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Wang, Jue. "Regulation and polymorphism of CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and CYP2E1 : functional and clinical aspects /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-650-6/.
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Wang, Haoyi. "ORGANIZATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE CYP2A-T GENE SUBFAMILY CLUSTER IN RODENTS, AND A COMPARISON TO THE SYNTENIC HUMAN CLUSTER." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1050615100.
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Hofmann, Marco Hans. "Microarray and molecular genetic analysis of aberrant splicing in human drug metabolizing cytochromes P450 CYP2D6 and CYP2B6." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-36010.
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Uwimana, Eric. "Probing the PCB metabolome: metabolism of chiral and non-chiral polychlorinated biphenyls to chiral hydroxylated metabolites in humans and rats." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6657.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to pose a health concern because of their predominance in the diet and air as well as in environmental samples and humans. PCB congeners with 3 or 4 chlorine substituents in ortho position have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) of these PCBs are also potentially toxic to the developing brain. Metabolism studies have mainly focused on animal models. However, preliminary data from this dissertation work have revealed PCB metabolism differences between laboratory animal models and humans in terms of metabolite profiles, chiral signatures. More concerning, biotransformation of chiral PCBs is poorly investigated in humans. The objective of this dissertation research was to study the biotransformation of chiral and prochiral PCBs to chiral hydroxylated metabolites in humans and rats and to identify individual human P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of these PCBs. I chose chiral PCB congeners 2,2',3,4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 91); 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95), 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) and 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) for this investigation because they are environmentally relevant and their metabolism has been studied in rodents and other laboratory animal species (Kania-Korwel et al., 2016a). Prochiral PCB congeners 2,2′,4,6′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 51) and 2,2′,4,5,6′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 102) were selected because their considerable presence in technical PCB mixtures.
To test the hypothesis that P450 enzyme and species differences mediate the congener-specific enantioselective metabolism of chiral PCBs to hydroxylated metabolites, I sought to establish structure-metabolism relationships by studying the enantioselective metabolism of structurally diverse chiral PCBs by human liver microsomes (HLMs). Racemic PCB 91, PCB 95 and PCB 132 were incubated in vitro with pooled or individual donor HLMs at 37 °C, and levels and chiral signatures of the parent PCB and its hydroxylated metabolites were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography equipped with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) or electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Hydroxylated metabolites formed were identified and metabolic schemes for these PCBs proposed. I found inter-individual differences in the formation of OH-PCBs by individual donor HLMs. Comparison of the metabolite profiles of PCB 91, PCB 95, PCB 132 and PCB 136 (PCB 136 metabolism by HLMs was investigated by other researchers) revealed congener-specific differences in the oxidation of PCBs by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. PCB 91 and PCB 132 were mainly hydroxylated in meta position, with the 1,2-shift metabolites being the major metabolites formed from both PCB congeners by HLMs. In contrast, PCB 95 and PCB 136 were primarily hydroxylated in the para position. Moreover, we determined human P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of neurotoxic PCBs using in silico and in vitro approaches. In silico predictions suggested that chiral PCBs are metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. Experimentally we found that CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and to a minor extent CYP2E1 were the enzymes involved in the metabolism of these chiral PCBS.
We also investigated nonchiral sources of chiral OH-PCBs by studying the P450- and species-dependent biotransformation of prochiral PCB 51 and PCB 102 to chiral OH-PCB metabolites. Prochiral PCB 51 and PCB 102 were incubated with liver microsomes prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with various inducers of P450 enzymes including phenobarbital (PB), dexamethasone (DEX), isoniazid (INH), β-naphthoflavone (BNF), clofibric acid (CFA) or corn oil (CO); and untreated male cynomolgus monkeys, Hartley albino guinea pigs, New Zealand rabbits, golden Syrian hamsters; and untreated female Beagle dogs. PCB 51 and PCB 102 were metabolized to 2,2',4,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (OH-PCB 51) and 2,2',4,5,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (OH-PCB 102), respectively. The formation of both metabolites was P450 isoforms- and species-dependent. Moreover, OH-PCB 51 and OH-PCB 102 were chiral and were formed enantioselectively in all microsomes investigated.
Taken together, my findings demonstrate (1) considerable inter-individual variability in the congener-specific metabolism of PCBs to OH-PCBs; (2) the enantioselective formation of OH-PCBs by human CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2E1; and (3) that chiral PCB metabolites are formed enantioselectively from prochiral PCB congeners. Interestingly, the metabolism of PCBs by CYP2A6 appears to involve arene oxide intermediates, as suggested by the formation of 1,2-shift products as major metabolites of PCB 91 and PCB 132. In contrast, 1,2-shift products are minor PCB metabolites formed in rodents. Therefore extrapolation of hepatic metabolism across species may not be consistent and these differences should be considered in future toxicity and risk assessment studies.
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Blievernicht, Julia. "Massenspektrometrische Diagnostik von CYP2B6 Polymorphismen phänotypische Ausprägung in Lebergewebe und klinische Bedeutung /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-36079.
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Almeida, Adriana Ávila de. "Expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 em fumantes com câncer bucal. /." São José dos Campos, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153357.
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Orientador: Janete Dias AlmeidaCoorientador: Celina Faig Lima Carta
Banca: Emília Ângela Lo Schiavo Arisawa
Banca: Ana Lia Anbinder
Banca: Alberto José de Araújo
Banca: José Benedito Oliveira Amorim
Resumo: Os carcinógenos do tabaco estão relacionados a diversos tipos de câncer incluindo o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal. Aliado ao álcool, o tabaco contribui para o desfecho desfavorável destes casos. A susceptibilidade individual ao câncer pode estar relacionada a expressão das enzimas que metabolizam tais carcinógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 no CCE bucal por meio de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 32 indivíduos com CCE e de 15 controles submetidos a cirurgias bucais por lesões benignas. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: Grupo CCE fumante (n=26), Grupo CCE não fumante (n=6), Grupo controle fumante (n=9) e Grupo controle não fumante (n=6). O Teste de Fagerström para Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) foi usado para avaliar a dependência nicotínica (DN) e AUDIT para avaliação do consumo de etílicos. Houve diminuição da expressão do gene CYP1B1 nos casos de CCE comparados aos controles. Foram encontradas diferenças estaticamente significativas de expressão gênica de CYP1B1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0018), Grupo CCE não fumante e controle não fumante (p=0,0079) e CCE fumante com CCE não fumante (p=0,0385) e entre os quatro grupos (p<0,0001). Houve diminuição da expressão do CYP2A6 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo controle, mas apenas um paciente do Grupo controle expressou este gene. Houve aumento da expressão de CYP2E1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0424... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Tobacco carcinogens are related to various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Allied to alcohol, tobacco contributes to the unfavorable outcome of the cases. Individual cancer susceptibility may be related to an expression of the enzymes that metabolize such carcinogens. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression of the genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 on OSCC by qPCR. Samples were collected from 32 individuals with OSCC and 15 controls submitted to oral surgeries due to benign lesions. There were four groups: Smoker SCC group (n = 26), nonsmoker SCC group (n = 6), Smoker control group (n = 9) and nonsmoker control group (n = 6). The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) was used to evaluate nicotinic dependence (ND) and AUDIT for the evaluation of alcohol consumption. There was a decrease in CYP1B1 gene expression in cases of SCC compared to controls. (P = 0.0018); smoker CCE and non-smoker control (p = 0.0079); smoker SCC with nonsmoker SCC (p = 0.0385) and between the four groups (p <0.0001). There was a decreased expression in CYP2A6 in the smoker SCC Group compared to the control group, but only one control group patient expressed this gene. There was an increased expression of CYP2E1 between the smoking and nonsmoking SCC groups (p = 0.0424). In conclusion, large interindividual variability was found in the study of the expression of the genes studied. There was greater expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in samples from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Almeida, Adriana Ávila de [UNESP]. "Expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 em fumantes com câncer bucal." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153357.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os carcinógenos do tabaco estão relacionados a diversos tipos de câncer incluindo o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal. Aliado ao álcool, o tabaco contribui para o desfecho desfavorável destes casos. A susceptibilidade individual ao câncer pode estar relacionada a expressão das enzimas que metabolizam tais carcinógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a expressão dos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 e CYP2E1 no CCE bucal por meio de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 32 indivíduos com CCE e de 15 controles submetidos a cirurgias bucais por lesões benignas. Foram constituídos quatro grupos: Grupo CCE fumante (n=26), Grupo CCE não fumante (n=6), Grupo controle fumante (n=9) e Grupo controle não fumante (n=6). O Teste de Fagerström para Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) foi usado para avaliar a dependência nicotínica (DN) e AUDIT para avaliação do consumo de etílicos. Houve diminuição da expressão do gene CYP1B1 nos casos de CCE comparados aos controles. Foram encontradas diferenças estaticamente significativas de expressão gênica de CYP1B1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0018), Grupo CCE não fumante e controle não fumante (p=0,0079) e CCE fumante com CCE não fumante (p=0,0385) e entre os quatro grupos (p<0,0001). Houve diminuição da expressão do CYP2A6 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo controle, mas apenas um paciente do Grupo controle expressou este gene. Houve aumento da expressão de CYP2E1 entre os Grupos CCE fumante e controle fumante (p=0,0424). Concluindo, foi encontrada grande variabilidade interindividual no estudo da expressão dos genes estudados. Houve maior expressão de CYP1A1 e CYP2E1 em amostras de indivíduos fumantes com CCE. Os genes CYP1B1 e CYP2A6 estavam menos expressos no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo controle. Para os genes CYP1B1 e CYP2E1 foram encontrados valores significativos na correlação entre a expressão gênica e parâmetros demográficos e de perfil tabágico no Grupo controle fumante, e do AUDIT no Grupo CCE não fumante. O gene CYP2E1, além de estar relacionado ao metabolismo do álcool, também deve ser considerado importante marcador do metabolismo dos carcinógenos derivados do tabaco.
Tobacco carcinogens are related to various types of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Allied to alcohol, tobacco contributes to the unfavorable outcome of the cases. Individual cancer susceptibility may be related to an expression of the enzymes that metabolize such carcinogens. The aim of this work is to evaluate the expression of the genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 on OSCC by qPCR. Samples were collected from 32 individuals with OSCC and 15 controls submitted to oral surgeries due to benign lesions. There were four groups: Smoker SCC group (n = 26), nonsmoker SCC group (n = 6), Smoker control group (n = 9) and nonsmoker control group (n = 6). The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) was used to evaluate nicotinic dependence (ND) and AUDIT for the evaluation of alcohol consumption. There was a decrease in CYP1B1 gene expression in cases of SCC compared to controls. (P = 0.0018); smoker CCE and non-smoker control (p = 0.0079); smoker SCC with nonsmoker SCC (p = 0.0385) and between the four groups (p <0.0001). There was a decreased expression in CYP2A6 in the smoker SCC Group compared to the control group, but only one control group patient expressed this gene. There was an increased expression of CYP2E1 between the smoking and nonsmoking SCC groups (p = 0.0424). In conclusion, large interindividual variability was found in the study of the expression of the genes studied. There was greater expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1 in samples from smokers with SCC. The CYP1B1 and CYP2A6 genes were less expressed in the smoker SCC Group. Significant values were found for the CYP1B1 and CYP2E1 genes in the correlation between a gene expression and a parameter and a non-smoker control group, non-smoker control group and AUDIT. The CYP2E1 gene, besides being related to alcohol metabolism, should also be considered an important marker of the metabolism of the carcinogens derived from tobacco.
2016/08633-0
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Richter, Tanja. "Untersuchungen zur inter- und intraindividuellen Variabilität der enzymatischen Funktion von Cytochrom P450 CYP2B6." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.gbv.de/du/services/toc/bs/490264026.
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McCully, S. "Characterisation of the principal human pulmonary drug-oxidising enzymes, CYP3A5, CYP2B6 & FMO." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.593066.
