Academic literature on the topic 'Cystolithes'

Cystoliths are microscopic calcium deposits found remarkably in some genera and is of key importance to understand its taxonomic value. Leaf samples of 19 species belonging to 7 sections of Indian Ficus were processed for anatomical studies and surface micromorphological characteristics of cystoliths. The morphology, distribution and sculpture patterns of cystolith found varying among species. Four types of basic sculpturing patterns have been observed in this study: aculeate, colliculate, verrucate, and tuberculate. The aculeate sculpturing pattern is the most common type observed in twelve species of section Cordifoliae, but further division of this pattern into three subtypes i.e. broad, moderate and reduced aculeate along with the length and width of cystoliths appendages and the mode of stalk fixation provides more informative insight into sub-sectional classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) provides a supporting evidence for earlier classification at sectional/subsectional level. Though in few cases it has not support the decision taken by molecular studies. This study suggests that cystolith micromorphological characters could be utilized in the re-classification of Ficus taxa at sub-sectional level.

The adhesive disk of the haustorium of Viscum minimum Harvey develops an epithelium of uni- or bi-cellular secretory trichomes. Before contact with the host is obtained, the trichomes secrete adhesive cutinaceous material. This secretion contains fragments of the lamellar cuticle proper, the reticulate cuticular layer, and the noncutinized part of the cuticularized wall, in additions to pockets of granular material. The volume of the adhesive product per trichome may be several times the volume of the secretory cell itself except in front of the future intrusive organ where secretion is reduced. Formation of cutin cystoliths was observed in sections of wall of different ages within single trichomes. The trichomes are rich in mitochondria, plastids with starch, spherosomes, ribosomes, and ER that are associated with the strongly convoluted plasmalemma. A special type of tubular ER is described. Zones of collapsed cells are formed in the cortex as the apex of the wedge-shaped intrusive organ emerges. The cuticularized wall of the host then disintegrates, and the intrusive organ forms a fissure within the host. This becomes lined, to the depth of a few cells, partly with cuticularized and finally compressed cells originating from the adhesive epithelium, and partly with new cells produced by the intrusive organ. Key words: Viscum minimum, adhesive disk, adhesive epithelium, cuticle ultrastructure, cutin cystolith, haustorium, secretion.

Under certain conditions, leaf cystoliths of Parietaria judaica can decompose, and the CO2 released can be photosynthetically assimilated. This process lowers surplus energy and protects the photosynthetic apparatus.

Lithocysts in Pilea cadierei are initiated by differential divisions, the plane of which is predicted by typical preprophase microtubule bands. They soon become polarized and undergo a unique differentiation. The external periclinal wall thickens considerably in the absence of microtubules. In incipient lithocysts, a periclinal band of microtubules lines the external ends of the anticlinal walls. A distinct local thickening, possessing periclinal cellulose microfibrils, underlies the microtubule band. The cystolith stalk originates as a cylindrical wall ingrowth of a limited central region of the external periclinal wall. This grows inwards in the absence of microtubules in a preformed cytoplasmic diaphragm, approaching the internal periclinal wall. Stalk formation as well as the external periclinal wall thickening are not affected by colchicine and isopropyl n(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate. A cystolith body is formed within a cytoplasmic diaphragm in which most of the lithocyst organelles are located; this body is rich in cellulose microfibrils and is formed by the deposition of large amounts of wall material at the free end of the stalk, at right angles to its axis. This morphogenetic shift is preceded by the formation of a system of microtubules that converge in cortical sites close to the stalk. They proliferate and form an axial sheath around the cystolith body. The cellulose microfibrils are aligned in a parallel fashion with microtubules. Microtubule destruction by colchicine results in malformation of both the lithocyst and the cystolith body. Aberrant cystolith bodies are also formed in the presence of isopropyl n(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate, which seems to interfere with microtubule formation. These observations suggest that the lithocyst – cystolith body morphogenesis is controlled by microtubules.

