Journal articles: 'D-Day, 1944'

1

Eidelman, Irvine J. "6 June 1944 - D-Day." South African Journal of Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v10i2.139.

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Ratcliffe, R. A. S. "Weather forecasting for D-Day, June 1944." Weather 49, no. 6 (June 1994): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1994.tb06013.x.

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Sharpey-Schafer, J. M. "The D-Day Invasion of Europe, 1944." Journal of Navigation 47, no. 3 (September 1994): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300012364.

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4

Potter, Sean. "Retrospect: June 6, 1944: D-Day Invasion." Weatherwise 69, no. 3 (April 14, 2016): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.2016.1159483.

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Wood, James A. "Juno: Canadians at D-Day June 6, 1944, and: Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944 (review)." Canadian Historical Review 86, no. 1 (2005): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/can.2005.0094.

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Parachute Company, The Switlik. "NJ Company Aids D-Day Invasion." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5, no. 2 (July 16, 2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v5i2.173.

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The world recently paused to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the historic D-Day landings that on June 6, 1944 began to liberate Europe from Adolf Hitler’s bloody occupation. This edition of Museums, Archives, Artifacts, and Documents explores the role one family-owned NJ company played in this momentous undertaking.

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7

Cook, Tim, Ted Barris, and Mark Zuehlke. "Juno: Canadians at D-Day, June 6, 1944." International Journal 61, no. 2 (2006): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40204175.

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8

Wills, Henry. "Archaeological aspects of D-Day: Operation Overlord." Antiquity 68, no. 261 (December 1994): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047554.

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The September Editorial (68: 477–9) noticed how the Normandy invasions of D-Day 1944 are, and are not, archaeologically visible. The author of the pioneering book on the pillbox defences of Britain in the Second World War explains what little there is surviving in southern England. Static defences, we see, leave traces in a way a mobile attack does not.

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Granatstein, J. L., Mark Zuehlke, and Tim Saunders. "Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944." International Journal 59, no. 4 (2004): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40203998.

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10

Breo, D. L. "June 6, 1944--two doctors relive D-Day dangers." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 22 (June 8, 1994): 1799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.271.22.1799.

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11

Howard, M. "Military Training in the British Army, 1940-1944: From Dunkirk to D-Day." English Historical Review 118, no. 476 (April 1, 2003): 550–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.476.550.

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Baxter, Colin F., and Timothy Harrison Place. "Military Training in the British Army, 1940-1944: From Dunkirk to D-Day." Journal of Military History 66, no. 2 (April 2002): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3093124.

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13

Schofield, John. "D-Day sites in England: an assessment." Antiquity 75, no. 287 (March 2001): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00052753.

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Between midnight on 6 June (D-Day) and 30 June 1944, over 850,000 men landed on the invasion beachheads of Normandy, together with nearly 150,000 vehicles and 570,000 tons ofsupplies. Assembled in camps and transit areas over the preceding months, this force was dispatched from a string of sites along Britain's coastline between East Anglia and South Wales (Dobinson 1996: 2). The article reviews those sites in England involved in this embarkation. English Heritage's Monuments Protection Programme (MPP) aims to identify surviving sites and recommend appropriate protection for them.

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14

Lewis, Adrian R. "Omaha Beach: D-Day June 6, 1944, and: Utah Beach: The Amphibious Landing and Airborne Operations on D-Day June 6, 1944 (review)." Journal of Military History 70, no. 3 (2006): 870–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0177.

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15

James Dowdall, Alex. "Mary Louise Roberts, D-Day Through French Eyes: Normandy 1944." European History Quarterly 47, no. 2 (April 2017): 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691417695979ii.

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16

Edwards, Sam. "The D-Day Landing on Gold Beach: 6 June 1944." History: Reviews of New Books 45, no. 3 (March 10, 2017): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2017.1267483.

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17

Price, Neil, and Rick Knecht. "Peleliu 1944: The Archaeology of a South Pacific D-Day." Journal of Conflict Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 5–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/157407812x13245464933786.

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18

D'Este, Carlo W. "D-Day June 6, 1944: The Battle that Liberated the World." Journal of Military History 61, no. 4 (October 1997): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2954123.

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19

Strange, Alice J. "D-Day Through French Eyes: Normandy 1944 par Mary Louise Roberts." French Review 89, no. 2 (2015): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2015.0093.

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20

Hansen, J. T., Stephen E. Ambrose, and Ronald J. Drez. "D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climatic Battle of World War II." Journal of American History 82, no. 1 (June 1995): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082124.

