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1
Heller, René, Michael Hippke, Jantje Freudenthal, Kai Rodenbeck, Natalie M. Batalha, and Steve Bryson. "Transit least-squares survey." Astronomy & Astrophysics 638 (June 2020): A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936929.
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The Sun-like star Kepler-160 (KOI-456) has been known to host two transiting planets, Kepler-160 b and c, of which planet c shows substantial transit-timing variations (TTVs). We studied the transit photometry and the TTVs of this system in our search for a suspected third planet. We used the archival Kepler photometry of Kepler-160 to search for additional transiting planets using a combination of our Wōtan detrending algorithm and our transit least-squares detection algorithm. We also used the Mercury N-body gravity code to study the orbital dynamics of the system in trying to explain the observed TTVs of planet c. First, we recovered the known transit series of planets Kepler-160 b and c. Then we found a new transiting candidate with a radius of 1.91−0.14+0.17 Earth radii (R⊕), an orbital period of 378.417−0.025+0.028 d, and Earth-like insolation. The vespa software predicts that this signal has an astrophysical false-positive probability of FPP3 = 1.8 × 10−3 when the multiplicity of the system is taken into account. Kepler vetting diagnostics yield a multiple event statistic of MES = 10.7, which corresponds to an ~85% reliability against false alarms due to instrumental artifacts such as rolling bands. We are also able to explain the observed TTVs of planet c with the presence of a previously unknown planet. The period and mass of this new planet, however, do not match the period and mass of the new transit candidate. Our Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations of the TTVs of Kepler-160 c can be conclusively explained by a new nontransiting planet with a mass between about 1 and 100 Earth masses and an orbital period between about 7 and 50 d. We conclude that Kepler-160 has at least three planets, one of which is the nontransiting planet Kepler-160 d. The expected stellar radial velocity amplitude caused by this new planet ranges between about 1 and 20 m s−1. We also find the super-Earth-sized transiting planet candidate KOI-456.04 in the habitable zone of this system, which could be the fourth planet.
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Fridlund, M., J. Livingston, D. Gandolfi, et al. "The TOI-763 system: sub-Neptunes orbiting a Sun-like star." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 498, no. 3 (2020): 4503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2502.
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ABSTRACT We report the discovery of a planetary system orbiting TOI-763(aka CD-39 7945), a V = 10.2, high proper motion G-type dwarf star that was photometrically monitored by the TESS space mission in Sector 10. We obtain and model the stellar spectrum and find an object slightly smaller than the Sun, and somewhat older, but with a similar metallicity. Two planet candidates were found in the light curve to be transiting the star. Combining TESS transit photometry with HARPS high-precision radial velocity (RV) follow-up measurements confirm the planetary nature of these transit signals. We determine masses, radii, and bulk densities of these two planets. A third planet candidate was discovered serendipitously in the RV data. The inner transiting planet, TOI-763 b, has an orbital period of Pb = 5.6 d, a mass of Mb = 9.8 ± 0.8 M⊕, and a radius of Rb = 2.37 ± 0.10 R⊕. The second transiting planet, TOI-763 c, has an orbital period of Pc = 12.3 d, a mass of Mc = 9.3 ± 1.0 M⊕, and a radius of Rc = 2.87 ± 0.11 R⊕. We find the outermost planet candidate to orbit the star with a period of ∼48 d. If confirmed as a planet, it would have a minimum mass of Md = 9.5 ± 1.6 M⊕. We investigated the TESS light curve in order to search for a mono transit by planet d without success. We discuss the importance and implications of this planetary system in terms of the geometrical arrangements of planets orbiting G-type stars.
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Carl Pegels, C. "Gentran Machinery, Inc. (A)." Asian Case Research Journal 07, no. 02 (2003): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927503000410.
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The two cases describe the problems associated with the implementation of an international manufacturing joint venture in China between an American construction machinery firm and its Chinese counterpart. Case (A) presents the major hurdles the partners had to deal with: cultural, language and management problems. The conflicts between the two sides were exasperated by the lack of Western exposure to Chinese managers and the strict hierarchical management system in the Chinese side of the joint venture. Case (A) does not propose solutions but certainly raises many issues that need resolution. Case (B) proposes solutions to the problems extensively described in the "A" case. General recommendations were proposed to address the following issues: (a) the general manager's position, power and authority in the joint venture, (b) the organizational design of the joint venture, (c) clarification of the responsibility of both parties, (d) reward system and appraisal system, (e) how to deal with both the Chinese and American incompetent managers, (f) how to deal with the communication problems, both language and cultural, and (g) final comprehensive and position outline of the potential of the joint venture.
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Carl Pegels, C. "Gentran Machinery, Inc. (B)." Asian Case Research Journal 07, no. 02 (2003): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927503000422.
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The two cases describe the problems associated with the implementation of an international manufacturing joint venture in China between an American construction machinery firm and its Chinese counterpart. Case (A) presents the major hurdles the partners had to deal with: cultural, language and management problems. The conflicts between the two sides were exasperated by the lack of Western exposure to Chinese managers and the strict hierarchical management system in the Chinese side of the joint venture. Case (A) does not propose solutions but certainly raises many issues that need resolution. Case (B) proposes solutions to the problems extensively described in the "A" case. General recommendations were proposed to address the following issues: (a) the general manager's position, power and authority in the joint venture, (b) the organizational design of the joint venture, (c) clarification of the responsibility of both parties, (d) reward system and appraisal system, (e) how to deal with both the Chinese and American incompetent managers, (f) how to deal with the communication problems, both language and cultural, and (g) final comprehensive and position outline of the potential of the joint venture.
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Shih, Mao-Chang, Hani S. Mahmassani, and M. Hadi Baaj. "Planning and Design Model for Transit Route Networks with Coordinated Operations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, no. 1 (1998): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-03.
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A heuristic model is presented for the design of bus transit networks with coordinated operations. Different from past solution methodologies focusing on conventional uncoordinated transit systems, this model addresses the design of transit networks with coordinated operations, using a transit center concept and incorporating a trip assignment model explicitly developed for coordinated (timed-transfer) systems. In addition, this model determines the appropriate vehicle size for each bus route and incorporates demand-responsive capabilities to meet demand that cannot be served effectely by fixed-route, fixed-schedule services. This model is composed of four major procedures: ( a) a route generation procedure (RGP), which constructs the transit network around the transit center concept; ( b) a network analysis procedure, which incorporates a trip assignment model (for both coordinated and uncoordinated operations) and a frequency-setting and vehicle-sizing procedure; ( c) a transit center selection procedure, which identifies the suitable transit centers for route coordination; and ( d) a network improvement procedure, which improves on the set of routes generated by the RGP. The model is demonstrated via a case-study application to data generated from the existing transit system in Austin, Texas.
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Burdanov, A. Y., S. M. Lederer, M. Gillon, et al. "Ground-based follow-up observations of TRAPPIST-1 transits in the near-infrared." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487, no. 2 (2019): 1634–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1375.
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Abstract The TRAPPIST-1 planetary system is a favourable target for the atmospheric characterization of temperate earth-sized exoplanets by means of transmission spectroscopy with the forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). A possible obstacle to this technique could come from the photospheric heterogeneity of the host star that could affect planetary signatures in the transit transmission spectra. To constrain further this possibility, we gathered an extensive photometric data set of 25 TRAPPIST-1 transits observed in the near-IR J band (1.2 μm) with the UKIRT and the AAT, and in the NB2090 band (2.1 μm) with the VLT during the period 2015–18. In our analysis of these data, we used a special strategy aiming to ensure uniformity in our measurements and robustness in our conclusions. We reach a photometric precision of 0.003 (RMS of the residuals), and we detect no significant temporal variations of transit depths of TRAPPIST-1 b, c, e, and g over the period of 3 yr. The few transit depths measured for planets d and f hint towards some level of variability, but more measurements will be required for confirmation. Our depth measurements for planets b and c disagree with the stellar contamination spectra originating from the possible existence of bright spots of temperature 4500 K. We report updated transmission spectra for the six inner planets of the system which are globally flat for planets b and g and some structures are seen for planets c, d, e, and f.
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Heller, René, Kai Rodenbeck, and Michael Hippke. "Transit least-squares survey." Astronomy & Astrophysics 625 (May 2019): A31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935276.
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We apply for the first time the transit least-squares (TLS) algorithm to search for new transiting exoplanets. TLS has been developed as a successor to the box least-squares (BLS) algorithm, which has served as a standard tool for the detection of periodic transits. In this proof-of-concept paper, we demonstrate that TLS finds small planets that have previously been missed. We show the capabilities of TLS using the K2 EVEREST-detrended light curve of the star K2-32 (EPIC 205071984), which has been known to have three transiting planets. TLS detects these known Neptune-sized planets K2-32 b, d, and c in an iterative search and finds an additional transit signal with a high signal detection efficiency (SDETLS) of 26.1 at a period of 4.34882−0.00075+0.00069 d. We show that this additional signal remains detectable (SDETLS = 13.2) with TLS in the K2SFF light curve of K2-32, which includes a less optimal detrending of the systematic trends. The signal is below common detection thresholds if searched with BLS in the K2SFF light curve (SDEBLS = 8.9), however, as in previous searches. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling with the emcee software shows that the radius of this candidate is 1.01−0.09+0.10 R⊕. We analyzed its phase-folded transit light curve using the vespa software and calculated a false-positive probability FPP = 3.1 × 10−3. Taking into account the multiplicity boost of the system, we estimate an FPP < 3.1 × 10−4, which formally validates K2-32 e as a planet. K2-32 now hosts at least four planets that are very close to a 1:2:5:7 mean motion resonance chain. The offset of the orbital periods of K2-32 e and b from a 1:2 mean motion resonance agrees very well with the sample of transiting multiplanet systems from Kepler, lending further credence to the planetary nature of K2-32 e. We expect that TLS can find many more transits of Earth-sized and even smaller planets in the Kepler and K2 data that have so far remained undetected with algorithms that search for box-like signals.