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The human lung has been shown to possess a wide range of enzyme systems and the potential to metabolise xenobiotics. Despite this, there is a paucity of well-designed investigations on the expression of pulmonary xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. This thesis aimed to characterise the principal pulmonary drug-oxidising enzymes (CYP3A5, CPY2B6 & FMO) and to assess the role of this organ in the metabolism of therapeutic agents. CYP3A5 and CYP2B6 mRNAs were detected in 75% and 100% of lungs, respectively, and CYP3A5 and CYP2B6 protein was detected in 33% of lung samples, with 11% samples coexpressing these enzymes. Testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4/5) and 16β-hydroxylation (CYP2B6/7) were approximately 1500- and 700-fold lower in lung than liver, respectively. FMO activity was 29-fold lower in lung microsomes compared with liver. The ability of human lung microsomes to metabolise KC11458, terfenadine, cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide was investigated. KC11458 was metabolised to KC13195 in human lung samples by CYP2B6, whereas KC11458 was primarily metabolised to metabolite 1 by CYO3A4/5 and FMO in human liver. No terfenadine metabolites were detected in human lung incubations, whereas terfenadine alcohol formation was detected in all 8 livers. Human liver samples activated both ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, whereas only ifosfamide activation was detected in human lung microsomes. This is of interest as lung cancer is the biggest cause of cancer mortality worldwide and ifosfamide is important in cancer therapy. CYP3A expression has been demonstrated in lung tumours, suggesting ifosfamide could be activated in situ. This study has illustrated the functional expression of specific drug-oxidising enzymes within the lung and has demonstrated that his organ can biotransform and bioactivate therapeutic agents with a metabolite profile significantly different from that of the liver. This may have clinical significance and may be important in determining the activation of compounds having local toxic or therapeutic actions within the lung (e.g. ifosfamide).
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Hua, Sally. "GENETIC VARIATIONS OF CYP2B6 ENZYME AND THE RESPONSE TO MEPERIDINE IN ORAL SEDATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1709.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of CYP2B6 genotype to the clinical response to meperidine in pediatric dental patients. Methods: Twenty-five patients, ASA I/ II, 45–92 months old, received an oral sedative regimen containing meperidine for dental treatment. The North Carolina Behavior Rating Scale (NCBRS) and Overall Effectiveness of Sedation Scale (OESS) were used to assess their behavior and sedation outcome. Saliva DNA samples were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Results: We found the following genotype distributions: homozygous wild-type 1*1 (n = 8, 32%), heterozygous 1*6 (n = 13, 52%), and homozygous variant 6*6 (n = 4, 16%). The genotypes were predictive of a significant decrease in the overall effectiveness of sedation. Conclusion: Variation in CYP2B6 appears to be predictive of less successful sedations; wild-type individuals experienced more successful sedations than the homozygous variant 6*6. Future research regarding the enzyme kinetics of meperidine is needed to determine the exact enzymatic function of CYP2B6 and its variants.
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Whitfield, Heath. "GENETIC VARIATIONS OF CYP2B6 ENZYME AND THE RESPONSE TO MEPERIDINE IN ORAL SEDATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2045.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the CYP2B6 genotype to the clinical response to meperidine in pediatric dental patients. Methods: Forty-nine patients, ASA I/ II, 41–101 months old, received an oral sedative regimen containing meperidine for dental treatment. The North Carolina Behavior Rating Scale (NCBRS) and Overall Effectiveness of Sedation Scale (OESS) were used to assess their behavior and sedation outcome. Saliva DNA samples were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Results: We found the following genotype distributions: homozygous wild-type 1*1 (n = 19, 39%), heterozygous 1*6 (n = 25, 51%), and homozygous variant 6*6 (n = 5, 10%). The genotypes showed a significant difference in the North Carolina Behavior Rating Scores and a trend towards significance of the Overall Effectiveness of Sedation Scale during meperidine oral sedations. Conclusion: This research concludes that variations of the CYP2B6 enzyme can be used in the prediction of successful behaviors for oral sedations that include meperidine in the drug regimen. Future research regarding the enzyme kinetics of meperidine is needed to determine the exact enzymatic function of CYP2B6 and its variants.
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Zukunft, Jörg. "Functional characterization of promoter polymorphisms in the human Cytochrome P450 2B6 gene (CYP2B6)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11947836.
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Franken, Cora Christina [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mügge, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Deneke. "Vollblutaggregometrische Untersuchungen zur Thrombozytenfunktionshemmung von Prasugrel verglichen mit Clopidogrel und Korrelation von Prasugrel Low-Respondern mit CYP2B6 und CYP2C9 Polymorphismen / Cora Christina Franken. Gutachter: Andreas Mügge ; Thomas Deneke." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079843183/34.
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Al-Shakargi, Bilall. "Variationer i allelfrekvens hos cytokrom-generna;CYP3A4*1B, CYP3A5*3 och CYP2B6*6 mellan Uganda och Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388608.
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1. Abstrakt:Bakgrund: Malaria är en av världens viktigaste infektionssjukdomar och det beräknas vara ca300 miljoner drabbade varje år, därför är metabolismen av läkemedel som används för attbehandla malaria såsom kinin och artemisinin värt att lägga fokus på. Cytokrom P450enzymerna har en viktig roll i metabolism av malarialäkemedel och dessa uppvisar variationinterindividuellt samt mellan olika populationer på grund av polymorfism.Syfte: Denna studie har fokuserat på att undersöka tre polymorfa gener (CYP3A4*1B,CYP3A5*3 och CYP2B6*6) hos både friska och malariasmittade barn i Uganda för attjämföra resultaten med en population i Mwanza, Tanzania. Dessa polymorfa alleler påverkarmetabolismen av artemisinin och kinin, vilket i sin tur kan förorsaka minskad/ökad ellermisslyckad klinisk effekt.Metod: Genotypning av individernas blodprov gällande dessa genvarianter undersöktesgenom laboratoriestudier med PCR som huvudsaklig metod. DNA sekvensering utfördes vidUppsala Genome Center.Resultat: Resultaten visade att allelfrekvensen i Mwanza för CYP3A4*1B var 78%respektive 16% för CYP3A5*3, medan de var 72 % respektive 50% hos populationen iUganda. Allelfrekvensen för CYP2B6*6 i Uganda var 72 % och 36 % i Mwanza, Tanzania.Sammanfattning: De flesta malariamediciner uppvisar skillnader i kinetik och dynamikvilket kräver terapeutisk läkemedelsmonitorering. Sammanfattningsvis finns det skillnaderoch variationer bland de studerade polymorfa CYP enzymer interindividuellt och mellanolikaetniska grupper.Resultatet av denna studie visade både små skillnader mellan de två studerade populationernamen även skillnader mellan individer i den studerade gruppen i Uganda.
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Chou, Monidarin. "Variabilité pharmacocinétique de la névirapine et de l’éfavirenz et rôle du polymorphisme des enzymes et transporteurs dans une population de patients cambodgiens infectés par le VIH et traités par une association d’antirétroviraux comprenant névirapine ou éfavirenz." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA114851/document.
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La variabilité de la pharmacocinétique de la névirapine et de l’éfavirenz, deux médicamentsantirétroviraux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse du VIH, a été étudiéechez des patients cambodgiens infectés par le VIH par une méthode de pharmacocinétique depopulation. Cent soixante dix patients traités par névirapine faisaient partie de la cohorteESTHER de l’hôpital Calmette de Phnom-Penh et 312 patients co-infectés par le VIH et latuberculose et traités par éfavirenz étaient inclus dans l’essai clinique CAMELIA (ANRS1295–CIPRA KH001) conduit au Cambodge. Les dosages plasmatiques de névirapine et d’éfavirenz ontété réalisés par des méthodes CLHP avec détection UV. Après 18 et 36 mois de traitement, lesconcentrations plasmatiques médianes de la névirapine sont de 5,7 μg/mL. Après 22 et 50semaines de traitement, les concentrations médianes d’éfavirenz sont de 2,7 μg/mL, quel’éfavirenz soit associé (22 semaines) ou non (50 semaines) à la rifampicine. Les clairancesapparentes estimées de la névirapine et de l’éfavirenz sont respectivement de 2,6 L/h et de 7,7L/h. Les variabilités intra et inter individuelles des clairances apparentes sont respectivement de17% et 28% pour la névirapine et 15% et 37% pour l’éfavirenz. Parmi les covariablesdémographiques, biologiques ou génétiques étudiées, seul le polymorphisme génétique duCYP2B6 G516T est significativement associé à la clairance apparente de ces deux médicaments.Ainsi la clairance apparente estimée de la névirapine est de 2,95 L/h, 2,62 L/h et 1,86 L/hrespectivement pour les génotypes CYP2B6 516GG, 516GT, et 516TT. La fréquence de l’allèlemutée T qui code pour une enzyme non fonctionnelle est de 34% dans cette population de 442patients d’Asie du Sud-EstHIV-infected patients by population method. 170 patients on nevirapine-based antiretroviraltherapy were from the ESTHER cohort of the Calmette hospital in Phnom-Penh. 312 patients onefavirenz-based therapy were included in the CAMELIA (ANRS1295–CIPRAKH001) clinical trialconducted in Cambodia. Plasma concentrations of nevirapine and efavirenz were measured byHPLC and UV detection. Median plasma concentrations of nevirapine and efavirenz were 5.7μg/mL and 2.7 μg/mL respectively. Apparent plasma clearances of nevirapine and efavirenz were2.6 L/h and 7.7 L/h respectively. Among demographic, clinical, biological or genetic covariates,genetic polymorphism of CYP2B6 G516T was the only one which was shown to affect theclearance of the 2 drugs. Frequency of the T allele was 34% in this population of South-East Asia
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Fors, John. "Effectiveness of reduced-dose efavirenz in hiv therapy considering patient adherence." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12739.
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Antiretroviral drugs have revolutionized HIV care and enabled better management of the infection thus allowing patients survive for many years. One proposed approach to increase access to such drugs in sub-Saharan Africa is to use of a reduced-dose alternative of the drug efavirenz, with 400 mg rather than regular 600 mg dose. This effectively would provide medication for 50 percent more persons with the same amount of active ingredient. However, antiretroviral drugs require high patient adherence to achieve intended therapeutic effect, and it is unclear if a reduced-dose therapy would have sufficient efficacy, and if it would lead to an increased risk of viral resistance. The time profile of drug plasma concentration and corresponding long-term viral load was estimated using integrated population PK/PD simulations, with model parameters based on selected research studies. The results suggest a reduced dose 400 mg, rather than 600 mg regular dose, efavirenz in HIV therapy would place strict demands on patients to maintain very high adherence levels, at least 80-90 percent, to maintain sufficient drug concentration in blood plasma, and to minimize risk of viral failure. However, it is relatively rare for HIV therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa to consistently achieve such high adherence levels. In addition, if patients are co-administered rifampin, a drug widely used in TB care, this increases hepatic metabolism and plasma clearance rate, resulting in further reduced average drug plasma concentration. These findings suggest a reduced dose efavirenz treatment alternative may be most (only) relevant for patient categories expected to maintain high adherence; and in particular among persons who have been confirmed to have CYP2B6 genotype consistent with inherently lower drug metabolism. At usual adherence levels it is estimated a reduced dose alternative may increase the share of patients at risk of viral failure by 5 to 15 percent vs. regular dose of 600 mg.
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Palodetto, Bruna 1987. "Influência dos polimorfismos CYP2B6 G15631T, GSTM1, GSTT1, NQO1 C609T e MDR-1 C3435T na resposta ao tratamento de leucemia aguda e síndrome mielodisplásica." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311964.