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Wilt, Alan F., and Stephen E. Ambrose. "D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II." American Historical Review 100, no. 3 (June 1995): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168611.

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22

Minniear, Steven S., Stephen E. Ambrose, Thomas Alexander Hughes, Robert W. Love, John Major, and Theodore A. Wilson. "D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climatic Battle of World War II." Journal of Military History 60, no. 1 (January 1996): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944480.

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23

Stern, Fritz, and Stephen E. Ambrose. "D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II." Foreign Affairs 73, no. 4 (1994): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20046786.

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24

Simpson, Keith. "A close run thing? D‐day, 6 June 1944: The German perspective." RUSI Journal 139, no. 3 (June 1994): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071849408445826.

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25

Chasseaud, Peter. "Mapping for D-Day: The Allied Landings in Normandy, 6 June 1944." Cartographic Journal 38, no. 2 (December 2001): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.2001.38.2.177.

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26

Sanders, Paul, and Keith Grint. "The interplay of the Dirty Hands of British area bombing and the wicked problem of defeating Nazi Germany in the Second World War – A lesson in leadership ethics." Leadership 15, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715017751532.

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The British area bombing of Germany in the Second World War has provided for enduring ethical controversy. Eschewing conventional approaches, we present area bombing as a Dirty Hands leadership response to the Wicked Problem of Britain’s wartime strategic predicament. Using historical methodology, we establish two distinct phases in area bombing: 1942–1944, when this was ethically contentious but politically necessary; and 1944–1945, which lacks a Dirty Hands legitimation. The second phase follows upon a six-month lull in area bombing during Bomber Command’s assignment to Overlord (D-Day) duties. It is characterised by credible alternatives to area bombing, a waning sense of proportionality in Bomber Command activity, and intensifying death and destruction without justifiable purpose. We relate the breaching of the boundaries of Dirty Hands in Phase II to a precise date – September 1944. This coincides with the mutation of the strategic Wicked Problem into a Critical Problem, visible in the stalling of the Allied land campaign in France. Mistaking this for a Tame Problem, the C-in-C of Bomber Command, Arthur Harris, exploits the political context to escalate his commitment. Following Watters’ alignment of Critical Problems with Virtue Ethics, we argue that Harris’ leadership in Phase II is not consistent with Virtue Ethics (of which recognition of the boundaries of Dirty Hands is a function). Harris is the archetype of the leader who gets away with exploiting a Wicked Problem because his superiors have let down their guard. In the final instance, his failure of ethical leadership becomes their own.

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27

Robison, William B. "Lancastrians, Tudors, and World War II: British and German Historical Films as Propaganda, 1933–1945." Arts 9, no. 3 (August 10, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9030088.

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In World War II the Allies and Axis deployed propaganda in myriad forms, among which cinema was especially important in arousing patriotism and boosting morale. Britain and Germany made propaganda films from Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 to the war’s end in 1945, most commonly documentaries, historical films, and after 1939, fictional films about the ongoing conflict. Curiously, the historical films included several about fifteenth and sixteenth century England. In The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), director Alexander Korda—an admirer of Winston Churchill and opponent of appeasement—emphasizes the need for a strong navy to defend Tudor England against the ‘German’ Charles V. The same theme appears with Philip II of Spain as an analog for Hitler in Arthur B. Wood’s Drake of England (1935), William Howard’s Fire Over England (1937), parts of which reappear in the propaganda film The Lion Has Wings (1939), and the pro-British American film The Sea Hawk (1940). Meanwhile, two German films little known to present-day English language viewers turned the tables with English villains. In Gustav Ucicky’s Das Mädchen Johanna (Joan of Arc, 1935), Joan is the female embodiment of Hitler and wages heroic warfare against the English. In Carl Froelich’s Das Herz der Königin (The Heart of a Queen, 1940), Elizabeth I is an analog for an imperialistic Churchill and Mary, Queen of Scots an avatar of German virtues. Finally, to boost British morale on D-Day at Churchill’s behest, Laurence Olivier directed a masterly film version of William Shakespeare’s Henry V (1944), edited to emphasize the king’s virtues and courage, as in the St. Crispin’s Day speech with its “We few, we proud, we band of brothers”. This essay examines the aesthetic appeal, the historical accuracy, and the presentist propaganda in such films.

