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Journal articles on the topic 'Cytotrophoblaste'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Alsat, E., A. Malassiné, A. Tarrade, P. Merviel, and D. Evain-Brion. "Le cytotrophoblaste humain, un casse-tête pour le biologiste." médecine/sciences 15, no. 11 (1999): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/10608/1250.

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2

Fisher, S. J., T. Y. Cui, L. Zhang, et al. "Adhesive and degradative properties of human placental cytotrophoblast cells in vitro." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 2 (1989): 891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.2.891.

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Human fetal development depends on the embryo rapidly gaining access to the maternal circulation. The trophoblast cells that form the fetal portion of the human placenta have solved this problem by transiently exhibiting certain tumor-like properties. Thus, during early pregnancy fetal cytotrophoblast cells invade the uterus and its arterial network. This process peaks during the twelfth week of pregnancy and declines rapidly thereafter, suggesting that the highly specialized, invasive behavior of the cytotrophoblast cells is closely regulated. Since little is known about the actual mechanisms

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3

Yamamoto-Tabata, Takako, Susan McDonagh, Hsin-Ti Chang, Susan Fisher, and Lenore Pereira. "Human Cytomegalovirus Interleukin-10 Downregulates Metalloproteinase Activity and Impairs Endothelial Cell Migration and Placental Cytotrophoblast Invasiveness In Vitro." Journal of Virology 78, no. 6 (2004): 2831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.6.2831-2840.2004.

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ABSTRACT At the uterine-placental interface, fetal cytotrophoblasts invade the decidua, breach maternal blood vessels, and form heterotypic contacts with uterine microvascular endothelial cells. In early gestation, differentiating- invading cytotrophoblasts produce high levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), which degrades the extracellular matrix and increases the invasion depth. By midgestation, when invasion is complete, MMP levels are reduced. Cytotrophoblasts also produce human interleukin-10 (hIL-10), a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates immune responses, helping to protect the f

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4

James, Joanna L., Peter R. Stone, and Lawrence W. Chamley. "Cytotrophoblast differentiation in the first trimester of pregnancy: evidence for separate progenitors of extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast." Reproduction 130, no. 1 (2005): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00723.

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It is commonly accepted that a single pool of villous cytotrophoblasts are precursors of both syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblasts during the first trimester. Here we present evidence that these two trophoblast subpopulations arise from separate progenitors that have different survival characteristics when studied in villous explant cultures. Dual staining with chloromethylfluorescin diacetate and ethidium bromide revealed degeneration of the syncytiotrophoblast by non-apoptotic mechanisms within 4 h of culture. The syncytiotrophoblast had regenerated within 48 h but at this point

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5

Drake, Penelope M., Michael D. Gunn, Israel F. Charo та ін. "Human Placental Cytotrophoblasts Attract Monocytes and Cd56bright Natural Killer Cells via the Actions of Monocyte Inflammatory Protein 1α". Journal of Experimental Medicine 193, № 10 (2001): 1199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.10.1199.

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During human pregnancy, the specialized epithelial cells of the placenta (cytotrophoblasts) come into direct contact with immune cells in several locations. In the fetal compartment of the placenta, cytotrophoblast stem cells lie adjacent to macrophages (Hofbauer cells) that reside within the chorionic villus stroma. At sites of placental attachment to the mother, invasive cytotrophoblasts encounter specialized maternal natural killer (NK) cells (CD56bright), macrophages, and T cells that accumulate within the uterine wall during pregnancy. Here we tested the hypothesis that fetal cytotrophobl

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6

Forbes, Karen, Melissa Westwood, Philip N. Baker, and John D. Aplin. "Insulin-like growth factor I and II regulate the life cycle of trophoblast in the developing human placenta." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 294, no. 6 (2008): C1313—C1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2008.

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The main disorders of human pregnancy are rooted in defective placentation. Normal placental development depends on proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of cytotrophoblasts to form and maintain an overlying syncytiotrophoblast. There is indirect evidence that the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are aberrant in pregnancy disorders, are involved in regulating trophoblast turnover, but the processes that control human placental growth are poorly understood. Using an explant model of human first-trimester placental villus in which the spatial and ontological relationships between c

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7

Janatpour, M. J., M. T. McMaster, O. Genbacev, et al. "Id-2 regulates critical aspects of human cytotrophoblast differentiation, invasion and migration." Development 127, no. 3 (2000): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.3.549.