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Nyström, Christine Delisle, Christel Larsson, Bettina Ehrenblad, et al. "Results From Sweden’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s2 (2016): S284—S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0307.
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Background:The 2016 Swedish Report Card on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Youth is a unique compilation of the existing physical and health related data in Sweden. The aim of this article is to summarize the procedure and results from the report card.Methods:Nationally representative surveys and individual studies published between 2005–2015 were included. Eleven PA and health indicators were graded using the Active Healthy Kids Canada grading system. Grades were assigned based on the percentage of children/youth meeting a defined benchmark (A: 81% to 100%, B: 61% to 80%, C: 41% to 60%, D: 21% to 40%, F: 0% to 20%, or incomplete (INC).Results:The assigned grades were Overall Physical Activity, D; Organized Sport Participation, B+; Active Play, INC; Active Transportation, C+; Sedentary Behaviors, C; Family and Peers, INC; School, C+; Community and the Built Environment, B; Government Strategies and Investments, B; Diet, C-; and Obesity, D.Conclusions:The included data provides some support that overall PA is too low and sedentary behavior is too high for almost all age groups in Sweden, even with the many national policies as well as an environment that is favorable to the promotion of PA.
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Sidyelyeva, Galyna, and Lloyd D. Fricker. "Characterization ofDrosophilaCarboxypeptidase D." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 51 (2002): 49613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m209652200.
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Metallocarboxypeptidase D (CPD), is a 180-kDa protein that contains three carboxypeptidase-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail and which functions in the processing of proteins that transit the secretory pathway. An initial report on theDrosophila melanogastersilver gene indicated a CPD-like protein with only two and a half carboxypeptidase-like domains with no transmembrane region (Settle, S. H., Jr., Green, M. M., and Burtis, K. C. (1995)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.92, 9470–9474). A variety of bioinformatics and experimental approaches were used to determine that theDrosophilasilver gene corresponds to a CPD-like protein with three carboxypeptidase-like domains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail. In addition, two alternative exons were found, which result in proteins with different carboxypeptidase-like domains, termed domains 1A and 1B. Northern blot, reverse transcriptase PCR, and sequence analysis were used to confirm the presence of the various mRNA forms. Individual domains ofDrosophilaCPD were expressed in insect Sf9 cells using the baculovirus expression system. Media from domain 1B- and domain 2-expressing cells showed substantial enzymatic activity, whereas medium from domain 1A-expressing cells was no different from cells infected with wild-type virus. Domains 1B and 2 were purified, and the enzymatic properties were examined. Both enzymes cleaved substrates with C-terminal Arg or Lys, but not Leu, and were inhibited by conventional metallopeptidase inhibitors and some divalent cations.Drosophiladomain 1B is more active at neutral pH and greatly prefers C-terminal Arg over Lys, whereas domain 2 is more active at pH 5–6 and slightly prefers C-terminal Lys over Arg. The differences in pH optima and substrate specificity betweenDrosophiladomains 1B and 2 are similar to the differences between duck CPD domains 1 and 2, suggesting that these properties are essential to CPD function.
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Jenkins, J. S., F. J. Pozuelos, M. Tuomi, et al. "GJ 357: a low-mass planetary system uncovered by precision radial velocities and dynamical simulations." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490, no. 4 (2019): 5585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2937.
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ABSTRACT We report the detection of a new planetary system orbiting the nearby M2.5V star GJ 357, using precision radial velocities from three separate echelle spectrographs, High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS), High Resolution Echelle Spectrograph (HiRES), and Ultraviolet and Visible Echelle Spectrograph (UVES). Three small planets have been confirmed in the system, with periods of 9.125 ± 0.001, 3.9306 ± 0.0003, and 55.70 ± 0.05 d, and minimum masses of 3.33 ± 0.48, 2.09 ± 0.32, and 6.72 ± 0.94 M⊕, respectively. The second planet in our system, GJ 357 c, was recently shown to transit by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), but we could find no transit signatures for the other two planets. Dynamical analysis reveals the system is likely to be close to coplanar, is stable on Myr time-scales, and places strong upper limits on the masses of the two non-transiting planets GJ 357 b and GJ 357 d of 4.25 and 11.20 M⊕, respectively. Therefore, we confirm the system contains at least two super-Earths, and either a third super-Earth or mini-Neptune planet. GJ 357 b and GJ 357 c are found to be close to a 7:3 mean motion resonance, however no libration of the orbital parameters was found in our simulations. Analysis of the photometric light curve of the star from the TESS, when combined with our radial velocities, reveals GJ 357 c has an absolute mass, radius, and density of $2.248^{+0.117}_{-0.120}$ M⊕, $1.167^{+0.037}_{-0.036}$ R⊕, and $7.757^{+0.889}_{-0.789}$ g cm−3, respectively. Comparison to super-Earth structure models reveals the planet is likely an iron-dominated world. The GJ 357 system adds to the small sample of low-mass planetary systems with well constrained masses, and further observational and dynamical follow-up is warranted to better understand the overall population of small multiplanet systems in the solar neighbourhood.
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Petit, Antoine C., Erik A. Petigura, Melvyn B. Davies, and Anders Johansen. "Resonance in the K2-19 system is at odds with its high reported eccentricities." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 496, no. 3 (2020): 3101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1736.
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ABSTRACT K2-19 hosts a planetary system composed of two outer planets, b and c, with size of 7.0 ± 0.2 R⊕ and 4.1 ± 0.2 R⊕, and an inner planet, d, with a radius of 1.11 ± 0.05 R⊕. A recent analysis of Transit-Timing Variations (TTVs) suggested b and c are close to but not in 3:2 mean motion resonance (MMR) because the classical resonant angles circulate. Such an architecture challenges our understanding of planet formation. Indeed, planet migration through the protoplanetary disc should lead to a capture into the MMR. Here, we show that the planets are in fact, locked into the 3:2 resonance despite circulation of the conventional resonant angles and aligned periapses. However, we show that such an orbital configuration cannot be maintained for more than a few hundred million years due to the tidal dissipation experienced by planet d. The tidal dissipation remains efficient because of a secular forcing of the innermost planet eccentricity by planets b and c. While the observations strongly rule out an orbital solution where the three planets are on close to circular orbits, it remains possible that a fourth planet is affecting the TTVs such that the four planet system is consistent with the tidal constraints.
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Harrington, Deirdre M., Sarahjane Belton, Tara Coppinger, et al. "Results from Ireland’s 2014 Report Card on Physical Activity in Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, s1 (2014): S63—S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0166.
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Background:Physical activity (PA) levels are a key performance indicator for policy documents in Ireland. The first Ireland Report Card on Physical Activity in Children and Youth aims to set a robust baseline for future surveillance of indicators related to PA in children and youth.Methods:Data collected between 2003−2010 on more than 35,000 7- to 18-year-old children and youth were used and graded using a standardized grading system for 10 indicators.Results:Grades assigned for the indicators were as follows: overall physical activity levels, D-; sedentary behavior (TV viewing), C-; organized sport participation, C-: physical education, D-; active play, inconclusive (INC); active transportation, D; school, C-, community and the built environment, B; family, INC; and government, INC.Conclusions:PA recommendations exist in Ireland but this Report Card has shown that participation is still low. A number of promising policies, programs and services are in place but these require thorough evaluation and adequate resourcing. Agreement and implementation of a common framework for the systematic surveillance of indictors related to PA of children and youth is necessary to monitor change over time and ensure the impact of promising work is captured.
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Rebernik, Teja, Jidde Jacobi, Mark Tiede, and Martijn Wieling. "Accuracy Assessment of Two Electromagnetic Articulographs: Northern Digital Inc. WAVE and Northern Digital Inc. VOX." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 64, no. 7 (2021): 2637–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00394.
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Purpose This study compares two electromagnetic articulographs manufactured by Northern Digital, Inc.: the NDI Wave System (from 2008) and the NDI Vox-EMA System (from 2020). Method Four experiments were completed: (a) comparison of statically positioned sensors, (b) tracking dynamic movements of sensors manipulated using a motor-driven LEGO apparatus, (c) tracking small and large movements of sensors mounted in a rigid bar manipulated by hand, and (d) tracking movements of sensors rotated on a circular disc. We assessed spatial variability for statically positioned sensors, variability in the transduced Euclidean distances between sensor pairs, and missing data rates. For sensors tracking circular movements, we compared the fit between fitted ideal circles and actual trajectories. Results The average sensor pair tracking error (i.e., the standard deviation of the Euclidean distances) was 1.37 mm for the WAVE and 0.12 mm for the VOX during automated trials at the fastest speed, and 0.35 mm for the WAVE and 0.14 mm for the VOX during the tracking of large manual movements. The average standard deviation of the fitted circle radii charted by manual circular disc movements was 0.72 mm for the WAVE sensors and 0.14 mm for the VOX sensors. There was no significant difference between the WAVE and the VOX in the number of missing frames. Conclusions In general, the VOX system significantly outperformed the WAVE on measures of both static precision and dynamic accuracy (automated and manual). For both systems, positional precision and spatial variability were influenced by the sensors' position relative to the field generator unit (worse when further away). Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14787846
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Grava, Sigurd, and Fred Nangle. "Get Me to the Ball Game on Time: Access Time Patterns at Baseball Stadia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1735, no. 1 (2000): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1735-12.
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Arrival patterns at three baseball stadia under varying conditions are observed. These conditions include proximity to downtown, availability of transit facilities, and the vagaries of the playing season. Patterns are assessed at Shea Stadium in New York City, Jacobs Field in Cleveland, and Anaheim Stadium in Orange County, California. At Shea Stadium, a simulated sellout game, a typical game between the Mets and their divisional rivals, and a September game for die-hard fans are analyzed. The general conclusions that were reached are as follows: ( a) efficient and dependable highway access produces sharp arrival peaks that require efficient parking facilities at and nearby the stadium; ( b) good transit also will create sharp arrival peaks close to game time; ( c) with good access, efficient spectator processing within the stadium is highly necessary to seat last-minute arrivals before the first pitch; ( d) the intuitive notion that die-hard fans will have a better idea of how well the stadium access system works and tend to be better at planning their arrivals is borne out by the analysis; ( e) when superior rail-transit access is available, under typical or better U.S. conditions, it will carry up to 40 percent of all spectators; and ( f) good transit appears to reduce the predicted average vehicle occupancy (AVO) from 2.5 to between 2.2 and 2.3. Without good rail transit, the AVO is approximately 2.6.