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Orientador: Sara Teresinha Olalla SaadDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: As síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças hematopoiéticas caracterizadas pela hematopoiese ineficaz resultando em citopenia no sangue periférico; cerca de 30% das SMDs evolui para leucemia mielóide aguda secundária. Leucemias agudas (LA) são doenças malignas do sangue caracterizadas por acúmulo de blastos podendo ser classificadas em mielóide agudas (LMA), quando há envolvimento de mieloblastos, ou linfóides agudas (LLA), quando há envolvimento de linfoblastos. A sobrevida média dos pacientes com leucemia aguda ainda é muito baixa e muitos deles são resistentes ao tratamento ou apresentam recaída. O melhor entendimento sobre os mecanismos de progressão da mielodisplasia e da resposta ao tratamento em leucemias agudas poderia melhorar a taxa de resposta ao tratamento e aumentar a sobrevida dos pacientes. O metabolismo e o efluxo de drogas são mecanismos de defesa responsáveis pela proteção contra agentes tóxicos e estão envolvidos na biotransformação de diversos xenobióticos. O metabolismo de drogas pode ser divido em duas fases (Fase I: Oxidação; Fase II: Conjugação), sendo ambas mediadas por enzimas metabolizadoras de drogas. O efluxo de drogas é outro mecanismo de proteção contra tóxicos, similar ao metabolismo de drogas, porém mediado por proteínas de membrana. Essas proteínas são polimórficas e esses polimorfismos alteram a atividade enzimática, podendo modificar a resposta ao tratamento e a sua resistência. O gene CYP2B6 codifica uma enzima da fase I do metabolismo responsável pela ativação dos fármacos. Esse gene possui o polimorfismo G15631T onde há troca do aminoácido (Gln172His) resultando em perda da atividade enzimática. Os genes GSTM1, GSTT1 e NQO1 codificam enzimas da fase II do metabolismo, responsáveis pela conjugação com outras substâncias para facilitar a excreção. Os genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 possuem um polimorfismo que causa deleção homozigota do gene; e o gene NQO1 possui o polimorfismo C609T que resulta em troca do aminoácido codificado (Pro187Ser). Esses polimorfismos levam a perda da atividade enzimática. O gene MDR-1 codifica a P-glicoproteína que é uma proteína de membrana responsável pelo efluxo de drogas. Esse gene possui o polimorfismo C3435T que apesar de ser silencioso (Ile1142Ile) diminui a expressão de P-glicoproteína. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a influência dos polimorfismos CYP2B6 G15631T, GSTT1, GSTM1, NQO1 C609T e MDR-1 C3435T no risco de leucemias agudas e SMD, na progressão de SMD e resposta ao tratamento de leucemia aguda. Foram analisados 90 pacientes com leucemia aguda (66 LMA e 24 LLA), 68 pacientes com SMD e 100 controles normais utilizando os métodos de PCR-RFLP e Multiplex. Não houve diferença estatística na freqüência dos polimorfismos entre pacientes e grupo controle. Em SMD encontramos maior frequência de deleções de GST em pacientes que progrediram comparados aos pacientes que não progrediram: 50% e 21% (P=0,019). Também encontramos menor frequência do alelo polimórfico T do polimorfismo MDR-1 C3435T em pacientes que progrediram comparada a dos pacientes que não progrediram: 50% e 81% (P=0,012). Na resposta ao tratamento de leucemias agudas, encontramos uma tendência à maior frequência do polimorfismo NQO1 C609T em pacientes com falha de indução quando comparados a pacientes com remissão em leucemias agudas, em geral, (P=0,093) e pacientes somente com LMA (P=0,125); e quando comparamos falha de indução com o grupo controle em leucemias agudas, em geral, (P=0,101) e somente em LMA (P=0,08). Observamos a mesma tendência quando comparamos a frequência do polimorfismo NQO1 C609T em pacientes com óbito precoce versus a população normal (P=0,058). Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que os polimorfismos não estão relacionados ao risco de leucemia aguda e SMD, embora a amostra aqui analisada possa ter sido insuficiente; as deleções GST e o polimorfismo MDR-1 C3435T estão envolvidos na progressão de SMD e o polimorfismo NQO1 C609T tem uma tendência a estar relacionado à falha de indução e ao óbito precoce em pacientes com leucemias agudas, em geral, e somente LMA
Abstract: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis resulting in peripheral blood cytopenia, about 30% of MDS patients progresses to acute myeloid leukemia. Acute leukemia (AL) are malignant blood diseases characterized by accumulation of blasts and they can be classified into acute myeloid (AML), when there is myeloblasts involvement or acute lymphoid (ALL), when there is lymphoblasts involvement. The median survival of acute leukemia patients is very low and many of them are resistant to treatment or relapsed. The better understanding of the myelodysplasia progression mechanisms and the acute leukemia response to treatment could improve the treatment response rate and patients survival. The metabolism and drug efflux are defense mechanisms responsible for protection against toxic agents and are involved in the biotransformation of various xenobiotics. The drug metabolism can be divided into two phases (Phase I: Oxidation; Phase II: Conjugation), both being mediated by drug metabolizing enzymes. The drug efflux is a similar mechanism of protection but is mediated by membrane proteins. These enzymes are polymorphic and these polymorphisms alter the enzyme activity and may modify treatment response and resistance. The CYP2B6 gene encodes a phase I enzyme responsible for drug activation. This gene has the G15631T polymorphism where there is exchange of the amino acid (Gln172His) resulting in loss of enzyme activity. The GSTM1, GSTT1 and NQO1 genes encoding phase II metabolizing enzymes that are responsible for combining with other substances to facilitate drug excretion. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes have a polymorphism that causes homozygous deletion of the gene; and the NQO1 gene has the C609T polymorphism that results in amino acid changes (Pro187Ser). These polymorphisms lead to loss of enzyme activity. The MDR-1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which is a membrane protein responsible for drug efflux. This gene has the C3435T polymorphism that despite being silent (Ile1142Ile) leads to lower P-gp expression. The aim of this study was to identify the influence of CYP2B6 G15631T, GSTT1, GSTM1, NQO1 C609T and MDR-1 C3435T polymorphisms in acute leukemia and MDS risk, MDS progression and acute leukemia response to treatment. We analyzed 90 patients with acute leukemia (66 AML and 24 ALL), 68 MDS patients and 100 normal controls using the PCRRFLP and Multiplex methods. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of polymorphisms between patients and control group. In MDS we found higher frequency of GST deletions in patients who progressed compared to patients who did not progress: 50% and 21% (P = 0.019). We also found less frequently polymorphic allele T of MDR-1 C3435T polymorphism in patients who progressed compared to patients who did not progress: 50% and 81% (P = 0.012). In acute leukemia response to the treatment, we found a trend toward a higher frequency of NQO1 C609T polymorphism in patients with induction failure compared to patients in remission, with acute leukemia in general, (P = 0.093) and AML patients only (P = 0.125); and induction failure when compared with the control group in acute leukemia in general (P = 0.101) and only in AML patients (P = 0.08). We observed the same trend when comparing the frequency of NQO1 C609T polymorphism in patients with early death versus normal population (P = 0.058). In conclusion, these results suggest that theses polymorphisms are not related to acute leukemia and MDS risk, although the sample analyzed here may have been insufficient; GST deletions and MDR-1 C3435T polymorphism are involved in MDS progression and NQO1 C609T polymorphism has a tendency to be related to induction failure and early death in patients with acute leukemia, in general, and AML only
Mestrado
Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento
Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica
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Nowak, Maciej P. "Comparison of polymorphic CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2A6 in Canadian Native Indian, Caucasian and Chinese populations." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29327.pdf.
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Arslan, Sevki. "Effects Of Benzene On Liver, Kidney And Lung Cyp1a, Cyp2b4, Cyp2e1 And Cyp3a6 Mrna, Protein Level, And Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Activities And Toxicity In Diabetic Rabbits." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609446/index.pdf.
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The effects of diabetes on cytochrome P450 dependent drug metabolizing enzymes have not to be clarified yet. The most widely used animals in these studies have been rats, and information regarding the effects of diabetes on cytochrome P450 dependent procarcinogen/carcinogen metabolism in rabbits is limited. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of benzene on liver, kidney and lung microsomal cytochrome P450 dependent drug metabolizing enzyme activities, protein and mRNA levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rabbits.
Male New Zealand rabbits were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan treatment in this study. AST, ALT and LDH enzyme activities in the blood serum and lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes were found to increase in diabetic, benzene treated and benzene treated diabetic rabbits. Besides these, CYP2E1 dependent NDMA N-demethylase and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities and CYP2E1 protein level were found to increase in liver and kidney of diabetic and benzene-treated rabbits. The combined effects of benzene and diabetes on these activities and protein level were found to be additive. Although diabetes caused induction of pulmonary CYP2E1 protein level and associated enzyme activities, benzene treatment of rabbits resulted in no change in enzyme activities and protein level in lung. The level of mRNA was investigated by Real-Time PCR. Accordingly, hepatic CYP2E1 mRNA level was increased 6.71-, 10.53- and 12.93-fold in diabetic, benzene treated and benzene treated diabetic rabbits with respect to the control animals. Similarly, renal CYP2E1 mRNA level was found in increase in these rabbits. In addition to CYP2E1, CYP3A6 associated enzyme activity, erythromycin N-demethylase, CYP3A6 protein and mRNA level were found to increase in diabetic rabbit liver and lung. Unlike diabetes, benzene treatment caused suppression of CYP3A6 protein and inhibition of associated enzyme activity in liver. There was no significant change in the erythromycin N-demethylase activity and CYP3A6 level of liver and lung as a result of benzene treatment of diabetic rabbits. Moreover, diabetes induced CYP1A2 protein and mRNA level and CYP1A associated enzyme activities in the rabbit liver. On the other hand, benzene caused statistically insignificant decreases in CYP1A dependent enzyme activities and CYP1A2 protein level in liver. CYP1A associated enzyme activities, CYP1A2 protein and mRNA levels were not changed in the liver of benzene treated diabetics.
The results of the present work indicate that both diabetes and benzene stimulate metabolic activation toxic chemicals metabolized by CYP2E1 such as NDMA and benzene by inducing CYP2E1 which results in the formation of increased amounts of reactive metabolites. Application of benzene to diabetic rabbits further elevates expression and activities of the CYP2E1. As a result of additive induction of the CYP2E1 in benzene treated diabetics, further increase the risk of hepatotoxicity produced by toxins may be observed when compared to the separate treatments. This may in turn further potentiate the risk of organ toxicity and mutagenesis in liver and kidney of these subjects. As in the case of CYP2E1, the risk of carcinogenesis due to induction of CYP1A may be increased in diabetic subjects. Moreover, in diabetic and benzene exposed subjects, alteration of drug clearance and clinical drug toxicity may be observed due to induction or suppression of CYP3A.
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Sommer, Karen Marie. "Identification and characterization of elements regulating the expression of the phenobarbital-inducible CYP2B1 and CYP2B2 genes /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8477.
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Bunten, Hannah. "Exploring the role of mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) and CYP2B6 gene variations for methadone pharmacogenomics : can these variations be used to advance toxicological interpretation post-mortem?" Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2010. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/17754/.
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Methadone is increasingly involved in drug overdose cases and the molecular actions of the drug in vivo are largely unknown requiring elucidation. This study set out to examine the relationship between methadone toxicity and CYP2B6 and mu (μ) opioid receptor (OPRM1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using SNP genotyping, the association between OPRM1 A118G and CYP2B6 T750C, G516T, and A785G variations and post-mortem methadone concentrations were investigated. The allele frequencies of OPRM1 and CYP2B6 variants were then studied in a control population of live non-methadone using subjects, to determine the prevalence and distribution of specific variations in post-mortem and living subjects. Further in vitro study was conducted to assist in interpreting the association between OPRM1 and CYP2B6 variations and individual susceptibility to methadone. Cloning strategies were designed for the studies of promoter activities affected by the T750C promoter SNP on CYP2B6 expression, and the role of the OPRM1 A118G variation for receptor internalisation following methadone treatment was investigated. A significant association was identified between high post-mortem methadone concentrations and G561T and A785G (CYP2B6*6) variations reflecting poor methadone metabolism. Furthermore, the OPRM1 A118G SNP significantly correlated with higher post-mortem methadone concentrations and the in vitro analysis of A118G indicated that this could be due to a reduction in receptor internalisation in 118 AG subjects. The findings from the research contribute to pre-determining, in part, individual susceptibility to methadone accumulation and toxicity. Specific screening to identify CYP2B6*6 and OPRM1 A118G carriers prior to addiction treatment could therefore be valuable as part of a cost-effective risk management strategy. Furthermore, CYP2B6*6 and A118G could be used to interpret toxicology results identifying subjects with poor metabolism.
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Boronat, Rigol Anna 1990. "Tyrosol and its endogenous conversion into hydroxytyrosol in humans : Dietary sources, genetic modulation and clinical effects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668336.
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Hydroxytyrosol is a health-promoting dietary phenol mainly present in extra virgin olive oil. Wine and beer are sources of tyrosol, a related phenolic compound. We have demonstrated that in humans tyrosol is endogenously converted into hydroxytyrosol following wine and beer consumption. Therefore, tyrosol rich foods could trigger equivalent health effects than those of hydroxytyrosol ones. The conversion of tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol is mediated by the polymorphic cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP2A6 and CYP2D6. In a randomized controlled clinical trial, we have shown that tyrosol and its conversion into hydroxytyrosol improved endothelial function in individuals at high cardiovascular risk following a 4-weeks of a dietary intervention enriched in tyrosol. A polygenic activity score to predict the metabolic fate of tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol based on CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 genotypes has also been developed. This score was capable of predicting the metabolism of tyrosol and the magnitude of the derived biological effects in a personalized manner.L’hidroxitirosol és un compost fenòlic amb propietats beneficioses per la salut present principalment en l’oli d’oliva verge extra. El vi i la cervesa són fonts de tirosol, un compost fenòlic relacionat. Hem demostrat que en humans el tirosol és convertit endògenament a hidroxitirosol després del consum d’aliments rics en tirosol com el vi o la cervesa. Conseqüentment, els aliments rics en tirosol, generarien efectes saludables equivalents als aliments rics en hidroxitirosol. La conversió és mediada per CYP2A6 i CYP2D6, dos isoenzims del citocrom P450 altament polimòrfics. Mitjançant un assaig clínic aleatori controlat s’ha evidenciat que el tirosol i la seva conversió a hidroxitirosol produeixen una millora en la funció endotelial en voluntaris amb risc cardiovascular després de 4 setmanes amb una dieta enriquida en tirosol. S’ha desenvolupat també un paràmetre de valoració numèric en base als genotips de CYP2A6 i CYP2D6 per predir el metabolisme del tirosol i la magnitud dels efectes biològics esperables de forma personalitzada.
