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1
Barton, Andrew M., and Helen M. Poulos. "Response of Arizona cypress (Hesperocyparis arizonica) to the Horseshoe Two Megafire in a south-eastern Arizona Sky Island mountain range." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 1 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18133.
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We examined the response of Arizona cypress (Hesperocyparis arizonica) to the 2011 Horseshoe Two Megafire in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA. We documented cover type, fire severity, cypress mortality and seedling establishment in 60 plots. In plots subject to severe fire, most mature cypresses were killed, the canopy opened and seedlings established abundantly. These results were consistent across three canyons differing in topography and vegetation. Successful regeneration of Arizona cypress contrasts with low seedling establishment for pines in the same area after the Horseshoe Two Fire, a difference possibly explained by abundant serotinous seed production in cypress or its preference for riparian sites protected from extreme fire. Our results firmly establish Arizona cypress as a fire-sensitive but fire-embracing species that depends on stand-replacing fire for regeneration. Given the fire sensitivity of Arizona cypress, however, recent increases in the frequency of high-severity fires in the south-west USA could pose a threat to the long-term viability of this species by preventing individuals from reaching sexual maturity during fire intervals. This scenario, termed the ‘interval squeeze’, has been documented in tecate cypress (H. forbesii) in California. A drier future with more frequent wildfires could pose serious threats to all New World cypresses.
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Anjos, Ofélia, António J. A. Santos, Rogério Simões, and Helena Pereira. "Morphological, mechanical, and optical properties of cypress papers." Holzforschung 68, no. 8 (December 1, 2014): 867–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0125.
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Abstract The pulping properties of cypress species are not known and the present paper aims to filling this gap. Namely, Cupressus lusitanica Mill., C. sempervirens L. and C. arizonica Greene have been submitted to kraft pulping and the pulp properties are compared with those of Pinus pinaster Aiton. and P. sylvestris Watereri as references. Schopper Riegler degree, density, Bekk’s smoothness, tensile index, tear index, burst index, stretch, dry zero-span strength, wet zero-span strength, brightness, opacity and light scattering coefficient have been tested. The pulp yields and delignification degrees of cypress woods were lower than those of the pine references. Fibre length, width and coarseness were statistically different between pines and cypress species and C. sempervirens pulps have corresponding data close to those of pine species. Cypress pulps can be refined much faster than pine pulps. The papers sheets of cypress fibres have, in general, lower mechanical performance than those of pine fibres. Papers from C. arizonica and C. lusitanica are similar and C. sempervirens has intermediate properties being between the other cypress and pine species. However, cypress fibres are relatively short, flexible and collapsible and can be refined with low energy demand, and thus could be incorporated into papers resulting in products with better light scattering and smoothness.
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Fink, Dwayne H., and William L. Ehrler. "Christmas Tree Production Using the Runoff Farming System." HortScience 21, no. 3 (June 1986): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.3.459.
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Abstract Runoff farming was used to produce Eldarica pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) and Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica Green) as Christmas trees in a semiarid, 300-mm precipitation zone in Arizona. Natural precipitation was supplemented with runoff from treated, noncropped catchment-terraces adjoining the cropping area. Catchement treatments were wax (0.5 kg·m−2) on a sandy soil and sodium chloride salt (1.1 kg·m−2) on a clay soil. Terrace widths were varied to provide the crop an estimated 2, 3, and 4 times the precipitation. Trees were hand-watered from March to August the first year to ensure establishment. Regardless of terrace width, 90% of the cypress on the wax site were marketable in 3 years, and 90% of the pines on the salt site were marketable in 4 years. The other 2 tree-treatment combinations were less successful because of soil-species interrelated problems.
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Johnson, G. C., J. D. Thornton, A. C. Trajstman, and L. J. Cookson. "Comparative in-ground natural durability of white and black cypress pines (Callitris glaucophylla and C. endlicheri)." Australian Forestry 69, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2006.10676244.
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Doimo, Luigino. "Azulenes, Costols and Γ-Lactones from Cypress-Pines (Callitris columellaris, C. glaucophyllaandC. intratropica) Distilled Oils and Methanol Extracts." Journal of Essential Oil Research 13, no. 1 (January 2001): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2001.9699594.
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Kolesik, Peter. "Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Australian cypress-pines,Callitrisspp. (Cupressaceae), with descriptions of three new genera and three new species." Australian Journal of Entomology 39, no. 4 (October 2, 2000): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00185.x.
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Harris, Mark R., David Lamb, and Peter D. Erskine. "An investigation into the possible inhibitory effects of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) litter on the germination and growth of associated ground cover species." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02045.
