Ancients, including Diogenes and Lucian, but has found contemporary valence in the work of cultural theorists such as Peter Sloterdijk. This article uses theories of cynicism to analyze postcolonial disappointment in Irish modernism. It argues that in the “ambi-colonial” conditions of early-twentieth-century Ireland, the metropolitan surety of and suaveness of a cynical attitude is available but precarious. We therefore find a recursive cynicism that often turns upon itself, finding the self-distancing and critical sure-footedness of modern, urbane cynicism a stance that itself should be treated with cynical scepticism. The essay detects this recursive cynicism in a number of literary works of post-independence Ireland, concluding with an extended consideration of W. B. Yeats’s great poem of civilizational precarity, “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen.”
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Suvorov, V. V. "Cynics and the Hellenistic Era." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 3 (2018): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-3-192-203.
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It is established that the weakening of moral and ethical rigorism in the cynical doctrine in the Hellenistic era was associated with the radicalism of the ancient Cynics and the impossibility of its further preservation. It is also shown that in the philosophy of the Cynics in the Hellenistic era, two tendencies emerged: the alienation of the individual from society and the desire for political activity. Despite the involvement of individual Cynics in politics, Cynicism in the Hellenistic era retained its deeply individualistic character.
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Gutauskas, Mintautas. "KASDIENIS MIGLOTAS CINIZMAS." Religija ir kultūra 8 (January 1, 2011): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2011.0.2755.
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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos šiuolaikinio kasdienio cinizmo struktūros. Svarstomi prieigų prie cinizmo tyrimų klausimai. Cinizmui analizuoti pasitelkiami istoriniai ir struktūriniai aspektai. Iš antikinio kinizmo yra kildinama ciniška kultūros redukcija į prigimtį ir demaskavimo procedūra sąmojo forma. Struktūriniu aspektu dėmesys sutelkiamas į ciniškojo realizmo konstituciją. Teigiama, kad ciniškasis realizmas steigiasi dviejų tiesų perspektyvoje, kurių pirmoji yra nerealistinė nomos, idealų, siekiamybių sfera, antroji yra grynas realizmas – physis ar tikrovė, kuri konstituojasi redukcijos ir demaskavimo būdu. Nagrinėjant šiuolaikinį cinizmą parodoma, kad jame atgimsta cinizmo priešybė – naivumas, nes šiuolaikinis cinikas dažnai naiviai tiki ne idealais, vertybėmis ar kt., bet pačia demaskavimo procedūra. Galiausiai parodoma, kaip pašaipusis cinizmas virsta nelaiminga sąmone.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: cinizmas, kasdienybė, demaskavimas, Sloterdijkas, Sverdiolas.EVERYDAY OBSCURE CYNICISMMintautas GutauskasSummaryThe article deals with the structures of contemporary everyday cynicism. It discusses the question of relevant approach to the cynicism as well. Historical and structural aspects are invoked in the analysis of cynicism. The investigation of historical aspect shows that cynical reduction of culture into nature and unmasking in the form of joke can be derived from the ancient Cynics, and the investigation of structural aspect, in turn, focuses on constitution of cynical realism. The author asserts that cynical realism is established in the perspective of two truths: the first truth is unrealistic nomos, the area of ideals and purposes, the second truth is purely realistic, that is to say, physis or reality which is constituted by means of reduction and unmasking. Closer examination of contemporary cynicism reveals that direct opposite of cynicism – the naivety – revived in contemporary everyday cynicism: contemporary cynic naively believes not in ideals or values and all that, but in procedure of unmasking itself. Finally, the analysis shows how the mocking cynicism turns into unhappy consciousness.Keywords: cynicism, everydayness, unmasking, Sloterdijk, Sverdiolas.
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Nam, Taewoo. "Determinants of local public employee attitudes toward government innovation." International Journal of Public Sector Management 32, no. 4 (May 13, 2019): 418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-06-2018-0134.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify individual level perception-based determinants influencing participation in government innovation and to examine the moderating effect of innovation cynicism upon those determinants. Design/methodology/approach Focusing on the case of Government 3.0, a Korean National Government innovation initiative, this study analyzes survey data regarding local public employee perceptions of the initiative through ordered logistic regression. Findings Multiple theoretical correlates of perceived desirability, perceived efficacy, performance expectancy, facilitating leadership, peer influence and demonstrable symbols have positive influences on participation in Government 3.0. Surprisingly, cynics of government innovation reported more active participation in Government 3.0 than non-cynics. While cynicism negatively moderates the influence of perceived desirability, performance expectancy and peer influence on Government 3.0 participation, the expected negative moderating effect does not correspond with the influence of perceived efficacy on innovation participation. Originality/value The study highlights the importance of innovation cynics, who are probably neither skeptics nor pessimists regarding recent changes but rather are concerned about recurring rhetoric and poor performance of government innovation.
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Rusakov, Sergei Sergeevich. "The problem of subjectivation in Cynicism." Философская мысль, no. 8 (August 2020): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2020.8.32616.
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This article presents the analysis of the philosophy of the Cynics, dedicated to pursuit and conceptualization of the ideas of subjectivation. The concept of subjectivation, which can be found in the works of M. Foucault, still does not have a systemic and conceptual framework. One of the gaps determines in the works of French scholar is the disparate use philosophical ideas of the Cynics. An attempt is made to interpret the ideas of this philosophical trend for extracting the comprehensive model of subjectivation and outline the key techniques of “care of the self”. The article employs the translated sources, in the form of separate fragments written by the Cynics, as well as a number of analytical works carried out by Russian and foreign researchers. Alongside the method of historical and philosophical reconstruction, the work applies the comparative and analytical approach. The novelty consists in the attempt to describe the general ideas of the Cynics in the sphere of ethics and formulate the Cynic model of subjectivation for filling the existing gaps in corresponding writings of M. Foucault. Special attention is given to the following aspects: 1) identification of fundamental principles underlying the worldview of the Cynics; 2) formulation of subjectivation techniques that allow building the “selfhood”; 3) comparison and tracing the Cynic ideas borrowed by Platonism and Christianity.