The identification of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is a routine analysis in many forensic laboratories. An important part of this analysis is the identification of trichomes, commonly called cystolithic hairs, on plant particles. These hairs contain calcium carbonate, The very word cystolithic derives from this fact, coming from the Greek kustis and lithos meaning, “bag of stones”.Trichomes are not unique to marijuana but are common on many species of plants. Thus, the mere presence of trichomes on a leaf surface is not sufficient. A required step in the identification of marijuana is the microscopical characterization of the cystoiithic hairs present on the leaf fragments.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The dissertation is divided into two chapters, the first one is a bibliographical review about urinary lithiasis in felines and the second chapter a scientific article reporting epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characterization of urolithiasis in felines. Urinay calculi of 42 felines attended in Veterinary teaching Hospital of Federal University of Goias (HV/EVZ/UFG) and other private veterinary clinics and hospitals were assessed using chemical analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The most observed mineral was struvite (38,1%), followed by ammonium urate (35,7%) and calcium oxalate (26,2%). The males were more affected (26/42), as well mixedbreed animals (36/42). Animals aged between 25 and 72 months old were the most affected (27/42). In 33 cases (78,6%) the stones were recovered of bladder. The clinical signs with most occurrence were dysuria (65,0%), hematuria (50,0%), vomiting (17,5%) and anorexia (12,5%). Of the 42 felines studied, 39 (92.8%) were neutered. Regarding feeding, 26 (61.9%) cats received dry rations exclusively, while 13 (38.1%) received dry and wet rations. Despite the higher occurrence of struvite uroliths, a significant presence of ammonium urate uroliths was observed, which highlights the importance of studies on feline disease. The urolithiasis in cats is little studied in our country and the present work is a pioneer in the analysis of calculations in felines in Brazil, mainly due to the use of techniques of quantitative analysis, such as the dispersive energy spectroscopy.
A dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a litíase urinária em felinos e o segundo capítulo um artigo científico onde objetivou-se caracterizar epidemiológica, clínica e laboratorialmente a urolitíase em felinos. Cálculos urinários de 42 gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (HV/EVZ/UFG) e em clínicas e hospitais veterinários de diferentes regiões do país foram analisados por meio de técnica de análise química, e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). A estruvita foi o mineral mais observado (38,1%), seguido de urato amônio (35,7%) e oxalato de cálcio (26,2%). Os machos foram mais acometidos (26/42), bem como os animais sem raça definida (36/42). Animais com idade entre 25 e 72 meses tiveram maior representação (27/42). Em 33 casos (78,6%) os cálculos foram recuperados da bexiga. Os sinais clínicos de maior ocorrência foram disúria (65,0%), hematúria (50,0%), vômito (17,5%) e anorexia (12,5%). Dos 42 felinos estudados, 39 (92,8%) eram castrados. Quanto a alimentação, 26 (61,9%) gatos recebiam exclusivamente ração seca, enquanto que 13 (38,1%) recebiam associação de ração seca e úmida. Apesar da maior ocorrência de urólitos de estruvita, foi observada significativa presença de urólitos de urato amônio o que ressalta a importância de estudos sobre a enfermidade na espécie felina. A urolitíase em gatos é pouco estudada em nosso país e o presente trabalho é pioneiro na análise de cálculos em felinos no Brasil, especialmente pelo uso de técnicas de análise quantitativa, como a espectroscopia de energia dispersiva.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物學系
85
Effects of different levels of calcium and strontium supply on theseedlings and plants growth of Justicia procumbens and on the formation of lithocysts and cystoliths, were morphologically and X-ray microanalytically studied. The results showed that the height of seedlings and plants and the length of leaves were declined with decreasing the concentrations of calcium in culture solutions. The symptons of calcium deficiency (＜0.19mM) on seedlings and plants were similar: smaller, pale green and twisted leaves; necrosis or death of shoot apex; narrow intercellular space within mesophyll. There were also fewer thylakoid membranes in chloroplast and looseness of cell wall of lithocyst. Besides, there were electron-densed cytoplasmic strands and vesicles between cystolith and cell wall in lithocyst. Calcium deficiency decreased the size of single cystolith and the total area of cystoliths per mm2 leaf area. The amount of calcium in cystolith also decreased from high calcium to low calcium supply. The symptons of excess strontium (>0.75mM) on leaves were yellowrish spots on leaf margin, and necrosis of lithocysts and neighboring cells, cystoliths with branches. Excess strontium decreased the size of single lithocyst and total area of cystolithes per mm2 leaf area, but the density of cystolithes was not obviously affected. The results of X-ray microanalysis on the cystoliths from all the tested groups showing that calcium and magnesium were detected in the cystolith, and their amounts were higher at core than at edge .Strontium was only detected on the groups with strontium in the culture solutions. The amount of strontium was a little higher at core than at edge. Nevertheless, in the transplanting experiments, plants were trasnsplanted from the 1Ca to the 1Sr solutions. The amount of strontium was higher at the edge of cystolith. The crystal habit of lithocyst was calcite revealed by Raman spectroscopy.