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Santos, Juliana da Rocha dos. "Avaliação farmacogenética em pacientes tratados com fármacos antitabagismo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5166/tde-17062015-162841/.
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Introdução: A grande variabilidade individual em resposta a fármacos antitabagismo sugere que tratamentos específicos podem ser mais efetivos em determinados subgrupos de fumantes. No contexto de medicina personalizada, o principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se polimorfismos nos genes CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CYP2B6 e ANKK1 estão associados com a resposta às terapias de cessação tabágica em pacientes provenientes de um programa de assistência ao fumante. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com 483 pacientes fumantes que receberam tratamento farmacológico (vareniclina, vareniclina e bupropiona, bupropiona em monoterapia ou coadministrada com terapia de reposição nicotínica). O sucesso na cessação tabágica foi considerado para os pacientes que completaram 6 meses de abstinência contínua. O teste de Fagerström para a dependência à nicotina (FTND) e o escore de consumo situacional Issa foram utilizados para avaliar a dependência à nicotina. Os polimorfismos CHRNA4 (rs1044396 e rs2236196), CHRNB2 (rs2072660 e rs2072661) e ANKK1 (rs1800497) foram genotipados pela análise da curva de melting e os polimorfismos CYP2B6 *9 (rs3745274), *4 (rs2279343), *5 (rs3211371) foram genotipados por restrição enzimática. Resultados: Os pacientes com o genótipo CC para o polimorfismo CHRNA4 (rs10443196) obtiveram menor taxa de sucesso no tratamento com vareniclina (29,5%) em comparação com os portadores dos genótipos CT ou TT (50,9%) (P=0,007; n=167). Os genótipos CT ou TT foram associados com maior odds ratio para o sucesso (OR=1,67; IC 95%=1,10-2,53; P=0,02), em um modelo multivariado. Os pacientes com o genótipo AA para o polimorfismo CYP2B6 (rs2279343) obtiveram maior taxa de sucesso no tratamento com bupropiona (48,0%) em comparação com portadores dos genótipos AG ou GG (35,5%) (P=0,05; n=237). O genótipo AA foi associado com maior odds ratio para o sucesso no tratamento (OR=1,92; IC 95%=1,08-3,42; P=0,03), em um modelo multivariado. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos escores FTND e Issa com relação aos polimorfismos estudados. Conclusão: Os polimorfismos CHRNA4 (rs1044396) e CYP2B6 (rs2279343) estão associados com a cessação tabágica em indivíduos tratados com vareniclina e bupropiona, respectivamente. Sugere-se que estes polimorfismos influenciam a resposta farmacológica e podem ser importantes para o desenho de uma farmacoterapia individualizadaBackground: The large individual variability in response to drugs for smoking cessation suggests that specific treatments can be more effective in particular subgroups of smokers. In the context of personalized medicine, the main aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the CHRNA4, CHRNB2, CYP2B6 and ANKK1 polymorphisms are associated with response to smoking cessation therapies in patients from a smoker assistance program. Methods: This cohort study enrolled 483 smoking patients patients who received pharmacological treatment (varenicline, varenicline plus bupropion, bupropion in monoterapy or plus nicotine replacement therapy). Smoking cessation success was considered for patients who completed 6 months of continuous abstinence. Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and Issa situational smoking scores were analyzed for nicotine dependence. The CHRNA4 (rs1044396 and rs2236196), CHRNB2 (rs2072660 and rs2072661) and ANKK1 rs1800497 polymorphisms were genotyped by high resolution melting analysis and the CYP2B6 *9 (rs3745274), *4 (rs2279343) and *5 (rs3211371) were genotyped by restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms. Results: Patients with CHRNA4 rs1044396 CC genotype had lower success rate in treatment with varenicline (29.5%) compared with carriers of CT or TT genotypes (50.9%) (P=0.007, n=167). The CT or TT genotypes were associated with higher odds ratio for success (OR=1.67, 95%CI=1.10-2.53, P=0.02), in a multivariate model. Patients with CYP2B6 rs2279343 AA genotype had higher success rate in treatment with bupropion (48.0%) compared with carriers of AG or GG genotypes (35.5%) (P=0.05, n=237). The AA genotype was associated with higher odds ratio for success (OR=1.92, 95%CI=1.08-3.42, P=0.03), in a multivariate model. We did not observe significant differences in the FTND and Issa scores according to the studied polymorphisms. Conclusion: The CHRNA4 rs1044396 and CYP2B6 rs2279343 are associated with smoking cessation in individuals on varenicline and bupropion terapies, respectively. We suggest that these polymorphisms influence the pharmacological response of these drugs and it might be important in the design of individualized pharmacotherapy
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Nguyen, Thien-An. "Relations structure - Fonction dans la superfamille des Cytochromes P450." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447215.
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Les cytochromes P450 (CYP) sont des enzymes responsables de la biotransformation de composés exogènes, aussi bien dans les phénomènes de détoxication que d'intoxication par formation d'entités réactives. La forme hépatique humaine la plus abondante (CYP3A4) est responsable du métabolisme de plus de 60 % des médicaments utilisés actuellement, entraînant de nombreuses interactions médicamenteuses indésirables. La connaissance des mécanismes moléculaires de fonctionnement de ces CYPs au moyen de modèles prédictifs est d'un intérêt primordial pour les industriels. L'obtention de ces modèles par modélisation comparative est toutefois pénalisée par la dispersion en séquences dans cette superfamille. Une méthode originale de reconstruction des CYPs basée sur l'identification au sein de cette famille des blocs structuralement conservés (CSB) est proposée ici. Ces CSBs définissent un repliement commun aux CYPs et sont considérés comme la signature structurale de la superfamille. Les CSBs sont codés en termes d'informations statistiques (profile) puis alignés sur les séquences de CYP de structure inconnue, par un outil d'alignement multiple (Caliseq) créé pour produire l'alignement multiple optimal pour les reconstructions par modélisation comparative. Caliseq sert aussi à détecter des séquences originales de CYP dans une banque ou un génome. Le modèle structural obtenu permet de suggérer des mutations pour observer les modifications du comportement de la protéine vis-à-vis de ses substrats spécifiques. Le cas du CYB2B6 est un exemple concret où le modèle a suggéré des mutations permettant d'augmenter l'affinité de l'enzyme pour un substrat spécifique utilisé en chimiothérapie.
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Beck, Nancy Beth. "Phenobarbital mediated induction of the cytochrome P450 2B genes : mechanistic investigations /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8449.
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Chou, Monidarin. "Variabilité pharmacocinétique de la névirapine et de l'éfavirenz et rôle du polymorphisme des enzymes et transporteurs dans une population de patients cambodgiens infectés par le VIH et traités par une association d'antirétroviraux comprenant névirapine ou éfavirenz." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660459.
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La variabilité de la pharmacocinétique de la névirapine et de l'éfavirenz, deux médicamentsantirétroviraux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse du VIH, a été étudiéechez des patients cambodgiens infectés par le VIH par une méthode de pharmacocinétique depopulation. Cent soixante dix patients traités par névirapine faisaient partie de la cohorteESTHER de l'hôpital Calmette de Phnom-Penh et 312 patients co-infectés par le VIH et latuberculose et traités par éfavirenz étaient inclus dans l'essai clinique CAMELIA (ANRS1295-CIPRA KH001) conduit au Cambodge. Les dosages plasmatiques de névirapine et d'éfavirenz ontété réalisés par des méthodes CLHP avec détection UV. Après 18 et 36 mois de traitement, lesconcentrations plasmatiques médianes de la névirapine sont de 5,7 μg/mL. Après 22 et 50semaines de traitement, les concentrations médianes d'éfavirenz sont de 2,7 μg/mL, quel'éfavirenz soit associé (22 semaines) ou non (50 semaines) à la rifampicine. Les clairancesapparentes estimées de la névirapine et de l'éfavirenz sont respectivement de 2,6 L/h et de 7,7L/h. Les variabilités intra et inter individuelles des clairances apparentes sont respectivement de17% et 28% pour la névirapine et 15% et 37% pour l'éfavirenz. Parmi les covariablesdémographiques, biologiques ou génétiques étudiées, seul le polymorphisme génétique duCYP2B6 G516T est significativement associé à la clairance apparente de ces deux médicaments.Ainsi la clairance apparente estimée de la névirapine est de 2,95 L/h, 2,62 L/h et 1,86 L/hrespectivement pour les génotypes CYP2B6 516GG, 516GT, et 516TT. La fréquence de l'allèlemutée T qui code pour une enzyme non fonctionnelle est de 34% dans cette population de 442patients d'Asie du Sud-Est.
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Prado, Carolina Martins do. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia para a determinação dos genótipos principais dos genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 e CYP2C9: aplicação na farmacogenética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-30042010-093536/.
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As enzimas CYP2D6, CYP2C19 e CYP2C9 são responsáveis pelo metabolismo de aproximadamente metade dos 200 medicamentos mais prescritos nos EUA. Padronizamos ensaios de genotipagem baseados na discriminação alélica com o sistema TaqMan® em 198 indivíduos. Para o gene CYP2D6, os alelos *1 e *2 foram os mais freqüentes, seguidos pelos alelos *4, *41, *35, *17, *5, *10, *6, *29 e *9. Desenvolvemos também uma nova metodologia para a determinação do número de cópias do gene CYP2D6. Para o gene CYP2C19, o alelo *1 foi o mais frequente, seguido pelos alelos *17, *2 e *3. Nosso estudo foi o primeiro a determinar a freqüência alélica do gene CYP2C19 no Brasil. Para o gene CYP2C9, o alelo *1 foi o mais frequente, seguido pelos alelos *2 e *3. Desenvolvemos uma metodologia reprodutível e acessível para a genotipagem dos polimorfismos principais dos genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 e CYP2C9. A identificação precoce de indivíduos suscetíveis a efeitos adversos, bem como de metabolizadores rápidos pode trazer grandes benefícios aos pacientes possibilitando assim uma medicina personalizada.The enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 metabolize approximately half of the 200 most prescribed drugs in the USA. We standardized genotyping tests based on allelic discrimination, using TaqMan® genotyping system in 198 samples. For the CYP2D6 gene, allele *1 and *2 were the most frequent, followed by alleles *4, *4, *35, *17, *5, *10, *6, *29 and *9. We have also developed a new methodology for determining the copy number variations of the CYP2D6 gene. For the CYP2C19 gene, the allele *1 was the most common, followed by the alleles *17, *2 and *3. In our concern, our study was the first to determine the allele frequency of the CYP2C19 gene in Brazil. For CYP2C9 gene, the allele *1 was the most common followed by the alleles *2 and *3. We developed a methodology reproducible and accessible for genotyping the most important polymorphisms of the genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9. The previous identification of individuals at risk to develop adverse drug reactions as well as ultrarapid-metabolizers may bring benefits to the patients, leading to a personalized therapy.
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Rodríguez-Morató, Jose 1987. "Metabolism of natural antioxidants: evaluation of the pathways involved in the in vivo biotransformation of tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386541.
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Hydroxytyrosol [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol], a potent bioactive molecule mainly present in virgin olive oil and to a lower extent in wine, is also a by-product of dopamine metabolism. In a previous clinical trial designed to assess the effects of moderate wine intake it was found that hydroxytyrosol urinary recoveries were higher than the corresponding to the dose administered, suggesting an endogenous formation. The aim of the present work was to assess new mechanisms responsible for hydroxytyrosol generation by using an array of methodologies and studies ranging from in vitro assays to in vivo experiments in animal models and humans. The mechanisms identified as being involved in the generation of hydroxytyrosol were (1) CYP2A6/CYP2D6-catalyzed tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol biotransformation, (2) ethanol-induced increase in tyrosol bioavailability, and (3) alteration of dopamine oxidative metabolism due to ethanol. Considering these observations, it is postulated that hydroxytyrosol may contribute significantly to the health effects derived from moderate wine intake.L’hidroxitirosol [2-(3,4-dihidroxiphenil)etanol], una potent molècula bioactiva present de forma rellevant a l’oli d’oliva verge i minoritàriament al vi, és també un producte del metabolisme de la dopamina. En un assaig clínic previ dissenyat per avaluar els efectes del consum moderat de vi es trobà que les recuperacions urinàries d’hidroxitirosol eren superiors a la dosi administrada, suggerint-ne una gènesi endògena. L’objectiu del present treball fou estudiar nous mecanismes responsables de la generació d’hidroxitirosol mitjançant diverses tècniques i estudis, des d’assajos in vitro a experiments in vivo en animals i humans. Els mecanismes involucrats a la generació d’hidroxitirosol són (1) la biotransformació de tirosol a hidroxitirosol catalitzada per CYP2A6/CYP2D6, (2) l’augment a la biodisponibilitat del tirosol induïda per l’etanol, i (3) l’alteració del metabolisme oxidatiu de la dopamina per l’etanol. Globalment, aquestes observacions donen a l’hidroxitirosol un paper clau en la comprensió dels efectes beneficiosos associats al consum moderat de vi.