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Cutler, Ian. "Old dogs new tricks: A Cynical legacy." Think 4, no. 12 (2006): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175600001767.
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Ian Cutler introduces the history and philosophy of cynicism.[T]rue cynics are often the kindest people, for they see the hollowness of life, and from the realization of that hollowness is generated a kind of cosmic pity. Raymond Federman
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Peer, Willie van. "BECKETT'S "FIRST LOVE" AND CYNICAL PHILOSOPHY." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 7, no. 1 (December 8, 1998): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-90000110.
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Situating Beckett's "First Love" in the philosophical tradition of cynicism allows us to approach the text comprehensively. Evidence of Beckett's own cynical attitude supports several of the overt themes of the work: vanitas, or the irrelevance of human actions, the outsider or misanthrope, scatology or obscenity, and the demystification of love and other high values. Further analysis of intertextual relationships (e.g., Dante) and genre affinities all leads to the conclusion that the characters, their behaviour, their motives, and their emotions are a direct heir to the cynics' worldview. Moreover, "First Love" aims to express and pass on the cynical philosophy through the comic mode.
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VALATKA, Vytis, and Vaida ASAKAVIČIŪTĖ. "Ethical-cultural Maps of Classical Greek Philosophy: the Contradiction between Nature and Civilization in Ancient Cynicism." Cultura 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/cul012019.0003.
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This article restores the peculiar ethical-cultural cartography from the philosophical fragments of Ancient Greek Cynicism. Namely, the fragments of Anthistenes, Diogenes of Sinope, Crates, Dio Chrysostom as well as of the ancient historians of philosophy (Diogenes Laertius and Joanes Stobaeus) are mainly analyzed and interpreted. The methods of comparative analysis as well of rational restoration are applied in this article.The authors of the article concentrate on the main characteristics of the above mentioned cartography, that is, the contradiction between maps of nature and civilization. The article comes to the conclusion that the basis of this contradiction is the concept of the main value as well as virtue in the above mentioned cynicism, namely, natural radical temperance. According to ancient cynics, this virtue is absolutely incompatible with pleasure-driven civilization, as the latter annihilates the former. Therefore, cynics interpreted the whole territory of the world known at that time as divided between maps of nature and civilization that never overlap or even intersect. Moreover, according to ancient cynics, the territory covered by maps of civilization is considerably smaller than that enframed by the maps of nature. Moreover, the areas of nature are continuously being diminished, as civilization resolutely goes ahead. In such a situation that threatens survival of human nature the only possible way out is a return to the natural value of radical temperance. After cynics, the only effective strategy of achieving that challenging goal is askesis as excercises of temperance dedicated both to body and spirit.The authors of the article also give a certain SWOT analysis of the above mentioned cartography in the context of contemporary society. According to them, such a cartography possesses both strong and weak points. The main weak point is the contradiction itself between maps of culture and civilization. As a matter of fact, civilization does not annihilate the possibility of natural temperance, whereas a human being, according to his/her nature, is a creator of culture and civilization. On the other hand, the main positive aspect is an emphasis on virtue of temperance, which is actual, significant and relevant in any epoch, culture and civilization, and which is pretty much forgotten nowadays.
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Schuck, Andreas R. T., Hajo G. Boomgaarden, and Claes H. de Vreese. "Cynics All Around? The Impact of Election News on Political Cynicism in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Communication 63, no. 2 (March 6, 2013): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12023.
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Byza, Olivia A. U., Sebastian C. Schuh, Stefan L. Dörr, Matthias Spörrle, and Günter W. Maier. "Are two cynics better than one? Toward understanding effects of leader-follower (in-)congruence in social cynicism." Journal of Organizational Behavior 38, no. 8 (May 22, 2017): 1246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2200.
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Hoyos Sánchez, Inmaculada. "El coraje en el gobierno de las pasiones: notas sobre Platón y los cínicos antiguos = Courage in the Government of Passions: Notes on Plato and the Ancient Cynics." ΠΗΓΗ/FONS 4, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/fons.2019.4915.
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Resumen: El propósito de este estudio es reflexionar acerca de las distintas concepciones que del coraje y sus funciones han tenido algunas escuelas de la Antigüedad en el marco de una política entendida como gobierno de las pasiones. En este artículo se compara la perspectiva de Platón con el enfoque del cinismo. En la primera sección, se analiza el papel de la educación musical en la República . Dicha educación, según Platón, fomenta el verdadero coraje entre los guardianes y evita su brutalidad. En la segunda sección, se consideran las diferencias entre el platonismo y el cinismo. Éste último presentó una nueva manera de entender el coraje, como un modo de vida que no requiere ningún tipo de pedagogía musical, sino un entrenamiento constante para superar la vergüenza. Además, el coraje, para el cínico, no es la virtud específica de una clase del estado, la de los guardianes, sino que es un modo de vida que cualquier individuo puede adoptar aplicando una terapia correctora.Palabras clave: Platón, cinismo, coraje, música, vergüenza.Abstract: The following paper compares Plato’s proposal with the approach of cynicism concerning the virtue of courage. The first section studies role of musical education in the Republic, which contributes to foster real courage among the guardians and avoids brutality. The second section exposes the differences between Platonism and Cynicism. The latter presented a new way of understanding courage, as a way of life, which does not require a musical pedagogy, but training in overcoming shame. Courage, according to the Cynics, is not the specific virtue of a class but is a way of life that any individual can adopt.Keywords: Plato, Cynicism, courage, music, shame.
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Wiegandt, Kai. "J. M. Coetzee’s ‘Dog-Man’ and the Cynicism of Disgrace." Anglia 131, no. 1 (April 2013): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anglia-2013-0007.