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28

SALAZAR-VALLEJO, SERGIO I. "Revision of Semiodera Chamberlin, 1919 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae)." Zootaxa 3562, no. 1 (November 26, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3562.1.1.

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Some flabelligerid bodies are modified into a thick thorax and a long, thinner abdomen, or cauda; the thorax usually hassome sediment particles cemented forming a dorsal shield, and these flabelligerids have been found boring into consoli-dated sediments or calcareous substrates. Two species, Pherusa inflata (Treadwell, 1914) and P. parmata (Grube, 1877),are frequently recorded from many different environmental conditions and localities. The study of all type or non-typematerials of similar flabelligerids had several results: 1) The species with bodies modified into thorax and cauda, usuallycarrying a dorsal shield, are removed from Pherusa Oken, 1807; 2) Two body patterns are recognized on the basis of thetype of neurochaetae in transitional chaetigers (3–5), and on the development of the caudae; 3) Semiodera Chamberlin,1919 is redefined to include species with a dorsal shield variously developed, pseudocompound transitional chaetae, andcaudae usually cylindrical with few neurohooks; 4) Daylithos n. gen., includes species with well-developed dorsal shield,multiarticulate or aristate transitional neurochaetae, and caudae usually depressed with few to many neurohooks; 5) Semi-odera includes Semiodera caribea (Grube & Ørsted in Grube, 1859) new spelling, n. comb. (type species), S. blakei n.sp., S. curviseta (Caullery, 1944) n. comb., S. dubia (Treadwell, 1929) n. comb., S. glynni n. sp., S. inflata (Treadwell,1914) n. comb., S. laevis (Stimpson, 1856) n. comb., S. mezianei n. sp., S. nishii n. sp., S. salazarae n. sp., S. tenera(Grube, 1868) n. comb., S. tovarae n. sp., S. treadwelli n. sp. and S. villalobosi n. sp.; 6), Daylithos n. gen. includes Day-lithos parmatus Grube, 1878 n. comb. (type species), D. amorae n. sp., D. cinctus (Haswell, 1892) n. comb., D. dieteri n. sp., D. iris (Michaelsen, 1892) n. comb., and D. nudus (Caullery, 1944) n. comb.

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29

Nicholas, Siân. "The British press and D-Day: reporting the launch of the Second Front, 6 June 1944." Media History 23, no. 3-4 (September 23, 2017): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2017.1378570.

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30

Everett, M. E., C. J. Pierce, N. Save, R. R. Warden, D. B. Dickson, R. A. Burt, and J. C. Bradford. "Geophysical investigation of the June 6, 1944 D-Day invasion site at Pointe du Hoc, Normandy, France." Near Surface Geophysics 4, no. 5 (December 1, 2005): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2005052.

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31

Rose, Edward P. F., Jonathan C. Clatworthy, and C. Paul Nathanail. "Specialist Maps Prepared by British Military Geologists for the D-Day Landings and Operations in Normandy, 1944." Cartographic Journal 43, no. 2 (July 2006): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000870406x114621.

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32

Burney, Richard E. "D-Day to December 1944: The odyssey of the third auxiliary surgical group in World War II." Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 91, no. 2S (March 31, 2021): S9—S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000003205.

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33

Moore, Deborah Dash. "Jewish GIs and the Creation of the Judeo-Christian Tradition." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 8, no. 1 (1998): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1998.8.1.03a00020.

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“Fifty years ago last June,” Bernard Bellush recalled, “our naval vessel, LST 379, plowed through the choppy waters of the English Channel under overcast skies. We were part of the vast Allied armada heading for the D-day invasion of Omaha Beach in France. Despite briefings,” he admitted, “not one of us was prepared for the cliffs bristling with German armament.” Raised in a socialist Jewish home, Bellush joined the army to fight in World War II like tens of thousands of other American Jewish men. His recollections deserve our attention not merely for the time and place that they recall—though the experience of the D-Day invasion is inherently interesting—but also for what happened on LST 379 as it crossed the Channel in 1944.

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34

Welker, Christoph, Melanie Bieli, Nicolas Piaget, and Michael Sprenger. "The D-Day landing of June 1944: extratropical cyclones and surface winds in June 1944 compared with a climatology based on the Twentieth Century Reanalysis." Weather 69, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2339.

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35

ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "CANADIAN LINKS WITH BRITISH MILITARY GEOLOGY 1814 TO 1945." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 130–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.130.