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Müller, Gunnar. "Bedeutung der genetischen Polymorphismen in den Enzymen CYP2D6, CYP2C19 und CYP2C9 für Pharmakokinetik der trizyklischen Antidepressiva Doxepin und Trimipramin." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15377.
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Mehrere Studien wiesen eine Beteiligung der Enzyme CYP2D6, CYP2C19 und CYP2C9 am Metabolismus von trizyklischen Antidepressiva nach. Wir untersuchten die Auswirkungen genetischer Polymorphismen dieser Enzyme auf die Pharmakokinetik von E-, Z-Doxepin und Trimipramin beim Menschen. Eine einzelne orale Dosis von jeweils 75 mg Trimipramin und Doxepin wurde 42 gesunden Probanden verabreicht, die als Schnell- (EM), Intermediär- (IM) und Langsammetabolisierer (PM) von CYP2D6- und CYP2C19-Substraten und als Langsammetabolisierer mit dem CYP2C9-Genotyp *3/*3 genotypisiert worden waren. Die Substrate sowie ihre aktiven Metaboliten wurden mittels HPLC im Plasma gemessen, Daten wurden mit nonparametrischen pharmakokinetischen Methoden analysiert und statistisch ausgewertet. Die mittlere E-Doxepin-Clearance (95%-KI) betrug 406 (390-445), 247 (241-271) and 127 (124-139) l/h bei CYP2D6-EMs, -IMs und –PMs und war auch bei Trägern des CYP2C9*3/*3-Genotyps signifikant niedriger (238 l/h). CYP2C19 beeinflusste die orale Clearance von Z-Doxepin um das 2,5-fache (73 l/h in CYP2C19-PMs verglichen mit 191 l/h bei EMs). Die AUC (0-48h) des aktiven Metaboliten Desmethyldoxepin war vom CYP2D6-Genotyp abhängig mit einem Median von 5,28, 1,35 und 1,28 nmol/l*h bei CYP2D6-PMs, -IMs und –EMs. Die mittlere orale Trimipramin-Clearance betrug 276 l/h (180-444) in der Referenzgruppe aber nur 36 l/h (24-48) bei CYP2D6-PMs. Die AUC von Desmethyltrimipramin war 40-fach höher bei CYP2D6-PMs als bei EMs (1,7 verglichen mit 0,04 mg/l*h bei EMs), aber unter der Nachweisgrenze bei den meisten Probanden mit CYP2C19- oder CYP2C9-Defizienz. Der CYP2D6-Polymorphismus wies eine starke Auswirkung auf die Pharmakokinetik von E-Doxepin und Trimipramin sowie eine ausgeprägte Stereoselektivität bei der Biotransformation von Doxepin auf. CYP2D6-PMs sind möglicherweise einem erhöhten Risiko für unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen ausgesetzt bei der Behandlung mit den EMpfohlenen Dosen dieser Antidepressiva.Several studies have demonstrated involvement of the enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 in the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants. We studied the effects of genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes on E-,Z-doxepin and trimipramine pharmacokinetics in humans. A single orale dose of each 75 mg timipramine and doxepin was given to 42 healthy volunteers genotyped as extensive (EM), intermediate (IM) and poor (PM) metabolizers of substrates of CYP2D6 and of CYP2C19 and as slow metabolizers with the CYP2C9 genotype *3/*3. E-,Z-doxepin and -desmethyldoxepin as well as trimipramine and desmethyltrimipramine were quantified in plasma by HPLC. Data were analyzed by non-parametric pharmacokinetics and statistics. Mean E-doxepin clearance (95% confidence interval) was 406 (390-445), 247 (241-271) and 127 (124-139) l/h in EMs, IMs and PMs of CYP2D6 and was also significantly lower in carriers of CYP2C9*3/*3 (238 l/h). CYP2C19 was involved in Z-doxepin metabolism with 2.5-fold differences in oral clearances (73 l/h in CYP2C19 PMs compared with 191 l/h in EMs). The AUC (0-48 h) of the active metabolite desmethyldoxepin was dependent on CYP2D6 genotype with a median of 5.28, 1.35 and 1.28 nmol/l*h in PMs, IMs and EMs of CYP2D6. The genetically polymorphic enzymes exhibited highly stereoselective effects on doxepin biotransformation in humans. The median oral clearance of trimipramine was 276 l/h (180-444) in the reference group but only 36 l/h (24-48) in CYP2D6-PMs. The AUC of desmethyltrimipramine was 40-fold greater in CYP2D6 PMs than in the reference group (1.7 vs. 0.04 mg/l*h in EMs), but below the quantification limit in most carriers of deficiencies of CYP2C19 or CYP2C9. The CYP2D6 polymorphism had a strong impact on E-doxepin and trimipramine pharmacokinetics and CYP2D6-PMs might be at an elevated risk for adverse drug effects when treated with common recommended doses of these antidepressants.
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Rossanese, Lillian Barbosa de Queiroz 1980. "Influencia dos polimorfismos nos genes CYP1A1, CYP1B1 e CYP2C9 na suscetibidade ao adenocarcionama colorretal esporadico." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308588.
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Orientador: Carmen Silvia BertuzzoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: O Câncer colorretal (CCR) refere-se a uma neoplasia que atinge o cólon e o reto, apesar das diferenças epidemiológicas e biológicas entre o câncer do cólon e reto, as duas condições são combinadas, pois não se faz uma separação clara dos dois locais anatômicos; assim, o câncer do colón e/ou do reto é classificado como câncer colorretal. Dados epidemiológicos atestam a importância de fatores ambientais na patologia do CCR Esporádico. Os polimorfismos de P450 e a suscetibilidade ao câncer podem estar associados ainda, pelo fato dessas isoenzimas participarem também de transformação de compostos endógenos relevantes durante o processo de diferenciação da célula transformada, até o estágio maligno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência dos polimorfismos m1 e m2 no gene CYP1A1, 2C9*2 e 2C9*3 no gene CYP2C9 e o 1B1*3 no CYP1B1 e correlacionar a presença desses polimorfismos com o hábito tabagista e o estadiamento clínico da doença. A análise dos polimorfismos foi realizada por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase associada a digestões enzimáticas específicas. Foram avaliados 102 pacientes com CCR esporádico e 230 portadores de sangue sem história familial de CCR. Nossos resultados indicaram que indivíduos sem os alelos M1 e M2 do gene CYP1A1 teriam um efeito protetor com relação ao CCR, enquanto que os indivíduos portadores de um alelo M1 ou M2 e os homozigotos M2 teriam um aumento de risco que seriam respectivamente de 6, quase 3 (2,89) e quase 4 vezes (3.70). Com relação ao gene CYP2C9, o genótipo N/N (sem as mutações *2 e *3) teria um efeito protetor, enquanto que o heterozigoto *3 traria um risco 6 vezes maior (5.90) e o homozigoto *3 , três vezes. A presença dos alelos M1 e M2 parecem estar relacionados a um pior prognóstico da doença, enquanto que *3 do CYP2C9 traria um melhor prognóstico. Maiores estudos são necessários para confirmar esses achados. No caso do polimorfismo 1B1*3 do gene CYP1B1, parece não haver relação com o fenótipo CCR
Abstract: The colorectal cancer (CRC) characterizes a neoplasia which reaches the colon and the rectum tissues. It is classified as so, despites the biological and epidemiological differences between the colon and rectum cancer, because there is not a clear anatomical separation of these areas. The importance of external factors in the pathology of the sporadical CRC has been certified by epidemiological data. Thus, P450 polymorphisms might be associated to cancer due to the fact that these proteins play a role in transforming endogenous compounds during the process of differentiation of transformed cells, until its malignant stage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of the polymorphisms M1 and M2 in CYP1A1 gene, 2C9*2 and 2C9*3 in CYP2C9 gene and 1B1*3 in CYP1B1 gene. Also, the correlation among the presence of these polymorphisms, the tobaccoism and the clinical stagnancy of the illness was performed. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) followed by specific enzymatic digestions were performed in order to analyze the polymorphisms. We evaluated 102 patients with sporadical CRC and 230 control individuals without familial history of CRC. Our results indicated that individuals that did not carry M1 and M2 variants of CYP1A1 gene presented a protective effect against CRC, while individuals who presented M1 or M2 variants had a 6 and almost 3 (2.89) times increasing of the risk, respectively, while patients with both M2 alleles had an almost 4 times (3.70) increasing risk. Analysis of CYP2C9 gene showed that genotype N/N (without * 2 and * 3 mutations) presented a protective effect, while individuals heterozygotes for * 3 mutation had an increase close to 6 times (5.90) of their risk. Homozygotes for the same mutation would present a 3 times increased risk. M1 and M2 alleles presence seems to be related to a worse prognostic of the illness, while the presence of * 3 mutation in CYP2C9 gene would result in a better prognostic. Other studies are necessary to confirm these findings. Polymorphism 1B1*3 of CYP1B1 gene does not seem to be related to CRC phenotype
Mestrado
Mestre em Farmacologia
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Cardoso, Juciane Lauren Cavalcanti. "Influência da exposição inalatória a combustíveis automotivos na atividade do CYP3A, CPY2C e CYP2D em ratos tratados com fármacos quirais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60134/tde-10012013-155615/.
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A maioria dos agentes terapêuticos, frequentemente prescritos são formulados e comercializados sob a forma racêmica, embora para alguns deles, já tenha sido demonstrado que os efeitos farmacológicos e ou tóxicos estejam relacionados apenas a um dos enantiômeros. Além disso, é conhecido o fato de que os enantiômeros podem apresentar perfis farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos diferentes. O estudo avaliou a influência da exposição inalatória ao vapor de gasolina e ao etanol combustível na farmacocinética enantiosseletiva dos fármacos verapamil, ibuprofeno e fluoxetina. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 09 grupos: controle, gasolina, etanol combustível. A exposição aos solventes foi realizada em câmara de exposição do tipo apenas pelo nariz, durante 6 horas/dia, cinco dias por semana, durante 6 semanas. A análise das AUCs foram calculadas diretamente no intervalo de zero a infinito com base na Quadratura de Gauss- Laguerre. As concentrações correspondentes aos tempos foram estimadas por interpolação polinomial. A comparação dos valores de AUC e Cl/f obtidos para cada fármaco e para cada Grupo exposto e seu respectivo Controle, foi realizada através da construção de Intervalos de Confiança, ao nível de 95%. A farmacocinética do verapamil, do ibuprofeno e da fluoxetina é enantiosseletiva. Os dados mostram que a exposição inalatória de ratos ao etanol combustível na concentração de 2 LEOSTEL mostrou indução do CYP2C através da redução do AUC e do aumento do clearance aparente do enantiômero (+)-(S)-ibuprofeno, inibição do CYP2D indicada pelo aumento da AUC e redução do clearance aparente do enantiômero (-)-(R)- fluoxetina e indução do CYP3A evidenciada por redução dos valores de AUC e aumento dos valores de clearance aparente de ambos os enantiômeros do verapamil. A exposição inalatória de ratos à gasolina na concentração de 2-LEOTWA também mostrou indução do CYP2C denotada pela redução do AUC e do aumento do clearance aparente de ambos os enantiômeros do ibuprofeno, inibição do CYP2D indicada pelo aumento dos valores de AUC e redução dos valores de clearance aparente de ambos enantiômeros da fluoxetina e, em não alteração do CYP3A evidenciada pela obtenção de valores de AUC e clearance aparente do verapamil similares aos do grupo controle.Most therapeutic agents frequently used are formulated and sold under the racemic form, although for some of them, it has been demonstrated that the pharmacological or toxic and are associated only with one of the enantiomers. The study evaluated the influence of inhalation exposure to vapor of gasoline and ethanol in the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of the drug verapamil, ibuprofen and fluoxetine. Male Wistar rats were divided into 09 groups: control, gasoline, ethanol. The exposure was carried out in solvent exposure chamber by nose only exposure system for 6 hours / day, five days per week for six weeks. The analysis of the AUC were calculated directly in the range of zero to infinity on the basis of Quadrature Gauss-Laguerre. The concentrations corresponding to the times were estimated by polynomial interpolation. The comparison of AUC and Cl/f obtained for each drug and for each exposed group and its respective control, was accomplished through the construction of confidence intervals, at 95%. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of verapamil, ibuprofen and fluoxetine is enantioselective. The data show that inhalation exposure of rats to ethanol at a concentration of 2-LEO STEL showed induction CYP2C by reducing of the AUC and increase the apparent clearance of the enantiomer (+)-(S)-ibuprofen, inhibition of CYP2D indicated AUC increase and the reduction in the apparent clearance of the enantiomer (-)-(R)-fluoxetine and CYP3A induction as evidenced by reduction in AUC and increase and the values of apparent clearance of both enantiomers of verapamil. Inhalation exposure of rats to gasoline in a concentration of 2-LEO-TWA also showed induction CYP2C denoted by the reduction of AUC and increase and the apparent clearance of both enantiomers of ibuprofen, inhibition of CYP2D indicated by the increase in AUC and reduction values of apparent clearance of both enantiomers of fluoxetine and does not change the CYP3A evidenced by obtaining AUC and apparent clearance of verapamil similar to the control group.