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During early human placental development, the conceptus attaches itself to the uterus through cytotrophoblast invasion. Invasive cytotrophoblast cells differentiate from precursor villous cytotrophoblasts, but the essential regulating factors in this process are unknown. Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor dimers are essential regulators of mouse trophoblast development. We therefore examined the importance of this family of factors in the human placenta. In many cell lineages, bHLH factors are sequestered by members of the Id family, HLH proteins that lack the basic DNA binding

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8

Librach, C. L., Z. Werb, M. L. Fitzgerald, et al. "92-kD type IV collagenase mediates invasion of human cytotrophoblasts." Journal of Cell Biology 113, no. 2 (1991): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.113.2.437.

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The specialized interaction between embryonic and maternal tissues is unique to mammalian development. This interaction begins with invasion of the uterus by the first differentiated embryonic cells, the trophoblasts, and culminates in formation of the placenta. The transient tumor-like behavior of cytotrophoblasts, which peaks early in pregnancy, is developmentally regulated. Likewise, in culture only early-gestation human cytotrophoblasts invade a basement membrane-like substrate. These invasive cells synthesize both metalloproteinases and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Metalloprotein

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9

Bradbury, R. A., M. N. McCall, M. J. Brown, and A. D. Conigrave. "Functional heterogeneity of human term cytotrophoblasts revealed by differential sensitivity to extracellular Ca2+ and nucleotides." Journal of Endocrinology 149, no. 1 (1996): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1490135.

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Abstract We have prepared purified cytotrophoblasts from human term placentas and examined the sensitivity of fura-2 loaded cells to the nucleotides ATP and UTP and to changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o). Purified cytotrophoblasts were obtained by collagenase digestion and separation according to density using selfgenerated Percoll gradients. The cytotrophoblast fraction was free of red cell and largely free of white cell contamination (as assessed by uniformly negative staining for vimentin and the failure of >90% of fura-2 loaded cells to respond to the chemotactic pepti

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10

Carter, Anthony M., Allen C. Enders, and Robert Pijnenborg. "The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1663 (2015): 20140070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0070.

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We here review the evolution of invasive placentation in primates towards the deep penetration of the endometrium and its arteries in hominoids. The strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) have non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation, although this is thought to be derived from a more invasive type. In haplorhine primates, there is differentiation of trophoblast at the blastocyst stage into syncytial and cellular trophoblast. Implantation involves syncytiotrophoblast that first removes the uterine epithelium then consolidates at the basal lamina before continuing into the stroma. In la

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11

Duello, T. M., P. J. Bertics, D. L. Fulgham, and P. J. Van Ess. "Localization of epidermal growth factor receptors in first- and third-trimester human placentas." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 42, no. 7 (1994): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/42.7.8014474.

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Studies to date have demonstrated epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors primarily on the outer plasma membrane of the human placental syncytiotrophoblasts facing maternal blood and to a lesser extent on the cytotrophoblast stem cells. In the present studies, first- and third-trimester human placental tissues were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the EGF binding domain of the human EGF receptor or to the activated (tyrosine-phosphorylated) human EGF receptor. Cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and fetal connective tissue cells in first-trimester tissues immunostained wit

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12

Fisher, Susan, Olga Genbacev, Ekaterina Maidji, and Lenore Pereira. "Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of Placental Cytotrophoblasts In Vitro and In Utero: Implications for Transmission and Pathogenesis." Journal of Virology 74, no. 15 (2000): 6808–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.15.6808-6820.2000.

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ABSTRACT Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading cause of prenatal viral infection. Affected infants may suffer intrauterine growth retardation and serious neurologic impairment. Analysis of spontaneously aborted conceptuses shows that CMV infects the placenta before the embryo or fetus. In the human hemochorial placenta, maternal blood directly contacts syncytiotrophoblasts that cover chorionic villi and cytotrophoblasts that invade uterine vessels, suggesting possible routes for CMV transmission. To test this hypothesis, we exposed first-trimester chorionic villi and isolated cytotrophobl

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13

Ceri, Howard, Wei Sek Hwang, and Helen Cheung. "Endogenous heparin-binding lectin activity in human placenta: purification and developmental expression." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 4 (1990): 790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-113.