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ABSTRACT Military applications of geology became apparent within the United Kingdom during the nineteenth century, and were developed during the First World War and more extensively during the Second, incidentally by some officers with links to Canada. In the nineteenth century, three Royal Engineer major-generals with geological interests had served there briefly: Joseph Ellison Portlock (1794–1864) helped to stem invasion of Upper Canada by the United States Army in 1814, pioneer geological survey in Ireland from 1826, and promote knowledge of geology amongst British Army officers; Frederick Henry Baddeley (1794–1879) helped to pioneer geological studies in south-east Canada in the 1820s; Richard John Nelson (1803–1877) served in Canada after mapping the geology of Jersey in 1828 and making geological observations in Bermuda. During the First World War, Tannatt William Edgeworth David (1858–1934), a Welsh-born Australian and from 1916 to 1918 the senior of two geologists serving with the British Army on the Western Front, had a Canadian military family link through his mother; and Reginald Walter Brock (1874–1935), Dean of Applied Science at the University of British Columbia and a distinguished Canadian geologist, interrupted his career for infantry service in Europe but was used as a geologist from mid-1918, in Palestine. During the Second World War, the British military geologist Frederick William Shotton (1906–1990) provided geological advice to, amongst other units, Canadian forces who generated thematic maps for parts of northern France that predicted ‘going’ (conditions affecting cross-country vehicle mobility) to follow the D-Day Allied landings in Normandy. In 1943, Thomas Crawford Phemister (1902–1982), Professor and Head of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland but from 1926 to 1932 an associate professor at the University of British Columbia, as an ‘emergency’ Royal Engineers captain founded the Geological Section of the Inter-Service Topographical Department, a unit whose reports and thematic maps provided terrain intelligence for Allied forces in both Europe and the Far East from a base in England, within the University of Oxford. John Leonard Farrington (1906–1982), an undergraduate student from 1923 to 1928 of Brock and/or Phemister at the University of British Columbia, co-founded the Section and soon succeeded Phemister as its head, from 1944 to 1945 in the rank of major. Soon after 1945, military geologists became established in continuity within the British Army.

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36

Räikkönen, Katri, Anu-Katriina Pesonen, Eero Kajantie, Kati Heinonen, Tom Forsén, David I. W. Phillips, Clive Osmond, David J. P. Barker, and Johan G. Eriksson. "Length of gestation and depressive symptoms at age 60 years." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 6 (June 2007): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022145.

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BackgroundA non-optimal foetal environment, reflected in smaller birth size and shorter duration of gestation, is a risk factor for compromised health later in life.AimsTo examine whether smaller birth size and shorter gestation predict depressive symptoms.MethodA total of 1371 members of a cohort born between 1934 and 1944 at term (259–294 days' gestation) in Helsinki, Finland, completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES–D) at an average age of 61.5 years (BDI) and 63.4 years (BDI and CES–D).ResultsGestational length predicted depressive symptoms linearly and independently of gender and birth weight: per day decrease in gestational length, depressive symptoms scores increased by 0.8-0.9% (95% CI 0.2-1.4, P<0.009). Weight, length and head circumference at birth showed no linear association with depression, adjusted for gender and gestational length. The results did not change when further controlled for socioeconomic characteristics at birth and in adulthood, age and body mass index in adulthood.ConclusionsSusceptibility to depressive symptoms may relate to shorter length of gestation.

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37

Capdevila, Luc. "The Quest for Masculinity in a Defeated France, 1940–1945." Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (October 26, 2001): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301003058.

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This article provides a detailed analysis of the individuals who enrolled in Vichy fighting units at the end of the German occupation. Those groups were mostly created in late 1943 and early 1944, and acted as effective subsidiaries to German troops, treating civilians and partisans with extreme violence. The enrolment of those men was a consequence of their political beliefs, notably strong anti-communism. But the fact that their behaviour seems born of desperation (some were recruited after D-Day) is a hint that it was shaped according to other cultural patterns, especially an image of masculinity rooted in the memory of the First World War and developed, among others, according to fascist and Nazi ideologies: a manhood based on strength, the violence of warfare and the image of the soldier. This article provides an analysis based on judiciary documents from the time of the purge, with a careful reconstruction of personal trajectories and self discourse in order to understand the masculine identity these sometimes very young men tried to realise through political engagement in the guise of warriors.

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38

Fogg, Shannon L. "D-Day Through French Eyes: Normandy 1944, by Mary Louise RobertsD-Day Through French Eyes: Normandy 1944, by Mary Louise Roberts. Chicago & London, The University of Chicago Press, 2014. 211 pp. $25.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 50, no. 2 (September 2015): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.50.2.rev11.