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Abstract The article argues that Coetzee’s novel Disgrace positions the animal not only as opposed to protagonist David Lurie but also in him. The novel dramatizes this by focusing on Eros: Lurie gradually replaces his idea of desire derived from the Romantics (Wordsworth, Coleridge) with an idea of instinct that suggests Eros to be common to humans and animals. I argue that Lurie ultimately arrives at a stance similar to that of Diogenes of Sinope, the contemporary of Plato and main representative of the Cynics. Seen against this background, Lurie’s metamorphosis into a ‘dog-man’ becomes readable as recognition of his own animality, a recognition that has decisive consequences for an ethical reading of the novel.
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REVELL, PIERS. "Ancient cynicism: a case for salvage." Review of International Studies 36, S1 (August 31, 2010): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000902.
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AbstractTaking a quote from President Obama as its starting point, this article examines the usages of the word cynicism in politics, business and International Relations. It distinguishes five different forms: accusative; reflexive; projective; cathartic and ancient. When used accusatively, the cynic is an archetype we see in others whose character or actions we wish to reproach. When used reflexively, the cynic is a social archetype we identify with ourselves. Projective cynicism is the means by which an impertinent discourse may be playfully distanced. Cathartic cynicism is a means by which mental conflict is mediated. Ancient cynicism was a utopian attempt to negotiate the contradiction between cosmopolitanism and the overwhelming reality of slavery. The article concludes that it may be worthwhile comparing and contrasting all these forms of cynicism out in the public sphere.
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Scott, Kristyn A., and David Zweig. "Understanding and mitigating cynicism in the workplace." Journal of Managerial Psychology 31, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 552–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-01-2015-0023.
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Purpose – Organizational cynicism is on the increase. The purpose of this paper is to explore how dispositions promote cynical attitudes and how to mitigate the negative impact of organizational cynicism for employees. Design/methodology/approach – The data consisted of two samples (n=312 and n=529) of employed adults. All participants completed online surveys containing the variables of interest. The hypothesized model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings – Low levels of core self-evaluation (CSE) predict organizational cynicism which, in turn, mediates the relations between CSE and job attitudes. Importantly, the authors find that supervisory support moderates both the relations between CSE and organizational cynicism and organizational cynicism and job satisfaction. Originality/value – Little research has directly assessed the role of dispositions in the development of organizational cynicism. The authors suggest that CSE contributes to the development of cynical attitudes. Further, the authors demonstrate that a supportive supervisor can serve as a buffer to mitigate the expression and effects of organizational cynicism on workplace outcomes.
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Schutijser, Dennis. "Cynicism as a way of life: From the Classical Cynic to a New Cynicism." Akropolis: Journal of Hellenic Studies 1 (December 27, 2017): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35296/jhs.v1i0.2.
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In light of the recent revival of interest for philosophy as a way of life, Cynicism has received relatively little attention. Classical cynicism, however, is a particularly rich and valuable school in this respect, offering a philosophy that is before anything else a way of life, combining philosophical reflection, a value system, and a practice of living. The present article articulates classical Cynicism as a philosophy as a way of life along these lines. Additionally, classical Cynicism offers a valuable contribution both to current philosophical investigation and to philosophy’s contribution to the question of the good life. In particular, classical Cynicism gives a number of guidelines for a new cynicism, distinct from and regularly in opposition to common modern cynicism.
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Arslan, Muhammad. "Organizational cynicism and employee performance." Journal of Global Responsibility 9, no. 4 (October 8, 2018): 415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-05-2018-0014.
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Purpose Organizational cynicism is a growing trend in contemporary organizations. However, its impact on employee performance remains understudied. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by investigating the effect of three dimensions of organizational cynicism (cognitive, affective and behavioral cynicisms) on employee performance. The study also investigates the moderating effect of employee engagement on the relationship between three types of organizational cynicism and employee performance. Design/methodology/approach Primary data are collected through questionnaire from employees (N = 200) of various health organizations in Pakistan by using a convenient sampling technique. Hierarchal multiple regression models are used by using SPSS. Findings The findings reveal that all three types of organizational cynicism (i.e. cognitive cynicism, affective cynicism and behavioral cynicism) have a significant negative relationship with employee performance, while employee engagement moderates this relationship. Moreover, the findings indicate that the majority of respondents are not happy with their organizations. They have the feeling that their organizations are not fulfilling their promises, in fact, are betraying them in different ways. This breach of contract becomes the reason for organizational cynicism among employees and negatively affects their performance at work. Research limitations/implications The study has a large population size and it is quite difficult to address the whole population and collect data from a large sample because of time and limited budget. Practical/implications The organizational culture can mitigate the negative effect of organizational cynicism and enhance performance by promoting employee engagement. The study helps psychologists to understand employees’ attitudes and improve personnel selection to ensure they recruit the right people. Openness, honesty and early communication can increase predictability and controllability of future events. Social implications The job insecurity and lack of adequate compensation are assertive factors towards low productivity and negative attitude toward organization. Originality/value According to the researchers’ best knowledge, only few studies tried to investigate the relationship between organizational cynicism and employee performance by using the moderating effect of employee engagement. Therefore, it will be a good contribution in existing literature to understand consequences of cynicisms.
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Stavrova, Olga, and Daniel Ehlebracht. "The Cynical Genius Illusion: Exploring and Debunking Lay Beliefs About Cynicism and Competence." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218783195.
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Cynicism refers to a negative appraisal of human nature—a belief that self-interest is the ultimate motive guiding human behavior. We explored laypersons’ beliefs about cynicism and competence and to what extent these beliefs correspond to reality. Four studies showed that laypeople tend to believe in cynical individuals’ cognitive superiority. A further three studies based on the data of about 200,000 individuals from 30 countries debunked these lay beliefs as illusionary by revealing that cynical (vs. less cynical) individuals generally do worse on cognitive ability and academic competency tasks. Cross-cultural analyses showed that competent individuals held contingent attitudes and endorsed cynicism only if it was warranted in a given sociocultural environment. Less competent individuals embraced cynicism unconditionally, suggesting that—at low levels of competence—holding a cynical worldview might represent an adaptive default strategy to avoid the potential costs of falling prey to others’ cunning.