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Human placental extracts contain a herapin-inhibitable lectin activity. The lectin, which closely resembles those from chicken and rat tissues, was purified by heparin-affinity chromatography. It shares many properties with the previously reported lectins, including hapten specificity, molecular weight of monomers, and immunological cross-reactivity. Sections from different stages of placental development, stained by immunohistochemistry procedures using lectin-specific antibody, showed that the lectin was initially present only in cytotrophoblasts of early first trimester villi. Later in the

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14

Longtine, Mark S., Baosheng Chen, Anthony O. Odibo, Yan Zhong, and D. Michael Nelson. "Caspase-mediated apoptosis of trophoblasts in term human placental villi is restricted to cytotrophoblasts and absent from the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast." REPRODUCTION 143, no. 1 (2012): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-11-0340.

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Human placental villi are surfaced by a multinucleated and terminally differentiated epithelium, the syncytiotrophoblast, with a subjacent layer of mononucleated cytotrophoblasts that can divide and fuse to replenish the syncytiotrophoblast. The objectives of this study were i) to develop an approach to definitively identify and distinguish cytotrophoblasts from the syncytiotrophoblast, ii) to unambiguously determine the relative susceptibility of villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast to constitutive and stress-induced apoptosis mediated by caspases, and iii) to understand the progr

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15

Shiokawa, Shigetatsu, Mitsutoshi Iwashita, Yoshihiro Akimoto, et al. "Small Guanosine Triphospatase RhoA and Rho-Associated Kinase as Regulators of Trophoblast Migration." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87, no. 12 (2002): 5808–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020376.

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Abstract The small guanosine triphosphatase Rho controls cell adhesion and motility through reorganization of the actin cyto-skeleton and regulation of actomyosin contractility. Among the putative target molecules of Rho, a Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (ROCK) is thought to participate in Rho-mediated cell adhesion and motility. In the present study, we explored the expression and function of RhoA and ROCK in human trophoblast cells. The colocalization of RhoA, cytokeratin 8/18, and cytokeratin 7 in some cells located in the decidual stromal region indicated that extravillo

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16

van Dijk, H. P., M. J. Kroos, J. S. Starreveld, et al. "Expression of haemopexin receptors by cultured human cytotrophoblast." Biochemical Journal 307, no. 3 (1995): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3070669.

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The expression of cell-surface haemopexin (Hx) receptors on human cytotrophoblasts was assessed by using four different Hx species purified from plasma: human Hx isolated by wheatgerm-affinity chromatography, human Hx isolated by haem-agarose-affinity chromatography and rabbit and rat Hx, also isolated by haem-agarose-affinity chromatography. About 3500-7000 high-affinity (Kd 0.34-0.85 nM) receptors per cell were measured by Scatchard-type analysis at 4 degrees C using human (species obtained by both methods) or rabbit 125I-labelled haem-Hx. Measured simultaneously, transferrin receptor number

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17

Warrington, Junie P., Kayla Coleman, Courtney Skaggs та ін. "Heme oxygenase-1 promotes migration and β-epithelial Na+ channel expression in cytotrophoblasts and ischemic placentas". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 306, № 9 (2014): R641—R646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00566.2013.

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Preeclampsia is thought to arise from inadequate cytotrophoblast migration and invasion of the maternal spiral arteries, resulting in placental ischemia and hypertension. Evidence suggests that altered expression of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) proteins may be a contributing mechanism for impaired cytotrophoblast migration. ENaC activity is required for normal cytotrophoblast migration. Moreover, β-ENaC, the most robustly expressed placental ENaC message, is reduced in placentas from preeclamptic women. We recently demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protects against hypertension in a r

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18

Fisher, Susan J., Zena Werb, Caroline H. Damsky, and Clifford L. Librach. "Metalloproteinases mediate human cytotrophoblast invasion in vitro." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100085228.

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The unique anatomy of the human placental bed is established during early pregnancy when some of the fetal chorionic villi give rise to columns of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts that penetrate the superficial portion of the uterus. Cells from these columns invade the endometrium, the superficial portions of the myometrium and the uterine arterioles. This transient tumor-like behavior, which peaks at the end of the first trimester (TM) of pregnancy, is developmentally regulated by mechanisms that are as yet unknown. Previous work from this laboratory showed that invasive first TM human cytotropho

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19

Roth, I., D. B. Corry, R. M. Locksley, J. S. Abrams, M. J. Litton, and S. J. Fisher. "Human placental cytotrophoblasts produce the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 2 (1996): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.2.539.