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Thörn, Helena Anna. "First-pass Intestinal Metabolism of Drugs : Experiences from in vitro, in vivo and simulation studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaci, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-165514.
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The bioavailability of a drug can be described as the fraction of an orally administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is often limited by first-pass metabolism in the gut and the liver. It is important to have knowledge about these processes since the systemic blood drug concentration is tightly connected to the effect of the drug. The general aim of this project was to quantitatively examine the role of the intestine in relation to the liver in first-pass metabolism of orally administered drugs. The first-pass metabolism of verapamil and raloxifene was investigated in detail with in vivo, in vitro and simulation studies, using the pig as an experimental model. The intestine contributed to the same extent as the liver to first-pass metabolism of R/S-verapamil in vivo in pigs. The S-isomer of verapamil was found in lower plasma concentrations compared to the R-isomer after oral dosing. The in vitro metabolism of verapamil in pig and human liver showed interspecies similarity and indicated equal intrinsic clearance for R- and S-verapamil. Through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling the stereoselectivity was explained by a combination of several processes, including enantioselective plasma protein binding, blood-to-plasma partition, and gut and liver tissue distribution. For raloxifene the intestine was the dominating organ in first-pass glucuronidation in vivo in pigs. Furthermore, the raloxifene concentration entering the intestine or the dose administered in the gut did not influence the plasma PK of raloxifene and indicated that the intestinal metabolism was not saturable with clinical relevant doses. For both verapamil and raloxifene, a time-dependent hepatic metabolism was noted with major consequences to the pharmacokinetic of the drugs. This project has pointed out the importance of intestinal metabolism in the overall first-pass extraction of drugs and indicates that intestinal metabolism should be considered and evaluated early in drug development.
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Nail, Alexandra Nichole. "EVOLUTION OF THE ZHX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FAMILY AND ANALYSIS OF ZHX2 TARGET GENES CYP2A4 AND CYP2A5 IN MOUSE LIVER." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/microbio_etds/20.
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The liver is the largest internal organ and performs a wide variety of functions to maintain organismal homeostasis. While some liver functions are carried out by all hepatocytes, other functions are restricted to certain populations of hepatocytes within the liver. This phenomenon, called zonal gene regulation or liver zonation, controls may metabolic processes within the liver including ammonia detoxification; glucose homeostasis; bile acid and glutamine synthesis; and metabolism of xenobiotics, lipids, and amino acids. The liver also expresses many genes in a developmental or sex-biased manner. Some genes are expressed at higher levels early or late in development, or alternatively, in male or female liver.
Several years ago, our lab identified a transcription factor called Zinc finger and homeoboxes 2 (Zhx2) based on its ability to control the silencing of genes that are normally expressed in the fetal liver. Zhx2 belongs to a small gene family that also includes Zhx1 and Zhx3. These four exon genes have a rather unique structure in that their entire protein coding region is located on an unusually large third exon. Preliminary studies indicate that these proteins are found only in vertebrates. I have performed a comprehensive analysis of Zhx proteins across a number of chordate species to determine their relationship throughout chordate evolution. Using multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree-building, my studies have found that the primordial Zhx gene is most related to Zhx3 and that this gene exists in lower chordates including lancelet, sea squirt, and sea lamprey.
Additional studies from our lab showed that Zhx2 regulates numerous hepatic genes in the adult liver, including cytochrome p450 (Cyp) genes as well as other genes that exhibit sex-biased expression. Previous studies have demonstrated that female-biased expression of Cyp2a4, is controlled, in part, by Zhx2. I have extended these studies to perform a comprehensive analysis of Cyp2a4 and the highly related Cyp2a5 gene. Despite the high similarity of these two Cyp genes, my data indicate that these genes exhibit different zonal expression patterns and are differentially regulated in the regenerating liver. In the course of these studies, I discovered and characterized antisense transcripts for both Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5. Both Cyp2a4as and Cyp2a5as have positively correlated expression patterns compared to their sense counterparts. In contrast to Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5, Cyp2a4as and Cyp2a5as show sex-biased expression patterns earlier in development, suggesting that they might contribute to later sex-biased patterns established for Cyp2a4 and Cyp2a5.
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Deng, Yifu. "Case-only study of interactions between specific genetic polymorphisms and cigarette smoking in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16211/.
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The aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unclear. Research findings suggest that both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to its development. The interactions between genes and the environment might exist and play a key role. Cigarette smoking was found to be one of the few factors exhibiting a protective effect. If chemical compounds found in cigarette smoke influence PD risk, the difference in the ability of certain individuals in metabolising these substances might alter their susceptibility to the risk of developing PD. Many metabolic enzyme genes exhibit polymorphic traits with alteration of gene function. These might be associated with an altered susceptibility of individuals to PD. Few studies have examined the hypothesis that metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms might modulate the effect of smoking on PD risk. However, it is crucial to consider these potential interactions when we try to elucidate the aetiology of PD. Even if each factor only contributes a slight variation and influences a small portion of the whole population, non-linear and unpredictable interactions may account for a high proportion of the aetiological fraction. Previous studies have not been strictly designed to examine the interactions between smoking and metabolic enzyme genetic polymorphisms. These studies have not been able to elucidate the extent of the interaction. Therefore, this PhD project attempted to examine whether genetic factors, operating in the phase one and phase two metabolic pathways, interact with smoking to influence the development of PD. This is the first genetic epidemiological study of PD specifically addressing this issue. The research aids in further understanding the aetiology of PD and may be useful for identifying people at higher risk. A case-only design was chosen for this project for two reasons: first, PD is a relatively rare disease and the case-only design is much more efficient at detecting gene-environment interactions; second, the PD cases for the project were recruited over the past few years and represent a prevalence series, for which an appropriate comparison group for the cases is difficult to identify and recruit. In a case-only study, only cases are used to investigate the multiplicative effects of the exposures and susceptible genotypes of interest, while non-case subjects (traditionally controls) are solely used to test the independence between the exposure and the susceptible genotype. Therefore, this approach avoids the challenges of control selection, a major limitation inherent in the case-control approach. This thesis comprised of three independent studies: the first study investigated the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, P1, T1 and Z1 and smoking in PD; the second study examined the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and smoking in PD; and the third study examined the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and smoking in PD. The first two studies recruited 400 white Caucasian PD cases from both hospital wards and private neurology clinics (230 men and 170 women). The third study further included 142 white Caucasian PD cases newly recruited from the same sources (542 in total, 321 men, and 221 women). The mean age of cases was 67 years with the average onset age at 60 years. GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTZ1 AND CYP2E1 genotyping processes were performed using protocols previously published with minor modification, whereas CYP2D6 genotyping methods were mainly developed by me with assistance from associate supervisor Dr. George Mellick. Reliability and validity of the PCR and RFLP methods were assessed through re-conducting the genotype assays using at least a 10% sample of our DNA samples. The results for all re-assessments were 100% concordant. Crude bivariate analyses were adjusted for potential confounding effects of the variables, including age at onset, gender, family history of PD and pesticide exposures. Among our unaffected, aged subjects (mean age: 63.9 years, sd: 11.4 years), the genotype frequencies at each locus were similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations. The first study showed that the proportion of carriers of the GSTP1-114Val allele (mutant) increased with increasing smoking dose from 0 to > 30 pack-years. Homozygotes of the 114Ala allele (wild-type) decreased with increasing smoking dose (trend test: p=0.02). This trend existed both in male and female cases. This dose-effect relationship was most significant in the group of cases with late-onset PD (i.e., age at onset > 55 years) with the ORicase-only values of 1.88 (95%CI: 0.65-5.48) and 2.63 (95%CI: 1.07-6.49) for > 0-10 and > 10 pack-years, respectively. No similar trend was found among our unaffected, aged subjects (p=0.42). Haplotype analyses revealed significant differences for GSTP1 haplotypes between smoking and non-smoking PD cases (ORicase-only for *C haplotype=2.00 (95%CI: 1.11-3.60), p=0.03). In this case, smoking-exposed PD cases were more likely to posses the *C haplotype defined by A to G base-pair transition at nucleotide +313 and C to T base-pair transition at nucleotide +341 (at amino acid level, valine at both positions 105 and 114). The second study found no difference in CYP2E1 genotype frequencies between PD cases who ever smoked compared to those who never smoked (odds ratio for interaction (ORi) = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.39-2.51, p=0.99)). No CYP2E1 gene-smoking interactions were detected in relation to age at onset of PD. The third study found that among cases without regular pesticide exposures, CYP2D6 PMs who smoked more than 5 pack-years had a later mean age at disease onset (68.6 years) than those with extensive metaboliser phenotypes (EMs) (61.1 years, p=0.02) and non-smokers (60.5 years, p=0.01). Analysis of aged subjects without PD confirmed that neither smoking status nor CYP2D6 PM status was associated with age itself. Our data suggest: 1. smoking exposure is independent of GSTM1, P1, T1, Z1 and CYP2E1 genotypes; 2. smoking may be, to some extent, associated with CYP2D6 genotypes; 3. there are no multiplicative interactive effects linking smoking and GSTM1, T1, Z1 or CYP2E1 genotypes with the risk for PD; 4. there is a multiplicative interactive effect between smoking and GSTP1 haplotype - particularly for genotypes carrying the 114Val allele; and 5. there is a multiplicative interactive effect between smoking and CYP2D6 PMs - particularly for people who ever smoked cigarettes more than 5 pack-years. In general, this thesis provides a model for exploring the gene-smoking interactions in PD. Further studies need to consider the recruitment of a large number of population-based and randomly-selected samples and to pay more attention to measurement of environmental exposures. Further studies also need to examine simultaneously the impact of smoking, pesticide exposures and other potential risk factors on PD. These studies will build evidence for interactions contributing to this common neurological movement disorder.
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Paquet, Yanick. "Étude fonctionnelle des unités de réponse au phénobarbital des gènes CYP2B1 et CYP2B2 chez le rat et mise au point d'un logiciel de détection de régions régulatrices distales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24406/24406.pdf.
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Sundin, Johanna. "Expression and Purification of Full-length CYP26 B1 and Spliced CYP26 B1." Thesis, Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-7394.
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The goal of this project is to express both the normal CYP26 B1 and the spliced CYP26 B1 from human in Escherichia coli (E.coli) cells for further crystallization. This will be achieved by cloning in the DNA fragments into the Champion pET SUMO vector that is later transformed into E.coli cells. The CYP26 B1 contains a hydrophobic helix at the N-terminal of the protein, making both protein expression and crystallization difficult. Two variants of both full-length CYP26 B1 and the spliced variant will therefore be made, one with the trans-membrane helix present and one without the helix. The SUMO-vector will produce a fusion protein that will make CYP26 B1 more hydrophilic and improve the purification of the two proteins.
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Panserat, Stéphane. "Polymorphisme genetique du locus cyp2d du p450 debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (cyp2d6) chez l'homme : bases moleculaires de l'heterogeneite du groupe des metaboliseurs rapides." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077242.