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White cypress-pine stands typically support sparse densities of shrubs and grasses. The commonly held opinion is that leaching of allelopathic chemical compounds from cypress-pine litter partly facilitates this exclusion. Germination and growth of cypress pine seedlings do not appear to be similarly affected. This study set out to determine whether cypress litter had a differential effect on germination and growth of cypress-pine seedlings and on associated ground-cover species. Glasshouse trials comparing seedling emergence under cypress- and artificial-litter layers were undertaken. Cypress-pine litter did not have an inhibitory effect on the germination or growth of ground-cover species. In most cases, seedling emergence was facilitated by the application of cypress-pine litter due to its ability to increase the water holding capacity of the underlying soil. Cypress litter did not promote growth of its own seedlings over its competitors except on coarse-textured soils where it provided an ameliorative function to water stress due to the soil's reduced water holding capacity. The inhibition of ground-cover species' germination and growth in pure cypress stands was suggested to be the result of high below-ground resource competition due to the pine's expansive root morphology.
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Intini, M., A. Panconesi, M. L. Ben Jamâa, G. Stanosz, and D. Smith. "First Report of Diplodia Canker of Cypress Caused by Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi on Mediterranean Cypress in Tunisia." Plant Disease 89, no. 11 (November 2005): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1246a.
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Symptoms of decline were observed on Mediterranean cypress trees (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Tunisia in 2003 and 2004; disease specimens were vouchered as FIAF 38649. The declining, windbreak trees in the Cap Bon Region were 25 to 30 years old. Severity of symptoms varied among trees. Thus, areas of reddish, withered foliage alternated with areas that were still green. Other trees were completely withered. The bases of withered branches and tree trunks bore slightly sunken cankers with longitudinal bark cracks that oozed drops of resin. When the outer layer of a cankered area was scraped away, dark brown inner bark tissue was seen to extend up to several centimeters around the canker. Cross sections through cankers on trunks and branches revealed extensive darkened, wedge-shaped sectors in the wood. The affected bark bore numerous black pycnidia. Conidia were mostly smooth, ovoid, hyaline, and aseptate; a few were brown with a medial septum. The mean conidial dimensions (n = 100) were 27 × 11 μm; the extreme range was 19 to 31 × 8 to 13 μm. Isolates obtained from affected host tissue and conidia developed mainly floccose colonies that were white, then greyish green, and finally dark gray black on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. Blackish pycnidial fructifications containing typical conidia were produced after 5 weeks on autoclaved cypress seeds placed on the colonies under light. Pathogenicity was tested using five 3-year-old potted Mediterranean cypress trees. These were inoculated by placing 3-mm-diameter plugs of mycelium of isolate DF IMG86 (DAOM 234788) from the edge of a 15-day-old colony on PDA on 5-mm-diameter wounds made in the bark. The wounds were covered with cotton wool moistened with sterile water and wrapped in adhesive tape. Similar wounds on five control trees received a plug of sterile PDA. Symptoms occurred as early as the third week after inoculation. The leaves first became yellow and then turned amaranth red, after which they progressively withered. Two months after inoculation, cankers were clearly visible at the inoculation site. Isolates from these cankers were morphologically similar to those used for inoculation. The control plants did not show any disease symptoms and their wounds healed normally. Morphological, cultural, and pathological characteristics of the fungus isolated from cypress with decline symptoms were similar to those of the fungus referred to as Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi or Sphaeropsis sapinea f. sp. cupressi (1). Identification was confirmed by marker analysis by using intersimple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (2). Banding patterns for isolate DF IMG86 were produced using primers HYH(GY)7 and (CAG)5 and were identical to those for Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi isolates 94-3 (DAOM 229437) and 95-158 (DAOM 229439) and differed from those obtained for isolates of Diplodia pinea (S. sapinea A group), D. scrobiculata (S. sapinea B group), Botryosphaeria obtusa, and B. stevensii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen in Tunisia. The development of D. pinea f. sp. cupressi on cypress windbreaks in the Cap Bon Region may be related to a drought that has afflicted Tunisia for the past 5 years. Reference: (1) Z. Solel et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 9:115, 1987. (2) S. Zhou et al. Mycol. Res. 105:919, 2001.
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Madar, Zion, Hugo E. Gottlieb, Miriam Cojocaru, Joseph Riov, Zvi Solel, and Abraham Sztejnberg. "Antifungal terpenoids produced by cypress after infection by Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi." Phytochemistry 38, no. 2 (January 1995): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00575-e.
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Domínguez-Ortega, Javier, María Ángeles López-Matas, María Dolores Alonso, Angélica Feliu, Javier Ruiz-Hornillos, Emma González, Raquel Moya, and Jerónimo Carnés. "Prevalence of Allergic Sensitization to Conifer Pollen in a High Cypress Exposure Area." Allergy & Rhinology 7, no. 4 (January 2016): ar.2016.7.0183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ar.2016.7.0183.
