Academic literature on the topic 'D.C. Transit System Inc'

Mankind has long been intrigued by the possibility that weather in one location is related to weather somewhere else, especially somewhere very far away. The fascination may be mostly related to possible predictions that could be based on such relationships. The severe weather that harmed the British Army in the Crimea in November 1854 (Lindgrén and Neumann 1980) was due to a weather system moving across Europe, suggesting it could have been anticipated from observations upstream. It took analyses of many surface weathermaps, an activity starting around 1850, to see how weather systems have certain horizontal dimensions, thousands of kilometers in fact, and move around in semisystematic ways. It thus followed that, in a transient sense, the weather at two places can be related, and in a time-lagged sense that weather observed at one (or more) places serves as a predictor for weather at other locations. The other reason for fascination with teleconnection might be called “system analysis”. The idea that given an impulse at some location (“input”) a reaction can be expected thousands of miles away (the “output”) through a chain of events, is intriguing and should tell us about the workings of the system. It is akin to an engineer testing electronic equipment. Unfortunately, Nature is not a laboratory experiment where we can organize these impulses. Only by systematically observing what Nature presents us with, may we dare to search for teleconnections in some aggregate way. The word teleconnection suggests a connection at long distance, but a stricter definition requires some thought and pruning down of endless possibilities. We need to make choices about (a) simultaneous vs time-lagged teleconnections, (b) correlations vs other measures of “connection”, (c) transient vs standing teleconnections, (d) teleconnections in filtered data (e.g. seasonal means) vs unfiltered instantaneous (e.g. daily) data, and (e) one or more variables. On (a), (b) and (e) our choice in this chapter is simultaneous, use of linear correlation (except in section 4.3 where other measures of teleconnection are discussed), and a single variable respectively. On possibilities (c) and (d) we keep our options open.

Samuel J. Danishefsky of Columbia University and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center made (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110, 10904) the unexpected obser­vation that methylation of the enolate derived from conjugate addition to the readily-prepared 1 followed by intramolecular alkene metathesis led to the trans fused ketone 2. This can be contrasted to the diastereo- and regioisomer 3, the product from Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 2-methylcyclohexenone to isoprene. The trans ring fusion of 2 is particularly significant because ozonolysis followed by aldol condensation would deliver the angularly-methylated trans-fused 6/5 C–D ring system of the steroids and related natural products. Cheon-Gyu Cho of Hanyang University added (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 5806) the activated dienophile 4 to the dienyl lactone to give, after oxidation, the dibro­mide 5. Debromination followed by oxidation led to the antineoplastic lactam pancratistatin 6. D. Srinivasa Reddy of CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune devised (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 8149) a cascade protocol of Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 8 to the diene 7, followed by intramolecular aldol condensation, to give the enone 9. Oxidative manipulation followed by methylenation completed the synthesis of the commercially important grapefruit flavor nootkatone 10. Xinhao Zhang and Chi-Sing Lee of the Peking University Shenzen Graduate School uncovered (J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 7912) another cascade transformation, intermolecular addition of 11 to 12 followed by intramolecular Conia-ene cyclization, to give the tricyclic 13. Further manipulation led to an established intermediate for the total synthesis of platensimycin 14. Masahisa Nakada of Waseda University prepared (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7569) the enantiomerically-pure allene 15. Oxidation of the phenol to the monoketal of the cyclohexadienone set the stage for intramolecular cycloaddition to give 16. Oxidative cleavage followed by intramolecular alkene metathesis led to (+)-scabronine G 17. Dirk Trauner of the University of Munich assembled (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4324) the enantiomerically-pure alcohol 18. Oxidation gave the quinone, leading to intra­molecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition. The free alcohol then added to the exocyclic alkene of that product, to give, after further oxidation, the ether 19. Deprotection fol­lowed by reduction then completed the synthesis of (−)-isoglaziovianol 20.