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Le polymorphisme genetique du cyp2d6 humain se manifeste par un profil bimodal de distribution des rapports metaboliques (mr) (substrat/metabolite(s)), definissant des individus metaboliseurs rapides (em) et metaboliseurs lents (pm). Le phenotype pm se caracterise par une absence totale d'activite cyp2d6 au niveau hepatique. Le locus cyp2d est compose de trois genes homologues (cyp2d6, cyp2d7 et cyp2d8p), mais seul le gene cyp2d6 est fonctionnel. Notre objectif a ete d'etablir une correlation precise entre le genotype cyp2d et l'expression de cyp2d6 dans une population de sujets sains. Nous avons utilise le dextromethorphane (dem) comme medicament marqueur de l'activite cyp2d6. Chez les caucasiens, nous avons observe des differences significatives entre les moyennes des mr des differents groupes genotypiques definis par les haplotypes bamhi++ et bamhi-- du locus cyp2d. Les haplotypes bamhi correspondent a deux patrons de sequences definissant deux allozymes cyp2d6. L'allozyme cyp2d6*1 (arg#2#9#6, ser#4#8#6) est associee in vivo a une activite cyp2d6 plus elevee que l'allozyme cyp2d6*2 (cys#2#9#6, thr#4#8#6). Chez les gabonais, nous avons retrouve les deux allozymes cyp2d6 associees aux memes differences d'expression de cyp2d6 in vivo. Ces deux allozymes ont un km identique pour le dem in vitro. Parallelement a nos etudes visant a decrypter l'heterogeneite phenotypique du groupe des em, nous avons identifie un nouvel allele metaboliseur lent cyp2d6 hybride 5 cypd2d7/cyp2d6 3 possedant comme exon 1 celui de cyp2d7. Pour finir, nous avons analyse les polymorphismes des genes cyp2d dans les populations caucasienne, mongoloide et negroide afin d'obtenir des informations sur l'evolution concertee des genes cyp2d (conversion genique, crossing-over inegal) et sur la repartition interethnique des polymorphismes cyp2d
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Gültepe, Şenol [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Brockmöller, Patricia [Akademischer Betreuer] Virsik-köpp, and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Vollmann. "Auswirkungen von CYP2D6-, CYP2C9- und CYP2C19-Polymorphismen auf Pharmakokinetik und Wirkungen von Carvedilol / Şenol Gültepe. Gutachter: Patricia Virsik-Köpp ; Dirk Vollmann. Betreuer: Jürgen Brockmöller." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1044045728/34.
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Horley, Neill. "Molecular basis of CYP2B2 induction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10397/.
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Many structurally unrelated chemicals can induce members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily with phenobarbital (PB) being a typical example. PB induces CYP2B1/2, which are most highly expressed in the liver. Their mechanism of activation has not yet been elucidated, with advances hampered by the absence of a suitable cell culture system to mimic the in vivo PB-mediated induction. During this thesis a primary rat hepatocyte culture system has been developed which is highly responsive to PB at both RNA and protein levels. A sensitive and specific RNAse protection assay (RPA) has been used to demonstrate that CYP2B2 mRNA is highly inducible in vitro by PB. This response occurs in a time and dose-dependent manner. The use of RPA and Western blotting has demonstrated that this primary rat hepatocyte culture system supports the induction of CYP2B2 mRNA and protein levels by PB. Sequencing -1.4kb of the 5' flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene identified genomic regulatory elements and highlighted the location of the phenobarbital response element (PBRE). The PBRE was sub-cloned into various reporter constructs and transfection technology was used to determine its PB-mediated induction. A comparative study of the constructs generated in this thesis to that of a construct provided by Anderson's group (Trottier et al., 1995) was undertaken and no differences were found in their PB-responsiveness. The Anderson construct containing the PBRE was shown here to confer a 3.3-fold PB-mediated induction of the CYP2B2 gene by CAT reporter assays. This induction was shown to be both dose and time dependent. The induction is lower than that obtained by other workers due primarily to assay conditions which were not yet optimal. However, the effects of androstane on the constitutively active receptor (CAR) may also play a role in the small inductive response of the phenobarbital response element to PB.
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Salamat, Julia. "The Role of CYP2A5 in Cadmium-Induced Liver Injury." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3498.
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Cadmium is present in food and groundwater. Tobacco smoking and occupational exposure are also major sources for cadmium. Cadmium is primarily accumulated in liver, a major organ metabolizing exogenous chemicals. Chemical metabolism may cause detoxification, but it can also cause bio-activation resulting in liver damage. Cytochrome P450s (CYP) are major liver metabolism enzymes, and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) can induce CYP2A5 in mice. We examined the effect of CYP2A5 on CdCl2-induced liver injury using CYP2A5-knockout (cyp2a5-/-) mice. The cyp2a5-/- mice and their control WT mice were injected CdCl2 intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to induce liver injury. The control group of cyp2a5-/- mice and WT mice were injected saline at the same volume. Twenty-four hours later, all the mice were sacrificed. As indicated by biochemical assays and pathological evaluation, CdCl2-treated WT mice exhibited more severe liver injury than CdCl2-treated cyp2a5-/- mice, suggesting that CYP2A5 contributes to Cd-induced liver injury.
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Deng, Yifu. "Case-only study of interactions between specific genetic polymorphisms and cigarette smoking in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16211/1/Yifu_Deng_Thesis.pdf.
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The aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still unclear. Research findings suggest that both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to its development. The interactions between genes and the environment might exist and play a key role. Cigarette smoking was found to be one of the few factors exhibiting a protective effect. If chemical compounds found in cigarette smoke influence PD risk, the difference in the ability of certain individuals in metabolising these substances might alter their susceptibility to the risk of developing PD. Many metabolic enzyme genes exhibit polymorphic traits with alteration of gene function. These might be associated with an altered susceptibility of individuals to PD. Few studies have examined the hypothesis that metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms might modulate the effect of smoking on PD risk. However, it is crucial to consider these potential interactions when we try to elucidate the aetiology of PD. Even if each factor only contributes a slight variation and influences a small portion of the whole population, non-linear and unpredictable interactions may account for a high proportion of the aetiological fraction. Previous studies have not been strictly designed to examine the interactions between smoking and metabolic enzyme genetic polymorphisms. These studies have not been able to elucidate the extent of the interaction. Therefore, this PhD project attempted to examine whether genetic factors, operating in the phase one and phase two metabolic pathways, interact with smoking to influence the development of PD. This is the first genetic epidemiological study of PD specifically addressing this issue. The research aids in further understanding the aetiology of PD and may be useful for identifying people at higher risk.
A case-only design was chosen for this project for two reasons: first, PD is a relatively rare disease and the case-only design is much more efficient at detecting gene-environment interactions; second, the PD cases for the project were recruited over the past few years and represent a prevalence series, for which an appropriate comparison group for the cases is difficult to identify and recruit. In a case-only study, only cases are used to investigate the multiplicative effects of the exposures and susceptible genotypes of interest, while non-case subjects (traditionally controls) are solely used to test the independence between the exposure and the susceptible genotype. Therefore, this approach avoids the challenges of control selection, a major limitation inherent in the case-control approach.
This thesis comprised of three independent studies: the first study investigated the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, P1, T1 and Z1 and smoking in PD; the second study examined the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and smoking in PD; and the third study examined the interactions between genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and smoking in PD. The first two studies recruited 400 white Caucasian PD cases from both hospital wards and private neurology clinics (230 men and 170 women). The third study further included 142 white Caucasian PD cases newly recruited from the same sources (542 in total, 321 men, and 221 women). The mean age of cases was 67 years with the average onset age at 60 years.
GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTZ1 AND CYP2E1 genotyping processes were performed using protocols previously published with minor modification, whereas CYP2D6 genotyping methods were mainly developed by me with assistance from associate supervisor Dr. George Mellick. Reliability and validity of the PCR and RFLP methods were assessed through re-conducting the genotype assays using at least a 10% sample of our DNA samples. The results for all re-assessments were 100% concordant.
Crude bivariate analyses were adjusted for potential confounding effects of the variables, including age at onset, gender, family history of PD and pesticide exposures. Among our unaffected, aged subjects (mean age: 63.9 years, sd: 11.4 years), the genotype frequencies at each locus were similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations. The first study showed that the proportion of carriers of the GSTP1-114Val allele (mutant) increased with increasing smoking dose from 0 to > 30 pack-years. Homozygotes of the 114Ala allele (wild-type) decreased with increasing smoking dose (trend test: p=0.02). This trend existed both in male and female cases. This dose-effect relationship was most significant in the group of cases with late-onset PD (i.e., age at onset > 55 years) with the ORicase-only values of 1.88 (95%CI: 0.65-5.48) and 2.63 (95%CI: 1.07-6.49) for > 0-10 and > 10 pack-years, respectively. No similar trend was found among our unaffected, aged subjects (p=0.42). Haplotype analyses revealed significant differences for GSTP1 haplotypes between smoking and non-smoking PD cases (ORicase-only for *C haplotype=2.00 (95%CI: 1.11-3.60), p=0.03). In this case, smoking-exposed PD cases were more likely to posses the *C haplotype defined by A to G base-pair transition at nucleotide +313 and C to T base-pair transition at nucleotide +341 (at amino acid level, valine at both positions 105 and 114). The second study found no difference in CYP2E1 genotype frequencies between PD cases who ever smoked compared to those who never smoked (odds ratio for interaction (ORi) = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.39-2.51, p=0.99)). No CYP2E1 gene-smoking interactions were detected in relation to age at onset of PD. The third study found that among cases without regular pesticide exposures, CYP2D6 PMs who smoked more than 5 pack-years had a later mean age at disease onset (68.6 years) than those with extensive metaboliser phenotypes (EMs) (61.1 years, p=0.02) and non-smokers (60.5 years, p=0.01). Analysis of aged subjects without PD confirmed that neither smoking status nor CYP2D6 PM status was associated with age itself.
Our data suggest: 1. smoking exposure is independent of GSTM1, P1, T1, Z1 and CYP2E1 genotypes; 2. smoking may be, to some extent, associated with CYP2D6 genotypes; 3. there are no multiplicative interactive effects linking smoking and GSTM1, T1, Z1 or CYP2E1 genotypes with the risk for PD; 4. there is a multiplicative interactive effect between smoking and GSTP1 haplotype - particularly for genotypes carrying the 114Val allele; and 5. there is a multiplicative interactive effect between smoking and CYP2D6 PMs - particularly for people who ever smoked cigarettes more than 5 pack-years.
In general, this thesis provides a model for exploring the gene-smoking interactions in PD. Further studies need to consider the recruitment of a large number of population-based and randomly-selected samples and to pay more attention to measurement of environmental exposures. Further studies also need to examine simultaneously the impact of smoking, pesticide exposures and other potential risk factors on PD. These studies will build evidence for interactions contributing to this common neurological movement disorder.
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Lorberg, Caroline. "Bedeutung von Cytochrom-P450-Polymorphismen für Verlauf, Erfolg und Nebenwirkungen der Therapie mit Antidepressiva." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15375.
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Im Bereich der medikamentösen antidepressiven Therapie ist die Bedeutung von erblichen Polymorphismen arzneistoffmetabolisierender Enzyme bereits in vielen Studien untersucht und gezeigt worden. Die meisten Antidepressiva werden über polymorphe Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme verstoffwechselt. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Fragestellung, ob die Häufigkeitsverteilung der CYP2D6-, CYP2C19- und CYP2C9-Allele in der an Depression erkrankten Studienpopulation sich von der in der Normalbevölkerung unterscheidet und ob Veränderungen in der Pharmakokinetik, wie sie durch Cytochrom-P450-Polymorphismen verursacht werden, unter normalen klinischen Bedingungen Auswirkungen auf die Wirksamkeit der antidepressiven Therapie, die Nebenwirkungsrate und den Verlauf der Erkrankung haben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden 334 Patienten auf die häufigsten CYP2D6-Allele (*3,*4,*5,*6 und Duplikation) und CYP2C19- und CYP2C9-Allele *2 und *3 mittels Genotypisierung untersucht. Die Bestimmung der seltener auftretender CYP2D6-Allele (*8,*9,*10,*17,*2 und *41) erfolgte zusätzlich bei 200 Patienten. Die entsprechenden klinischen Fragebögen mit Angaben zur Anamnese, Schwere der Erkrankung, Therapieverlauf und Nebenwirkungsprofil wurden von 233 Patienten in Abhängigkeit des CYP2D6- und CYP2C19-Genotyps ausgewertet. Für die Beurteilung des Langzeittherapieverlaufs standen jedoch deutlich weniger Patientendaten zur Verfügung, so dass die Ergebnisse zum Teil nur für den CYPD6-Genotyp ausgewertet werden konnten. Die genetischen Analysen ergaben, dass die Häufigkeitsverteilung der CYP2D6-, CYP2C19- und CYP2C9-Polymorphismen in der untersuchten Studienpopulation keine signifikante Änderung im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung aufwies. Während der Einfluss der CYP2D6-Genotypen auf pharmakokinetische Parameter eindeutig nachgewiesen ist, konnten die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit weitestgehend keinen Zusammenhang zwischen der Schwere der Depression, der Therapieresponse, der Häufigkeit und Schwere der Nebenwirkungen und dem CYP2D6- und CYP2C19-Genotyp herstellen.The importance of genetic polymorphisms of drug metablizing enzymes have been already investigated und proved in many studies before. Most of antidepressants are metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in the distribution of CYP2D6-, CYP2C19- and CYP2C9-allels in inpatients with major depression in comparison to the healthy population and if changes in the pharmacokinatic, created by cytochrome P450 polymorphisms, can be have effects on the efficacy of antidepressant therapy, rate of intolerable side effects and development of the depression. We examined 334 patients by genotyping for the most important CYP2D6-allels (*3,*4,*6,*5 und duplication) and the CYP2C19- and CYP2C9-allels *2 and *3. Further 200 patients were tested for the more infrequent CYP2D6-allels (*8,*9,*10,*17,*2 and *41). The corresponding clinical questionnaires containing informations about the anamnesis, severity of the desease, therapeutic outcome and intolerable side effects have been evaluated of 233 patients in dependence of the CYP2D6- and CYP2C19-genotype. There were significant less clinical datas for the evaluation of long term therapy response be available, so that the results could be partially only analysed for the CYP2D6-genotype. The genetic analysis detected that the distribution of the CYP2D6-, CYP2C19- and CYP2C9-polymorphismen in the study population didn´t reached significant changes in comparison to the healthy population. While the influence of CYP2D6-genotypes on pharmacokinatic parameters is clear demonstrated, the results of this study mainly couldn´t establish a relation between the severity of depression, therapeutic response, frequency and severity of side effects and the CYP2D6 and CYP2C19-genotype.