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Aydin, Melih, and Gürkan Akdag. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM AMONG HOTEL EMPLOYEES IN SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY." Eurasian Journal of Business and Management 4, no. 4 (2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15604/ejbm.2016.04.04.008.
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The aim of this study is to determine whether relationship occurs between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism attitudes among employees who were employed in five and four star hotels located in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and to affirm the extent of the relationship. According to the findings, there is a significant (negative) relationship between three sub-dimensions of organizational cynicism (behavioral cynicism, affective cynicism and cognitive cynicism) and organizational commitment. Multiple regression and correlation analysis were applied to analyze data and identify the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism. According to the findings of the research, it is revealed that, as the level of organizational cynicism arises, attitudes toward organizational commitment decrease. Those results are consistent with findings of the previous studies that employees with cynical attitudes exhibited lower commitment in the organization. The results of this research showed that hotel employees mostly experience cognitive cynicism among sub-dimensions of cynicism and they rarely experience affective cynicism. In conclusion, it is possible to assert that employees were with medium level of organizational cynicism and organizational commitment.
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Stavrova, Olga, and Daniel Ehlebracht. "Broken Bodies, Broken Spirits: How Poor Health Contributes to A Cynical Worldview." European Journal of Personality 33, no. 1 (January 2019): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2183.
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Cynical hostility (or cynicism) is often considered as a major factor leading to bad health outcomes. The present research proposes that poor health might represent both a consequence and a source of cynicism. Using cross–lagged path analyses, we documented bidirectional associations between health and cynicism in a nationally representative sample of Germans (Study 1) and a large sample of the American elderly (Study 2): cynical individuals were more likely to develop health problems, and poor health promoted the development of a cynical worldview over time. These results were obtained using different indicators of health status, including both self–reported and interviewer–administered physical measures. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed perceived constraints to mediate the effect of poor health on cynicism. This effect remained robust even when adding an alternative mediator—depressive symptoms. Additional analyses showed that any particular health limitation was prospectively related to cynicism to the degree to which this limitation was associated with an increased sense of constraints in individuals’ life. © 2018 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology
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Flores-Júnior, Olimar. "Khortos gasteri ou le bonheur est dans le pré: éthique et politique cyniques selon un poème de Cratès de Thèbes." Dialogue 45, no. 4 (2006): 647–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300001220.
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AbstractThis commentary on a poem of Crates of Thebes, which was transmitted in Julian's Oration VII, To the Cynic Herakleios, and Oration IX [VI], To the Uneducated Cynics, intends to rediscuss the notions of happiness, pleasure, wealth, and justice in the context of the kata phusin life as viewed by the Cynics. The “minimal ethics” proposed by the cynic philosophers, which many would consider as a kind of voluntary experience of suffering, appears as a possible way to secure both individual happiness and political justice.
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Scott, Kristyn A., and David Zweig. "The cynical subordinate: exploring organizational cynicism, LMX, and loyalty." Personnel Review 49, no. 8 (February 19, 2020): 1731–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-04-2019-0165.
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PurposeAdopting a social exchange framework, this article examines the relationship between organizational cynicism and leader–member exchange (LMX) using two different methodologies.Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 utilizes a longitudinal panel design (N = 291) to examine the reciprocal relationships between organizational cynicism and LMX over time. Study 2 (N = 348) positions loyalty as a possible mechanism through which organizational cynicism might impair LMX.FindingsStudy 1 provides evidence for the existence of some reciprocity in the relationships between organizational cynicism and LMX; however, organizational cynicism appears to be a stronger predictor of LMX than the obverse. The results of Study 2 suggest that cynical employees are less loyal to their supervisors, and this cynicism can interfere with the reciprocity process inherent in the creation and maintenance of high-quality social exchanges at work.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the relations between organizational cynicism and LMX in a longitudinal design. Additionally, the inclusion of loyalty and demonstration that organizational cynicism impacts loyalty to supervisors negatively represents a novel direction in organizational cynicism research.
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Pattyn, Sven, Alain Van Hiel, Kristof Dhont, and Emma Onraet. "Stripping the Political Cynic: A Psychological Exploration of the Concept of Political Cynicism." European Journal of Personality 26, no. 6 (November 2012): 566–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.858.
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The high level of political cynicism in contemporary society is often considered a serious threat to democracy. The concept, however, has received only scant attention in psychology. The current work introduces political cynicism and extensively explores its psychological implications by investigating the concept's validity, predictive utility and status as a dispositional variable. Our results revealed that political cynicism is empirically distinguishable from the closely related constructs of social cynicism and political trust. Furthermore, political cynicism was found to strongly related to a wide range of political variables, such as voting intentions, political normlessness and political estrangement, as well as to broad social attitudes and racial prejudice. Finally, we show that political cynicism yields limited but meaningful relationships with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, although social cynicism is more clearly related to the Five–Factor Model personality dimensions. It is therefore concluded that political cynicism can be reliably measured and distinguished from closely related concepts and that it yields meaningful relationships with other relevant psychological variables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Zekavica, Radomir, Biljana Simeunovic-Patic, Phillippus J. Potgieter, and Cornelis J. Roelofse. "Police cynicism in Serbia: prevalence, nature and associations with job satisfaction." Policing: An International Journal 41, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2016-0147.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the first research on prevalence, nature and correlates of the police cynicism in Serbia, with particular attention to the associations of cynicism with job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using a paper-based survey, and obtained from 472 police officers from five police departments across the country. For the purpose of measuring of organizational and work aspects of police cynicism a new developed 24 five-level Likert-type items scale was used. Findings The results show that cynicism is normally distributed. No statistically significant gender, education or police rank differences were identified, and the length of service does not appear to influence cynical attitudes significantly. Cynicism scores statistically significantly varied across police departments and predicted job dissatisfaction. The underlying four-factor structure of police cynicism was identified. The factors include: general organizational cynicism; cynicism toward police hierarchy/superiors; cynicism toward public/citizen cooperation; and cynicism toward modernization of policing in the crime control field. Research limitations/implications The generalizability of the sample is limited, giving that participants come from only five out of a total of 27 police departments in the country, while the female police officers and officers with education higher than high school were somewhat overrepresented. Originality/value This research provides some more evidence on the nature and determinants of police cynicism that might inspire future research in this important but under-researched area. It implies that the need to explore more deeply relations between police cynicism and stress, burnout and particularly contextual and departmental factors that might be influential to police cynicism. It might also incite future research on the internal structure of police cynicism.