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The mechanism by which the mammalian mother accepts the implanting fetus as an allograft remains unexplained, but is likely to be the result of a combination of factors. Mononuclear cytotrophoblasts, the specialized fetal cells of the placenta that invade the uterus, play an important role. These cells express HLA-G, an unusual major histocompatibility complex class I-B molecule, and secrete cytokines and pregnancy-specific proteins that can regulate immune function. We investigated whether cytotrophoblasts secrete interleukin 10 (IL-10), a cytokine that potently inhibits alloresponses in mixe

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20

Tower, C. L., S. Lui, N. R. Charlesworth, S. D. Smith, J. D. Aplin, and R. L. Jones. "Differential expression of angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors at the maternal–fetal interface: potential roles in early placental development." REPRODUCTION 140, no. 6 (2010): 931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-10-0307.

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Angiotensin II (Ang II) is locally generated in the placenta and regulates syncytial transport, vascular contractility and trophoblast invasion. It acts through two receptor subtypes, AGTR1 and AGTR2 (AT1 and AT2), which typically mediate antagonising actions. The objectives of this study are to characterise the cellular distribution of AGTR1 and AGTR2 at the maternal–fetal interface and explore the effects on cytotrophoblast turnover. Low levels ofAGTR2mRNA were detected in first trimester placental homogenates using real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies against AGTR

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Bearfield, C., E. Jauniaux, N. Groome, I. L. Sargent, and S. Muttukrishna. "The secretion and effect of inhibin A, activin A and follistatin on first-trimester trophoblasts in vitro." European Journal of Endocrinology 152, no. 6 (2005): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01928.

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Objective: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of activin A and follistatin on first-trimester cytotrophoblast invasion in culture and to study the secretion of inhibin A, activin A and follistatin by these cells in vitro. Design and methods: Cytotrophoblasts were isolated from human placental chorionic villous tissue obtained from 6–8, 8–10 and 10–12 weeks gestation. Cells were cultured for 3 days on cell-culture inserts coated with gelatine for invasion studies and in 24-well culture plates for secretion studies. The effects of activin A (10 ng/ml), follistatin (100 n

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Li, Lucy, Lewis P. Rubin, and Xiaoming Gong. "MEF2 transcription factors in human placenta and involvement in cytotrophoblast invasion and differentiation." Physiological Genomics 50, no. 1 (2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00076.2017.

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Development of the human placenta and its trophoblast cell types is critical for a successful pregnancy. Defects in trophoblast invasion and differentiation are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia. The members of myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors are key regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and invasion in various cell types and tissues and might play a similarly important role in regulating trophoblast proliferation, invasion, and differentiation during human placental development. In the present study, using huma

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Tiulienieva, O. A., I. S. Davydenko, A. V. Hoian, and V. O. Tiulienieva. "Histochemical Evaluation of the Processes of Protein Oxidative Modification in the Extravillous Cytotrophoblast of the Utero-Placental Bed during Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.046.

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Utero-placental bed is the cumulation of gestationally altered endometrium at the place of ovum attachment to the uterine wall. The key mechanism of this process is the cytotrophoblastic invasion. During iron deficiency anemia, an increase in the specific volume of the extravascular invasive trophoblast is taking place. Concern for the protein oxidative modification in iron deficiency anemia is due to the fact that in conditions of hypoxia, free radical processes in the blood and tissues are enhanced, and iron deficiency is additionally able to modify this problem. The purpose of the study was

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Tarrade, Anne, Kristina Schoonjans, Jean Guibourdenche та ін. "PPARγ/RXRα Heterodimers Are Involved in Human CGβ Synthesis and Human Trophoblast Differentiation". Endocrinology 142, № 10 (2001): 4504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.10.8448.

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Abstract Recent studies performed with null mice suggested a role of either RXRα or PPARγ in murine placental development. We report here that both PPARγ and RXRα are strongly expressed in human villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Moreover, specific ligands for RXRs or PPARγ (but not for PPARα or PPARδ) increase both human CGβ transcript levels and the secretion of human CG and its free β-subunit. When combined, these ligands have an additive effect on human CG secretion. Pan-RXR and PPARγ ligands also have an additive effect on the synthesis of other syncytiotrophoblast hormone

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Ohlsson, R., E. Larsson, O. Nilsson, T. Wahlstrom, and P. Sundstrom. "Blastocyst implantation precedes induction of insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in human trophoblasts." Development 106, no. 3 (1989): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.106.3.555.