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39

Persson, Anders. "Right for the Wrong Reason?: A New Look at the 6 June 1944 D-Day Forecast by a Neutral Swede." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): E993—E1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0311.1.

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Abstract There are at least three popular perceptions surrounding the weather forecast for the D-day landing in Normandy, 6 June 1994: 1) that the Allied weather forecasters predicted a crucial break or “window of opportunity” in the unsettled weather prevailing at the time; 2) that the German meteorologists, lacking observations from the North Atlantic, failed to see this break coming and thus the invasion took the Wehrmacht by surprise; and 3) that the American forecasters, guided by a skillful analog system, predicted the favorable conditions several days ahead but got no support from their pessimistic British colleagues. This article will present evidence taken mostly from hitherto rather neglected sources of information, transcripts of the telephone discussions between the Allied forecasters and archived German weather analyses. They show that 1) the synoptic development for the invasion was not particularly well predicted and, if there was a break in the weather, it occurred for reasons other than those predicted; 2) the German forecasters were fairly well informed about the large-scale synoptic situation over most of the North Atlantic, probably thanks to decoded American analyses; and 3) from the viewpoint of a “neutral Swede,” the impression is that the American analog method might not have performed as splendidly as its adherents have claimed, but also not as badly as its critics have alleged. Finally, the D-day forecast, the discussions among the forecasters, and their briefings with the Allied command are interesting not only from a historical perspective, but also as an early and well-documented example of decision-making under meteorological uncertainty.

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40

Rose, Edward P. F. "Geology and the Allied liberation of Normandy: highlights to help mark the 75th anniversary of D‐Day, 6 June 1944." Geology Today 35, no. 3 (May 2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gto.12269.

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41

Funk, Arthur Layton. "Steel from the Sky: The Jedburgh Raiders, France, 1944, and: Operation Jedburgh: D-Day and America's First Shadow War (review)." Journal of Military History 71, no. 1 (2007): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0022.

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42

Wolff, Vera R. S., and Lucía E. Claps. "Sobre o gênero Diaspidistis (Hemiptera, Diaspididae), com a descrição de duas espécies novas." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 100, no. 3 (September 2010): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212010000300007.

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O gênero Diaspidistis Hempel, 1900 foi estudado. Foram redescritas Diaspidistis multilobis Hempel, 1900 e D. squamosa Hempel, 1937. Novas combinações são propostas: D. gomescostai (Lepage & Giannotti, 1946), D. memorabilis (Ferris, 1941), D. multipunctata (Lepage & Giannotti, 1946) e D. petasata (Ferris, 1942). São descritas e ilustradas duas espécies novas: Diaspidistis fonsecai sp. nov. e Diaspidistis tucumanensis sp. nov. Uma chave para identificação das espécies é apresentada baseada em fêmeas adultas.

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43

Bernier, Serge. "FOWLER, T. Robert, Valour on Juno Beach. D-Day - June 6, 1944 (Burnstown [Ont.], General Store Publishing House, 1994), 104 p. 14,95 $." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 48, no. 4 (1995): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/305370ar.

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44

JONES, EDGAR, and STEPHEN IRONSIDE. "BATTLE EXHAUSTION: THE DILEMMA OF PSYCHIATRIC CASUALTIES IN NORMANDY, JUNE–AUGUST 1944." Historical Journal 53, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990495.

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ABSTRACTDuring the Second World War, controversy surrounded not the inevitability of psychiatric casualties but the extent to which they could be minimized by selection, training, morale, and leadership. By early 1944, when planning for the D-Day landings was advanced, the problem of the psychiatric battle casualty was considered manageable by careful preparation and clinical understanding. The campaign to liberate Europe offered the newly formed Directorate of Army Psychiatry an opportunity to demonstrate its effectiveness. Psychiatric services were deployed to Normandy to maximize the return of front-line troops to duty. Commanders, however, entertained doubts about the value of military psychiatrists. By offering a sanctioned escape route from battle, some believed that their mere presence undermined the fighting spirit of combat troops. The records of 32 General (Psychiatric) Hospital have been analysed to discover categories of troops most vulnerable to breakdown and to assess the impact of front-line treatments. Infantry soldiers, those most likely to be killed, were disproportionately represented amongst admissions. Senior non-commissioned officers were also at elevated risk of breakdown, some being war weary from earlier campaigns. Probably 36 per cent of admissions returned to combatant duty, and 53 per cent were evacuated to the UK. The scale of psychiatric casualties revealed failures in pre-deployment screening.