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Baudrier, Lou. "Régulation des gènes CYP2B de rongeurs : analyses d'une région régulatrice intronique et de l'effet du récepteur constitutif des androstanes sur l'induction de Cyp2b10 par la dexaméthasone." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26409.
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Les gènes de rat CYP2B1 et CYP2B2 ainsi que leur orthologue Cyp2b10 chez la souris sont induits dans le foie par le phénobarbital, un barbiturique, et par les glucocorticoïdes comme la dexaméthasone. Les médiateurs de ces réponses sont respectivement le récepteur constitutif des androstanes (CAR) et le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes. Dans ce mémoire, il est entrepris de vérifier si CAR joue également un rôle dans la réponse des CYP2B aux glucocorticoïdes in vivo et si les xénobiotiques inducteurs influencent la localisation des protéines CYP2B microsomales, aux mitochondries. De plus, l’analyse de sites d’hypersensibilité à la DNase I dans les introns du gène Cyp2b10, conservés dans le gène CYP2B1 a mené à la détermination, entre autres, d’une séquence de 100 paires de bases possédant une activité promotrice constitutive pouvant générer un transcrit de 3 500 paires de bases.
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Legrand-Andreoletti, Maryline. "Polymorphisme genetique du cytochrome p450 cyp2d6 (cyp2d6) et susceptibilite au cancer du poumon chez les caucasiens (doctorat : toxicologie)." Lille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL2P253.
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Christian, Kyle. "The role of hnRNP A1 and hnRNP C1/C2 in the regulation of the stress responsive genes Cyp2a5/2A6 and p53." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8722.
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The family of proteins known as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) is large and diverse. Often, one and the same hnRNP will perform multiple cellular functions, leading to their description as “multifunctional proteins”. The two hnRNPs known as hnRNP A1 and hnRNP C1/C2 are multifunctional proteins found to affect the transcription, splicing, stability, and translation of specific genes’ mRNA. They are implicated in carcinogenesis, apoptosis, and DNA damage response mechanisms.
The aims of this thesis were to study the hnRNP A1 and hnRNP C1/C2 dependent regulation of two highly stress responsive genes, the tumor suppressor p53 and the cytochrome P450 enzyme Cyp2a5/CYP2A6. We identified hnRNP C1/C2 as a DNA damage induced binding protein towards the coding region of p53 mRNA, and found that while a specific cis binding site appears to have a positive function in p53 expression, interaction of hnRNP C1/C2 with this site represses the expression. The data suggest that two distinct molecular mechanisms exist for the down-regulation of p53 by hnRNP C1/C2. One mechanism, active during transcriptional stress, is dependent upon the aforementioned site, and the other, independent. We discuss how hnRNP C1/C2 dependent repression of p53 may play a role in apoptosis.
The data presented here further suggest that the transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes controlling the expression of the murine Cyp2a5 gene are linked via hnRNP A1, by performing functions in the nucleus as a transcription factor, or in the cytoplasmic compartment as a trans factor bound to the 3’UTR of the mRNA as needed. Our studies of the human ortholog of this gene, CYP2A6, suggest that this gene is regulated post-transcriptionally in a manner similar to that of its murine counterpart, via changes in mRNA stability and interaction of hnRNP A1 with its 3’ UTR.
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Smirlis, Despina. "Transcriptional regulation of rat CYP2B genes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271548.
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Aatsinki, S. M. (Sanna-Mari). "Regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis and Cytochrome P450 enzymes by energy-sensing coactivator PGC-1α." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208053.
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Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of energy metabolism and mitochondrial biology in high-energy cell types and tissues. The regulation of PGC-1α is versatile, and both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms play major roles. External stimuli affect PGC-1α-regulation which in turn adapts cellular signals to meet them. For example, conditions like fasting and diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to activate PGC-1α expression in the liver, resulting in enhanced de novo glucose production, gluconeogenesis. In the present study, the mechanisms of hepatic PGC-1α regulation and PGC-1α-regulated functions were elucidated. We found that PGC-1α was induced by oral type 2 diabetes therapeutic metformin, via AMPK and SIRT1, regulating the mitochondrial gene response, against previous assumptions. Simultaneously, gluconeogenesis was repressed by other means. Furthermore, PGC-1α upregulated the anti-inflammatory interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Rn). PGC-1α also diminished interleukin 1β-mediated inflammatory response in hepatocytes. Novel, xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolizing Cytochrome P450 enzymes regulated by PGC-1α were also identified in this thesis. CYP2A5 was induced by PGC-1α through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) coactivation. Also, vitamin D metabolizing CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 were identified as novel genes regulated by PGC-1α, suggesting a role for PGC-1α in the regulation of active vitamin D levels. The findings presented in this thesis provide insight into the pathology of glucose perturbations such as type 2 diabetes, and stimulate discovery of therapeutic agents to treat this disease. Furthermore, the findings suggest that vitamin D metabolism and energy metabolism are tightly linked, with PGC-1α emerging as a novel mediatorTiivistelmä Peroksisomiproliferaattori-aktivoituvan reseptori γ:n koaktivaattori 1α (PGC-1α) on merkittävä glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan ja mitokondrioiden toiminnan säätelijä korkeaenergisissä soluissa ja kudoksissa. PGC-1α:a säädellään monin tavoin: sekä transkriptionaalisella säätelyllä että transkription jälkeisellä muokkauksella on merkittävä rooli. Monet ulkoiset tekijät säätelevät PGC-1α:n aktiivisuutta, joka puolestaan säätelee solunsisäisiä signaalireittejä vastaamaan tähän signaaliin. Esimerkiksi paasto ja diabetes mellitus (DM) ovat fysiologisia tiloja, jotka lisäävät voimakkaasti PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, jolloin glukoosin uudistuotanto eli glukoneogeneesi kiihtyy. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin PGC-1α:n säätelyä sekä PGC-1α -säädeltyjä signaalireittejä maksassa. Osoitimme, että tyypin 2 diabeteslääke metformiini indusoi PGC-1α:n ilmentymistä maksassa, vastoin aikaisempia käsityksiä. PGC-1α indusoitui AMPK:n ja SIRT1:n välityksellä, säädelleen edelleen mitokondriaalisten geenien aktiivisuutta. Samalla glukoneogeneesi kuitenkin repressoitui muilla mekanismeilla. Lisäksi osoitimme, että PGC-1α indusoi tulehdusreaktiota vaimentavaa interleukiini 1 reseptorin antagonistia (IL1Rn). PGC-1α esti interleukiini 1β:n aiheuttamaa tulehdusvastetta hepatosyyteissä. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa tunnistettiin uusia, PGC-1α -säädeltyjä lääkeaineita ja elimistön sisäisiä yhdisteitä metaboloivia sytokromi P450 -entsyymejä (CYP). Hiiren CYP2A5:n ilmentymisen osoitettiin olevan PGC-1α- ja HNF4α-välitteistä. Lisäksi osoitettiin, että D-vitamiinia metaboloivat CYP2R1 ja CYP24A1 ovat uusia PGC-1α -säädeltyjä geenejä. Tämä löydös viittaa siihen, että PGC-1α:lla on rooli aktiivisen D-vitamiinin säätelyssä. Tämän väitöskirjan löydökset lisäävät tietoa glukoosiaineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden kuten tyypin 2 diabeteksen molekulaarisista mekanismeista, joita voidaan hyödyntää mahdollisten uusien lääkeaineiden kehittämisessä. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa osoitettiin, että D-vitamiinimetabolia on kytköksissä energia-aineenvaihduntaan ja että PGC-1α:lla on tässä rooli, jota ei aiemmin ole tunnettu
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Heumüller, Wolfgang. "CYP2D6-Phänotypisierung und Bestimmung des Dextromethorphanmetabolismus mittels Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie." Diss., lmu, 2003. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-10344.
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Gullstén, H. (Harriet). "Significance of polymorphisms in CYP2A6 gene." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2000. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514258576.
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is involved in the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, C-oxidation of nicotine, and the metabolism of tobacco specific nitrosamines. Initially in 1995 Fernandez-Salguero et al. reported a genotyping method for three alleles: CYP2A6*1 (wild-type), CYP2A6*2 (variant 1), and CYP2A6*3 (variant 2). Later studies presented in this thesis indicated that the original genotyping method produces erroneous results for the CYP2A6*3 allele due to unspecific PCR conditions and previously unknown CYP2A6*1B allele. Furthermore, the CYP2A6*2 allele genotyping caused erroneous genotypes (CYP2A6*2/*2 was misclassified as CYP2A6*1/*2).
In this work, new PCR based genotyping methods were developed for CYP2A6*2 and for several new alleles (CYP2A6*1B, CYP2A6*4A/*4D and CYP2A6*5). In population-based studies, the deletion alleles (pooled as CYP2A6*4) turned out to be more prevalent among Asians (15.1%) than Caucasians (0.5%). The frequencies of the other inactive alleles varied within 0–3% in both populations. Asians totally lacked the CYP2A6*2 allele, whereas Caucasians lacked the CYP2A6*5 allele. The frequencies of two wild-type alleles, CYP2A6*1A and CYP2A6*1B alleles were 66.5% and 30.0% in Caucasians, and 43.2% and 40.6% in Asians, respectively.
Correlation studies between the phenotype, as tested by the administration of coumarin, and the genotype demonstrated that individuals with the CYP2A6*2/*2 genotype were totally defective, while CYP2A6*1/*2 subjects exhibited intermediate and CYP2A6*1/*1 subjects full capablility of producing 7-hydroxycoumarin. Upon phenotyping with nicotine, individuals with the CYP2A6*1/*2 or CYP2A6*1/*4 genotype were shown to have a lower enzyme activity (one fourth of the normal activity), compared to those with the CYP2A6*1/*1 genotype.
Defective CYP2A6 activity has been hypothesised to reduce the risk of environmentally (especially tobacco smoke) induced diseases either by decreasing production of genotoxic metabolites or by preventing addiction to tobacco smoking. However, in our case-control studies on Spanish patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 83) and liver cancer (n = 90) and their controls (n = 237) no significant association between the CYP2A6 genotypes and disease proneness was found. The odds ratio (OR) for developing liver cancer was was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5–3.7) for genotypes containing at least one CYP2A6*2 allele. For liver cancer the respective OR was 1.3 (95% CI 0.4–4.5). Similarly, no statistically association between CYP2A6 alleles and the risk of lung cancer was observed in our Finnish study population cinsisting of 177 cases and 1089 controls; the OR for combined CYP2A6 variant allele containing genotypes (CYP2A6*1/*2 and CYP2A6*1/*4) was 1.19 (95% CI 0.56–2.45). Our studies therefore do not indicate any major modifying role for the CYP2A6 genotypes in individual susceptibility to environmentally induced diseases.
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Elia, Andrew Panayioti. "Tissue specific regulation of CYP2B gene expression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338734.
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