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Stavrova, Olga, and Daniel Ehlebracht. "Education as an Antidote to Cynicism." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 1 (June 7, 2017): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617699255.
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Although cynical beliefs about human nature yield numerous adverse consequences for individuals’ life outcomes and well-being, very little is known about factors that counteract the development of cynical beliefs. Drawing from the literature on the “education effect” describing the importance of education in overcoming close-mindedness and negative views of others, we propose that education can represent an antidote to cynicism. The results of two large-scale longitudinal studies showed that education was associated with lower levels of cynicism over time spans of 4 and 9 years. Longitudinal mediation analyses underscored the role of individual differences in perceived constraints, a facet of personal control, as the psychological mechanism underlying the education effect: Higher education is associated with a reduced perception of constraints, which is in turn related to less endorsement of cynical beliefs.
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Hagan, John, Bill McCarthy, and Daniel Herda. "What the Study of Legal Cynicism and Crime Can Tell Us About Reliability, Validity, and Versatility in Law and Social Science Research." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 16, no. 1 (October 13, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-031620-093358.
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We call for a further appreciation of the versatility of concepts and methods that increase the breadth and diversity of work on law and social science. We make our point with a review of legal cynicism. Legal cynicism's value, like other important concepts, lies in its versatility as well as its capacity for replication. Several classic works introduced legal cynicism, but Sampson & Bartusch named it. Kirk & Papachristos used a cultural framework to broaden it and added essential measures of perceived unresponsiveness and incapacity of police to ensure neighborhood safety and security. A structural theory of legal cynicism explains minority residents’ skepticism of, and desperate reliance on, police in the absence of alternative sources of safety. Historical and ethnographic studies play especially important roles in broadening the versatility of legal cynicism for the study of crime and responses to it.
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Pià-Comella, Jordi. "Un tournant majeur de l'acculturation du cynisme à Rome : le De philosophia de Varron." Elenchos 41, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 269–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/elen-2020-0015.
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AbstractIn his De philosophia, Varro lists 288 philosophical schools on the highest good before presenting Antiochus’s doctrine as the only true one. One of the particularities of his moral doxography consists in including cynicism which has never been mentioned in the previous moral sources. This paper therefore aims to show that the De philosophia represents a major turning point for the Roman reflection on cynicism. First, Varro defines cynicism as a simple way of life (habitus) and not a doctrine (ratio) so that it could be adopted by all other philosophies. In fact, by ‘reducing’ cynicism to a way of life Varro makes it compatible with his conception of the highest good based on social duties. In that respect, his position on cynicism is opposite to Cicero’s who, in his De officiis, considers cynicism as a dangerous philosophy for Roman values. Finally, Varro uses cynicism as a conceptual tool for thinking, in philosophical terms, one of the most important issues that run through all his work: the relationship between happiness and Ancient Roman simplicity, especially in the context of Roman decadency. For instance, in Varro’s Menippean Satires, Cynics’s destitution partly reminds of the Ancient Romans’ austerity. Therefore, by mentioning cynicism in his moral doxography, Varro gives an original and Roman treatment of the Antiochian inquiry into the concept highest good.
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Lanier, Mark M., and John J. Sloan. "Cynicism, Fear, Communication, and Knowledge of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) among Juvenile Delinquents." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 2 (April 1996): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042002005.
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Understanding attitudes toward AIDS among institutionalized juveniles is a crucial issue for administrators of health education programs. This study examined cynicism, fear, communicatin skills, and the impact of AIDS education. The results indicated that education is significantly related to objective knowledge and to cynicism about AIDS, but is not related to other attitudes about AIDS. Membership in racial minority groups was correlated with lower objective knowledge scores and greater cynicism. Although females possessed slightly less knowledge about AIDS, they were less cynical and reported practicing more precautionary behavior than males. Implications of these findings for juvenile correctional policy are discussed.
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Chen, Zheng. "An exploratory study of police cynicism in China." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 39, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-09-2015-0103.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure police cynicism in China. Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data collected from 382 Chinese police officers training in a Chinese police university, this research empirically described police cynicism and examined the effects of some police subcultural themes (crime fighting role orientation, traditionalism, solidarity, and isolation) and some demographic and work-related variables (gender, education experience, type of police force, and tenure) on police cynicism. Findings – Results suggest that most participants are not cynical. However, they seem to have less confidence in the trust and respect that citizens have for the police. Slightly more officers stated that they do not think that citizens will trust police to cooperate. Crime-fighting role orientation and isolation had significant positive associations with police cynicism. Officers with five to ten years of service were more cynical than were new officers and more tenured officers. Originality/value – This study is one of the first empirical attempts in Chinese policing. It extends the understanding on police perceptions in China. The findings may provide useful implications for Chinese police administrators and instructors to promote the successful implementation of community policing in China.
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Flores Júnior, Olimar. "Luciano e o cinismo: o caso Alcidamas." Nuntius Antiquus 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2013): 139–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.9.2.139-180.