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45

Marina, Zoia, and Oleksandra Romashko. "Dmytro F. Krasytsky: Archeological and Ethnographic Study of the Region above the Dnipro Rapids." Roxolania Historĭca = Historical Roxolania 1 (November 13, 2018): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/30180115.

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The materials of the complex archeological and ethnographic expedition in the Dnipro regions by D. F. Krasitsky in 1944–1945 was description in this article. The names of the participants were established, among them employees of the Dnipropetrovsk Historical Museum, experts of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of the USSR and students of the Duma. The attention is drawn to the active role of D. F. Krasitsky, as a manager, in solving various organizational and financial issues for the implementation of scientific and practical tasks facing the expedition. The text sections of the reports, which differ by subject, are analyzed. In particular, it speaks of the following: "Over the Dnipro", "Mirror of the Dnipro" and "Minerals of Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporozhye Oblasts". The first one provides information on archaeological sites, whose location has been established due to the downfall of the Dnipro through the undermining of the dam Dniprges. It emphasizes the cultural peculiarities of time-consuming archaeological sites, describes their contemporary status. The section "Mirror of the Dnipro" is accompanied by a detailed map-scheme of the northern part of the Dnipro, which allows them to be considered as a unique unique reference book. The data of the third section on minerals in the research area indicate a profound knowledge of DF. Krasitsky on this issue. For ethnographic surveys, villages selected near the city of Dnipropetrovsk: Lotsmanskaya Kamyanka, Stary Kaidaki, Voloska, Zvonetsk and Military. 100 respondents from 106 questions from a specific FD were interviewed. Krasitsky theme - "House and in the house". The obtained data of ethnographic observations reflect the transformation of ethnoculture of Ukrainians in the region. The importance and exclusivity of the material collected during the expedition under the direction of DF Krasitsky on the historical, cultural and ethnographic peculiarities of the population of ancient times to the present day have been emphasized.

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Ostriker, Jeremiah P. "Lyman Spitzer. 26 June 1914 — 31 March 1997." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 53 (January 2007): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2007.0020.

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One of the leading theoretical astrophysicists of the twentieth century, Lyman Spitzer showed a renaissance or even a classical figure in both his character and personal style. I once speculated that a biographer would some day remark on the importance of Spitzer's early exposure to ancient literature, and his family assured me that he had in fact been strongly influenced throughout his life by classical, especially Latin, models. If ever I have known an individual who fitted the renaissance ideal of the gentleman scholar (based, of course, on earlier Latin archetypes), it was Lyman. The upright bearing, courteous speech, clarity, and total independence of mind were the dress of a person seemingly dropped into our midst from another age. Born in 1914 into a prosperous Toledo, Ohio, commercial family, he later married into the local, still wealthier clan of the Canadays. After attending Scott High School in Toledo and then Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, he received his BA at Yale in 1935 and then went to Cambridge University for a year (1935–36), where he was influenced by Sir Arthur Eddington FRS and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (FRS 1944), who was an almost exact contemporary. Returning to the USA, he received his PhD in 1938 at Princeton, under the legendary Henry Norris Russell ForMemRS. Spitzer then went briefly to Harvard as a postdoctoral fellow, followed by a move to Yale, where he was appointed as instructor in 1939. It was shortly after moving to Yale that he married Doreen D. Canaday, herself a Bryn Mawr graduate, a totally charming and strong-willed woman with whom he raised a family of four children born between 1942 and 1954: Nicholas C., Dionis C., Sarah L. and Lydia S.

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Harvey, John H., Shelly K. Stein, and Paul K. Scott. "Fifty Years of Grief: Accounts and Reported Psychological Reactions of Normandy Invasion Veterans." Journal of Narrative and Life History 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1995): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jnlh.5.4.02fif.