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The cytotrophoblast cell population of the human embryonic conceptus proliferates rapidly during the first month following blastocyst implantation. Since the trophectoderm lineage is established in preimplantation morula/blastocysts, the scenario underlying initiation and maintenance of the rapid proliferative phenotype of cytotrophoblasts is a central issue. The insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene is highly expressed in proliferative cytotrophoblasts of first trimester placenta and performs as a placenta growth factor. To establish a temporal correlation between IGF-II expression and

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James, J. L., D. G. Hurley, T. K. J. B. Gamage, et al. "Isolation and characterisation of a novel trophoblast side-population from first trimester placentae." REPRODUCTION 150, no. 5 (2015): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0646.

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The placenta is responsible for all nutrient and gas exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy. The differentiation of specialised placental epithelial cells called trophoblasts is essential for placental function, but we understand little about how these populations arise. Mouse trophoblast stem cells have allowed us to understand many of the factors that regulate murine trophoblast lineage development, but the human placenta is anatomically very different from the mouse, and it is imperative to isolate a human trophoblast stem cell to understand human placental development. Here we h

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Iwahashi, Naoyuki, Midori Ikezaki, Kazuchika Nishitsuji, et al. "Extracellularly Released Calreticulin Induced by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Impairs Syncytialization of Cytotrophoblast Model BeWo Cells." Cells 10, no. 6 (2021): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061305.

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The pregnancy-specific syndrome preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality throughout the world. The initial insult resulting in the development of preeclampsia is inadequate trophoblast invasion, which may lead to reduced maternal perfusion of the placenta and placental dysfunction, such as insufficient trophoblast syncytialization. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathology of preeclampsia and serves as the major risk factor. Our previous studies suggested critical roles of calreticulin (CRT), which is an ER-resident stress response protein, in extravillo

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Gonik, Bernard, Jacob Rachmilewitz, Avraham Hochberg, Ran Goshen, and Nathan de-Groot. "Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-6 mRNA in Human Cytotrophoblast Cells Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2, no. 1 (1994): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744994000311.

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Objective:The cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have previously been identified in placental tissue and are known to be mediators of infection-associated induction of the host immune system. This study was undertaken to better characterize the in vitro regulation of these cytokines in cytotrophoblast cells when challenged with the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Methods:Term placentas were freshly collected, digested with trypsin/DNase, and subjected to Percoll gradient centrifugation to isolate cytotrophoblasts. Either immediately or after overnight inc

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Coutifaris, C., L. C. Kao, H. M. Sehdev, et al. "E-cadherin expression during the differentiation of human trophoblasts." Development 113, no. 3 (1991): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.3.767.

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The morphologic and functional differentiation of human trophoblast cells culminates in the formation of the terminally differentiated multinucleated syncytial trophoblast. In culture, isolated mononuclear cytotrophoblasts aggregate and then fuse to form syncytia, recapitulating the in vivo process. In the present studies, we investigated the expression of the Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecule (CAM), E-cadherin, during the morphologic differentiation of trophoblastic cells. Cytotrophoblasts were isolated from human chorionic villi, and JEG-3 and BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, cytotrophoblas

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Yu, Chenchou, Kuofeng Shen, Meiyao Lin, et al. "GCMa Regulates the Syncytin-mediated Trophoblastic Fusion." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 51 (2002): 50062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m209316200.

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The human placental trophoblast cell can be classified as either a cytotrophoblast or a syncytiotrophoblast. Cytotrophoblasts can function as stem cells for the development of the syncytiotrophoblast layer via cell fusion. Anenvelopegene of the human endogenous retrovirus family W (HERV-W) calledsyncytinis specifically expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast layer. Syncytin is a fusogenic membrane protein; therefore, it can mediate the fusion of cytotrophoblasts into the syncytiotrophoblast layer, which is essential for pregnancy maintenance. GCMa is a placenta-specific transcription factor and i

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Broeder, J. A., C. H. Smith, and A. J. Moe. "Glutamate oxidation by trophoblasts in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 267, no. 1 (1994): C189—C194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.1.c189.