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Background Sensitization to Finales (Cupressaceae and Pinaceae) has increased dramatically in recent years. The prevalence of sensitization in different geographic areas is related to exposure to specific pollens. Objectives To investigate the prevalence of allergy to different conifer pollens, describe the characteristics of patients with such allergy, and identify the involved allergens. Methods Patients were recruited at five hospitals near Madrid. Extracts from conifer pollen were prepared and used in skin-prick testing. Wheal sizes were recorded, and serum samples obtained from patients with positive reactions to Cupressus arizonica and/or Pinus pinea. The specific immunoglobulin E value to C. arizonica and Cup a 1 was determined. Individual immunoblots for each patient and with a pool of sera were performed. Allergenic proteins were sequenced by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Of 499 individuals included in the study, 17 (14%) had positive skin-prick test results to some conifer pollen extracts. Sixty-four patients had positive results to C. arizonica (prevalence 12.8%) and 11 had positive results to P. pinea (2.2%). All the patients had respiratory symptoms (61.4% during the C. arizonica pollination period), and 62.9% had asthma. Approximately 86% of the patients had positive specific immunoglobulin E results to C. arizonica and 923% had positive results to Cup a 1. Fourteen different bands were recognized by immunoblot; the most frequent bands were those detected at 43, 18, 16, and 14 kDa. All sequenced proteins corresponded to Cup a 1. Conclusion Allergy to conifer pollen could be considered a relevant cause of respiratory allergy in central Spain. Asthma was more frequent than in other studies. We only identified Cup a 1 as involved in sensitization.
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Davis, Donald D., Larry J. Kuhns, Kristen Akina, and T. L. Harpster. "Artillery Fungus Sporulation on 27 Different Mulches — A Field Study." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-22.3.117.
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Abstract During the last decade, the ‘artillery fungus’ has emerged from an interesting mycological curiosity that grows in landscape mulch to a problem of major financial concern to homeowners, insurance companies, mulch producers, and landscape contractors. This common inhabitant of landscape mulch produces sticky spore masses (gleba) that it shoots towards the light or towards reflective objects such as light-colored automobiles or house siding. We evaluated 27 different mulches in the field to determine their ability to support growth and sporulation of the artillery fungus. Each mulch type was inoculated in 1998 with the artillery fungus and the amount of sporulation (number of spore masses on targets) determined annually until 2002, approximately 4 years after inoculation. We grouped the 27 mulches into nine general categories that had common characteristics: mulches that originated from large piles of bark and wood mixtures, mulches blended with 5% compost, cedar mulch, mulches commercially designated as ‘bark’ but containing considerable wood, dyed wood chips, non-dyed wood chips, cypress mulch, large bark nuggets, and 100% spent mushroom substrate. The mulches obtained from large piles shredded blends of bark and wood supported significantly greater levels of artillery fungus sporulation than did other mulches. Such highly susceptible mulches should be avoided if the artillery fungus is to be minimized. In contrast, large bark nuggets, cypress mulch, and 100% spent mushroom substrate supported less artillery fungus. Other mulches supported intermediate levels of sporulation. All wood/bark landscape mulches will eventually support the artillery fungus over extended time periods (i.e., 34 years), and even more tolerant mulches should be replaced or covered with a fresh layer of mulch on a regular basis.
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Ciesla, William M. "Forests and forest protection in Cyprus." Forestry Chronicle 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80107-1.
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Cyprus, an island located in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, was heavily forested prior to human settlement. Human influence since about 6000 BC has significantly changed the area and composition of the island's forests. Approximately 40% of the Island is presently occupied by forest, maquis and garigue vegetation. The dominant tree species in Cyprus' forests is Pinus brutia, which has been planted extensively on abandoned agricultural lands and areas burned by wildfire. P. brutia forests are subject to periodic wildfire episodes. In addition, young plantations are subject to defoliation by the pine processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Pityocampidae), and older forests are subject to attack by several species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). A policy of extensive planting of pines will, most likely, result in continued problems with wildfire, pine processionary caterpillar and bark beetles in the foreseeable future. Long-term measures to effectively manage these problems include examination of opportunities to plant alternative tree species and to manage the vegetation to increase the diversity of the Island's wildland ecosystems. Key words: Cyprus, forest protection, pine processionary caterpillar, bark beetles, wildfire
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Madar, Z., Z. Solel, and A. Sztejnberg. "The effect of Diplodia pinea f.sp. cupressi and Seiridium cardinale on water flow in cypress branches." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 37, no. 5 (November 1990): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(90)90121-d.
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Aresti, Lazaros, Paul Christodoulides, Gregoris P. Panayiotou, and Georgios Florides. "Residential Buildings’ Foundations as a Ground Heat Exchanger and Comparison among Different Types in a Moderate Climate Country." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 6287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236287.