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Abstract From Normandy combat veterans, we obtained narrative evidence on the experiences of loss and grief associated with their involvement in the invasion in France, June 6, 1944. Twelve veterans were interviewed in person in Nor-mandy at the time of the 1994 reunion, and 31 were subsequently interviewed by telephone. We present veterans' reports of battle experiences on D-Day and how they believe those experiences were manifest in psychological reactions over the last 50 years. Our analysis of these reports is framed by a theoretical conception that emphasizes the value of developing and communicating story-like constructions, which we refer to as accounts, as a constructive way of psychologically coping with severe stressors and loss over time. Most of the veterans reported lifelong grieving associated with their losses at Normandy. This grief recurred for most on anniversary dates and when thinking of war and death in general. For some, it was manifest in compelling, regular thoughts about the loss of their friends and their firsthand experiences of loss during the D-Day fighting. Many veterans also reported years of depression associated with their war experience. Some indicated that they kept their stories and feelings mostly private over the half century, and only now, around the time of the commemoration, did they open up. Veterans who indicated that they coped best with their trauma over time emphasized the healing power of working on and telling their stories to close others. (Grief Work, Social and Clinical Psy-chology) "These are the fathers we never knew, the uncles we never met, the friends who never returned, the heroes we can never repay."-President Bill Clinton speak-ing at the American cemetery near Omaha Beach, Normandy, France, June 6, 1994. "I don't think there's a day that goes by that I don't think and grieve about it. When you think about it, you think it was just yesterday. It's so clear in my mind. I'll never forget."-Normandy combat veteran, age 74, reflecting on his experience during the D-Day invasion.

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Vaisvalavičiene, Kristina. "CROSSING THE BORDERS OF THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE IN LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN CHILDREN PERIODICALS (1866–1940)." Via Latgalica, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1665.

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The period between the end of 19th century – the first half of the 20th century had been very important for Lithuanians and Latvians as a time, when the rights of the national language and culture had been strengthened and fortified. The rich sociocultural context, which appears in the children’s periodicals of that time, allows to evaluate the efforts of the nation in order to define and keep the borders of traditional culture. The investigation of children’s periodicals also helps to reconstruct the field of national literature of that time. The aim of the paper is to investigate, what changes of the traditional culture appear in the Lithuanian and Latvian children’s periodicals, published before 1940. Some aspects of the nation’s location in the time and space are being stressed, such as: marking of the nation’s culture and territory borders, institutionalization of the national calendar and construction of the historical memory. The investigation is based on the comparative analysis of the main Lithuanian and Latvian children’s periodicals, which were published before 1940: Lithuanian – “Šaltinėlis” (‘a little spring’, 1906–1914; 1928–1940), “Žiburėlis” (‘a little torch’, 1920–1944), “Žvaigždutė” (‘a little star’, 1923–1940), “Kregždutė” (‘a little swallow’, 1934–1940), “Vyturys” (‘a lark’ 1931, 1935–1940); Latvian – “Bērnu Pastnieks” (‘children’s postman’, 1866–1869), “Jaunības Draugs” (‘the friend of the youth’, 1901–1904), “Jaunības Tekas” (‘the paths of the youth’, 1910–1915; 1920–1930), “Bitīte” (‘a little bee’, 1912–1916), “Latvijas Jaunatne” (‘the youth of Latvia’, 1924–1940), “Cīrulītis” (‘a little lark’, 1923–1940), “Jaunais Cīrulītis” (‘the new little lark’, 1926–1934). Due to the confessional and some historical similarities between Lithuanians and Latgalians, there are also two Catholic Latgalian magazines –“Sauleite” (‘the little sun’, 1926–1940) and “Katōļu Dzeive” (‘the life of Catholics’, 1926–1940) – analyzed, despite the fact, that they were aimed at both children and youth. The theoretical background of the research is based on the works of sociologists and anthropologists of culture (Benedict Anderson, Anthony D. Smith, Orvar Löfgren), as well as on some theories of media (Denis McQuail, Herbert Marshall McLuhan). The binary opposition of the the self and the other (Löfgren 1991: 105, Smith 1994: 20–22) is being used as a border marker of the traditional culture in the texts of children’s periodicals. The borders of traditional culture in the children’s periodicals change depending on the fact, who and when is talking in the name of the nation – priests, teachers, supporters of the different ideological or confessional camps. As a result of the individually made or institutionary censored editorial selection of textual material, the national culture is being institutionalized and subordinated for the realization of different purposes. The language of the ethnic group is the first thing the national press institutionalizes, and that helps the community to imagine itself (Anderson 1999). The symbolic value of the language is absent in such Latvian children’s magazines as “Bērnu Pastnieks” and “Bitīte”, which were edited by the priests of German origin and were published only for the purpose of religious education. The language, as well as nation’s territorial location, had mostly been emphasized in the Lithuanian children’s periodicals. The declarative tendency of self-defining (names of periodicals, maps, lists of the readers’, collective photos of the children, explanations about nationality and the state) indicates the existing mechanism of the nation’s territory and culture defense. The defensive politics in Lithuania was established as a result of the traumatic experience of the long-lasting repressive actions (Lithuanian press ban (1864–1904), the occupation of Vilnius district by Polish nationalists (1919–1939) etc.). The Latvian language as the national symbol was presented in the Latvian children’s magazines “Jaunības Draugs”, “Jaunības Tekas” and “Cīrulītis”, but its symbolic capital was being increased by the actualization of traditional culture (folklore), native literature and national historic memory (the biographies of distinguished Latvians, nation’s relations with antiquity, nobles or saints). The periodicity and cyclic recurrence of the periodicals had institutionalized the time and the rhythm of the readers’ life. In the context of nation’s efforts of self- determination in time and space, the changes of the traditional culture borders are best seen in the traditions of commemoration of the dead. The interpretations of the commemoration of the dead depend on, what is being emphasized – the end of the individual person’s life or the death in the context of nations history. The discourse of death and the commemoration of the dead have been actualized mostly in the issues of children’s periodicals, published during the period between October and December. This period according to folkloristic Baltic tradition was called as a period of souls and was celebrated with the rituals of soul-feeding and gratitude to the souls of forefathers. The Christian liturgical day of the Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (in Catholic tradition) or the Day of all Souls (in the Protestant tradition) were not directly included in the calendar of children’s periodicals until 1918. But there were a lot of published texts, actualizing the theme of orphans as well as a lot of traditional genres, which were characteristic to that period of the year, e. g., tales about orphans and beggars, mythological stories about roaming souls etc. In the independent Latvia the traditional mood of the period in Latvian children’s periodicals was covered by the celebration of proclamation of the state (November 18) and the commemoration of the perished in the battles for independence. In Lithuanian and Latgalian periodicals of that time (“Šaltinėlis”, “Žvaigždutė”, “Kregždutė”, “Sauleite”) the Catholic liturgical celebration of Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed was institutionalized (the very name of it appeared in the titles of publications, children were asked to pray for the souls of the dead relatives, etc.), which helped to keep the traditional themes and genres. The necessity to construct historical memory of the children and to educate them in patriotic mood widened the meaning of the commemoration day (children were asked to pray for national heroes and to look after graves of buried soldiers). The tendency to organize official ceremonial commemoration of the dead had influenced traditions in the private field – in the middle of the 30s the children are encouraged not only to pray for the souls of their dead relatives, but also to look after their graves and to take part in the mass celebrations – all that indicated the nations efforts to inscribe history of individuals in the history of the nation. The representation and explanation of the national traditions and rituals in the children’s periodicals not only constructed the national identity of the young readers, but also strengthened their place in the national community and supplemented the understanding of the nation’s whole, its history and future. Children in the periodicals of the time were shown as ones, who inherit and pass on the traditions to the future generations.