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Catabolism of uniformly and 1-14C-labeled glutamate was investigated in human placental cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts cultured on uncoated plastic or a fibrin matrix. Product-labeling experiments resulted in 14C incorporation into carbon dioxide and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. 14C incorporation above background was not detected for the putative products, glutamine, amino acids, glutathione, and protein. Inhibitors of specific metabolic pathways were used to elucidate the routes of glutamate oxidation. Incorporation of 14C into carbon dioxide from [1-14C]glutamate was in

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McDonald, E. A., and M. W. Wolfe. "Adiponectin Attenuation of Endocrine Function within Human Term Trophoblast Cells." Endocrinology 150, no. 9 (2009): 4358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0058.

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Abstract The hormone adiponectin has been shown to be important in maintaining insulin sensitivity throughout the body, whereas potential effects on the placenta have not been assessed. Pregnancy constitutes a unique physiological environment in which metabolism has a profound effect on the health of both the mother and the developing fetus. It is imperative that a delicate balance in glucose delivery be maintained between maternal tissues and the fetal/placental unit. Adiponectin’s role in regulating peripheral insulin responsiveness suggests it may be a factor in maintaining this balance dur

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Red-Horse, Kristy, Penelope M. Drake, and Susan J. Fisher. "Human pregnancy: the role of chemokine networks at the fetal–maternal interface." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 6, no. 11 (2004): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399404007720.

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Chemokines are multifunctional molecules initially described as having a role in leukocyte trafficking and later found to participate in developmental processes such as differentiation and directed migration. Similar events occur in pregnancy during development of the fetal–maternal interface, where there is extensive leukocyte trafficking and tissue morphogenesis, and this is accompanied by abundant chemokine expression. The relationship between chemokines, leukocytes and placental development is beginning to be delineated. During pregnancy a specialised population of maternal leukocytes infi

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Jones, Rebecca L., Jock K. Findlay, Paul G. Farnworth, David M. Robertson, Euan Wallace, and Lois A. Salamonsen. "Activin A and Inhibin A Differentially Regulate Human Uterine Matrix Metalloproteinases: Potential Interactions during Decidualization and Trophoblast Invasion." Endocrinology 147, no. 2 (2006): 724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-1183.

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Embryo implantation and trophoblast invasion are tightly regulated processes, involving sophisticated communication between maternal decidual and fetal trophoblast cells. Decidualization is a prerequisite for successful implantation and is promoted by a number of paracrine agents, including activin A. To understand the downstream mechanisms of activin-promoted decidualization, the effects of activin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (important mediators of decidualization) were investigated. Activin A stimulated endometrial production of proMMPs-2, -3, -7, -9, and active MMP-2. In contrast,

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Korff, Thomas, Thomas Krauss, and Hellmut G. Augustin. "Three-dimensional spheroidal culture of cytotrophoblast cells mimics the phenotype and differentiation of cytotrophoblasts from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies." Experimental Cell Research 297, no. 2 (2004): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.043.

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Costa, M. A., B. M. Fonseca, E. Keating, N. A. Teixeira, and G. Correia-da-Silva. "2-Arachidonoylglycerol effects in cytotrophoblasts: metabolic enzymes expression and apoptosis in BeWo cells." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 3 (2014): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0563.

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The major endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a member of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) that participates in cell proliferation and apoptosis, important events for the homoeostasis of biological systems. The formation of placenta is one of the most important stages of pregnancy and its development requires highly regulated proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of trophoblasts. Anomalies in these processes are associated with gestational pathologies. In this work, we aimed to study the involvement of 2-AG in cytotrophoblast cell turnover. We found that 2-AG biosynth

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Hurskainen, T., M. Höyhtyä, A. Tuuttila, A. Oikarinen, and H. Autio-Harmainen. "mRNA expressions of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 and 92-KD type IV collagenase in early human placenta and decidual membrane as studied by in situ hybridization." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 12 (1996): 1379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.12.8985130.