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One of the axes of the so called “Lucianic Question” is the relationship of the writer from Samosata with the philosophy, and especially with the Cynicism. Even though the idea of a “Cynic Lucian” or a “Philosopher Lucian” has been abandoned, modern criticism still seems to hesitate before the image of the Cynicism that we find in the pages of this author, which fluctuate in a more or less explicit way between the approval and praise in one hand, and the attack and sarcasm in the other. This article seeks to re-examine this issue in the light of an analysis of the figure of the Cynic Alcidamas, a character that appears in the Symposium or The Lapiths. The hypothesis to be defended here is that the seemingly pitiless construction of this Cynic, the most “buffoon” of the guests in the described banquet, actually reveals the sympathy and admiration that Lucian feels about the tradition of which Diogenes of Sinope was the chief representative.
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Korf, Benedikt. "Schwierigkeiten mit der kritischen Geographie." Geographica Helvetica 74, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-74-193-2019.
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Abstract. This paper takes Foucault's and Sloterdijk's reception of the Greek cynics as an intellectual resource to critically examine critical geography's moralizing high ground. I analyse how, in 1983, Foucault and Sloterdijk paint the cynical impulse as a political practice of provocative truth-telling against the moral high-grounds of the dogmatic left of the 1970s: For Foucault and Sloterdijk, the cynics are anti-dogmatic, anti-theoretical and anti-scholastic. I will argue, however, that the cynical impulse is itself in danger of speaking from the moral high ground of anti-critique, a disposition that needs the anti-dote of skepticism.
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Kim, Sunhyuk, Kiwon Jung, Grimm Noh, and Lee Kyeong Kang. "What makes employees cynical in public organizations? Antecedents of organizational cynicism." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 6 (May 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8011.
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Organizational cynicism is associated with undesirable outcomes such as reduced organizational performance. In this study we examined factors leading to organizational cynicism in a public organization undergoing market-oriented reforms. Participants were 275 employees at Korea Post, Korea. Our empirical results showed that organizational cynicism is decreased by coworker trust and transformational leadership and increased by job stress. Also, the positive role of job stress was stronger for employees who are silent than for those who express their opinions in the workplace. The findings suggest that organizations would benefit from actively managing factors that may affect the level of organizational cynicism among employees.
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Billings, Martha E., Michael E. Lazarus, Marjorie Wenrich, J. Randall Curtis, and Ruth A. Engelberg. "The Effect of the Hidden Curriculum on Resident Burnout and Cynicism." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-11-00044.1.
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Abstract Introduction Residents learn and participate in care within hospital cultures that may tolerate unprofessional conduct and cynical attitudes, labeled the “hidden curriculum.” We hypothesized that this hidden curriculum may have deleterious effects on residents' professional development and investigated whether witnessing unprofessional behavior during residency was associated with burnout and cynicism. Methods We surveyed internal medicine residents at 2 academic centers for 3 years (2008–2010). Hidden curriculum items assessed exposure to unprofessional conduct. We used regression analyses to examine if hidden curriculum scores were associated with cynicism and the Maslach Burnout Inventory depersonalization and emotional exhaustion domain scores. Results The response rate was 48% (337 of 708). In the 284 surveys analyzed, 45% of respondents met burnout criteria and had significantly higher hidden curriculum scores (26 versus 19, P < .001) than those not meeting criteria. In cross-sectional analyses, the hidden curriculum score was significantly associated with residents' depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism scores. Cynicism scores were also associated with burnout. Conclusions Exposure to unprofessional conduct was associated with higher burnout and cynicism scores among internal medicine residents. We also found that cynicism and burnout were significantly associated and may be measures of similar but not necessarily identical responses to the challenges posed by residency. Measuring the hidden curriculum and cynicism may provide direction for educators attempting to reform hospital culture and improve resident well-being.
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Soller, Brian, Aubrey L. Jackson, and Erin R. Coleman. "Violent Peers and Street Efficacy in Legally Cynical Neighborhoods." Social Currents 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329496516651640.
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Neighborhood scholars increasingly focus on legal cynicism—a frame through which the law and its enforcement agents are viewed as illegitimate and ineffective. We investigate how legal cynicism within the residential neighborhood and violent peers jointly inform youths’ perceived ability to safely navigate their neighborhoods—that is, their street efficacy. We propose that youth in neighborhoods with pervasive legal cynicism exhibit diminished street efficacy because they lack confidence that legal social control will benefit them. But youth in legally cynical neighborhoods who rely on an alternative social control—peer violence—may exhibit relatively more street efficacy despite lacking legal recourse. Results from multilevel analyses of data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) indicate that in neighborhoods with high levels of legal cynicism, youth who associate with more violent peers exhibit greater street efficacy. But in neighborhoods with low levels of legal cynicism—that is, where legal recourse is a viable social control option and violence likely entails unnecessary risks—youth with more violent peers exhibit less street efficacy. The results suggest that the consequences of peer violence are complex and depend on the extent of legal cynicism within youths’ neighborhoods. The theoretical, empirical, and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Alhassan, Ibrahim. "A Study of Organizational Cynicism Among Employee Groups in a Multi-Campus Public University in Ghana: Does the Level of Education Matter?" Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8533.
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This paper, which was part of a larger study, investigates the relationship between Organizational Cynicism (OC) and the level of education of three employee groups – Teaching Staff (TS), Non-Teaching Staff (NTS), and Senior Staff (SS) – of a multi-campus public University in Northern Ghana. Valid data were collected from 192 employees of the University for Development Studies (UDS) and analysed. A one-way ANOVA and Correlation Analyses were used to respectively determine the cynicism level of the three employee groups; and the relationship between the employees’ level of education and their cynical tendencies in the University. The study found a significant relationship between employees’ cynicism and their level of education; and that the two variables are inversely related. The findings also indicate that the SS group has the highest prevalence of cynicism in the University, followed by the TS, and then the NTS. Some theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
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Willings, David. "Charlie-Neutralising Negativism." Gifted Education International 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142949300900103.