Once feared for its deadly properties, Botulinum toxin is now revered for its effectiveness as a treatment in minimally invasive facial rejuvenation. The injection of Botulinum toxin is the most frequently performed nonsurgical cosmetic procedure, with at least 4.8 million procedures in 2009. First approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1979 for the treatment of strabismus, Botulinum toxin was shown to be both safe and effective for use to decrease muscle function. Botulinum toxin’s cosmetic applications were first recognized when it was noted that facial rhytides improved in the areas of treatment with the toxin when it was used for noncosmetic applications in the late 1980s and early 1990s. FDA approval for cosmetic treatment of the glabellar furrows was announced in 2002, and off-label aesthetic indications have continued to evolve. Botulinum toxin is produced by the gram-positive, anaerobic Clostridium botulinum. The neurotoxin acts on the peripheral nervous system, where it inhibits release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic terminal at the neuromuscular junction. There are seven distinct antigenic Botulinum toxins (BTX-A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) produced by different strains of C. botulinum. The human nervous system is susceptible to only five of these serotypes (BTX-A, B, E, F, G), and types A and B are currently available for human injection. In the United States, there are four commercially available Botulinum toxin preparations: three types of Botulinum toxin type A, OnabotulinumtoxinA or Botox Cosmetic® (Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA), IncobotulinumtoxinA or Xeomin (Merz, Frankfort Germany), and abobotulinumtoxinA or Dysport (Medicis, Scottsdale, AZ). There is one preparation of Botulinum toxin type B, RimabotulinumtoxinB or Myobloc® (Elan Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA). Other Botulinum toxin type A products are anticipated to come to the U.S. market in the next decade as well. Different formulations of Botulinum toxin type A are biochemically unique and are not necessarily equivalent in dosing. The Botox unit is three times as potent as the Dysport unit, but this conversion ratio does not take into consideration safety or antigenic potential. Practically speaking, a range of 2.5 to 3 to one has been recommended to make Dysport dosing approximate the effects of Botox.

In the last twenty years, the territory that comprises the Vega Baja of the Segura River (Alicante province) has experienced a drastic change in terms of how space is occupied. This is observable in the introduction of new uses that modify the configuration patterns of traditional settlements. This paper presents a typology characterization and classification of the evolution of traditional rural settlements which includes new emerging patterns of urban settlements in the Vega Baja’s context. This process has significantly impacted the landscape and the environment, as well as affecting how the local population relates to their living environment. The alluvial territory of the Vega Baja of the Segura River has been historically developed as a result of the expansion of its functional network systems —water canals, pathways, and settlements— which enable the occupation and colonization of extensive areas of marshy land. The territorial organization of this study’s area, developed over the course of eleven centuries, remained relatively stable until the 1990’s. However, in the last twenty-five years, the local economy has undergone restructuring, producing a mind-shift among local communities and resulting in a meaningful loss of crop production surface to make way for town-planning developments. The geographical area of this study is characterized by its intensive irrigated agricultural pattern. It is one of the last remaining Huerta European landscapes identified in the Dobris Report. Therefore, a more comprehensive and integrated approach to preserve identity and local cultural values is required so as to propose a sustainable economic development framework.References Antrop, M. (2005) ‘Why landscapes of the past are important for the future’, Landscape and Urban Planning 70, 21-34. Canales Martínez, G. y Ponce Sánchez, M. D. (2016) Pareceres sobre la Huerta del Bajo Segura. El poder de la Identidad y la Cultura en la valoración del Paisaje (Universidad de Alicante, Alicante). García-Mayor, C. y Canales Martínez, G. (2015) La Huerta de Orihuela en el Bajo Segura. Elementos funcionales en la construcción del paisaje (Universidad de Alicante, Alicante). García-Mayor, C. y Pérez Payá, M. D. (2014) La Huerta de la Vega Baja del río Segura: paisaje e identidad territorial (Lulu Press, Inc.) Gormsen E. (1981) ‘The spatio-temporal development of international tourism: Attempt at a centre-peripherary model’, Etudes & Mémoires 55, 150-70. VV.AA. (2011) ‘Urbanismo expansivo de la utopía a la realidad’, XXII Congreso Geógrafos Españoles AGE (Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante)

This paper describes how Martin Marietta performed rapid design, integration, and test of a Digital Fuel Control (DFC) system for control of shipboard GE LM2500 Gas Turbine Engines. This phase was performed in Orlando, Florida and included real time hardware in the loop (HWTL) testing of the DFC with a simulated engine and test cell. With this approach, all of the DFC hardware and software could be validated before performing control of a real engine. Therefore risk was minimized and the schedule did not depend on availability of an LM2500 engine. The engine and test cell were simulated using the Integrated Systems, Inc. (ISI) AC100 Real Time Controller, which is easily transportable from site to site. The next phase will involve testing the DFC and AC100 with a real LM2500 engine and test cell. The AC100 incorporates parallel digital signal processing and various input/output (I/O) options such as analog to digital (A/D) converters, digital to analog (D/A) converters, logical inputs and outputs, resolver to digital converters, pulse width modulation output, etc. Programs and I/O connections are made using extensive software on a workstation which produces code which is downloaded to the AC100 via Ethernet The programs are developed using a user-friendly, menu-driven graphical language called System Build. An autocode generator converts the system model to C or Ada, which is compiled and downloaded to the AC100 for real time execution.