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Cytotrophoblasts of early placenta invade the decidual membrane, gestational endometrium, and spiral arteries during early pregnancy. Unlike tumor invasion, this physiological invasion is well controlled, although its molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We have previously shown that cytotrophoblasts synthesize significant mRNAs for 72-KD Type IV collagenase, laminin, and Type IV collagen, proteins implicated in extracellular matrix turnover and migration. In this study we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the mRNA expression pattern of 92-KD Type IV colla

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Yabe, Shinichiro, Andrei P. Alexenko, Mitsuyoshi Amita, et al. "Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 19 (2016): E2598—E2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601630113.

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Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily commit to the trophoblast lineage after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and two small compounds, an activin A signaling inhibitor and a FGF2 signaling inhibitor (BMP4/A83-01/PD173074; BAP treatment). During differentiation, areas emerge within the colonies with the biochemical and morphological features of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Relatively pure fractions of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) and larger syncytial sheets displaying the expected markers of STB can be obtained by differential filtration of dispersed colonies through n

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Mühlhauser, J., C. Crescimanno, M. Kasper, D. Zaccheo, and M. Castellucci. "Differentiation of human trophoblast populations involves alterations in cytokeratin patterns." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 6 (1995): 579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.6.7539466.

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Cytokeratins (CKs) are related to proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells. Little knowledge exists about CK patterns in human trophoblast subpopulations (villous and extravillous trophoblasts). To better understand differentiation and function of trophoblast components, we studied the distribution patterns of CKs in the placenta throughout pregnancy. A panel of well-defined monoclonal antibodies against different types of cytokeratins, vimentin, and fibrin, was used on frozen and paraffin sections. CK8, 18, and 19 were expressed in all the villous and extravillous trophoblastic s

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Szilagyi, Andras, Zsolt Gelencser, Roberto Romero, et al. "Placenta-Specific Genes, Their Regulation During Villous Trophoblast Differentiation and Dysregulation in Preterm Preeclampsia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020628.

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The human placenta maintains pregnancy and supports the developing fetus by providing nutrition, gas-waste exchange, hormonal regulation, and an immunological barrier from the maternal immune system. The villous syncytiotrophoblast carries most of these functions and provides the interface between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems. The syncytiotrophoblast is generated by the biochemical and morphological differentiation of underlying cytotrophoblast progenitor cells. The dysfunction of the villous trophoblast development is implicated in placenta-mediated pregnancy complications. Here

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Nagamatsu, T., T. Fujii, T. Ishikawa, et al. "A Primary Cell Culture System for Human Cytotrophoblasts of Proximal Cytotrophoblast Cell Columns Enabling In Vitro Acquisition of the Extra-villous Phenotype." Placenta 25, no. 2-3 (2004): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2003.08.015.

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Yan, Hao, Zhihua Li, Zhonghai Yan, et al. "Methotrexate Induces Apoptosis of Postpartum Placental Cytotrophoblasts." Cells Tissues Organs 203, no. 4 (2017): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452947.

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Background: Though methotrexate (MTX) is known to inhibit proliferation of trophoblasts derived from ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies, its action on trophoblasts derived from postpartum placenta remains questionable. This study was designed to ascertain the efficacy of MTX in inducing cell death of postpartum placental cytotrophoblasts (PPTC). Methodology: Primary human cytotrophoblasts were isolated from placentae of 1st and 2nd trimester intrauterine pregnancies and from postpartum placentae. The isolated trophoblasts were identified based on the expression of cytokeratin 7. MTX-induced

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Mühlhauser, J., C. Crescimanno, P. Kaufmann, H. Höfler, D. Zaccheo, and M. Castellucci. "Differentiation and proliferation patterns in human trophoblast revealed by c-erbB-2 oncogene product and EGF-R." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 41, no. 2 (1993): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/41.2.8093455.

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It is well known that growth factors and proto-oncogenes play a pivotal role in organogenesis as well as in tumor development. The human placenta is a rapidly growing organ which shares some aspects with malignant tumors. We have studied the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and the receptor encoded by the c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene in first- and third-trimester human placentas. We compared these expression patterns with that of the proliferation marker Ki-67. By immunohistochemistry, EGF-R was intensively expressed in the villous cytotrophoblast in the first trimester. The a

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Frendo, Jean-Louis, Delphine Olivier, Valérie Cheynet, et al. "Direct Involvement of HERV-W Env Glycoprotein in Human Trophoblast Cell Fusion and Differentiation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 10 (2003): 3566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.10.3566-3574.2003.