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Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems (SGESs) constitute Renewable Energy Systems (RES), which find application in the residential sector through the use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs). GSHPs are associated with Ground Heat Exchangers (GHEs), whereby heat is gained/lost through a network of tubes into the ground. GSHPs have failed to flourish in the RES market due to their high initial costs and long payback periods. In this study, the use of Energy Geo-Structure (EGS) systems, namely, the foundation (or energy) piles and the foundation bed of a residential building in Cyprus, was computationally modeled in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. First, the single-houses’ trend in number of units and area in Cyprus was examined and a theoretically typical house with nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) characteristics was considered. The heating and cooling loads were estimated in the TRNSYS software environment and used as inputs to investigate the performance of the GSHP/GHE systems. Both systems were shown to exhibit steady performance and high Coefficient of Performance (COP) values, making them an alternative RES solution for residential building integration. Next, the systems were economically evaluated through a comparison with a convectional Air Source Heat Pump (ASHP) system. The economic analysis showed that the cost of the suggested conversions of the foundation elements into GHEs had short payback periods. Consequently, either using the foundation piles or bed as a GHE is a profitable investment and an alternative to conventional RES.
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Madar, Z., Z. Solel, J. Riov, and A. Sztejnberg. "Phytoalexin production by cypress in response to infection by Diplodia pinea f.sp. cupressi and its relation to water stress." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 47, no. 1 (July 1995): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.1995.1040.
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Mendel, Zvi. "Occurrence of Matsucoccus josephi in Cyprus and Turkey and its Relation to Decline of Aleppo Pine (Homoptera: Matsucoccidae)." Entomologia Generalis 17, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/17/1992/299.
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Madar, Z., Z. Solel, A. Sztejnberg, and M. Kimchi. "Effect of pruning of trunk side-branches of cypress on infection by Seiridium cardinale and Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi." Forest Ecology and Management 44, no. 2-4 (November 1991): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90012-k.
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Saratsis, Georgios, George Xiroudakis, George Exadaktylos, Alexandros Papaconstantinou, and Ilias Lazos. "Use of UAV Images in 3D Modelling of Waste Material Stock-Piles in an Abandoned Mixed Sulphide Mine in Mathiatis—Cyprus." Mining 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2023): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining3010005.
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The island of Cyprus is famous for its rich deposits of volcanic mineralisation that yielded large quantities of copper, gold, and silver. The abandonment of the waste material in several dump sites during exploitation severely impacted the environment. A significant environmental issue is the acid mine drainage from the hydration of large barren piles that cover these old open pit mines. However, abandoned piles are still enriched in precious metals and perhaps even rare earth metals. These dump sites may form a new possible “deposit”, which may attract companies’ economic interest. Removing the stockpiles can be cost-effective, since the secondary extraction process is profitable, in addition to the benefits from the restoration of the natural environment. The case study considered here pertains to the North Mine of Mathiatis, where unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images were used to create not only a 3D topographic map but also to locate these dump sites and finally to create a 3D model of one of these waste stockpiles. The methodology proposed here to locate dump sites by using point cloud data (x, y, z, RGB) and high-resolution images provided by UAVs will assist in the secondary mining of old open-pit mines by defining the bottom and top stockpile surfaces. The reconstructed 3D waste piles can also be used to calculate the volume they occupy and other parameters, such as the gradient of slopes, that are essential for estimating the cost of possible restoration. The proposed methodology was applied to the stockpile STK1 with the most available drillhole data, and its volume was estimated at 56,000 m3, approximately.
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Beckett, K. Paul, Peter Freer-Smith, and Gail Taylor. "Effective Tree Species for Local Airquality Management." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.002.
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The beneficial effect that trees have on air quality is often stated in arboricultural literature but has rarely been researched. The presented study aims to identify trees from 5 contrasting species that maximize the benefit to local air quality. Results show that all trees examined captured large quantities of airborne particulates, from the health-damaging size fractions (particle diameters of 10 to 2.5 |im, 2.5 to 1 |Xm, and <1 |am). Coniferous species were found to capture more particles than did broad-leaves, with pines (Pinus spp.) capturing significantly more material than cypresses (Cupresses spp.). Of the broad-leaved species, whitebeam (Sorbus aria) captured the most and poplar (Populus spp.) the least weight of particles. Trees situated close to a busy road captured significantly more material from the largest particle size fraction than those situated at a rural, background site. There was very little variation between the 2 sites in the weight of particulates from the 2 smallest particle size fractions (i.e., the fractions that are potentially the most damaging to human health).
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Madar, Z. "Effect of Water Stress in Cypress on the Development of Cankers Caused by Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi and Seiridium cardinale." Plant Disease 73, no. 6 (1989): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-0484.
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Pyatt, F. B. "Comparison of Foliar and Stem Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals by Corsican Pines in the Mount Olympus Area of Cyprus." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 42, no. 1 (January 1999): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1726.
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Talhouk, S. N., R. Zurayk, and S. Khuri. "Conservation of the coniferous forests of Lebanon: past, present and future prospects." Oryx 35, no. 3 (July 2001): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.00180.x.