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Willings has already proposed (Gifted Education International5(3) p146, 1988) that cynicism is an inhibitor of creativity. He also points out that children are getting the message ‘it is smart to be cynical.’ Cynicism is circular. We end up back with the problem and the feeling that we are helpless. Norman (Fodder for the Theorists The Listener 18 Nov 1976) points out that children are taught to agonise and that this is counter productive. Terry (age 12) Judy (age 9) and Jack (age 8) had been given the message ‘it's smart to be cynical’ by certain teachers. All of our exercises at the Willings Clinic are designed to respond to a specific problem.
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Gwak, YeonSun, Yeseul Jung, and YoungWoo Sohn. "Who suffers the most from abusive supervision?" Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v30i3.443-464.
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We examined the interactive effects of calling and competitive climate on the relationship between abusive supervision and turnover intention via organizational cynicism. We hypothesized that high levels of calling would strengthen, and high levels of competitive climate would mitigate, the negative indirect effects of abusive supervision on turnover intention via organizational cynicism. We conducted a survey using a sample of U.S. employees (N = 236) to test five hypotheses. As predicted, results demonstrate that under a high level of abusive supervision, individuals were more likely to become cynical about the organization, which in turn heightened turnover intention. Moderated mediation analyses found that calling exacerbated, but competitive climate attenuated, the mediating effect of organizational cynicism on the relationship between abusive supervision and turnover intention. Underlying mechanisms and implications, as well as avenues for future research, are discussed.
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Vaage, Leif E., R. Bracht Branham, and Marie-Odile Goulet-Caze. "The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy." Phoenix 51, no. 3/4 (1997): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1192562.
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BOSMAN, PHILIP R. "LUCIAN AMONG THE CYNICS: THE ZEUS REFUTED AND CYNIC TRADITION." Classical Quarterly 62, no. 2 (November 20, 2012): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838812000316.
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CAPPELLA, JOSEPH N., and KATHLEEN HALL JAMIESON. "News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546, no. 1 (July 1996): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716296546001007.
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Brown, Michelle, Maria L. Kraimer, and Virginia K. Bratton. "The influence of employee performance appraisal cynicism on intent to quit and sportsmanship." Personnel Review 49, no. 1 (September 23, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2017-0351.
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Purpose Using job demands–resources (JD–R) theory, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of job demands (difficult performance appraisal (PA) objectives) and job resources (performance feedback and leader member exchange (LMX)) on employee reports of PA cynicism. The paper also investigates the consequences of PA cynicism on intent to quit and bad sportsmanship. Design/methodology/approach Survey data on PA demands and resources, PA cynicism and turnover intentions were obtained from employees. Supervisors rated their employees’ level of sportsmanship. Findings Contrary to the predictions of JD–R theory, the authors found that employees are most likely to be cynical when they experience high levels of job resources (LMX and performance feedback) and high levels of job demands (difficult objectives). Research limitations/implications The study demonstrates that PA cynicism matters – employees with higher levels of PA cynicism were more likely to contemplate leaving the organization; employees with high levels of PA cynicism are rated as bad sports by their supervisors. Practical implications Employees are sensitive to gaps between the description and reality of a PA process which can trigger thoughts of organizational exit and ineffective work behaviors. human resource managers need to ensure that employees regard the PA process as valuable, useful and worth their time and effort. Originality/value The authors contribute to the PA literature by investigating the role of both job resources and demands. PA research has focused on the specification of job demands, underplaying the role of job resources in employee attitudes toward PA.
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Jantsch, Torsten. "Kynische Argumentation im Römerbrief: Römer 1–2 und Ps.-Diogenes,Epistula28 im Vergleich." New Testament Studies 64, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002868851700025x.
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Recent studies have discussed Paul's letters against the backdrop of ancient Greek philosophy, particularly of Stoicism, Platonism and Cynicism. This article will take up the latter suggestion, as it shows significant similarities between Paul's argument in Rom 1–2 and the Cynic tradition, which is a neglected aspect in scholarly discussion. A comparison of Rom 1.18–32; 2.14–29 and the Cynic epistle Ps.-Diogenes,Epistula28 will outline decisive assumptions and argumentative patterns that both letters have in common.
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St. Pierre, Joshua. "Talking heads and shitting in the street: Stuttering Parrhesia in three modes." Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jivs_00024_1.
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This paper seeks both to expand the range of what counts as political action for dysfluent voices and to find resources that can generate critical breaks within neo-liberal modes of power. With the Cynics, I suggest that some truths – like dysfluent lives are worth living – cannot be told by a talking head. I accordingly map three possible modes of truth-telling within the lexicon of parrhesia: therapeutic, Platonic and Cynic. Therapeutic truth-telling is an apolitical enunciation that indexes a model of authenticity and is limited to speaking truth about oneself and the world in a normalizing register. Platonic parrhesia is a form of equality-based political discourse that aims at inclusion. In this mode, the parrhesiastes, like the talking head, must fashion their body as a pure vessel of truth to be recognized as such. Cynic truth-telling, finally, is a radical embodiment of critique that seeks rupture rather than understanding. Taking up the motto of the Cynics – ‘deface the currency’ – perhaps dysfluent voices can find resources to ‘de-face’ speech and its mythic power that has become entwined with capital.
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Gutauskas, Mintautas. "CINIZMAS IR NIHILIZMAS." Religija ir kultūra 10 (January 1, 2012): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/relig.2012.0.2741.