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Lu, Hongzheng, and Gang Lin. "An Investigation of Various Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy of the Tekscan Seat Pressure System." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 20 (1996): 1036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002006.
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This study investigated the following factors affecting the measurement accuracy of the seat pressure measurement system made by TekScan, Inc.: (a) contact time; (b) contact area; (c) the amount of force applied on the pressure mat at the time of calibration and at measurement; and (d) the consistency of contact time before calibration and measurement, and the time interval between calibration and measurement. Results show that the above factors significantly affect the accuracy of measurement. The measurement error can be limited by controlling the contact time for both calibration and measurement to 2 minutes, and controlling the contact area and applied force equally at calibration and measurement.
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Eisner, N. L., B. A. Nicholson, O. Barragán, et al. "Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 2 (2021): 1827–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1253.
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ABSTRACT We report on the discovery and validation of a two-planet system around a bright (V = 8.85 mag) early G dwarf (1.43 R⊙, 1.15 M⊙, TOI 2319) using data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Three transit events from two planets were detected by citizen scientists in the month-long TESS light curve (sector 25), as part of the Planet Hunters TESS project. Modelling of the transits yields an orbital period of $11.6264 _{ - 0.0025 } ^ { + 0.0022 }$ d and radius of $3.41 _{ - 0.12 } ^ { + 0.14 }$ R⊕ for the inner planet, and a period in the range 19.26–35 d and a radius of $5.83 _{ - 0.14 } ^ { + 0.14 }$ R⊕ for the outer planet, which was only seen to transit once. Each signal was independently statistically validated, taking into consideration the TESS light curve as well as the ground-based spectroscopic follow-up observations. Radial velocities from HARPS-N and EXPRES yield a tentative detection of planet b, whose mass we estimate to be $11.56 _{ - 6.14 } ^ { + 6.58 }$ M⊕, and allow us to place an upper limit of 27.5 M⊕ (99 per cent confidence) on the mass of planet c. Due to the brightness of the host star and the strong likelihood of an extended H/He atmosphere on both planets, this system offers excellent prospects for atmospheric characterization and comparative planetology.
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Hyland, Michael F., and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Analytical Five-Phase Bus Rapid Transit Traffic Flow Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, no. 1 (2015): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-15.
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Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems are becoming increasingly popular in cities worldwide because of their ( a) efficiency and reliability advantages over traditional bus service and ( b) cost advantages over rail transit systems. As transportation decision makers consider the implementation and planning of BRT systems, it is important that they be able to analyze different operational components of these systems. This paper describes an analytical five-phase BRT traffic flow model that is able to model the movement of a bus throughout an entire BRT corridor and network. The five-phase model includes ( a) a queuing model to determine the time a bus spends waiting for access to the loading area, ( b) an access time model to determine the time that it takes a bus to access a loading area position from the queue when a loading position becomes available, ( c) a nonlinear dwell time model to determine the time that a bus spends at a loading area position, and ( d and e) a two-part model of the following behavior of buses between bus stations, dependent on whether there is a bus between the following bus and the approaching station. The five-phase BRT traffic flow model provides a comprehensive modeling framework for a networkwide simulation of a separate right-of-way BRT system. The model builds on research in the areas of car-following (and more recently bus-following) models, dwell time models, and bus station queuing models.
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Cochran, William D., Daniel C. Fabrycky, Guillermo Torres, et al. "KEPLER-18b, c, AND d: A SYSTEM OF THREE PLANETS CONFIRMED BY TRANSIT TIMING VARIATIONS, LIGHT CURVE VALIDATION, WARM-SPITZER PHOTOMETRY, AND RADIAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 197, no. 1 (2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/7.
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Martioli, E., G. Hébrard, A. C. M. Correia, J. Laskar, and A. Lecavelier des Etangs. "New constraints on the planetary system around the young active star AU Mic." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040235.
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AU Microscopii (AU Mic) is a young, active star whose transiting planet was recently detected. Here, we report our analysis of its TESS light curve, where we modeled the BY Draconis type quasi-periodic rotational modulation by starspots simultaneously to the flaring activity and planetary transits. We measured a flare occurrence rate in AU Mic of 6.35 flares per day for flares with amplitudes in the range of 0.06% < fmax < 1.5% of the star flux. We employed a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis to model the five transits of AU Mic b observed by TESS, improving the constraints on the planetary parameters. The measured planet-to-star effective radius ratio of Rp∕R⋆ = 0.0496 ± 0.0007 implies a physical radius of 4.07 ± 0.17 R⊕ and a planet density of 1.4 ± 0.4 g cm−3, confirming that AU Mic b is a Neptune-size moderately inflated planet. While a single feature possibly due to a second planet was previously reported in the former TESS data, we report the detection of two additional transit-like events in the new TESS observations of July 2020. This represents substantial evidence for a second planet (AU Mic c) in the system. We analyzed its three available transits and obtained an orbital period of 18.859019 ± 0.000016 d and a planetary radius of 3.24 ± 0.16 R⊕, which defines AU Mic c as a warm Neptune-size planet with an expected mass in the range of 2.2 M⊕ < Mc < 25.0 M⊕, estimated from the population of exoplanets of similar sizes. The two planets in the AU Mic system are in near 9:4 mean-motion resonance. We show that this configuration is dynamically stable and should produce transit-timing variations (TTV). Our non-detection of significant TTV in AU Mic b suggests an upper limit for the mass of AU Mic c of <7 M⊕, indicating that this planet is also likely to be inflated. As a young multi-planet system with at least two transiting planets, AU Mic becomes a key system for the study of atmospheres of infant planets and of planet-planet and planet-disk dynamics at the early stages of planetary evolution.
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Luque, R., L. M. Serrano, K. Molaverdikhani, et al. "A planetary system with two transiting mini-Neptunes near the radius valley transition around the bright M dwarf TOI-776." Astronomy & Astrophysics 645 (January 2021): A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039455.
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We report the discovery and characterization of two transiting planets around the bright M1 V star LP 961-53 (TOI-776, J = 8.5 mag, M = 0.54 ± 0.03 M ⊙) detected during Sector 10 observations of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Combining the TESS photometry with HARPS radial velocities, as well as ground-based follow-up transit observations from the MEarth and LCOGT telescopes, for the inner planet, TOI-776 b, we measured a period of P b = 8.25 d, a radius of R b = 1.85 ± 0.13 R ⊕, and a mass of M b = 4.0 ± 0.9 M ⊕; and for the outer planet, TOI-776 c, a period of P c = 15.66 d, a radius of R c = 2.02 ± 0.14 R ⊕, and a mass of M c = 5.3 ± 1.8 M ⊕. The Doppler data shows one additional signal, with a period of ~34 d, associated with the rotational period of the star. The analysis of fifteen years of ground-based photometric monitoring data and the inspection of different spectral line indicators confirm this assumption. The bulk densities of TOI-776 b and c allow for a wide range of possible interior and atmospheric compositions. However, both planets have retained a significant atmosphere, with slightly different envelope mass fractions. Thanks to their location near the radius gap for M dwarfs, we can start to explore the mechanism(s) responsible for the radius valley emergence around low-mass stars as compared to solar-like stars. While a larger sample of well-characterized planets in this parameter space is still needed to draw firm conclusions, we tentatively estimate that the stellar mass below which thermally-driven mass loss is no longer the main formation pathway for sculpting the radius valley is between 0.63 and 0.54 M ⊙. Due to the brightness of the star, the TOI-776 system is also an excellent target for the James Webb Space Telescope, providing a remarkable laboratory in which to break the degeneracy in planetary interior models and to test formation and evolution theories of small planets around low-mass stars.
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Benjamin, Julian, Shinya Kurauchi, Takayuki Morikawa, Amalia Polydoropoulou, Kuniaki Sasaki, and Moshe Ben-Akiva. "Forecasting Paratransit Ridership Using Discrete Choice Models with Explicit Consideration of Availability." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, no. 1 (1998): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-07.
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In most developed countries, the population of the elderly and disabled is growing rapidly. These individuals require transportation service suited to their needs. Such service may be provided by applying emerging technologies to dial-a-ride transit. This research develops a methodology to quantitatively evaluate the impact of paratransit services on a traveler’s mode choice behavior. The mode choice model explicitly considers availability of alternative modes and includes latent factors to account for taste heterogeneity. Stated preferences are also used to elicit preferences for new paratransit services. The methodology is empirically tested with data collected in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The model system developed is applied to evaluate the effect of improving service attributes and the impact of the introduction of new cost-effective modes on modal shares. Results of the policy analysis indicate that ( a) transit policy changes, such as fare reduction, would have little effect on automobile driver and automobile passenger shares; ( b) an improved reservation system for dial-a-ride services would produce shifts in mode share; ( c) the proposed new bus deviation service was favored; ( d) free bus service reduces dial-a-ride share; and ( e) an increase in awareness of a dial-a-ride system would significantly increase its share.
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Kuszlewicz, James S., Thomas S. H. North, William J. Chaplin, et al. "KOI-3890: a high-mass-ratio asteroseismic red giant+M-dwarf eclipsing binary undergoing heartbeat tidal interactions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487, no. 1 (2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1185.
