Journal articles: 'Cytoplazma'

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McVETTY, P. B. E., S. A. EDIE, and R. SCARTH. "COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF nap AND pol CYTOPLASMS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF INTERCULTIVAR SUMMER OILSEED RAPE HYBRIDS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-014.

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The objective of this study was to compare the performance of male fertility restored intercultivar F1 hybrids in the nap and pol cytoplasms to determine the relative effect on performance of these two male sterility inducing cytoplasms. F1 hybrids (all were 2n = 39 because a common 2n = 40 restorer line was used to produce the F1 hybrids) in both cytoplasms exhibited superior relative performance compared to the conventional cultivar Regent for seed yield, total dry matter and total protein yield. F1 hybrids in the pol cytoplasm performed significantly poorer than F1 hybrids in the nap cytoplasm for seed yield, total dry matter, harvest index, percent oil, total oil yield, and total protein yield. These results suggest a biological cost associated with the presence of the pol cytoplasm. The cost of the pol cytoplasm, relative to the nap cytoplasm, was affected by parental cultivar, but was consistent over a variety of environments.Key words: Cytoplasm cost, Brassica napus L., cytoplasmic male sterility, heterosis, hybrid

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Havey, Michael J., and Sunggil Kim. "Molecular Marker Characterization of Commercially Used Cytoplasmic Male Sterilities in Onion." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 146, no. 5 (September 2021): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05083-21.

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Hybrid-onion (Allium cepa) seed is produced using systems of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and two different CMS systems have been genetically characterized. S cytoplasm was the first source of onion CMS identified in the 1920s, followed by T cytoplasm that was described in the 1960s. Numerous studies have documented polymorphisms in the organellar DNAs differentiating S and T cytoplasms from the normal male-fertile cytoplasm of onion. There may be additional source(s) of onion CMS that have been described as “T-like” and appear to be more similar to N and T cytoplasms than S cytoplasm. In this study, onion breeding lines from commercial entities were evaluated for molecular markers distinguishing sources of onion CMS. Our results reveal that bona fide T cytoplasm is rarely used commercially to produce hybrid-onion seed, and both S cytoplasm and “T-like” cytoplasm are widely used. We propose that this “T-like” cytoplasm be labeled as “R” cytoplasm because it may have originated from population(s) of ‘Rijnsburger’ onion in the Netherlands. The results of this study also help to clarify inconsistent reports regarding nuclear male-fertility restoration for different sources of onion CMS.

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Pecina, Víctor, Enrique Navarro, Héctor Williams, and Raúl Rodríguez. "Comportamiento agronómico de dos sistemas de androesterilidad en sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)." Agronomía Mesoamericana 6 (June 2, 2016): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v6i0.24814.

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The limited genetic variability of sorghum and the use of only one type of malesterility system (Milo-Kafir, cytoplasm A1) for the production hybrid seed, make this crop susceptible to diseases, thus its importance to look for new male sterility sources, as the cytoplasm A2 reported in 1977. This systems was introduced to the elite lines of the sorghum program at the Rio Bravo Experiment Station (INIFAP-CIRNE), in Tamaulipas, Mexico. The objective of this assay was to: a) compare the agronomic traits of two male-sterility systems (A1 and A2 cytoplasms), and b) determine if there are differences of the fertility restoration in the isocytoplasmic hybrids. The experimental design was a 7 x 7 lattice with four replications. The results indicate that there are no differences among the two male-sterility systems (Al and A2 cytoplasms) in grain yield, plant height and panicIe length; whereas in days to blooming. the A2 cytoplasm was a day late than the Al cytoplasm. Different restoration responses were found in the hybrids, as the R LRB-63 line which partially restored fertility in the two types of cytoplasms, while CS-3541 showed a similar response with the LRB-l02A, LRB-104A and LRB- 1l0A lines in the A2 cytoplasm.

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McVetty, P. B. E., and R. Pinnisch. "Comparison of the effect of nap and pol cytoplasms on the performance of three summer oilseed rape cultivar-derived isoline pairs." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 729–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-130.

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The pol cytoplasm is a male sterile cytoplasm with potential for use in hybrid summer rape (Brassica napus L.) seed production while the nap cytoplasm is the one most commonly encountered in summer rape cultivars. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of three cultivar-derived summer rape isoline pairs in the nap and pol cytoplasms to determine the relative effect on performance of these two cytoplasms. One nap line yielded significantly more than its corresponding pol line, three nap lines had significantly higher oil content than their corresponding pol lines, two nap lines had significantly higher protein content than their corresponding pol lines, and two nap lines produced significantly more seed energy than their corresponding pol lines. There are pleiotropic negative effects (biological costs) associated with the pol cytoplasm. These negative effects are affected by nuclear genotype and appear to be related to the depth of male sterility expressed in the derived pol A-line. Key words: Cytoplasm cost, Brassica napus L., cytoplasmic male sterility

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Kawanishi, Yuki, Hiroshi Shinada, Muneyuki Matsunaga, Yusuke Masaki, Tetsuo Mikami, and Tomohiko Kubo. "A new source of cytoplasmic male sterility found in wild beet and its relationship to other CMS types." Genome 53, no. 4 (April 2010): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g10-003.

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We found a number of male-sterile plants in a wild beet ( Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima) accession line, FR4-31. The inheritance study of the male sterility indicated the trait to be of the cytoplasmic type. The mitochondrial genome of FR4-31 proved to lack the male-sterility-associated genes preSatp6 and orf129, which are characteristic of the Owen CMS and I-12CMS(3) cytoplasms of beets, respectively. Instead, the truncated cox2 gene involved in G CMS originating from wild beets was present in the FR4-31 mitochondrial genome. In Southern hybridization using four mitochondrial gene probes, the FR4-31 cytoplasm showed patterns similar to those typical of the G cytoplasm. It is thus likely that the FR4-31 cytoplasm has a different CMS mechanism from both Owen CMS and I-12CMS(3), and that the FR4-31 and G cytoplasms resemble each other closely. A restriction map of the FR4-31 mitochondrial DNA was generated and aligned with those published for the Owen and normal fertile cytoplasms. The FR4-31 mitochondrial genome was revealed to differ extensively in arrangement from the Owen and normal genomes, and the male-sterile Owen and FR4-31 genomes seem to be derived independently from an ancestral genome.

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Havey, M. J. "Seed Yield, Floral Morphology, and Lack of Male-fertility Restoration of Male-sterile Onion (Allium cepa) Populations Possessing the Cytoplasm of Allium galanthum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 6 (November 1999): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.6.626.