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AbstractConiferous forests are an important component of the Lebanese landscape. Ten species of conifers in five genera are found as wild populations in Lebanon: Cilician fir Abies cilicica, cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani, Mediterranean Cyprus Cupressus sempervirens, Syrian juniper Juniperus drupacea, Grecian juniper J. excelsa, willdenow J. foetidissima, prickly juniper J. oxycedrus, Calabrian pine Pinus brutia, Aleppo pine P. halepensis and stone pine P. pinea. Although none of these species are seriously threatened in a global context, they exist in Lebanon mostly as fragmented and degraded populations, and their habitats are under great pressure from urbanization and associated development. Conservation efforts in Lebanon have concentrated mainly on the cedar of Lebanon, with two cedar of Lebanon forests protected as Nature Reserves. Large areas of forest, coniferous and otherwise, remain unprotected. In this review, the need for an integrated approach to conservation of the coniferous landscape of Lebanon and the importance of the participation of local communities in this process are emphasized.
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Lintz, Christopher, and Floyd Largent. "Note on a Possible Chipped Stone Grubbing Tool from Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2005.1.16.
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During the period August 6-27, and November 18-20, 2003, archeologists from Geo-Marine Inc. (GMI), of Plano, Texas, conducted a pedestrian survey of a 51.5 km-long corridor for the proposed Southside Regional Water System in Marion, Harrison, Upshur, and Gregg counties, Texas. The proposed waterline is intended to draw water from Lake O The Pines in the Big Cypress drainage system and distribute it to various communities in both the Big Cypress and Little Cypress Creek basins in the aforementioned counties. Specifically, the pipeline will benefit the communities of Ore City, Old Diana, Diana, and James before the pipeline crosses Little Cypress Creek and winds southeastward to a booster pump station for further distribution to other communities through existing pipelines. During the survey, random shovel testing near the community of James found an isolated, expended chipped stone "grubbing implement" made of gray siltstone. Due to the scarcity of such tools, and the desire to call attention to the locus of this unusual item, the State Historic Preservation Office suggested that GMI assign the location an archeological site number, rather than retain it as an isolated occurrence. The purpose of this brief note is to discuss the find location, describe this relatively unusual artifact, and draw comparisons with similar implements.
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Turner, Mike. "A Two-Phase or Tiered Caddo Mound at The Camp Joy Site (41UR144), Lake 0' the Pines." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.20.
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As the United States expanded in the late eighteenth century and through most of the nineteenth century, much interest and question was raised over the increasing numbers of earthen mounds and earthen constructions encountered by the settlers moving westward across the southeastern woodlands. Mounds? Mound builders? Enough questions were raised about their origins that in 1881, the Division of Mound Exploration of the Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, was established to address and resolve these issues. The work of the Division of Mound Exploration can be considered the first "modern archeology" done in the United States. Their mound research covered the Dakotas to Texas and all points east. The final research report by Division Head, Cyrus Thomas, was published as the Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. In this report, Thomas mentions in the Gulf District that: some two or three mounds of peculiar form have been discovered in Mississippi and the Arkansas district that have not been observed elsewhere in the mound area. These may be described as earthen platforms surmounted by a conical mound or a conical mound surrounded by a terrace. Sometimes the conical mound is small in proportion to the platform and is not central...A double mound of this type, or mound with two apices, has been observed in western Mississippi. The primary purpose of this report is to make known the occurrence of a two-phase Caddoan earthen mound in Upshur County. Furthermore, this report seeks to add this site to the inventory of known archeological resources of the Cypress Creek basin. Available data relevant to the Cypress Basin and the immediate area of the site has also been summarized and reported here to suggest chronological associations for the two-phase mound.
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Perttula, Timothy K., Mark Walters, and Bo Nelson. "The Younger Site (41MR6), Marion County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.21.
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The Younger site (41MR6) is located on a lower toe slope (250ft. amsl) and alluvial terrace in the Arms Creek or Patton Creek valley at Lake 0' the Pines. Arms Creek is an eastward-flowing tributary to Big Cypress Creek. At normal pool levels the Younger site is now under the waters of Lake 0' the Pines. When the site was first recorded by E. 0. Miller of the National Park Service in 1951, it was named the D. M. Collom site. The site was estimated to cover 6-8 acres, and was marked by several areas of bare ground where Caddo pottery sherds were collected (n=150), primarily plain sherds (n=115) and brushed/brushed-punctated sherds (n=33). Thurmond considers the site to be a large Titus phase settlement based on the identification of Ripleyffaylor Engraved, Glassell Engraved, Maydelle Incised, Bullard Brushed, and Pease Brushed-Incised sherds in the collection as well as a single Maud arrow point. In April 1964, Buddy Calvin Jones excavated four burials in a prehistoric Caddo cemetery at what was now known as the A. V. Younger site. The burials were about 30m north of a spring-fed creek, in a row situated near the edge of a small alluvial terrace. The burials each contained a single individual laid out in an extended, supine position with associated funerary offerings, primarily ceramic vessels. We documented a number of the ceramic vessels, as described below, but eight of the vessels recovered by Jones are now missing from the collection.
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Perttula, Nelson, Robert Selden, and Walters. "Documentation of Ancestral Caddo Ceramic Vessels in the Smith County Historical Museum Collections." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2014.1.71.