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Straipsnyje cinizmas ir nihilizmas yra lyginami jų ontologinių nuostatų aspektu. Fiksuojama, kad cinizmas ir nihilizmas viešumoje dažnai yra sutapatinami dalykai. Pripažįstama, kad santykyje su morale ir vertybėmis jie yra panašūs, jiems abiem yra būdingas neigimas ir demaskavimas. Tačiau toliau įrodinėjama, kad ontologinių nuostatų aspektu jie skiriasi: cinizmo pagrindas yra ciniškasis realizmas, kuris steigiasi tiesos ir nuogos tiesos perspektyvoje, o nihilizmas yra toks mąstymas, kuris panaikina realizmo galimybę, iliuzijos ir tikrovės skirtumą. Taip pat abu yra lyginami refleksyvumo aspektu – nihilizmas parodomas kaip refleksyvus mąstymas, o cinizmas kaip „praktinis“ savęs nereflektuojantis požiūris. Galiausiai parodoma, kad tiek nihilizmo, tiek cinizmo „tiesa“ yra performatyvi, tik skirtingai steigiasi demaskavimo būdu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: cinizmas, nihilizmas, realizmas, Nietzsche. CYNICISM AND NIHILISMMintautas Gutauskas SummaryThis article compares cynicism and nihilism, based on their ontological premises. One can notice that they are frequently considered as identical in the public discourse; indeed, they seem similar due to their relationship with morality and values; they both exercise negation and unmasking. However, it can be proven that they differ in terms of their ontological premises: while cynicism is based on the cynical realism, which is constituted in the perspective of the naked truth, nihilism is a form of thinking, which annihilates the possibility of realism itself and extinguishes the distinction between reality and illusion. Both of them are also compared from the aspect of reflexivity: nihilism is shown as a reflective thinking, while cynicism turns out to be a “practical” thinking without self-reflection. Finally, it is shown that although the truth of both nihilism and cynicism is enrooted in performativity, it is constituted differently by the way of unmasking.Keywords: cynicism, nihilism, realism, Nietzsche.
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Bakari, Haroon, Ahmed Imran Hunjra, Stephen Jaros, and Imamuddin Khoso. "Moderating role of cynicism about organizational change between authentic leadership and commitment to change in Pakistani public sector hospitals." Leadership in Health Services 32, no. 3 (June 28, 2019): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lhs-01-2018-0006.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the moderating role of cynicism about change in the positive relationship between authentic leadership and employee commitment to change. Design/methodology/approach This study used an exploratory research design with deductive approach to invite responses of doctors, nurses and para medical staff of public sector district hospitals, set to be privatized, on structured close-ended questionnaires. Data gathered from four hospitals chosen because they were undergoing restructuring that facilitated the testing of our propositions were analyzed through structural equation modeling using AMOS. A total of 271 usable responses (response rate of 65 per cent) were analyzed. Interaction and simple slope tests were applied to test moderating effects. Findings Results indicate that authentic leadership is positively related to commitment to change. Cynicism about change moderated this positive relationship such that a high level of authentic leadership has a stronger impact on commitment to change when cynicism is low rather than when cynicism is high. Practical implications Results show that in Pakistani hospitals undergoing restructuring, leaders who use authentic leadership will have followers who are more committed to enacting the planned changes, but this effect is magnified if followers are not cynical about the change. Thus, regulators of public sector hospitals may benefit from this study by developing authenticity in hospital leaders to mitigate cynicism about and enhance their commitment to change. Originality/value This study is the first which has explored relationships among cynicism about change, authentic leadership and commitment to change in a privatization context of Pakistan. Findings should be tested in other cultural contexts to determine generalizability.
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PINTO, FRANCISCO. "FRANCISCO CAMPOS E O CINISMO CONSTITUCIONAL." Revista Jurídica da UFERSA 2, no. 4 (January 4, 2019): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/issn2526-9488.v2.n4.p39-66.2018.
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Młyniec, Eugeniusz. "Hipokryzja i cynizm polityków — normalność czy patologia?" Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 27 (February 20, 2020): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.27.6.
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Hypocrisy and cynicism of politicians — morals or pathology?The article refers to the phenomena of cynicism and hypocrisy existing in the political space, in particular paying attention to the perception of the phenomena by research and, first and foremost, by societies. Cynicism and, above all, hypocrisy are inextricably connected to politics. In the article, a special place is devoted to the conceptualization of normality related to the aforementioned cynicism and hypocrisy, which are also subjects of analysis. An issue was taken up of not only the pathological nature of the phenomena, but also positive sides were pointed out which allow for applying other than a negative evaluation of their mechanisms. These considerations are accompanied by examples related both to historic and modern times, being only an exemplification of the formulated theses, in particular, the thesis of a thin line between what we consider as a negative aspect and what we recognize as having positive aspects. Secondly, it looks at how the phenomena of cynicism and hypocrisy can be relativized depending on the so-called point of view. Thirdly, it is discussed how interesting psychological and social phenomena are attitudes and behaviours of individuals and large social groups, very often unaware of the importance of their activities. However, it needs to be admitted that sometimes we encounter individuals not only in politics who use these means deliberately. Most frequently, hypocrites and authors of cynical behaviours are exposed by their social environment.
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Rathnayake, Chamil. "From Street Protests to Facebook Campaigns." International Journal of E-Politics 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijep.2015010104.
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This study examines effects of political cynicism and efficacy on online political engagement of Sri Lankan undergraduates. A survey was conducted among 155 Sri Lankan undergraduates that support the views of the Inter-University Student Federation (IUSF), an evidently anti-government student movement that claims to be dedicated to protecting free education in the country. Initial analysis showed that respondents were highly cynical (mean: 4.49 on a 1 to 5 scale). The study hypothesized that both political cynicism and efficacy exert a positive impact on online political engagement of respondents. The study also tested the effects of two moderators (extent of Facebook use, and the year of study). Results showed that political cynicism exerts a positive impact (standardized coefficient:.274, p:.000) on online political engagement, and this effect is positively moderated by the extent of Facebook use (standardized coefficient:.261, p:.000). Results also showed that internal political efficacy is not a significant predictor of the dependent variable.
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Navia, Luis E. "Classical Cynicism." Philosophy East and West 48, no. 1 (January 1998): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1399938.
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Glidden, David. "The Cynics." Ancient Philosophy 18, no. 2 (1998): 440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil199818234.
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McCutcheon, Russell. "Beyond Cynicism." Bulletin for the Study of Religion 46, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/bsor.30940.
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This is an introduction to a set of papers in which current Swiss doctoral students describe their work--in an effort to suggest that the field is still engaged in important issues of method and theory and that claims that we ought to now be post-theoretical are rather misplaced.