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The primary source (S cytoplasm) of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) used to produce hybrid-onion (Allium cepa L.) seed traces back to a single plant identified in 1925 in Davis, California. Many open-pollinated populations also possess this cytoplasm, creating an undesirable state of cytoplasmic uniformity. Transfer of cytoplasms from related species into cultivated populations may produce new sources of CMS. In an attempt to diversify the cytoplasms conditioning male sterility, the cytoplasm of Allium galanthum Kar. et Kir. was backcrossed for seven generations to bulb-onion populations. The flowers of galanthum-cytoplasmic populations possess upwardly curved perianth and filaments with no anthers, making identification of male-sterile plants easier than for either S- or T-cytoplasmic male-sterile onion plants. Mean seed yield per bulb of the galanthum-cytoplasmic populations was measured in cages using blue-bottle flies (Calliphora erythrocephala Meig.) as pollinators and was not significantly different from one of two S-cytoplasmic male-sterile F1 lines, a T-cytoplasmic male-sterile inbred line, or N-cytoplasmic male-fertile lines. Male-sterile lines possessing either the S or galanthum cytoplasm were each crossed with populations known to be homozygous dominant and recessive at the nuclear locus conditioning male-fertility restoration of S cytoplasm and progenies were scored for male-fertility restoration. Nuclear restorers of male fertility for S cytoplasm did not condition male fertility for the galanthum-cytoplasmic populations. It is intended that these galanthum-cytoplasmic onion populations be used as an alternative male-sterile cytoplasm for the diversification of hybrid onion seed production.

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Stojałowski, Stefan, Marta Orłowska, Martyna Sobczyk, Anna Bienias, Marcin Berdzik, Beata Myśków, Halina Góral, et al. "Genetyczne podłoże męskiej sterylności pszenżyta z różnymi cytoplazmami oraz możliwość wykorzystania badanych cytoplazm do tworzenia systemów CMS u pszenicy." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 286 (November 30, 2019): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2019-0014.

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Zhao, J. G., X. Y. Yang, H. F. Liu, H. Li, S. Z. Huang, and Y. T. Zeng. "81 COMPARISON OF DEVELOPMENTAL ABILITY AMONG CLONED EMBRYOS WITH VARIOUS INDIVIDUAL RECIPIENT CYTOPLASMS IN BOVINE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab81.

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Faithful reprogramming ensures the proper activation of genes during embryonic development of the somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) in bovine. It is unambiguous that all these remodeling factors are presented in the oocyte cytoplasm (Du et al. 2002 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63, 183–191). It will be interesting to determine if the recipient cytoplasms derived from individuals have different development ability and reprogramming competence during NT. Oocytes recovered by Ovum pickup from five Holstein heifers at 14 months of age were used as recipient cytoplasms. Cultured granulosa cells of the same origin were used as donor cells. Oocytes were enucleated at 20 h post-maturation and a single donor cell was transferred into the perivitelline space of a recipient oocyte. After fusion and activation, the reconstructed embryos were cultured in B2 medium (Laboratoire CCD, Paris, France) on a monolayer of Vero cells for 7 days. The oocyte number, development ability, and NT efficiency of recipient cytoplasm derived from each individual were compared (Table 1). Differences among individuals were verified using a chi-square test, SAS 6.12 version (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). There were significant differences of survival after fusion and the rate of development to the blastocyst stage for embryos reconstructed with recipient cytoplasm from five different individual heifers (P < 0.05). However, maturation rate, fusion rate and cleavage rate of embryos reconstructed with recipient cytoplasm from five different individual heifers presented no significant differences (P > 0.05). Reconstructed embryos with recipient cytoplasm from one heifer (03025) showed a lower survival after fusion (61% vs. 80%, 86%, 77%, 91%) but a higher ability to develop to blastocyst stage (61% vs. 24%, 31%, 52%, 31%) than the embryos from the other four heifers. The current study showed that recipient cytoplasm from various individuals may present great differences in developmental ability in nuclear transfer. This may result from different compatibility between nucleus and mitochondria or the content of maternal RNA as well as proteins in the oocyte. Further studies are needed to elucidate the genetic factors that affect the reprogramming in nuclear transfer. Table 1. Nuclear transfer efficiency with various individual recipient cytoplasms

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von Kohn, Christopher, Agnieszka Kiełkowska, and Michael J. Havey. "Sequencing and annotation of the chloroplast DNAs and identification of polymorphisms distinguishing normal male-fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms of onion." Genome 56, no. 12 (December 2013): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0182.

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Male-sterile (S) cytoplasm of onion is an alien cytoplasm introgressed into onion in antiquity and is widely used for hybrid seed production. Owing to the biennial generation time of onion, classical crossing takes at least 4 years to classify cytoplasms as S or normal (N) male-fertile. Molecular markers in the organellar DNAs that distinguish N and S cytoplasms are useful to reduce the time required to classify onion cytoplasms. In this research, we completed next-generation sequencing of the chloroplast DNAs of N- and S-cytoplasmic onions; we assembled and annotated the genomes in addition to identifying polymorphisms that distinguish these cytoplasms. The sizes (153 538 and 153 355 base pairs) and GC contents (36.8%) were very similar for the chloroplast DNAs of N and S cytoplasms, respectively, as expected given their close phylogenetic relationship. The size difference was primarily due to small indels in intergenic regions and a deletion in the accD gene of N-cytoplasmic onion. The structures of the onion chloroplast DNAs were similar to those of most land plants with large and small single copy regions separated by inverted repeats. Twenty-eight single nucleotide polymorphisms, two polymorphic restriction-enzyme sites, and one indel distributed across 20 chloroplast genes in the large and small single copy regions were selected and validated using diverse onion populations previously classified as N or S cytoplasmic using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Although cytoplasmic male sterility is likely associated with the mitochondrial DNA, maternal transmission of the mitochondrial and chloroplast DNAs allows for polymorphisms in either genome to be useful for classifying onion cytoplasms to aid the development of hybrid onion cultivars.

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Riungu, Teresio C., and Peter B. E. McVetty. "Comparison of the effect of mur and nap cytoplasms on the performance of intercultivar summer rape hybrids." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-163.

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The performance of six isogenic pairs of male fertility restored, hand-crossed, summer rape (Brassica napus L.) hybrids, in the mur and nap cytoplasms, were investigated in four Manitoba environments. Hybrids in both cytoplasms exhibited high-parent heterosis for seed yield, total dry matter (TDM) and, to a lesser degree, harvest index (HI). Negative high parent heterosis for days to flowering, days to maturity, oil concentration and protein concentration was observed. Combined over hybrids within cytoplasms, the mur and nap cytoplasmic hybrid groups differed in oil concentration in all environments, and in protein concentration in one of four environments. Similarly, the mur hybrid group was lower-yielding and had lower TDM, HI and oil concentration, but higher protein concentration than the nap hybrid group. Even though there are some biological costs associated with the mur cytoplasm, especially for oil concentration, it appears that the mur cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system has good potential for use in summer rape hybrid cultivar breeding and commercial hybrid seed production, since hybrids in the mur cytoplasm display heterosis for many traits in absolute terms. Key words: Biological cost, Brassica napus L., cytoplasmic male sterility, heterosis, hybrid

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Aruna, C., P. K. Shrotria, S. K. Pahuja, A. V. Umakanth, B. Venkatesh Bhat, A. Vishala Devender, and J. V. Patil. "Fodder yield and quality in forage sorghum: scope for improvement through diverse male sterile cytoplasms." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 12 (2012): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12215.