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ABSTRACT We recently demonstrated that the product of the HERV-W env gene, a retroviral envelope protein also dubbed syncytin, is a highly fusogenic membrane glycoprotein inducing the formation of syncytia on interaction with the type D mammalian retrovirus receptor. In addition, the detection of HERV-W Env protein (Env-W) expression in placental tissue sections led us to propose a role for this fusogenic glycoprotein in placenta formation. To evaluate this hypothesis, we analyzed the involvement of Env-W in the differentiation of primary cultures of human villous cytotrophoblasts that spontan

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Song, Hong-Lan, Tai-Hang Liu, Yong-Heng Wang, et al. "Appropriate expression of P57kip2 drives trophoblast fusion via cell cycle arrest." Reproduction 161, no. 6 (2021): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0638.

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The syncytiotrophoblast, derived from cytotrophoblast fusion, is responsible for maternal–fetal exchanges, secretion of pregnancy-related hormones, and fetal defense against pathogens. Inadequate cytotrophoblast fusion can lead to pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. However, little is known about the mechanism of cytotrophoblast fusion in both physiological and pathological pregnancy conditions. In this study, P57kip2 (P57), a cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitor that negatively regulates the cell cycle, was found to be up-regulated during the process of sy

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Fisher, S. J., and C. H. Damsky. "Human cytotrophoblast invasion." Seminars in Cell Biology 4, no. 3 (1993): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scel.1993.1022.

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Omigbodun, Akinyinka, Piotr Ziolkiewicz, Cheryl Tessler, John R. Hoyer, and Christos Coutifaris. "Progesterone Regulates Osteopontin Expression in Human Trophoblasts: A Model of Paracrine Control in the Placenta?*." Endocrinology 138, no. 10 (1997): 4308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.10.5431.

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Abstract Osteopontin (OPN), a matrix glycosylated phosphoprotein, has been proposed to play a role(s) in basic cellular processes, such as neovascularization and tissue remodeling, which are essential to placental morphogenesis and embryo implantation. We have shown OPN to be expressed by cytotrophoblasts of the chorionic villus, and a putative progesterone regulatory element in the OPN promoter suggests hormonal regulatory control. This led us to test the hypothesis that progesterone regulates OPN expression in human cytotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts isolated from human placentas were treate

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Johnstone, Edward D., Grzgorz Sawicki, Larry Guilbert, Bonnie Winkler-Lowen, Virgilio J. J. Cadete, and Donald W. Morrish. "Differential proteomic analysis of highly purified placental cytotrophoblasts in pre-eclampsia demonstrates a state of increased oxidative stress and reduced cytotrophoblast antioxidant defense." PROTEOMICS 11, no. 20 (2011): 4077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.201000505.

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Maidji, Ekaterina, Olga Genbacev, Hsin-Ti Chang, and Lenore Pereira. "Developmental Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Receptors in Cytotrophoblasts Correlates with Distinct Replication Sites in the Placenta." Journal of Virology 81, no. 9 (2007): 4701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02748-06.

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ABSTRACT Cytomegalovirus (CMV), the major viral cause of congenital disease, infects the uterus and developing placenta and spreads to the fetus throughout gestation. Virus replicates in invasive cytotrophoblasts in the decidua, and maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG)-CMV virion complexes, which are transcytosed by the neonatal Fc receptor across syncytiotrophoblasts, infect underlying cytotrophoblasts in chorionic villi. Immunity is central to protection of the placenta-fetal unit: infection can occur when IgG has a low neutralizing titer. Here we used immunohistochemical and function-blocking me

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Rajaraman, Gayathri, Padma Murthi, Leonie Quinn, Shaun P. Brennecke, and Bill Kalionis. "Homeodomain protein HLX is expressed primarily in cytotrophoblast cell types in the early pregnancy human placenta." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 3 (2008): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07159.

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Homeobox genes are a large family of transcription factors. Of these, the HLX homeobox gene (previously known as HLX1 and HB24) is important for normal placentation. We have previously shown that HLX mRNA expression is significantly reduced in fetal growth-restricted human placentae compared with control placentae. In this study, a rabbit polyclonal antibody to the homeodomain protein HLX was raised and characterised. Western analysis revealed a protein of 50 kDa. HLX protein was detected in cellular nuclei in the cytotrophoblast-derived cell lines HTR8/SVneo, SGHPL-4, JEG-3, JAR and BeWo. Dua

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