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Abstract KOI-3890 is a highly eccentric, 153-d period eclipsing, single-lined spectroscopic binary system containing a red giant star showing solar-like oscillations alongside tidal interactions. The combination of transit photometry, radial velocity observations, and asteroseismology has enabled the detailed characterization of both the red giant primary and the M-dwarf companion, along with the tidal interaction and the geometry of the system. The stellar parameters of the red giant primary are determined through the use of asteroseismology and grid-based modelling to give a mass and radius of $M_{\star }=1.04\pm 0.06 \, \textrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $R_{\star }=5.8\pm 0.2 \, \textrm{R}_{\odot }$, respectively. When combined with transit photometry, the M-dwarf companion is found to have a mass and radius of $M_{\mathrm{c}}=0.23\pm 0.01 \, \textrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $R_{\mathrm{c}}=0.256\pm 0.007 \, \textrm{R}_{\odot }$. Moreover, through asteroseismology we constrain the age of the system through the red giant primary to be $9.1^{+2.4}_{-1.7}\,\mathrm{Gyr}$. This provides a constraint on the age of the M-dwarf secondary, which is difficult to do for other M-dwarf binary systems. In addition, the asteroseismic analysis yields an estimate of the inclination angle of the rotation axis of the red giant star of $i=87.6^{+2.4}_{-1.2}$ degrees. The obliquity of the system – the angle between the stellar rotation axis and the angle normal to the orbital plane – is also derived to give $\psi =4.2^{+2.1}_{-4.2}$ degrees, showing that the system is consistent with alignment. We observe no radius inflation in the M-dwarf companion when compared to current low-mass stellar models.
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Bluhm, P., E. Pallé, K. Molaverdikhani, et al. "An ultra-short-period transiting super-Earth orbiting the M3 dwarf TOI-1685." Astronomy & Astrophysics 650 (June 2021): A78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140688.
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Dynamical histories of planetary systems, as well as the atmospheric evolution of highly irradiated planets, can be studied by characterizing the ultra-short-period planet population, which the TESS mission is particularly well suited to discover. Here, we report on the follow-up of a transit signal detected in the TESS sector 19 photometric time series of the M3.0 V star TOI-1685 (2MASS J04342248+4302148). We confirm the planetary nature of the transit signal, which has a period of Pb = 0.6691403−0.0000021+0.0000023 d, using precise radial velocity measurements taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. From the joint photometry and radial velocity analysis, we estimate the following parameters for TOI-1685 b: a mass of Mb = 3.78−0.63+0.63 M⊕, a radius of Rb = 1.70−0.07+0.07 R⊕, which together result in a bulk density of ρb = 4.21−0.82+0.95 g cm−3, and an equilibrium temperature of Teq = 1069−16+16 K. TOI-1685 b is the least dense ultra-short-period planet around an M dwarf known to date. TOI-1685 b is also one of the hottest transiting super-Earth planets with accurate dynamical mass measurements, which makes it a particularly attractive target for thermal emission spectroscopy. Additionally, we report with moderate evidence an additional non-transiting planet candidate in the system, TOI-1685 [c], which has an orbital period of Pc = 9.02−0.12+0.10 d.
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Baranova, Tatiana I., Dmitrii N. Berlov, Oleg S. Glotov, et al. "Genetic determination of the vascular reactions in humans in response to the diving reflex." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 312, no. 3 (2017): H622—H631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00080.2016.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms of the defense vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex in humans with polymorphisms in the genes ADBR2, ACE, AGTR1, BDKRB2, and REN. We hypothesized that protective vascular reactions, in response to the diving reflex, are genetically determined and are distinguished in humans with gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin and kinin-bradykinin system. A total of 80 subjects (19 ± 1.4 yr) participated in the study. The intensity of the vascular response was estimated using photoplethysmogram. The I/D polymorphism (rs4340) of ACE was analyzed by PCR. REN (G/A, rs2368564), AGTR1 (A/C, rs5186), BDKRB2 (T/C, rs1799722), and ADBR2 (A/G, rs1042713) polymorphisms were examined using the two-step multiplex PCR followed by carrying allele hybridization on the biochip. Subjects with the BDKRB2 (C/C), ACE (D/D), and ADBR2 (G/G, G/A) genotypes exhibited the strongest peripheral vasoconstriction in response to diving. In subjects with a combination of the BDKRB2 (C/C) plus ACE (D/D) genotypes, we observed the lowest pulse wave amplitude and pulse transit time values and the highest arterial blood pressure during face immersion compared with the heterozygous individuals, suggesting that these subjects are more susceptible to diving hypoxia. This study observed that humans with gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin and kinin-bradykinin systems demonstrate various expressions of protective vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex. The obtained results might be used in estimation of resistance to hypoxia of any origin in human beings or in a medical practice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates that the vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex are genetically determined and depend on gene polymorphisms of the kinin-bradykinin and the renin-angiotensin systems.
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Nardo, Nelson, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Gerson Luis de Moraes Ferrari, et al. "Results From Brazil’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s2 (2016): S104—S109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0398.
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Background:Very few studies have comprehensively analyzed the physical activity of children and adolescents in Brazil. The purpose of this article is to show the methodology and summarize findings from the first Brazilian Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.Methods:Three Brazilian research institutions coordinated the activities to develop the Brazilian 2016 Report Card. The data available were collected independently and then synthesized by the Research Work Group using the grade system developed for the First Global Matrix released in 2014, which included 9 indicators of physical activity. Where possible, grades were assigned based on the percentage of children and youth meeting each indicator: A is 81% to 100%; B is 61% to 80%; C is 41% to 60%; D is 21% to 40%; F is 0% to 20%; INC is incomplete data.Results:Among the 9 indicators, only 5 had sufficient data for grading. Overall Physical Activity received a C- grade, Active Transportation received a C+ grade, Sedentary Behavior received a D+ grade, and Government Strategies and Investments received a D grade.Conclusions:The low grades observed highlight the need for continued efforts aimed at improving physical activity in Brazilian children.
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Zembura, Pawel, Aleksandra Goldys, and Hanna Nalecz. "Results From Poland’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s2 (2016): S237—S241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0386.
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Background:Poland’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth is the first assessment of child and youth physical activity (PA) in Poland using the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance grading system. The main goal was to summarize and describe the current state of child and youth PA to increase awareness and surveillance.Methods:The systematic methodology that underpins the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card was adapted and applied to the Polish report card. The best available data were consolidated, reviewed by a group of experts, and used to assign the letter grades to 9 core PA indicators on a scale ranging from A (highest) to F (lowest).Results:The 9 indicators were graded as such: 1) Overall Physical Activity (D), 2) Organized Sport Participation (C), 3) Active Play (INC), 4) Active Transportation (C), 5) Sedentary Behaviors (D), 6) Family and Peers (C), 7) School (B), 8) Community and the Built Environment (C), and 9) Government Strategies and Investments (C).Conclusions:The final grades show a strong role of school in providing PA for children and youth in Poland. However, promotion of school-based sport participation appears to be insufficient by itself to sustainably promote PA in this group.
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Aqib, Muhammad, Rashid Mehmood, Ahmed Alzahrani, Iyad Katib, Aiiad Albeshri, and Saleh M. Altowaijri. "Rapid Transit Systems: Smarter Urban Planning Using Big Data, In-Memory Computing, Deep Learning, and GPUs." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (2019): 2736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102736.
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Rapid transit systems or metros are a popular choice for high-capacity public transport in urban areas due to several advantages including safety, dependability, speed, cost, and lower risk of accidents. Existing studies on metros have not considered appropriate holistic urban transport models and integrated use of cutting-edge technologies. This paper proposes a comprehensive approach toward large-scale and faster prediction of metro system characteristics by employing the integration of four leading-edge technologies: big data, deep learning, in-memory computing, and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Using London Metro as a case study, and the Rolling Origin and Destination Survey (RODS) (real) dataset, we predict the number of passengers for six time intervals (a) using various access transport modes to reach the train stations (buses, walking, etc.); (b) using various egress modes to travel from the metro station to their next points of interest (PoIs); (c) traveling between different origin-destination (OD) pairs of stations; and (d) against the distance between the OD stations. The prediction allows better spatiotemporal planning of the whole urban transport system, including the metro subsystem, and its various access and egress modes. The paper contributes novel deep learning models, algorithms, implementation, analytics methodology, and software tool for analysis of metro systems.
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Sember, Vedrana, Gregor Starc, Gregor Jurak, et al. "Results From the Republic of Slovenia’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s2 (2016): S256—S264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0294.
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Background:This is the first assessment of the Republic of Slovenia’s efforts to synthesize and report physical activity (PA) standards for children and youth following the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance grading system model.Methods:The Republic of Slovenia Report Card relies on research findings published in peer-reviewed journals, data compiled from national databases, and government initiatives which have been monitoring physical fitness standards in schools for the past 34 years (SLOfit and ACDSi). The Report Card initiative has been jointly coordinated by the University of Primorska and the University of Ljubljana. A Research Work Group consisting of 12 representatives from various aspects of Slovenia’s public, private, and government sectors convened to evaluate evidence and assign grades for each PA indicator.Results:Grades (A, highest, to F, lowest; INC, incomplete) for Slovenia are as follows: Overall Physical Activity (A-), Organized Sport Participation (B-), Active Play (D), Active Transportation (C), Sedentary Behaviors (B+), Family and Peers (INC), Schools (A), Community and the Built Environment (INC), and Government (B+).Conclusions:This inclusive PA report indicates that overall physical activity minutes remain high in Slovenian children and youth; however, more research is needed to determine the effects of family life, peer influences, and the built environment on active play behaviors.
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Osborn, Ares, David J. Armstrong, Bryson Cale, et al. "TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 2 (2021): 2782–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2313.
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ABSTRACT We present the bright (Vmag = 9.12), multiplanet system TOI-431, characterized with photometry and radial velocities (RVs). We estimate the stellar rotation period to be 30.5 ± 0.7 d using archival photometry and RVs. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) objects of Interest (TOI)-431 b is a super-Earth with a period of 0.49 d, a radius of 1.28 ± 0.04 R⊕, a mass of 3.07 ± 0.35 M⊕, and a density of 8.0 ± 1.0 g cm−3; TOI-431 d is a sub-Neptune with a period of 12.46 d, a radius of 3.29 ± 0.09 R⊕, a mass of $9.90^{+1.53}_{-1.49}$ M⊕, and a density of 1.36 ± 0.25 g cm−3. We find a third planet, TOI-431 c, in the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher RV data, but it is not seen to transit in the TESS light curves. It has an Msin i of $2.83^{+0.41}_{-0.34}$ M⊕, and a period of 4.85 d. TOI-431 d likely has an extended atmosphere and is one of the most well-suited TESS discoveries for atmospheric characterization, while the super-Earth TOI-431 b may be a stripped core. These planets straddle the radius gap, presenting an interesting case-study for atmospheric evolution, and TOI-431 b is a prime TESS discovery for the study of rocky planet phase curves.