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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has proved to be an effective and efficient genetic tool in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrid breeding programs. The A1 (milo cytoplasm) CMS type has been widely exploited to produce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1, A2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluated in three environments. Cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with location and male and female lines showed the presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm (A3N213 and A3N193) were good combiners for important fodder yield and quality traits. For hydrocyanic acid, the CMS lines possessing A1 cytoplasm were good combiners. Mean performance of hybrids and combining ability analysis of parents revealed that A3 cytoplasm can be used along with the widely used A1 cytoplasm, which helps in the diversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.

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Isshiki, Shiro, Ichiro Nakamura, Kenji Ureshino, and Md Mizanur Rahim Khan. "Pollen fertility differences in the progenies obtained from a cross between eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as a seed parent and eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents." Australian Journal of Crop Science, no. 15(02):2021 (February 3, 2021): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.21.15.02.p2785.

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To the best of our knowledge, there is no report about pollen fertility of the progenies developed using eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as a seed parent and eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. Pollen fertility of these progenies is very important to use as restorer line in the eggplant’s hybrid breeding program. In this study, pollen fertility was investigated for the progenies which were produced using S. melongena ‘Uttara’ as a seed parent and the eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. To assess pollen fertility, pollen stainability and in vitro germination ability were investigated. Although the nuclear and the cytoplasmic genome of the progenies were almost identical to eggplant ‘Uttara’, a clear difference was observed in the pollen fertility due to the difference in the pollen parents having different wild Solanum cytoplasms. The progenies produced using the functional cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donor were S. kurzii, S. violaceum and S. virginianum, showed pollen release type and high pollen fertility almost equal to eggplant ‘Uttara’. It is considered that the characteristics of these progenies were almost the same as eggplant. On the other hand, the progenies that produced using the fertility restored lines of the pollen non-formation type CMS lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donors were S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium, showed pollen release type and low pollen fertility, i.e., pollen staining ability was about 54% and pollen germination ability were about 35%. It is considered that the cause of this low pollen fertility was the incompatibility between the eggplant cytoplasm and the eggplant nuclear genome, which seems to be modified in the process of continuous backcrossing under the wild Solanum cytoplasms. It is suggested that complete nuclear substitution is difficult by continuous backcrossing with eggplant in the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasm donors. Incompatibility between the normal eggplant cytoplasm and the modified eggplant nuclear genomes of the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasms might be a cause for the low pollen fertility of the investigated progenies

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Grunau, Christoph, Susanne Voigt, Ralph Dobler, Damian Dowling, and Klaus Reinhardt. "The Cytoplasm Affects the Epigenome in Drosophila melanogaster." Epigenomes 2, no. 3 (September 9, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes2030017.

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Cytoplasmic components and their interactions with the nuclear genome may mediate patterns of phenotypic expression to form a joint inheritance system. However, proximate mechanisms underpinning these interactions remain elusive. To independently assess nuclear genetic and epigenetic cytoplasmic effects, we created a full-factorial design in which representative cytoplasms and nuclear backgrounds from each of two geographically disjunct populations of Drosophila melanogaster were matched together in all four possible combinations. To capture slowly-accumulating epimutations in addition to immediately occurring ones, these constructed populations were examined one year later. We found the K4 methylation of histone H3, H3K4me3, an epigenetic marker associated with transcription start-sites had diverged across different cytoplasms. The loci concerned mainly related to metabolism, mitochondrial function, and reproduction. We found little overlap (<8%) in sites that varied genetically and epigenetically, suggesting that epigenetic changes have diverged independently from any cis-regulatory sequence changes. These results are the first to show cytoplasm-specific effects on patterns of nuclear histone methylation. Our results highlight that experimental nuclear-cytoplasm mismatch may be used to provide a platform to identify epigenetic candidate loci to study the molecular mechanisms of cyto-nuclear interactions.

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Song, Keming, and Thomas C. Osborn. "Polyphyletic origins of Brassica napus: new evidence based on organelle and nuclear RFLP analyses." Genome 35, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 992–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-152.

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Accessions representing a range of diversity in Brassica napus and their potential diploid progenitor species were analyzed using nuclear, chloroplast (ct), and mitochondrial (mt) RFLPs. Based on RFLPs of ctDNA and mtDNA, cytoplasmic genomes of the diploid species examined could be classified into four major types, represented by almost all B. rapa, Broccoletto (a specialized form of B. rapa), B. oleracea, and B. montana. Results from phylogenetic analyses of these data suggest that B. montana might be closely related to the prototype that gave rise to both cytoplasms of B. rapa and B. oleracea. The four major types of cytoplasms found in the diploid species were also observed in B. napus accessions. A majority of the cultivated B. napus examined contained a cytoplasm different from those of either B. rapa and B. oleracea. These B. napus accessions (designated M/N cytoplasm type) had the same chloroplast genome as that of B. montana and a unique mitochondrial genome that was somewhat intermediate between those of B. montana and B. rapa. These results strongly support the concept of multiple origins of B. napus and provide the first evidence that most cultivated forms of B. napus were derived from a cross in which a closely related ancestral species of B. rapa and B. oleracea was the maternal donor. Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear RFLPs clearly separated B. napus accessions having different cytoplasm types, providing further evidence for multiple origins of B. napus. Brassica napus accessions having M/N type cytoplasm were clustered together as three subgroups: one contained oilseed cultivars from Canada, a second contained oilseed cultivars from Europe, and a third contained accessions of rutabaga.Key words: Brassica napus, molecular taxonomy, RFLP, chloroplast, mitochondrion.

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Kumar, Rajesh, Sanjay Kumar, Neeraj Dwivedi, Sanjeet Kumar, Ashutosh Rai, Major Singh, Dasrath Singh Yadav, and Mathura Rai. "Validation of SCAR markers, diversity analysis of male sterile (S-) cytoplasms and isolation of an alloplasmic S-cytoplasm in Capsicum." Scientia Horticulturae 120, no. 2 (April 2009): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.10.012.

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Jiang, Jiming, W. John Raupp, and Bikram S. Gill. "Rf genes restore fertility in wheat lines with cytoplasms of Elymus trachycaulus and E. ciliaris." Genome 35, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-092.