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This report puts on record the collection of 34 ancestral Caddo vessels held by the Smith County Historical Museum (SCHM) in Tyler, Texas. Most of the collection was donated to the SCHM in 2013, but several were also donated in 1985 (Carol Kehl, April 2014 personal communication). The vessels in this collection have been documented following the methods employed by the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology and Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC on a number of ancestral Caddo ceramic collections from East Texas archaeological sites (e.g., Perttula 2011, 2013, 2014; Perttula and Nelson 2013; Perttula and Thacker 2014; Perttula et al. 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2013, 2014). The provenance of the Caddo vessels includes a number of vessels from sites at Lake O’ the Pines in the Big Cypress Creek basin, while the other 10 vessels are believed to have been collected from sites in the upper Neches River basin in Smith County, Texas. We discuss these conclusions in the “Summary and Conclusions” section of the report, relying on the decorative styles and types of the vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962) to sort them into the material culture remains known to be associated with different ancestral Caddo cultural groups in East Texas.
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Nelson, Bo, Marty Crabb, TImothy K. Perttula, and LeeAnna Schniebs. "The Crabb Site (41TT650), a Prehistoric Caddo Site on Tankersley Creek, Titus County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2004.1.26.
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In this article, we discuss the archaeological findings at the Crabb site (411T650), a prehistoric Caddo settlement on an upland remnant/knoll in the Tankersley Creek floodplain in Titus County, Texas. Tankersley Creek is one of the principal tributaries of Big Cypress Creek, and it flows south past the Crabb site to merge with the larger creek a few miles downstream. This part of Titus County is in the Pineywoods, an area with abundant moisture and a warm, moderate climate in modem times, with an overstory vegetation of pines and a variety of hardwoods (principally several species of oaks and hickory). Along Tankersley Creek itself, the vegetation would have been dominated by more mesic hardwoods that tolerated occasional inundation from seasonal floods and standing water in the floodplain, such as water oaks and sweetgum trees, bushes, vines, and shrubs. The Tankersley Creek valley is well-known for its archaeological resources, particularly those of prehistoric Caddo age, and numerous prehistoric Caddo sites have been identified and recorded in the valley in the last 20 years. The Crabb site is one of several dozen prehistoric Caddo sites known in the creek valley, and one where limited investigations over the last 10 years have recovered interesting archaeological information about an intensive Caddo settlement that was apparently occupied at least 600-700 years ago, if not longer. Additional archaeological work is planned at the Crabb site should time and money become available to conduct more work at this significant site, but we believe it is important for future Caddo archaeological researchers that we make available now the archaeological information that has been obtained to date from the site.
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Kijidani, Yoshio, Taku Tsuyama, and Katsuhiko Takata. "Seasonal variations of auxin and gibberellin A4 levels in cambial-region tissues of three conifers (Pinus elliottii, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Cryptomeria japonica) with inherently different wood densities." Journal of Wood Science 67, no. 1 (June 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10086-021-01977-5.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe previously reported the species-specific annual ring formation characteristics of three conifers (slash pine (Pinus elliottii), hinoki (Japanese cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa) and sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica)) grown in the same stand over 2 years. We found that the species-specific annual ring formation characteristics affected the inherent difference in wood density among these conifers (slash pine > hinoki > sugi). Plant hormones in cambial-region tissues were believed to affect annual ring formation. However, seasonal variation of the amounts of plant hormones in cambial-region tissues had only been examined in a few tree species. In this study, as the first step to elucidating the role of plant hormones in annual ring formation in conifers, we report the seasonal variations of the auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) levels in cambial-region tissues and their effects on annual ring formation in three conifers (slash pine, hinoki, and sugi) with inherently different wood densities.Sugi (small wood density) had significantly higher levels of IAA and formed more tracheids in the early season than in the late season, although slash pine (large wood density) had higher levels of IAA and formed significantly more tracheids in the late season than in the early season. Hinoki (intermediate wood density) had constant IAA levels and formed a constant number of tracheids throughout the season. There were significant positive correlations between the levels of IAA in cambial-region tissues and the number of tracheids formed during late season in the two conifer species. A close relationship was observed between the seasonal ratio of the IAA levels (late/early season) and wood density. No consistent trend in the change in the level of IAA during the transition from earlywood to latewood formation was recognized among the three conifers. The IAA levels in slash pines were significantly higher than those in sugi and hinoki. The GA4 levels had no significant effect on number of tracheids formed in the three conifers. These results suggest that the species-specific seasonal variation patterns of the IAA levels might lead to the inherent differences in wood density among these three conifers through species-specific characteristics in the formation of annual rings.