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Thompson, Logan R., Isabella Cristina F. Maciel, Kim Cassida, and Jason Rowntree. "PSII-17 Impact of forage diversity on animal production, forage productivity and nutritive value, emissions, and soil C/N cycling." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.486.
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Abstract The study objective was to compare animal performance, enteric methane production, forage productivity, and soil GHG flux of two grazing systems: 1) A botanically diverse, mixed-species pasture (COMP), and 2) A simple alfalfa:orchardgrass system (SIMP). Fifty-six steers (BW = 318.29 ± 37.58 kg) were adapted to a GreenFeed Emission Measurement System (GEM; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and stratified into treatments based on acclimation. Each treatment consisted of 4 paddocks, three 3.2 ha and one 1.6 ha paddock, with 8 steers and 4 steers each, respectively. Animals grazed for 104 d from June to October 2018, and shrunk BW was recorded at the onset of grazing and every 50 d thereafter to determine ADG. Soil CO2, CH4, and N2O flux was measured at the beginning and end of the grazing season using 10 static chambers in 3 paddocks/trt for 5 d post-grazing. Forage production was measured bi-weekly in pre- and post-grazed sub-paddocks, and forage quality was analyzed using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Crude Protein content was lower in COMP than SIMP pastures (15.93% vs. 18.28%; P &lt; 0.0001) and NDF content (41.51% vs. 43.63%, for COMP and SIMP; P = 0.0032). Enteric methane production was significantly lower for COMP steers (167.7 g/d vs. 209.38 g/d for COMP and SIMP; P &lt; 0.0001) and emission intensity (g CH4/kg LWG; 158.65 vs. 200.6 for COMP and SIMP; P &lt; 0.0001). Methane yield did not differ between COMP and SIMP treatments (5.37 vs. 5.03%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), but were 17 and 23% lower than current IPCC tier II recommended Ym values (6.5 ± 1.0%). Animal performance and soil GHG flux did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that, while both treatments perform well in comparison to IPCC estimates, the COMP trt may result in a lower carbon footprint.
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Jeong, S. H., J. H. Lee, E. B. Jeung, E. S. Lee, and S. H. Hyun. "244 AMPHIREGULIN CAN ASSIST IMMATURE PORCINE OOCYTES TO DEVELOP IN AN IN VITRO SYSTEM." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 1 (2008): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv20n1ab244.
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Porcine IVM-IVF technique has been used and improved. However, polyspermic penetration, low rate of blastocyst (BL) formation, and poor quality of BLs are induced by imperfect nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. It has been reported that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is beneficial for oocyte maturation to improve the IVM system, and amphiregulin (AR) is a growth factor containing an EGF-like domain. Consequently, the present study was performed to investigate whether TCM199 supplemented with EGF and/or AR is profitable for improving oocyte maturation and embryo development. The experimental groups were control (A), EGF 15 ng mL–1 (B), AR 15 ng mL–1 (C), and EGF 15 ng mL + AR 15 ng mL–1 (D) in TCM199. In Experiment 1, oocytes were selected and maturated in each group. After 44 h, oocytes were stained with Hoechst, and metaphase II and development rate were evaluated. In Experiment 2, maturated oocytes were fertilized with proven sperm and stained with Hoechst; the penetration rate after 10 h of post-insemination was evaluated. In Experiment 3, after 168 h of in vitro culture, cleavage rate and BL formation rate were recorded. BLs were stained with differential stain and the cell numbers calculated. In Experiment 4, porcine oocytes were maturated for 44 h and denuded by hyaluronidase. Thereafter, oocytes were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peanut agglutinin and the distribution of cortical granules (CGs) was evaluated by laser confocal microscopy. All data was analyzed by a Duncan test using SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). In Experiment 1, the maturation rate into metaphase II stage in groups B, C, and D (71.0 � 15.5%, 75.8 � 9.8%, and 71.5 � 10.8%, respectively) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that of group A (51.4 � 18.3%). In Experiment 2, there was no difference among all groups in relation to penetration rate. But polyspermy was decreased (P < 0.05) in group D (26.2 � 11.3%) compared with group A (42.3 � 13.0%). In Experiment 3, there was no significant difference among all groups regarding the cleavage rate. However, BL developmental rates in group D (17.3 � 11.5%) were increased (P < 0.05) compared with groups A and B (9.6 � 3.2% and 13.3 � 4.6%, respectively). In groups B, C, and D, the cell number in BL increased significantly (P < 0.05) compared with that of group A(81.4 � 32.0%, 79.7 � 27.3%, and 80.3 � 28.5% v. 56.3 � 25.5%). In Experiment 4, group D had the largest CG area among the groups. The results of this study indicate that the addition of EGF or AR or both to TCM199 promotes oocyte maturation and increases the total cell number. EGF plus AR increases development to the BL stage and decreases polyspermy. It is suggested that AR can assist immature porcine oocytes to the metaphase II stage, that AR may enhance developmental ability in the in vitro system, and that there is a synergistic effect between EGF and AR during the maturation period.
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Ostrowski, Jennifer, Angelina Purchio, Maria Beck, JoLynn Leisinger, Mackenzie Tucker, and Sarah Hurst. "Examination of Intramuscular and Skin Temperature Decreases Produced by the PowerPlay Intermittent Compression Cryotherapy." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 3 (2018): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0244.
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Context: Previous research has found ice bags are more effective at lowering intramuscular temperature than gel packs. Recent studies have evaluated intramuscular temperature cooling decreases with ice bag versus Game Ready and with the PowerPlay system wetted ice bag inserts; however, intramuscular temperature decreases elicited by PowerPlay with the standard frozen gel pack inserts have not been examined. Objective: Evaluate the rate and magnitude of cooling using PowerPlay with frozen gel pack (PP-gel) option, PowerPlay with wetted ice bag (PP-ice) option, and control (no treatment) on skin and intramuscular temperature (2 cm subadipose). Design: Repeated-measures counterbalanced study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twelve healthy college-aged participants (4 men and 8 women; age = 23.08 (1.93) y, height = 171.66 (9.47) cm, mass = 73.67 (13.46) kg, and subcutaneous thickness = 0.90 (0.35) cm). Intervention(s): PowerPlay (70 mm Hg) with either wetted ice bag or frozen gel pack was applied to posterior aspect of nondominant calf for 30 minutes; control lay prone for 30 minutes. Participants underwent each treatment in counterbalanced order (minimum 4 d, maximum 10 d between). Main Outcome Measure(s): Muscle temperature was measured via 21-gauge catheter thermocouple (IT-21; Physitemp Instruments, Inc). Skin temperature was measured via surface thermocouple (SST-1; Physitemp Instruments, Inc). Results: Significant treatment-by-time interaction for muscle cooling (F10,80 = 11.262, P = .01, , observed β = 0.905) was observed. PP-ice cooled faster than both PP-gel and control from minutes 12 to 30 (all Ps < .05); PP-gel cooled faster than control from minutes 18 to 30 (all Ps < .05). Mean decreases from baseline: PP-ice = 4.8°C (2.8°C), PP-gel = 2.3°C (0.8°C), and control = 1.1°C (0.4°C). Significant treatment-by-time interaction for skin cooling (F10,80 = 23.920, P = .001, , observed β = 0.998) was observed. PP-ice cooled faster than both PP-gel and control from minutes 6 to 30 (all Ps < .05); PP-gel cooled faster than control from minutes 12 to 30 (all Ps < .05). Mean decreases from baseline: PP-ice = 14.6°C (4.8°C), PP-gel = 4.0°C (0.9°C), and control = 1.0°C (1.0°C). Conclusions: PP-ice produces clinically and statistically greater muscle and skin cooling compared with PP-gel and control.
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Manafiazar, G., V. S. Baron, L. McKeown, et al. "Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from yearling beef heifers and mature cows classified for residual feed intake under drylot conditions." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 3 (2020): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2019-0032.
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This study quantified methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production from beef heifers and cows classified for residual feed intake adjusted for off-test backfat thickness (RFIfat) and reared in drylot during cold winter temperatures. Individual performance, daily feed intake, and RFIfat were obtained for 1068 crossbred and purebred yearling heifers (eight trials) as well as 176 crossbred mature cows (six trials) during the winters of 2015–2017 at two locations. A portion of these heifers (147 high RFIfat; 167 low RFIfat) and cows (69 high RFIfat; 70 low RFIfat) was monitored for enteric CH4 and CO2 emissions using the GreenFeed Emissions Monitoring (GEM) system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA). Low RFIfat cattle consumed less feed [heifers, 7.80 vs. 8.48 kg dry matter (DM) d−1; cows, 11.64 vs. 13.16 kg DM d−1] and emitted less daily CH4 (2.5% for heifers; 3.7% for cows) and CO2 (1.4% for heifers; 3.4% for cows) compared with high RFIfat cattle. However, low RFIfat heifers and cows had higher CH4 (6.2% for heifers; 9.9% for cows) and CO2 yield (7.3% for heifers; 9.8% for cows) per kilogram DM intake compared with their high RFIfat pen mates. The GEM system performed at air temperatures between +20 and −30 °C. Feed intake of heifers and mature cows was differently affected by ambient temperature reduction between +20 and −15 °C and similarly increased their feed intake at temperatures below −15 °C. In conclusion, low RFIfat animals emit less daily enteric CH4 and CO2, due mainly to lower feed consumption at equal body weight, gain, and fatness.