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Alloplasmic euploid wheat lines with the cytoplasm of Elymus trachycaulus (2n = 4x = 28, StStHtHt) and Elymus ciliaris (2n = 4x = 28, ScScYcYc) are male sterile and have reduced vigor. Fertile alloplasmic wheat plants are also recovered, but they always contain complete or partial chromosome additions of 1Ht or 1St (in E. trachycaulus derived lines) or 1Yc (in E. ciliaris derived lines) with specific Elymus gliadin genes (Gli-Ht1, Gli-St1, Gli-Yc1) and fertility restoration (Rf) genes. The Rf genes on 1Ht 1St and 1Yc were named as Rf-Ht1, Rf-St1, and Rf-Yc1, respectively. In this study, we crossed different disomic addition lines with one another to produce double monosomic additions either in E. trachycaulus or E. ciliaris cytoplasm. The chromosome constitution, transmission, and fertility of the selfed and backcrossed progenies of three double monosomic additions with 21″ + 3BS∙1YcS′ + 1HtS∙1HtS′ (cytoplasm from E. trachycaulus), 21″ + 3BS∙1YcS′ + 1HtS∙1HtS′ (cytoplasm from E. ciliaris), and 21″ + 3BS∙1YcS′ + 7AL∙S-1StS′ (cytoplasm from E. ciliaris) were analyzed. The results indicated that (i) Rf-Ht1 and Rf-St1 on 1Ht and 1St restored fertility to wheat with E. ciliaris cytoplasm; (ii) Rf-Yc1 on 1Yc restored fertility to wheat with E. trachycaulus cytoplasm; (iii) cytoplasms of E. ciliaris and E. trachycaulus are closely related; and (iv) certain E. trachycaulus and E. ciliaris chromosomes show preferential transmission.Key words: Elymus, Rf genes, wheat–Elymus hybrids, cytoplasmic genetics, genome evolution.

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Pàmies, Pep. "Glassy cytoplasm." Nature Materials 13, no. 2 (January 23, 2014): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3883.

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Weiss, James N., and Paavo Korge. "The Cytoplasm." Circulation Research 89, no. 2 (July 20, 2001): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/res.89.2.108.

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Vinson, V. "Glassy Cytoplasm." Science 343, no. 6171 (February 6, 2014): 580–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.343.6171.580-d.

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Shin, Woongghi, and Sung Min Boo. "Virus-like particles in both nucleus and cytoplasm of Euglena viridis (Euglenophyceae)." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 95 (November 24, 1999): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/95/1999/125.

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Barracco, Margherita A., and Clarice T. Loch. "Ultrastructural studies of the hemocytes of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduvidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 2 (June 1989): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000200005.

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Ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of six hemocyte types in the hemolymph of Panstrogylus megistus, partially confirming our previous results obtained through light microscopy. Prohemocytes: small, round hemocytes with a thin cytoplasm layer, espcieally rich in free ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Plasmatocytes: polymorphic cells, whose cytoplasm contains many lysosomes and a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).They are extremely phagocytic. Sometimes, they show a large vacuolation. Granulocytes: granular hemocytes whose granules show different degrees of electrondensity. Most of them, have an internal structuration. Coagulocytes: oval or elongated hemocytes, which show pronounced perinuclear cisternae as normally observed in coagulocytes. The cytoplasm is usually electrondense, poor in membranous systems and contains many labile granules. Oenocytoids: large and very stable hemocytes, whose homogeneous cytoplasme is rich in loose ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Adipohemocytes: large cells, containing several characteristic lipid droplets. The cytoplasm is also rich in glycogen, RER and large mitochondria. The total and differential hemocyte count (THC and DHC) were also calculated for this reduviid. THC increases from 2,900 hemocytes/cubic millimeter of hemolymph in the 4th intar to 4,350 in the 5th and then, decreases to 1,950 in the adults. Plasmatocytes and coagulocytes are the predominant hemocyte types.

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Roby, C., R. Bligny, R. Douce, S. I. Tu, and P. E. Pfeffer. "Facilitated transport of Mn2+ in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells and excised maize root tips. A comparative 31P n.m.r. study in vivo." Biochemical Journal 252, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2520401.

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Movement of paramagnetic Mn2+ into sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells has been indirectly examined by observing the line broadening exhibited in its 31P n.m.r. spectra. Mn2+ was observed to pass into the vacuole, while exhibiting a very minor accumulation in the cytoplasm. With time, gradual leakage of phosphate from the vacuole to the cytoplasm was observed along with an increase in glucose-6-phosphate. Anoxia did not appear to affect the relative distribution of Mn2+ in the cytoplasm and vacuole. Under hypoxic conditions restriction of almost all movement of Mn2+ across the plasmalemma as well as the tonoplast was observed. In contrast, maize root tips showed entry and complete complexation of nucleotide triphosphate by Mn2+ during hypoxia. The rate of passage of Mn2+ across the tonoplast in both sycamore and maize root cells is approximately the same. However, the rates of facilitated movement across the respective plasma membranes appear to differ. More rapid movement of Mn2+ across the plasmalemma in maize root tip cells allows a gradual build-up of metal ion in the cytoplasm prior to its diffusion across the tonoplast. Sycamore cells undergo a slower uptake of Mn2+ into their cytoplasms (comparable with the rate of diffusion through the tonoplast), so little or no observable accumulation of Mn2+ is observed in this compartment.

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Stack, James P., and Jeffrey F. Pedersen. "Expression of Susceptibility to Fusarium Head Blight and Grain Mold in A1 and A2 Cytoplasms of Sorghum bicolor." Plant Disease 87, no. 2 (February 2003): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.172.

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Panicle diseases are among the major constraints to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) production in the northern Great Plains; host plant resistance is the primary management option. However, essentially all commercial sorghum hybrids contain A1 cytoplasm, which raises the concern about increased disease risk as a result of cytoplasmic genetic uniformity. To determine the influence of cytoplasmic background on the expression of susceptibility to panicle diseases, F1 hybrids with four nuclear genotypes in each of two cytoplasms (A1 and A2) were planted in three environmentally diverse geographic locations in Nebraska. Fusarium head blight ranged in incidence from 13 to 100% across locations. Grain mold, caused primarily by species of Alternaria, Fusarium, and Cladosporium, ranged in incidence from 5 to 100% across locations. There was a significant effect of nuclear genotype on the incidence and severity of both head blight and grain mold across the three locations. Cytoplasm had no effect on head blight incidence or severity, or on grain mold severity. Cytoplasm had a significant effect on grain mold incidence, with A1 exhibiting slightly lower incidence than A2 (64 versus 70%). Although the cytoplasm effect for grain mold incidence was statistically significant, most of the variation in grain mold incidence was attributable to nuclear genotype. The slight increase in grain mold incidence attributable to A2 cytoplasm should be overcome easily by selection of nuclear genotypes with grain mold resistance. The use of A2 cytoplasm to incorporate genetic diversity into grain sorghum hybrids should not increase the risk of head blight or grain mold in commercial grain production.

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Rand, David M., Andrew G. Clark, and Lisa M. Kann. "Sexually Antagonistic Cytonuclear Fitness Interactions inDrosophila melanogaster." Genetics 159, no. 1 (September 1, 2001): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.1.173.