New Hanover County, NC, hired Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to help prepare a Request for Proposals (RFP) for the management and long-term operations of the County’s solid waste disposal facilities, which include a secure landfill with more than 40 years of remaining life, a 20+ year old waste-to-energy (WTE) plant, and seven recycling drop-off sites receiving over 200,000 tons per year. The RFP requested a single-service provider to provide all of the services currently being undertaken by the County under a single contract going forward. During the course of the procurement, GBB’s Project Manager made three presentations to the New Hanover County Board of Commissioners (County Board), advancing the RFP process from eight vendor proposals, to interviews of five firms and performing a technical and economic review of each, to short-listing two firms, to the final recommendation of going forward with high-tech start-up R3 Environmental LLC (R3). In September 2010, the County Board signed a landmark contract with R3 for the management of the County’s waste system that was intended to position the County as a world leader in innovative disposal, according to County officials. Under the agreement, R3 was to implement a modern Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) processing facility pulling out recyclables and making a low-ash, high-BTU Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF) biomass product, refurbishing the current mass-burn WTE facility into an RDF biomass-fired system, and implementing a new construction waste and demolition debris recycling (C&D) processing system. The new solid waste sorting facility, with advanced machinery, dubbed a “Smart MRF,” was expected to be in operation in two years, extracting recyclables and converting the organic waste stream into fuel. R3 guaranteed to divert over 80% of the incoming solid waste from the landfill. This paper provides a unique behind-the-scenes look at the procurement process used to select this “innovative technology proposal” from R3 as it pertained to recycling potential, carbon credits and renewable energy credits, and significant long-term cost benefits to the County. It will also provide a review of the vendor evaluation process that led to this landmark contract, from the RFP preparation, proposals evaluation, technical/economic reviews, short-listing, recommendations, and technical contract negotiation.

Abstract The objective of this research is to describe the methodology used to drill the most extended reach well (ERD) in the Gulf of Thailand. The Jasmine field is a mature, sophisticated, oil field with many shallow reservoir targets that require a minimum 10,000ft horizontal displacement. As such, the main challenges faced, and the novel technology applied is described in detail by this research. The research is an example of successfully drilling a challenging well, safely and efficiently. The Jasmine C – Well X, is a 3-string design structure with an 11-3/4in top hole, an 8-1/2in intermediate section, and a 6-1/8in reservoir horizontal section. Well X was constructed by utilizing an existing platform well slot. The challenge involved drilling from the top hole to the kickoff point and directional drilling away from the casing stump of the existing well to avoid any collision with nearby wells emanating from the Jasmine C platform. The 8-1/2in hole section was the most important segment as it had to reach the landing point precisely in order to start the 6-1/8in section for GeoSteering in the reservoir section. The 8-1/2in section encountered three challenges that could affect drilling efficiency.Directional Drilling – The complexities of the well profile:The method involved making well inclination (INC) lower than 82deg in the tangent interval in order to reduce the well's tortuosity as much as possible.Hole condition – Hole cleaning and fluid losses control:The method involved the use of Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud (LTOBM) CaCO3 system, the chemical elements in the drilling fluid system could help to seal the high permeable zones.Drilling Engineering – Torque and Drag (T&D) control:The method taked into account the 7in casing run to the bottom of the hole, which the casing driven system did not allow for rotation The well was completed successfully without any additional trips. A Total Depth (TD) was of 13,052ftMD was achieved to reach reservoirs at 3,260ft TVDSS. It was therefore announced in 2019 as a new ERD record for Mubadala Thailand (ERD ratio = 3.26, Directional Difficulty Index (DDI) = 6.95). The top hole and 9-5/8in casing were set in the right depth. An 8-1/2in section was accomplished on the planned trajectory with an average on bottom Rate of Penetration (ROP) at 319 ft/hr. The 6-1/8in section was drilled by geosteering to achieve sub-surface objectives. A total of 2,143ft intervals inside the reservoir was successfully achieved. While drilling, lost circulation events occured, but the mud system was conditioned with Lost Circulation Materials (LCM). Therefore, drilling performance was unaffected. Moreover, the Bit's Total Flow Area (TFA) and Rotary steering systems (RSS) flow restrictor was configured to allow directional drilling at a very low Flow rate of 470gpm. Addition, 30 joints of 5-1/2in Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP) and 39 joints of 4in HWDP were added into the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) to transfer string weight to drill bitsand drill to well TD. As complexities of the well profile were fully aware, the casing was runned and minimized the open hole friction until the casing was deployed successfully. In the Gulf of Thailand, drilling the longest ERD well in a shallow True Vertical Depth (TVD) was clearly groundbreaking and entailed the successful management of the key operational challenges related to identification, job planning, design, technology selection, and implementation. This research illuminates the challenges and technical solutions of long ERD well and serves as an example of what can be achieved in the region and globally.