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Abouobaida, Hassan, and EL Beid Said. "Practical Performance Evaluation of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms in a Photovoltaic System." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 4 (2017): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i4.pp1744-1755.
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This paper addresses a performance evaluation of maximum power point tracking techniques (MPPT) in a photovoltaic system. This research work finds its applications in photovoltaic systems producing electric power with a better energy efficiency, which will lead to an improved relationship between the cost and the amount of the produced power. The importance of this work resides on the one hand in the evaluation of the performances of the different MPPTs according to three criteria instead of one or two criteria in other works of the literature and on the other hand in the study of Four algorithms in one paper and their comparisons. This paper discusses the performance evaluation of the MPPT algorithms called P&amp;O, Inc-Cond, Hill-Climbing and Fuzzy algorithms based simulation results and practical validation. The performances of these algorithms are evaluated according to the following criteria: The response time, the amplitude of the oscillations around the optimal point and the accuracy. The objectives in this article are summarized in the following points: (a) modeling the photovoltaic systems, (b) presenting and detailing each MPPT algorithm (c) presenting and discussing the simulation results in Matlab/Simulink and practical validation (d) evaluating the performance of each algorithm. This paper is completed by a summary on the areas of use for each algorithm and conclusions.
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MINE, Louis, Thao Nguyen-Khoa, Birch Allaf, et al. "Hemoglobin S Screening Using the « Sickle Scan » - Biomedomics System. the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital Experience." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1308.1308.
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Abstract Context: The principle of Sickle Scan (Biomedomics, Inc.) is a rapid, point-of-care qualitative lateral flow immuno-assay kit for the identification of sickle cell conditions of Hb A, S and C. Sickle Scan was specifically developed to allow for the identification of sickle cell trait Hb AS, heterozygotes AC, and Hb SS, Hb SC and Sβ° patients. Other sickle cell conditions as SD, SE, SO-Arab, S Lepore,… cannot be identified using Sickle Scan system. The test must be done using venous blood or capillary blood (fresh or dried blood spots). Patients and methods: Two hundred and fifty patient samples (143 adults and 107 newborns) were analyzed. All tests were performed according the manufacturer's recommendations in one laboratory by 2 observers. The reference tests used for comparison were HPLC (NBS Variant - Bio-Rad) and capillary electrophoresis (Capillarys 3 - Sebia). Results: Comments: In adult patients, the 2 observers concordantly detected the presence of Hb A, Hb S and Hb C. There were 4 differences of interpretation between them (no Hb A in a AS patient and no Hb A in 3 SS transfused patients). The percentage of Hb A in these 3 last patients was respectively 13.6%, 17.7% and 18%. There was no false positivity neither in the patient heterozygous AE nor in the patient SD. No false negativity occurred for Hb S and C. In newborns, the accuracy of the test was excellent for the identification of the phenotypes FA, FAS, FAC, FS (SS / Sβ°). The lowest detected values of Hb S and Hb C in FAS and FAC newborns were respectively 2.4 and 3.4 %. We observed an inconstant cross-reactivity of the antibody anti Hb S with the hemoglobins E and D, in respectively 3/25 FAE phenotype and 6/26 in the FAD phenotype. There was no cross reaction with hemoglobin Bart's and O-Arab. In FAS newborns the mean and extreme values of the percentage of Hb A were m=8.2 (2.6-15.5) and no difficulties occurred for the identification of these low percentages of Hb A. This observation is different from those made in adult patients for which one observer did not find Hb A in transfused patients with highest values of Hb A comprised between 13.6 and 18. Conclusions: In this series of adult and newborn patients, the Sickle Scan appeared as an accurate method for the identification of AS, AC, SS/Sβ° and SC phenotypes. False positive tests were observed in some patients with hemoglobin E or D but no false negative results were found as regards the identification of Hb S and Hb C. Table Table. Disclosures Ribeil: Bluebirdbio: Consultancy; Addmedica: Research Funding.
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Bell, Robin E., and A. B. Watts. "Evaluation of the BGM-3 sea gravity meter system onboard R/V Conrad." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 7 (1986): 1480–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442196.
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The first Bell Aerospace BGM-3 Marine Gravity Meter System available for academic use was installed on R/V Robert D. Conrad in February, 1984. The BGM-3 system consists of a forced feedback accelerometer mounted on a gyrostabilized platform. Its sensor (requiring no cross‐coupling correction) is a significant improvement over existing beam and spring‐type sea gravimeters such as the GSS-2. A gravity survey over the Wallops Island test range together with the results of subsequent cruises allow evaluation of the precision, accuracy, and capabilities of the new system. Over the test range, the BGM-3 data were compared directly to data obtained by a GSS-2 meter onboard R/V Conrad. The rms discrepancy between free‐air gravity anomaly values at intersecting ship tracks of R/V Conrad was ±0.38 mGal for BGM-3 compared to ±1.60 mGal for the GSS-2. Moreover, BGM-3’s platform recovered from abrupt changes in ship’s heading more rapidly than did the platform of GSS-2. The principal factor limiting the accuracy of sea gravity data is navigation. Over the test range, where navigation was by Loran C and transit satellite, a two‐step filtering of the ship’s velocity and position was required to obtain an optimal Eötvös correction. A spectral analysis of 1 minute values of the Eötvös correction and the reduced free‐air gravity anomaly determined the filter characteristics. To minimize the coherence between the Eötvös and free‐air anomaly, it was necessary to prefilter the ship’s position and velocity. Using this procedure, reduced free‐air gravity anomalies with wavelengths as small as a few kilometers can be resolved.
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De Rosa, Robert J., Rebekah Dawson та Eric L. Nielsen. "A significant mutual inclination between the planets within the π Mensae system". Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (серпень 2020): A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038496.
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Context. Measuring the geometry of multi-planet extrasolar systems can provide insight into their dynamical history and the processes of planetary formation. These types of measurements are challenging for systems that are detected through indirect techniques such as radial velocity and transit, having only been measured for a handful of systems to date. Aims. We aim to place constraints on the orbital geometry of the outer planet in the π Mensae system, a G0V star at a distance of 18.3 pc that is host to a wide-orbit super-Jovian (M sin i = 10.02 ± 0.15MJup) with a 5.7-yr period and an inner transiting super-Earth (M = 4.82 ± 0.85M⊕) with a 6.3-d period. Methods. The reflex motion induced by the outer planet on the π Mensae star causes a significant motion of the photocenter of the system on the sky plane over the course of the 5.7-year orbital period of the planet. We combined astrometric measurements from the HIPPARCOS and Gaia satellites with a precisely determined spectroscopic orbit in an attempt to measure this reflex motion, and in turn we constrained the inclination of the orbital plane of the outer planet. Results. We measure an inclination of ib = 49.9−4.5+5.3 deg for the orbital plane of π Mensae b, leading to a direct measurement of its mass of 13.01−0.95+1.03 MJup. We find a significant mutual inclination between the orbital planes of the two planets, with a 95% credible interval for imut of between 34.°5 and 140.°6 after accounting for the unknown position angle of the orbit of π Mensae c, strongly excluding a co-planar scenario for the two planets within this system. All orbits are stable in the present-day configuration, and secular oscillations of planet c’s eccentricity are quenched by general relativistic precession. Planet c may have undergone high eccentricity tidal migration triggered by Kozai-Lidov cycles, but dynamical histories involving disk migration or in situ formation are not ruled out. Nonetheless, this system provides the first piece of direct evidence that giant planets with large mutual inclinations have a role to play in the origins and evolution of some super-Earth systems.
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Kubyshkina, D., L. Fossati, A. J. Mustill, et al. "The Kepler-11 system: evolution of the stellar high-energy emission and initial planetary atmospheric mass fractions." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (November 29, 2019): A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936581.
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The atmospheres of close-in planets are strongly influenced by mass loss driven by the high-energy (X-ray and extreme ultraviolet, EUV) irradiation of the host star, particularly during the early stages of evolution. We recently developed a framework to exploit this connection and enable us to recover the past evolution of the stellar high-energy emission from the present-day properties of its planets, if the latter retain some remnants of their primordial hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. Furthermore, the framework can also provide constraints on planetary initial atmospheric mass fractions. The constraints on the output parameters improve when more planets can be simultaneously analysed. This makes the Kepler-11 system, which hosts six planets with bulk densities between 0.66 and 2.45 g cm−3, an ideal target. Our results indicate that the star has likely evolved as a slow rotator (slower than 85% of the stars with similar masses), corresponding to a high-energy emission at 150 Myr of between 1 and 10 times that of the current Sun. We also constrain the initial atmospheric mass fractions for the planets, obtaining a lower limit of 4.1% for planet c, a range of 3.7–5.3% for planet d, a range of 11.1–14% for planet e, a range of 1–15.6% for planet f, and a range of 4.7–8.7% for planet g assuming a disc dispersal time of 1 Myr. For planet b, the range remains poorly constrained. Our framework also suggests slightly higher masses for planets b, c, and f than have been suggested based on transit timing variation measurements. We coupled our results with published planet atmosphere accretion models to obtain a temperature (at 0.25 AU, the location of planet f) and dispersal time of the protoplanetary disc of 550 K and 1 Myr, although these results may be affected by inconsistencies in the adopted system parameters. This work shows that our framework is capable of constraining important properties of planet formation models.
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Grimm, Simon L., Brice-Olivier Demory, Michaël Gillon, et al. "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets." Astronomy & Astrophysics 613 (May 2018): A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732233.