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AbstractTheoretical and empirical studies have shown that selection cannot maintain a joint nuclear-cytoplasmic polymorphism within a population except under restrictive conditions of frequency-dependent or sex-specific selection. These conclusions are based on fitness interactions between a diploid autosomal locus and a haploid cytoplasmic locus. We develop a model of joint transmission of X chromosomes and cytoplasms and through simulation show that nuclear-cytoplasmic polymorphisms can be maintained by selection on X-cytoplasm interactions. We test aspects of the model with a “diallel” experiment analyzing fitness interactions between pairwise combinations of X chromosomes and cytoplasms from wild strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Contrary to earlier autosomal studies, significant fitness interactions between X chromosomes and cytoplasms are detected among strains from within populations. The experiment further demonstrates significant sex-by-genotype interactions for mtDNA haplotype, cytoplasms, and X chromosomes. These interactions are sexually antagonistic—i.e., the “good” cytoplasms in females are “bad” in males—analogous to crossing reaction norms. The presence or absence of Wolbachia did not alter the significance of the fitness effects involving X chromosomes and cytoplasms but tended to reduce the significance of mtDNA fitness effects. The negative fitness correlations between the sexes demonstrated in our empirical study are consistent with the conditions that maintain cytoplasmic polymorphism in simulations. Our results suggest that fitness interactions with the sex chromosomes may account for some proportion of cytoplasmic variation in natural populations. Sexually antagonistic selection or reciprocally matched fitness effects of nuclear-cytoplasmic genotypes may be important components of cytonuclear fitness variation and have implications for mitochondrial disease phenotypes that differ between the sexes.

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Kibalnik, O. P., and L. A. Elkonin. "Influence of different types of sterile cytoplasms (A3, A4, 9E) on the combining ability of CMS lines of sorghum." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 6 (October 28, 2020): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.648.

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Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015–2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015–2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32–0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (–0.32 and –0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.

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Stojałowski, Stefan, Marta Orłowska, Martyna Sobczyk, Anna Bienias, Beata Myśków, Przemysław Tomczak, Wojciech Wesołowski, et al. "Poszukiwanie wspólnych mechanizmów dziedziczenia płodności roślin z cytoplazmą CMS-C oraz z cytoplazmą CMS-Pampa." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 286 (November 30, 2019): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2019-0032.

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27

Haghighi, K., and J. F. Hancock. "DNA Restriction Fragment Length Variability in the Genomes of Highbush Blueberry." HortScience 27, no. 1 (January 1992): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.1.44.

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Restriction fragment analyses of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were carried out on the principal cytoplasms of northern highbush cultivars and one representative of Vaccinium ashei Reade. Twenty-three restriction enzymes were used to identify variation and clarify mode of organelle inheritance. All species and genotypes displayed identical cpDNA fragment patterns, but high degrees of polymorphism were observed in the mitochondrial genomes. `Bluecrop' and `Jersey' did not appear to have `Rubel' cytoplasm as was previously believed. All hybrids contained maternal-type mtDNA.

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Asakura, Nobuaki, Chiharu Nakamura, and Ichiro Ohtsuka. "RAPD markers linked to the nuclear gene from Triticum timopheevii that confers compatibility with Aegilops squarrosa cytoplasm on alloplasmic durum wheat." Genome 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-029.

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Alien cytoplasms cause a wide range of phenotypic alterations in the nucleus–cytoplasm (NC) hybrids in the Triticeae. Nuclear genomes of timopheevii wheat (Triticum timopheevii and Triticum araraticum) are fully compatible with the cytoplasm of Aegilops squarrosa, while those of a majority of emmer or durum wheat cultivars and more than half the wild emmer wheats are incompatible, and a maternal 1D chromosome is required to restore seed viability and male fertility in the NC hybrids. A euploid NC hybrid of Triticum durum cv. Langdon with Ae. squarrosa cytoplasm produced by introgressing the NC compatibility (Ncc) gene from T. timopheevii was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to it. After a survey of 200 random decamer primers, four markers were selected, all of which were completely linked in 64 individuals of a SB8 mapping population. One marker was derived from a single locus, while three others were from interspersed repetitive sequences. Also, the hybrid chromosomes and those of the parental T. durum had identical C-banding patterns. RAPD-PCR analysis of 65 accessions from wild and cultivated tetraploid wheat species showed the exclusive presence of the markers in timopheevii wheat. In conclusion, the chromosomal region flanking Ncc of T. timopheevii is highly conserved in the genome of this group of tetraploid wheats.Key words: nucleus–cytoplasm compatibility, Ncc gene, Aegilops squarrosa, Triticum timopheevii, tetraploid wheat, RAPD marker.

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Beversdorf, Wallace D., and Laima S. Kott. "Development of Triazine Resistance in Crops by Classical Plant Breeding." Weed Science 35, S1 (1987): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060975.

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The appearance of triazine resistance in a number of weed species has provided some opportunities for plant breeders to develop triazine-resistant crop varieties through classical breeding techniques. The sources of genes utilized by plant breeders for desirable characteristics are usually limited by the normal reproductive barriers that distinguish species. The occurrence of a triazine-resistant biotype of birdsrape mustard (Brassica campestris L. # BRSRA) has allowed for the development of commercially useful triazine-resistant varieties of canola (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate oilseed rape, B. napus L.). The cytoplasm of triazine-resistant birdsrape mustard was transferred interspecifically to oilseed rape, by a technique commonly known as back-crossing, in conjunction with selection for chromosome number. ‘OAC Triton′, the first triazine-resistant canola variety, appears to be finding commercial acceptance in Canada, in spite of some limitations in agronomic performance. Although it should be possible to transfer this triazine-resistant cytoplasm to other economic Brassica species including the cole crops and mustards, conventional plant breeding techniques cannot separate the gene conferring triazine resistance from other genes in the resistant weed biotype's cytoplasm. This problem may limit the utility of triazine-resistant cytoplasms from weed biotypes in classical crop breeding.

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Lounici, Yasmine, Hiba Ait Hamoudi, Ismahane Berkane, and Malika Bouali-Benhalima. "Connective tissue diseases, Hughes syndrome and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated vasculitis. The immunologic diagnosis." Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmstf.2015.2219.

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Les maladies auto-immunes (MAI) sont la conséquence d’une hyperactivité du système immunitaire réagissant contre les constituants du soi. Elles peuvent être non spécifiques d’organes telles que les connectivites et les vascularites à ANCA ou spécifiques d’organe à l’exemple de la maladie cœliaque et des hépatopathies autoimmunes. Leurs critères de diagnostic, de classification et de suivi de la maladie sont en constante évolution conférant une place de plus en plus importante aux autoanticorps. La détection de ces derniers interviendrait (en fonction des auto-anticorps) non seulement dans le diagnostic et le suivi des MAI mais également comme des marqueurs pronostiques et prédictifs. Dans cet article, nous nous intéresserons aux auto-anticorps les plus fréquemment rencontrés dans les connectivites, le syndrome des antiphospholipides et les vascularites à ANCA.