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Tahat, Monther M., Hussen Al dakil, and Kholoud Alananbeh. "First report of damping off disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum on Pinus pinea in Jordan." Plant Disease, June 22, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-20-2135-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Forests of Jordan are located in the northern and southern parts of the country with 60% and 40%, respectively. Natural forests constitute about 75% in the northern part and 25% in the southern part. There are many types of forest trees in Jordan including pines (Pinus spp.), juniper (Juniperus), cypress (Cupressus), oak (Querus), acacia (Acacia), and Christ's thorn jujube (Ziziphus). There are three species of Pinus: P. halopensis (native), P. pinea (introduced), and P. canariensis (introduced) (Ministry of Agriculture, 2013). P. pinea is considered one of the most important components of Jordan's natural forests. Due to its adaptability, lack of environmental requirements and ease of cultivation, its cultivation has been expanded in all parts of Jordan. P. pinea cultivation prevent soil erosion and combating desertification. P. pinea seeds are used in making sweets and many popular foods. In the end of 2019, wilting and damping-off symptoms were noticed in 50 % of P. pinea seedlings nurseries (personal communication, November 2019). Six-month old P. pinea seedlings with visible symptoms of damping-off were collected between May and July 2020 from a pine nursery located in Amman Province, Jordan (32° 0′ 40.4316″ N, 135° 52′ 20.3628″ E). Thirty-two seedlings with different severities of the disease were selected for the isolation of root pathogens. Two root samples from each seedling were surface-sterilized using 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 - 5 minutes and then rinsed with sterile distilled water. Root samples were subsequently cut into small pieces (1- to 2 cm long sections) and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 5 mg/L streptomycin sulphate. Petri dishes were incubated in a growth chamber at 25±2°C for seven days and sub-cultured by hyphal tipping. The cultural and conidial morphology of 7-day old mycelia were observed for the isolates using an optical microscope (LEICA, ICC50 HD, Switzerland). For morphological identification of Fusarium, 200 measurements of microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores were conducted. The Fusarium isolates had a color of purple-violet mycelium growth in a PDA culture medium (Figure 1 A and B). Macroconidia had 3-5 septa with a foot- shaped basal cell. They were sickle-shaped, hyaline, and thin-walled with dimensions of 20-42 x 3.2-5.5 μm (Figure 1C). Microconidia were short, elliptic to oval unicellular, and with sharp unbranched monophyalides with an average dimension of 5.0–17.0×2.3–5.1 μm (Figure 1D, 1E). Older mycelia developed a large number of terminal chlamydospores (7.2 to 14.1 µm) that were intercalary and rough-walled (Figure 1F). All the characteristics agreed with those recorded by Leslie et al. (2006) and Nelson et al. (1983) for Fusarium oxysporum. Representative isolate (FoxypineJO2020-01) was selected for molecular identification. The DNA was extracted, amplified using the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1α) gene (EF1/EF2) (O’Donnell et al., 1998), and sequenced at Macrogen Inc, South Korea. Forward and reverse sequences were received, assembled and consensus sequence was produced using BioEdit sequence alignment editor (Hall, 1999). The consensus sequence was BLASTn on the NCBI website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and was 100% similar with F. oxysporum accession KC622308.1. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA 7.0.26 (Kumar et al. 2016) with 1000 bootstrap values and correlated the representative isolate with the accession KC622308.1 (Figure 2). The isolated sequence was deposited in the GenBank and accession number was assigned (MW057934). Koch's postulates were fulfilled using FoxypineJO2020-01 isolate to confirm the Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of Pinus pinea damping-off. One-month-old seedlings of P. pinea were soaked in spore suspension of 1 × 106 spores/ml for 10 minutes. Seedlings were placed in 25cm x 20cm deep plastic pots filled with a sterile mixture of peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite (60:20:20). Controlled by thirty seedlings of P. pinea soaked in distilled water. Planted seedlings were incubated at 25 ± 2°C with a 12: 12 hrs light/dark period. Seedlings of P. pinea inoculated with spores gradually showed symptoms similar to those of naturally diseased infected plants (Figure 3, 4). The inoculated pathogen was successfully re-isolated from roots of the diseased seedlings. The uppermost leaves began to wilt (Figure 4c), and the roots had darkened at 25 days after inoculation (Figure 4d). By 40 days after inoculation, the entire seelings were discolored and dead (Figure 4e). Furthermore, the roots became dark and peeled (Figure 4f). These symptoms matched those described by (Machón et al., 2009) and (Luo and Yu 2020). Control P. pinea seedlings remained asymptomatic (Figure 4a, b). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum on P. pinea in Jordan. No previous disease notes were reported on P. pinea seedlings in Jordan. The pathogen can cause significant economic losses to P. pinea as well as to other types of Pinus spp. whether in nurseries or forests in Jordan. Therefore, for disease control in nurseries, it is extremely important to determine the onset time, decrease the incidence (Gordon et al. 2015) and identify the infection source (Morales-Rodriguezv et al. 2018). Future surveys need to be conducted on forest trees in selected forest and biosphere reserves that show tree decline to identify major forest fungal pathogens in Jordanian forests.
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bo Nelson. "A Late Caddo Cemetery at the A. Davis Site in the Little Cypress Creek Basin, Upshur County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2013.1.36.