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Context. The TRAPPIST-1 system hosts seven Earth-sized, temperate exoplanets orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star. As such, it represents a remarkable setting to study the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets that formed in the same protoplanetary disk. While the sizes of the TRAPPIST-1 planets are all known to better than 5% precision, their densities have significant uncertainties (between 28% and 95%) because of poor constraints on the planet’s masses. Aims. The goal of this paper is to improve our knowledge of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary masses and densities using transit-timing variations (TTVs). The complexity of the TTV inversion problem is known to be particularly acute in multi-planetary systems (convergence issues, degeneracies and size of the parameter space), especially for resonant chain systems such as TRAPPIST-1. Methods. To overcome these challenges, we have used a novel method that employs a genetic algorithm coupled to a full N-body integrator that we applied to a set of 284 individual transit timings. This approach enables us to efficiently explore the parameter space and to derive reliable masses and densities from TTVs for all seven planets. Results. Our new masses result in a five- to eight-fold improvement on the planetary density uncertainties, with precisions ranging from 5% to 12%. These updated values provide new insights into the bulk structure of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. We find that TRAPPIST-1 c and e likely have largely rocky interiors, while planets b, d, f, g, and h require envelopes of volatiles in the form of thick atmospheres, oceans, or ice, in most cases with water mass fractions less than 5%.
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Schiffer, Robert G. "Developing Long-Range Transportation Plans for Small Urbanized Areas in the ISTEA Era: Tallahassee 2020 Plan Update." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1518, no. 1 (1996): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151800103.
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Passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) has resulted in a number of new requirements for the development of long-range transportation plans sponsored by metropolitan planning organizations. Many of the published ISTEA discussions have revolved around large urbanized areas with significant air quality problems, large congested freeway systems already in place, and fixed-guideway transit systems either operating now or planned for the future. The Tallahassee–Leon County MPO is responsible for transportation planning activities for an area with a 1993 population of 206,000. Tallahassee has no significant air quality problems, only one Interstate facility (which does not even serve the downtown core), and a limited bus transit system. With this backdrop, the Tallahassee 2020 Transportation Plan Update has been conducted with an eye toward the ISTEA goals of providing for intermodal connectivity, developing multimodal solutions, evaluating the link between transportation and land use, and enhancing the public participation process. ISTEA consistency has been addressed in the Tallahassee 2020 Plan Update through a variety of means, including the following: (a) complete model calibration based on recently collected origin-destination data; (b) use of the 15 ISTEA as a framework for the adopted goals and objectives; (c) public presentations to a variety of civic groups and committees; (d) model testing and deficiency analysis of alternative future land use scenarios; (e) recommendations of improvements that provide for preferential treatment of high-occupancy vehicles; (f) identification of locations of future bicycle, pedestrian, and park-and-ride facilities; and (g) coordination with a separate study on the effects of enhanced transportation demand management software implementation.
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Geissenheimer, Harold H. "PART 4: Rail Transit: New Vehicle Options for Lower-Cost Rail Mobility: Using Diesel or Dual-Powered Light Rail Cars as a Transfer of Technology." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1571, no. 1 (1997): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1571-16.
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An exciting opportunity exists to transfer innovative transit technology and operating scenarios from Europe to North America. There is a need to demonstrate a range of mobility options using efficient and cost-effective new technologies to maximize the use of available rail rights of way. The use of a new generation of self-propelled diesel power cars (DMU) or dual-powered electric light rail vehicles (LRVs) combined with changes in operations and organization can provide a low-cost way to operate efficient rail service on marginal lines. Two types of DMUs and two applications of dual-powered LRVs are described, both of which have been demonstrated in North America. These demonstrations represent commitment by the manufacturer and the operator to seek new solutions from overseas. Whereas each type of DMU fits a specific niche, they both offer a clear indication of the potential for this type of vehicle. Also suitable for technology transfer are dual-powered electric light rail cars now used in Karlsruhe and Amsterdam. The Karlsruhe system extends a city tramway system out into the region on standard rail lines. The Amsterdam operation brings a suburban light rail line into the city center by sharing the existing subway. Cleveland’s Shaker Heights Light Rail Line also reaches the city center by sharing tracks with a rapid transit line. Each combines the use of existing infrastructure into a cost-effective package. Planning in New York and Philadelphia includes a potential application of light rail dual-powered technology and track sharing. Although outside the scope of this study, both Japan and Korea have demonstrated the feasibility of similar track sharing for heavy rail services. Strategies for operating these new vehicle concepts are identified: ( a) track sharing with freight railroads or metros, ( b) providing separate time windows for non-FRA-compliant vehicles, ( c) FRA compliance, ( d) Americans with Disabilities Act compliance, ( e) fare collection, and ( f) other institutional and labor issues.
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Chen, Jianming, and Bruce A. McClane. "Role of the Agr-Like Quorum-Sensing System in Regulating Toxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type B Strains CN1793 and CN1795." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 9 (2012): 3008–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00438-12.
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ABSTRACTClostridium perfringenstype B causes enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. By definition, these bacteria must produce alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB) and epsilon toxin (ETX) although most type B strains also produce perfringolysin O (PFO) and beta2 toxin (CPB2). A recently identified Agr-like quorum-sensing (QS) system inC. perfringenscontrols all toxin production by surveyed type A, C, and D strains, but whether this QS is involved in regulating toxin production by type B strains has not been explored. Therefore, the current study introducedagrBnull mutations into type B strains CN1795 and CN1793. Both type BagrBnull mutants exhibited reduced levels of CPB, PFO, and CPA in their culture supernatants, and this effect was reversible by complementation. The reduced presence of CPB in culture supernatant involved decreasedcpbtranscription. In contrast, theagrBnull mutants of both type B strains retained wild-type production levels of ETX and CPB2. In a Caco-2 cell model of enteritis, culture supernatants of the type BagrBnull mutants were less cytotoxic than supernatants of their wild-type parents. However, in an MDCK cellin vitromodel for enterotoxemic effects, supernatants from theagrBnull mutants or wild-type parents were equally cytotoxic after trypsin activation. Coupling these and previous results, it is now evident that strain-dependent variations exist in Agr-like QS system regulation ofC. perfringenstoxin production. The cell culture results further support a role for trypsin in determining which toxins contribute to disease involving type B strains.
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Edney, Sharon L., Jeffrey T. Richards, Matthew D. Sisko, Neil C. Yorio, Gary W. Stutte, and Raymond M. Wheeler. "(33) Evaluation of Salad Crop Growth under Environmental Conditions for Space Exploration using Mixed Crop Versus Monoculture Hydroponic Systems." HortScience 41, no. 4 (2006): 1076D—1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1076d.
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The development of a crop production system that can be used on the International Space Station, long-duration transit missions, and lunar or Mars habitats, has been a part of NASA's Advanced Life Support (ALS) research efforts. Crops that can be grown under environmental conditions that might be encountered in the open cabin of a space vehicle would be an advantageous choice. The production efficiency of the system would be enhanced by growing these crops in a mixed-crop arrangement. This would also increase the variety of fresh foods available for the crew's dietary supplementation. Three candidate ALS salad crops, radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Bomb II), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Flandria), and bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L. cv. Kinka) were grown hydroponically as either monoculture (control) or mixed-crop within a walk-in growth chamber with baseline environments maintained at 22 °C, 50% RH, 17.2 mol·m-2·d-1 light intensity and a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod under cool-white fluorescent lamps. Tests were carried out at three different CO2 concentrations: 400, 1200, and 4000 μmol·mol-1. Weekly time-course harvests were taken over 28 days of growth, and fresh mass, dry mass, and harvest index were determined. Results showed that none of the species experienced negative effects when grown together under mixed-crop conditions compared to monoculture growth conditions under the range of environmental conditions tested.
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Pinzón Ardila, Omar. "Modelado de un Recuperador Dinámico de Tensión para el Mejoramiento de la Calidad de la Onda de Tensión." BISTUA REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BASICAS 14, no. 1 (2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24054/01204211.v1.n1.2016.1938.
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Sisko, Matthew, Jeffrey Richards, Sharon Edney, Neil Yorio, Gary Stutte, and Raymond Wheeler. "(296) Effects of Lighting Intensity on the Yield of Tomato and Pepper Crops Grown under Space Station (ISS) Environmental Conditions." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1009C—1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1009c.
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Of the many environmental variables, light intensity (PPF) has primary effect on photosynthesis and significantly influences crop yield. With the eventual use of a crop production system on the International Space Station (ISS), Mars transit vehicle, or in a lunar/Martian habitat, there exists certain engineering constraints that will likely affect the lighting intensity available to plants. Tomato and pepper are candidate crops being considered by NASA that were selected based on their applicability to such mission scenarios. To study the effects of lighting intensity, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Red Robin) and pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Hanging Basket) plants were grown under cool-white fluorescent (CWF) lamps with light intensities of 8.6, 17.2, or 26 mol·m-2 ·d-1, with a constant air temperature of 25 °C, 65% relative humidity, and CO2 supplementation of 1200 μmol·mol-1 in order to duplicate conditions plants might be subjected to in an open environment of a space cabin. Following 105 days of growth, edible and total mass for both tomato and pepper increased with increasing light levels. Fruit development and time to ripening was also affected by light treatments. The effects of lighting when combined with other environmental factors typical of spaceflight systems will help define crop production for future missions that incorporate plant-based life support technologies.
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Phibbs, A., A. Barta, and L. L. Domier. "First Report of Soybean dwarf virus on Soybean in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 88, no. 11 (2004): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.11.1285a.
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Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) causes widespread economic losses on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Japan (4), and has been reported on soybean in Virginia (2), in various legumes in the southeastern United States (1), and in peas in California (3). During late July and early August of 2003, soybean plants in Wisconsin were surveyed for SbDV. In 286 soybean fields at the R2-R4 growth stage, the uppermost fully unfurled leaf was collected from 10 plants at each of five sites. Samples were collected at random without regard to symptoms. SbDV symptom information was not recorded. Samples were stored on ice until frozen at -80°C. Five fields in four Wisconsin counties (Columbia, Lafayette, Sauk, and Waushara) tested positive for SbDV using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). DAS-ELISA testing was conducted with reagents from Agdia, Inc (Elkhart, IN) following the manufacturer's protocol. Absorbance was read at 405 nm with a Stat Fax 2100 microplate reader (Awareness Technology, Inc., Palm City, FL) or visually evaluated. DAS-ELISA did not discriminate between strains of SbDV. The presence of SbDV was confirmed, and strain identity was inferred as dwarfing strain using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted from homogenized leaf tissue, reverse transcribed, and amplified with the SuperScript One Step RT-PCR System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and SbDV-specific primers (5′-CTGCTTCTGGTGATTACACTGCCG-3′ and 5′-CGCTTTCATTTAACGYCATCAAAGGG-3′). Size of the RT-PCR products (110 bp) was consistent with the dwarfing strain, SbDV-D. All locations that tested positive for SbDV showed soybean aphids, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae), on 100% of soybean plants. Several aphid species have been reported to vector SbDV, but at this time, vector relations in the Wisconsin infections are unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SbDV infecting soybean in Wisconsin. References: (1) V. D. Damsteegt et al. Plant Dis. 79:48, 1995. (2) A. Fayad et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90(Suppl.):S132, 2000. (3) G. R. Johnstone et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 74:795(A43), 1984. (4) T. Tamada et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 35:282, 1969.