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31

Brown, Gregory G., Howard Bussey, and Lee J. DesRosiers. "Analysis of mitochondrial DNA, chloroplast DNA, and double-stranded RNA in fertile and cytoplasmic male-sterile sunflower (Helianthus annuus)." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-016.

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The extent of variation in the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs), chloroplast DNAs (ctDNAs), and double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) of sunflower lines carrying fertile and male-sterility conferring cytoplasms was examined. To minimize nuclear gene effects, efforts were concentrated on two chromosomally isogenic lines, CM400 (fertile) and cmsCM400 (male sterile), which differ only in their cytogenes. A circular 1.45 kilobases (kb) plasmid DNA was found in the mitochondria of the four fertile lines examined, but was absent in the male-sterile line. Restriction enzyme analysis of mtDNAs of the fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms with BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII revealed no fragment mobility differences between them other than those which could be ascribed to the 1.45-kb circle. Similar restriction analysis of ctDNA showed no differences between fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms. Both CM400 and cmsCM400 contain dsRNA molecules. The number and sizes of these dsRNAs varied from preparation to preparation in both lines. Species of 3.3 and 1.5 kb, which were the only dsRNAs common to all preparations from CM400, were also the only species common to all preparations from cmsCM400. Thus, no consistent differences between the fertile and male-sterile cytoplasms were seen in these molecules. The specific association of the 1.45-kb plasmid with fertile cytoplasm together with the absence of variation in ctDNA and dsRNA, suggests the involvement of mtDNA in sunflower cytoplasmic male sterility.Key words: DNA (mitochondrial), sterility (male), sterility (cytoplasmic), Helianthus, sunflower, DNA chloroplast.

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32

Gökçe, Ali Fuat, and Michael J. Havey. "Selection at the Ms locus in open pollinated onion (Allium cepa L.) populations possessing S-cytoplasm or mixtures of N- and S-cytoplasms." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, no. 7 (September 26, 2005): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-005-7469-6.

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Horn, Renate, Joachim E. G. Hustedt, Andreas Horstmeyer, Josef Hahnen, Klaus Zetsche, and Wolfgang Friedt. "The CMS-associated 16 kDa protein encoded by orfH522 in the PET1 cytoplasm is also present in other male-sterile cytoplasms of sunflower." Plant Molecular Biology 30, no. 3 (February 1996): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00049329.

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34

Maan, S. S. "Natural or induced nucleocytoplasmic heterogeneity in Triticum longissimum." Genome 39, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-010.

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Alien cytoplasms produce a variety of phenotypes in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, which indicate the prevalence of cytoplasmic variability in the subtribe Triticinae. Intraspecific cytoplasmic differences have been demonstrated between the subspecies of Triticum speltoides, Triticum dichasians, and Triticum comosum. In this study, durum wheat lines with cytoplasm from two accessions, B and C, of Triticum longissimum were compared, and meiotic chromosome pairing between the group 4 homoeologues from the same two accessions was examined in common wheat. First, monosomic addition or monosomic substitution lines of common wheat with cytoplasm and one chromosome (designated B) from accession B were crossed with those having cytoplasm and a chromosome designated C-1 or C-2 from accession C. In each substitution line, an alien chromosome substituted for a group 4 homoeologue. Each alien chromosome had a "selfish" (Sf) gene, which remained fixed in the wheat nucleus. The F1s had greatly reduced meiotic pairing between chromosomes B and C-1 and B and C-2, which indicated greatly reduced homology between the group 4 homoeologues from the two accessions. Second, by using Triticum timopheevii as a bridging species, chromosome B in a common wheat line was eliminated and an euploid durum line with cytoplasm from accession B was obtained. This line was fertile. In contrast, a similarly produced durum line with cytoplasm from accession C was male sterile and retained a species cytoplasm specific (scs) nuclear gene from T. timopheevii. In conclusion, nuclear and cytoplasmic heterogeneity pre-existed between accessions B and C and they represent varieties or incipient subspecies in T. longissimum. Alternatively, the Sf genes produced chromosomal heterogeneity and mutated cytoplasmic genes from one or both accessions. Key words : meiotic drive, selfish gene (Sf), gametocidal gene (Gc), Triticum, Aegilops.

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35

Strzyz, Paulina. "Clustering out cytoplasm." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 21, no. 11 (September 4, 2020): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-00296-9.

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36

Fan, Z., B. R. STEFANSSON, and J. L. SERNYK. "MAINTAINERS AND RESTORERS FOR THREE MALE-STERILITY-INDUCING CYTOPLASMS IN RAPE (Brassica napus L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-036.

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The F1 progenies from crosses involving 32 Brassica napus L. strains (including named cultivars) and male-sterile plants carrying one of the three cytoplasms, ogu, nap, and pol were evaluated for male fertility. All strains were found to be maintainers for the ogu cytoplasm. The fertility of the nap male-sterile plants were fully restored by 30 strains. The cultivar Bronowski partially maintained the nap male sterility, and segregation for male fertility/sterility was observed in the F1 hybrid between nap male sterile plants and the cultivar Lergo. Lergo, therefore, appears to be heterogeneous for genes conditioning maintenance and restoration of this type of male sterility. Most strains were maintainers and the balance were partial maintainers for the pol cytoplasm. The F2 and backcross data obtained under a controlled environment suggest that both the cultivars Karat and Westar possess a single dominant gene for the restoration of fertility in nap cytoplasm. Fertility in the pol cytoplasm was restored in the F1 of crosses between pol B. napus and the B. juncea L. Czern. cultivar ZEM. Five male fertile lines of pol B. napus were selected from the ZEM crosses after five generations of backcrossing to B. napus cultivar Regent and three generations of self-pollination. Selection for fertility during backcrossing and self-pollination resulted in selection for an extra chromosome involved with male fertility restoration.Key words: Rape, Brassica napus L., CMS, maintainers, restorers

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37

Lu, K. X., L. N. Shang-Guan, C. Zhu, and X. Liu. "Relationship between desiccation tolerance and glassy cytoplasm of the cells of rice seed embryos." Seed Science and Technology 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2009.37.1.18.

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38

Liu, Xiao, Xiao Li Geng, and Hong Ling Tang. "Protein Subcellular Localization Feature of Essential/Nonessential Genes in 28 Prokaryotes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5197.

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This study aimed to pursue the correlation between essential/nonessential gene and protein subcellular localization. The protein sequences of the essential/nonessential genes of 28 prokaryotes in Database of Essential Genes were analyzed by PSORTb3.0. Results show that proteins of essential genes locate in cytoplasm with relatively high percentage, i.e., in the range of 40% to 55%. Percentages of the proteins of essential genes locate in cytoplasma membrane are lower than that of nonessential genes, which mostly are about 15%. However, the values of proteins of nonessential genes are mostly about 20%, and that of Gram-positive bacteria are close to 30%. The distributions of protein subcellular localization of the essential/nonessential genes are different evidently. This could be used for classification of essential and nonessential genes.