Full textAbstract:
The A. Davis site is a previously unreported Late Caddo period Titus phase cemetery in the Piney woods of the Little Cypress Creek basin in Upshur County, Texas. There are notes and collections from the site in the Buddy Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum, and our analysis of those materials are presented in this article.
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Aldridge, Caleb A., David M. Norris, Hunter R. Hatcher, Giancarlo Coppola, Michael E. Colvin, and Leandro E. Miranda. "Retention and Dimensional Changes of Evergreen Brush Piles Within a Flood Control Reservoir." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, October 15, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-033.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Brush piles (i.e., trees and large woody debris) are often installed in reservoirs to supplement fish habitat. The retention and dimensional change of brush piles after installation is important information that can be used to maximize the effectiveness of this management action. We evaluated the retention and dimensional change of 70 eastern red cedar Juniperus virginiana and bald cypress Taxodium distichum brush piles in an embayment of a drawdown reservoir up to four annual cycles of submergence and exposure. We used satellite imagery to supplement our onsite measurements of retention. We also examined spatial patterns of brush pile retention and dimensional change. Brush piles were lost at 10% per year, and their volume was lost at 14% per year. We compared our rates of brush pile retention and dimensional change with those from a holdout data set of 50 brush piles. Estimates between data sets did not differ statistically. Spatial patterns of retention and dimensional change coincided with morphological features in our study area, suggesting that retention and dimensional change is influenced by variable physical forces (e.g., wave action and flow) at installation locations. Our estimates of brush pile retention and dimensional change can be used to generally sustain desirable brush densities. For example, to maintain a fixed total volume of brush in our study embayment, roughly 23% of the total brush volume installed would need to be replaced annually. Similar research in reservoirs managed for other purposes is needed, as length and cycle of inundation could lead to variable rates of retention and dimensional change. Additionally, advancements into computer-assisted detection and volume estimation could reduce the time and effort needed to monitor brush piles.
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"Diplodia pinea. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 2) (August 1, 1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500459.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. Hosts: Pine (Pinus spp.) and other Coniferae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Asia, China, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangus, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong, India, Uttar Pradesh, Iran, Israel, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Taiwan, Thailand, USSR, Georgia, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Azores, Romania, Spain, Sweden, UK, England, Scotland, Yugoslavia, USSR, Ukraine, North America, Canada, Ontario, USA, Central America & West Indies, Honduras, Jamaica, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Parana, Santa Catarina, Chile, Paraguay.
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"Hylurgus ligniperda. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (July 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20103313777.
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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Hylurgus ligniperda Fabricius (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Hosts: pines (Pinus spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Corsica, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, England and Wales, Ukraine), Asia (China, Guangdong, India, Japan, Honshu, Kyushu, Sri Lanka, Turkey), Africa (Morocco, South Africa, Saint Helena, Swaziland, Tunisia), North America (USA, California, New York), South America (Brazil, Chile, Uruguay) and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria and New Zealand).
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"Hylotrupes bajulus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (July 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20113166051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Hylotrupes bajulus Linnaeus. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Hosts: firs (Abies spp.), spruces (Picea spp.), pines (Pinus spp.), larches (Larix spp.) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, Aland Islands, Mainland Finland, France, Corsica, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Mainland Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Mainland Portugal, Romania, Russia, Central Russia, Northern Russia, Siberia, Southern Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Channel Islands, England, Wales and Ukraine), Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Jiangsu, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey), Africa (Algeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Libya, Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia and Zimbabwe), North America (USA, Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia).
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"Phytopathogenic species of fungi and fungal-like organisms identified in plant samples delivered to the Plant Disease Clinic in 2018–2020." Progress in Plant Protection 61, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.14199/ppp-2021-019.
Full textAbstract:
One of the conditions for effective management of farm is an access to quick diagnostics of plant pathogens in order to reduce the occurrence of plant diseases. The Plant Diseases Clinic receives samples of infected plants supplied by growers and gardeners from all over Poland. In the years 2018–2020, a total of 274 samples were tested at the Clinic for the presence of fungi and fungal-like organisms pathogenic for plants. The tests were carried out using the microscopic method, and in case of doubt, the result was confirmed by molecular tests. The most frequently studied plant was tomato (26%), followed by strawberry (9%), cucumber (5%) and tobacco, sugar beet, onion, blueberry, raspberry, lettuce, cauliflower and potato. Conifers were also a large group, such as: thujas, cypresses and pines; a total of 17 host plants. Single species of ornamental plants were very numerous, e.g. gerbera, anthurium, aster, geranium, phlox, chrysanthemum and others. The fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. constituted about 38% of infections. This was followed by Alternaria spp. (26%), Botrytis cinerea (11%) and Cladosporium sp. (10%). The remaining diseases were caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Ulocladium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phytophthora sp. In recent years, the greatest threat to tomatoes and strawberries has been the fungi of the Fusarium genus, and the pathogens of the Pythium genus to cucumbers.