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McCarthy, Kacie L., Sarah Underdahl, Michael Undi, et al. "100 Young Scholar Presentation: Energy and Mineral Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle Grazing the Northern Great Plains." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (2020): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.225.
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Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies for beef cattle grazing in the Northern Great Plains. In experiment 1, 28 cow-calf pairs had access to electronic feeders (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) that monitored individual vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM) intake. Cows had greater VTM intakes (81.1 ± 8.2 g/d; P &lt; 0.01) than calves (44.2 ± 8.6 g/d) but both attended feeders a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of days. Furthermore, we noted greater (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of Se, Cu, and Co in livers of HIGH intake cows compared to LOW intake cows. Experiment 2, we used the SmartFeed system to regulate intake of individual heifers (n = 60) in a group pasture scenario assigned to control (CON), VTM, or energy supplement (NRG) treatments, and evaluated supplement intake, and concentrations of liver mineral and metabolites. Though no differences were observed in BW and ADG, treatments that provided VTM enhanced liver concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Co (P &lt; 0.05). No differences (P = 0.85) were observed in concentrations of NEFA; however, NRG heifers had greater (P = 0.01) glucose concentrations than CON and VTM heifers. Experiment 3 objectives were to determine the influence of feeding VTM and NRG supplements to beef heifers (n = 35) during the first 84 days of pregnancy on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size and fetal body measurements. Providing NRG during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs (P = 0.003) that produced more P4 (P = 0.002) and greater fetal femur growth (P = 0.009) whereas providing VTM enhanced fetal liver growth (P = 0.05). Overall, we were able to successfully monitor and control individual mineral intake, corroborated those differences in liver mineral concentrations, and observed alterations in fetal growth after mineral and energy supplementation.
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Smith, Liisa, Hannah White, Tracy Gentry, and Andrew Balber. "Human ALDH-Bright Bone Marrow Cells Produce Paracrine Factors That Protect Endothelial Cells From Hypoxic and Nutritional Stress." Blood 114, no. 22 (2009): 3056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3056.3056.
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Abstract Abstract 3056 Poster Board II-1032 Human bone marrow cell populations isolated by sorting cells on the basis of high aldehyde dehydrogenase expression (ALDHbr cells) include endothelial, mesenchymal, and other progenitor cells (Gentry et al, 2007, Cytotherapy 9, 259). These cell populations home to and are retained at ischemic endothelium, induce angiogenesis, and effect restoration of tissue perfusion in a mouse hind limb ischemia model (Cappoccia et al, 2009 Blood 113, 5340.) Critical limb ischemia patients treated with ALDHbr cells in a Phase I/II clinical trial showed increased limb perfusion. We are studying paracrine and contact dependent mechanisms by which ALDHbr cells may repair damaged endothelium by measuring the protective effects of ALDHbr cells on early passage human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) exposed to hypoxic and nutritional stress. ALDHbr cells migrated through membrane filters in response to supernatants conditioned by hypoxic HUVECs more rapidly than to normoxic HUVEC supernatants. ALDHbr cells attached to HUVECs that had been induced to form tubular structures on Matrigel®, and more ALDHbr cells decorated HUVEC tubules under hypoxic than normoxic conditions. ALDHbr cells and HUVECs expressed several adhesion molecule-ligand pairs, including VLA-1/VCAM, that are regulated by hypoxia and could mediate these interactions. While HUVEC tubules fell apart under hypoxic conditions, adding ALDHbr cells in a transwell culture system for 24 hours preserved the branching structure of hypoxic HUVEC tubule networks. Gene array studies demonstrated that ALDHbr cells highly express several angiogenic growth factors, cytokines and matrix remodeling molecules. Expression of proteins corresponding to many of these gene products, including members of the ephrin-Eph receptor family that can direct endothelial growth, has been confirmed by flow cytometry. Additionally, 29 angiogenic factors including angiopoietin 2, VEGF-A,C, and D, and MMP2 were upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Gene array and flow cytometry showed that hypoxic HUVECs expressed surface receptors for many of the angiogenic factors expressed by ALDHbr cells. In hypoxic transwell cultures, ALDHbr cells specifically induced HUVECs to express six angiogenic factors that were not induced by hypoxia alone. ALDHbr cells protected HUVECs from apoptosis and necrosis induced by serum starvation when added to cultures at the time of or 24 hours following medium shift. Thus, in addition to providing progenitor cells that can potentially participate in angiogenesis, ALDHbr cell populations can mediate repair of ischemic injury by releasing a variety of angiogenic and protective factors at sites of endothelial damage. Disclosures Smith: Aldagen, Inc.: Employment. White:Aldagen, Inc.: Employment. Gentry:Aldagen, Inc.: Employment. Balber:Aldagen, Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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Dafoe, Julia M., Samuel Wyffels, Cory T. Parsons, Boone Carter, Timothy DelCurto, and Darrin L. Boss. "281 Techniques to estimate colostrum quality and the effects of cow age and pre-partum supplement intake levels on colostrum quality and serum IgG levels." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.382.
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Abstract Our study was conducted to evaluate the influence of cow age and supplement intake level during gestation on the quality of colostrum at calving, serum IgG levels of the cow at parturition, and serum IgG levels of the calf 3 days post-partum using two on-farm refractometer methods. Forty-five non-lactating multiparous Angus cows were selected from a contemporary group of 300 cows winter grazing northern mixed grass prairie rangelands with free choice protein supplement. Specifically, 15 first service bred cows were selected for each of the following treatment groups: 1) low supplement intake (&gt; -0.75 SD); 2) average supplement intake (± 0.50 SD); 3) high supplement intake (&gt; +0.75 SD). Supplement intakes were measured using 8 feeding stations in a SmartFeed Pro self-feeder system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and measurements were obtained from d 164 to 215 of gestation. Cows were further divided by age comparing young (4, 5, and 6 yr) to old (7 and 8 yr). Cow age did not interact with supplement intake for any of the colostrum or blood serum measurements (P ≥ 0.29). In addition, cow age and supplement intake did not influence colostrum Brix %, calf serum total protein taken 3 d post-partum or cow serum total protein taken at birth (P ≥ 0.14). The optical refractometer was found to be a good alternative to the more expensive digital refractometer. When regressing values of the two techniques, they were observed to be correlated (P &lt; 0.01; R = .96). In summary, cow age and supplement intake levels of mature cows during the mid to late stages of gestation did not influence colostrum quality at birth. The lack of colostrum quality differences was likely due to the moderate to good condition of the cows and adequate nutrition 90 d prior to parturition.
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Westhoff, Connie M., Stella T. Chou, Kim Smith-Whitley, and David Friedman. "Use of Genomics for Transfusion Therapy Management in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease." Blood 118, no. 21 (2011): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.2324.2324.
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Abstract Abstract 2324 A genomic approach to blood group typing is now possible and high-throughput automated platforms have been developed to test for numerous blood group antigens in a single assay. These methods are reproducible and highly correlated with RBC serologic phenotype. We routinely perform a complete RBC phenotype for clinically significant minor red cell antigens on pre-transfusion samples from patients with sickle cell disease, and we antigen match patients for C, E, and K for transfusion. In this study we compared the historic serologic typing with that predicted from DNA testing for clinically significant antigens in 114 samples from chronically transfused patients with SCD to determine concordance and to evaluate the clinical utility of genotyping for the management of transfusion therapy. Serologic typing was performed by standard methods with licensed commercial reagents. DNA was isolated from WBCs, and minor antigen genotyping was performed with HEA (human erythrocyte antigen) BeadChip (BioArray, Inc). RH genotyping was by a combination of methods including PCR-RFLP, AS-PCR, exon-specific amplification and sequencing, and, for some, Rh-cDNA amplification and sequencing. Comparison of serologic typing with DNA-based testing for thirteen blood group antigens, CcEe, Fya/b, K, Jka/b, MN and Ss, in 114 samples found 8 discrepancies in 1,482 antigens analyzed, for 99.5 % concordance. Discrepancies were in several systems (C, Fy, Ss, and M), and at least one has been confirmed to be a serologic recording error. All are under investigation. DNA-based testing for RH found 54 of 114 patients inherited variant RHD alleles; many also had conventional RHD in trans. Sixteen patients had made anti-D, despite typing as D+. Ten of 35 patients (∼30%) whose RBCs typed as C+ had a hybrid allele encoding variant C antigen. Five had made anti-C, which prompted us to change our protocol so patients with variant C by DNA testing are transfused on a C- protocol. DNA testing found a large amount of diversity in ce-alleles in this population. Seventy-two of 114 patients carried at least one of nine different variant ce-alleles. Ten patients had made anti-e, despite typing as e+, and were homozygous for variant ce-alleles. In total, 49/114 patients with SCD were homozygous for variant RH alleles and were not truly Rh matched for D, C and e antigens by serology. Similar to the way in which HLA typing by DNA has revolutionized bone marrow transplantation by providing a superior alternative to serological testing, we find that minor blood group antigen typing by DNA improves efficiency, reduces cost, and expands antigen matching, especially in the Rh system. Continuing studies are needed to identify more precisely which variant alleles are associated with clinically significant antibody production to improve antigen matching for patients with sickle cell disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.