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Nigro, Stefano, Anna Rapallo, Angela Di Vinci, Elio Geido, Roberto Orecchia, and Walter Giaretti. "Preliminary Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody (AS-2) against Cell Cycle Related Proteins." Analytical Cellular Pathology 17, no. 2 (1998): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/582460.

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A monoclonal antibody (AS-2) raised by using isolated nuclei from a human erythroleukemia cell line as immunogen is described.AS-2 was of IgM type and recognized proteins present in both isolated cytoplasms and nuclei. The molecular weight of the AS-2 recognized proteins in the cytoplasm was 200 kDa and 70 and 60 kDa in the nucleus. The relative amount of these proteins were measured simultaneously with DNA content by flow cytometry. We found the highest protein content (or stainability) for both cells and nuclei in late-G1, S and G2, at approximately the same level, and the lowest content in M and early-G1. Sorting based on DNA content and AS-2 associated fluorescence helped identifying the staining pattern of cells and nuclei. Interphase isolated nuclei and cell cytoplasms were characterized by interdispersed staining over the entire surfaces while mitoses showed two dots only. The present preliminary data indicate that the proteins recognized by the AS-2 monoclonal are cell cycle related and suggest that in mitoses they are associated with the centrosomes.

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40

Berbec, A., and D. Laskowska. "Investigations of IsogenomicAlloplasmics of Flue-Cured Tobacco Nicotianatabacum cv. Wislica." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 5 (April 1, 2005): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0791.

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AbstractCytoplasms of fifteen wild Nicotianae and a male sterile cytoplasm (cms) from N. tabacum were bred into the genome of a standard Polish flue-cured cultivar Wislica. The sixteen iso-genomic alloplasmics were compared for expression of male sterility and for some traits related to field performance. In cmsN. bigelovii, N. debneyi, N. exigua, N. megalosiphonor N. suaveolens stamens were absent, in cmsN. tabacum, N. glauca, N. goodspeedii or N. undulata stamens were absent or rudimentary, in cmsN. eastii, N. glutinosa or N. plumbaginifoliastamen tissue became petaloid, in those from N. knightiana and N. raimondiithey were morphologically normal. Female organ morphology was changed in cmsN. goodspeedii, N. occidentalis, N. exigua, N. debneyior N. bigelovii, seed set was reduced only in cmsN. occidentalis. Plant height in most alloplasmics was similar to that of the fertile variety but was strongly depressed by the cytoplasms of N. glutinosa, N. eastiiand N. plumbaginifolia. Leaf area was positively affected by N. amplexicaulis, N. bigeloviiand N. undulatacytoplasms, unaffected by N. suaveolens, N. tabacumand N. glaucacytoplasms and negatively affected by the remaining cytoplasms mostly because of the narrowing of the leaf blade. Cured leaf yields from cmsN. bigelovii were higher than those of Wislica. Leaf yields from cmsN. amplexicaulis, N. suaveolens, N. glauca or N. tabacum were not affected by the alien cytoplasm, whereas those from the remaining alloplasmics were depressed to different extents. Increased incidence of PVY and white spots (mostly attributable to Cercospora sp.) were observed on many of the alloplasmics especially on cmsN. exigua and N. suaveolens(PVY) and increased white spots only on cmsN. bigelovii, N. exigua, N. occidentalis and N. undulata.

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41

Tao, Dayun, Fengyi Hu, Jiangyi Yang, Guifeng Yang, Youqiong Yang, Peng Xu, Jing Li, Cangrong Ye, and Luyuan Dai. "Cytoplasm and cytoplasm-nucleus interactions affect agronomic traits in japonica rice." Euphytica 135, no. 1 (2004): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:euph.0000009548.81467.73.

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42

Gökçe, Ali Fuat, and Michael J. Havey. "Linkage Equilibrium among Tightly Linked RFLPs and the Ms Locus in Open-pollinated Onion Populations." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 6 (November 2002): 944–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.6.944.

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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in onion (Allium cepa L.) is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm with recessive alleles at a single nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). In order to seed propagate male-sterile plants (S msms), onion breeders must identify maintainer lines possessing normal (N) male-fertile cytoplasm and homozygous recessive at the Ms locus (N msms). Molecular markers have been identified distinguishing N and S cytoplasms and closely linked to the nuclear Ms locus. In this study, we evaluated testcross progenies from randomly selected N-cytoplasmic plants from three open-pollinated populations for nuclear restoration of male fertility over at least three environments. The Ms locus and linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms (0.9 and 1.7 cM) were at linkage equilibrium in all three open-pollinated onion populations, indicating that these linked markers cannot be used to identify maintaining genotypes in open-pollinated onion populations. However, cytoplasmic evaluations were effective in reducing the number of testcrosses required to identify CMS-maintaining genotypes.

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Gokce, Ali Fuat, and Michael J. Havey. "069 Molecular-facilitated Selection of Maintainer Lines in Edible Onion (Allium cepa L.)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 453B—453. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.453b.

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Cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) is used to produce hybrid onion seed. For the most widely used source of CMS in onion, male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of sterile (S) cytoplasm and the homozygous recessive genotype at a single nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). Maintainer lines used to seed-propagate male-sterile lines possess normal fertile (N) cytoplasm and the homozyous recessive genotype at the Ms locus. Presently, it takes 4 to 8 years to establish if maintainer lines can be extracted from an uncharacterized population or family. We previously developed a PCR marker useful to distinguish N and S cytoplasms of onion. To tag the nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms), we evaluated segregation at Ms over at least three environments. Segregations of AFLPs, RAPDs, and RFLPs revealed molecular markers flanking the Ms locus. We are working to convert these linked molecular markers to nonradioactive PCR-based detection. The organellar and nuclear markers were used to select plants from open-pollinated onion populations and determine if the number of test-crosses required to identify maintaining genotypes.

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Jacob, Claire, Henrik Grabner, Suzana Atanasoski, and Ueli Suter. "Expression and localization of Ski determine cell type–specific TGFβ signaling effects on the cell cycle." Journal of Cell Biology 182, no. 3 (August 11, 2008): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200710161.

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Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) promotes epithelial cell differentiation but induces Schwann cell proliferation. We show that the protooncogene Ski (Sloan-Kettering viral oncogene homologue) is an important regulator of these effects. TGFβ down-regulates Ski in epithelial cells but not in Schwann cells. In Schwann cells but not in epithelial cells, retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is up-regulated by TGFβ. Additionally, both Ski and Rb move to the cytoplasm, where they partially colocalize. In vivo, Ski and phospho-Rb (pRb) appear to interact in the Schwann cell cytoplasm of developing sciatic nerves. Ski overexpression induces Rb hyperphosphorylation, proliferation, and colocalization of both proteins in Schwann cell and epithelial cell cytoplasms independently of TGFβ treatment. Conversely, Ski knockdown in Schwann cells blocks TGFβ-induced proliferation and pRb cytoplasmic relocalization. Our findings reveal a critical function of fine-tuned Ski levels in the control of TGFβ effects on the cell cycle and suggest that at least a part of Ski regulatory effects on TGFβ-induced proliferation of Schwann cells is caused by its concerted action with Rb.

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45

Suh, D. S., and T. Mukai. "The genetic structure of natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. XXIV. Effects of hybrid dysgenesis on the components of genetic variance of variability." Genetics 127, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.3.545.

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Abstract Eight hundred second chromosomes were extracted from the Ishigakijima population, one of the southernmost populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Japan. Half of them were extracted in Native cytoplasm (P-type), and half in Foreign cytoplasm (M-type). Various population-genetic parameters, including the frequency of lethal-carrying second chromosomes (Q = 0.235 for the Native; 0.218 for the Foreign), the allelism rate of lethal second chromosome (Ic = 0.0217 for the Native; 0.0134 for the Foreign), the homozygous detrimental and lethal loads (D = 0.179 for the Native; 0.270 for the Foreign; L = 0.262 for the Native; 0.240 for the Foreign), the average degree of dominance of mildly deleterious mutations (ĥE = 0.244 for the Native; 0.208 for the Foreign), and the components of genetic variance for viability [additive (sigma A2) and dominance (sigma D2)](ŝigma A2 = 0.0187 for the Native; 0.0172 for the Foreign; ŝigma D2 = 0.0005 for the Native; 0.0009 for the Foreign) were estimated. The data indicate that D was significantly larger and hE was significantly smaller in the Foreign cytoplasm. However, the estimates of additive and dominance variances were not significantly different between the two cytoplasms. The additive genetic variance for viability in the Ishigakijima population was greater than expected on the basis of mutation-selection balance confirming previous studies on papers of D. melanogaster in warm climates.

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Shlykov, S. G. "Calmodulin antagonists effect on Ca(2+) level in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of myometrium cells." Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 87, no. 5 (October 26, 2015): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj87.05.054.

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47

Nguyen, V. T., S. Wakayama, S. Kishigami, H. Ohta, T. Hikichi, E. Mizutani, H. T. Bui, and T. Wakayama. "139 INJECTION OF SOMATIC CELL CYTOPLASM INTO OOCYTES BEFORE ICSI IMPAIRED FULL-TERM DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASED PLACENTA WEIGHT IN MICE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab139.

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During the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cytoplasm is introduced into the enucleated oocytes, in addition to the genomic material, regardless of the electrofusion methods (Wilmut et al. 1997) or direct injection of somatic nucleus by the Honolulu method (Wakayama et al. 1998). Only 1 to 2% of cloned embryos, however, develop to term with many incidences of developmental anomalies. These cloning failures may be explained by incomplete reprogramming of the donor cell genome, although it is not yet clear whether cytoplasmic materials of the somatic cell also have an affect on development of the cloned embryo. In an attempt to answer this question, this study investigates the effects of somatic cytoplasm of different mouse strains and cytoplasm of fertilized embryos at different stage by injecting them into intact mouse oocytes before intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Mature oocytes collected from B6D2F1 female after 14 to 16 h of hCG injection were injected with (1) B6D2F1 cumulus cell cytoplasm with different volumes (collected by 2 to 3 �m of injection pipette and piezo pulses), (2) cumulus cell cytoplasm from different mouse strains (B6D2F1, ICR, C57BL/6), (3) cytoplasm of 1- to 8-cell embryos. After subsequent culture for 1 h, B6D2F1 sperm were injected into those oocytes and examined for preimplantation developmental competence. The total number of cells, inner cell mass (ICM), and expression of Oct4 in expanded blastocysts were also examined. In order to examine the effects of somatic cytoplasm on full-term development, we transferred 2-cell embryos at 24 h or morula and blastocysts at 72 h after ICSI to the oviduct or uterus of surrogate mothers (ICR) on Day 1 or 3 of pseudopregnancy. The control group received a sham injection with PVP before ICSI. The results showed that an increase the volume of cytoplasm from 1-fold to 4-fold (equivalent with the volume of 1 cumulus cell) resulted in impairing full-term development (28 and 7%, respectively, vs. 56 to 63% in the control group, P < 0.01). There was no difference in the frequency of embryos developing to the blastocyts stage between B6D2F1 and ICR somatic cytoplasms at the same volume. However, C57BL/6 somatic cytoplasm induced the 2-cell block to B6D2F2 embryos. Fertilized embryo cytoplasm did not reduce the frequency of blastocyst stage and full-term development. Interestingly, we found that somatic cytoplasm increased the placenta weight of ICSI embryo (0.2002 � 0.03, n = 32; vs. 0.1198 � 0.02 in control group, n = 87; P < 0.01). We also obtained placenta with no fetus when the volume of somatic cytoplasm was the same size as cumulus cell. We found that an increase in the volume of somatic cytoplasm led to low expression of Oct4 in expanded blastocysts. These findings indicated that injection of somatic cytoplasm into oocytes before ICSI decreased the preimplantation development, clearly impaired full-term development, and caused placental overgrowth in fertilized embryos. This study suggested that somatic cell cytoplasmic material is one cause of the low rate of full-term development of cloned animals.

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48

Baptiste, Nicole, and Carol Prives. "p53 in the Cytoplasm." Cell 116, no. 4 (February 2004): 487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00164-3.

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49

Pollard, Thomas D., and Robert D. Goldman. "Cytoplasm and cell motility." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 5, no. 1 (February 1993): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-0674(05)80001-8.

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50

Hudder, Alice, Lubov Nathanson, and Murray P. Deutscher. "Organization of Mammalian Cytoplasm." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 9318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.24.9318-9326.2003.

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ABSTRACT Although the role of macromolecular interactions in cell function has attracted considerable attention, important questions about the organization of cells remain. To help clarify this situation, we used a simple protocol that measures macromolecule release after gentle permeabilization for the examination of the status of endogenous macromolecules. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with saponin under carefully controlled conditions allowed entry of molecules of at least 800 kDa; however, there were minimal effects on internal cellular architecture and protein synthesis remained at levels comparable to those seen with intact cells. Most importantly, total cellular protein and RNA were released from these cells extremely slowly. The release of actin-binding proteins and a variety of individual cytoplasmic proteins mirrored that of total protein, while marker proteins from subcellular compartments were not released. In contrast, glycolytic enzymes leaked rapidly, indicating that cells contain at least two distinct populations of cytoplasmic proteins. Addition of microfilament-disrupting agents led to rapid and extensive release of cytoplasmic macromolecules and a dramatic reduction in protein synthesis. These observations support the conclusion that mammalian cells behave as highly organized, macromolecular assemblies (dependent on the actin cytoskeleton) in which endogenous macromolecules normally are not free to diffuse over large distances.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cytoplazma'

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