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Campbell, John P. "Book Reviews : D-Day 1944. Edited by Theodore A. Wilson. Abilene, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 1994. xxx + 420 pp. £19.95 paper. ISBN 0 70006 0674 2." War in History 2, no. 3 (November 1995): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096834459500200316.

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Delorenzo Neto, A. "A reforma do Código de Obras do Município do Recife." Revista do Serviço Público 74, no. 03 (February 7, 2020): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v74i03.4338.

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Neste ano empreendeu a Prefeitura Municipal do Recife, a reforma dosserviços administrativos propriamente ditos. A reforma da antiga legislaçãode Obras faz com que seja substituída por uma Codificação das Normas deUrbanismo e Obras, em que os problemas respectivos cedem lugar à concepçãodas cidades numa perspectiva de constante evolução, e que exige, também,um quadro jurídico dentro dêsse sentido dinâmico. Além dos principais textoslccais, a saber Decreto n.° 374, de 12 de agosto de 1936 (Regulamento deConstruções), Decreto n.° 27, de 15 de julho de 1946 (Sôbre gabaritos), D ecreton.° 40, de 21 de junho de 1947 (Sôbre elevadores), Decreto n.° 85, de7 de janeiro de 1949 (Sôbre arruamentos, loteamentos e zoneamentos), D ecreton.° 387, de 17 de junho de 1952, (Sôbre alinhamentos) e Lei n.° 2590,de 24 de novembro de 1953 (Normas para construção de edifícios, nas zonascomerciais e residenciais), — foram utilizados, em estudos comparativos, osCódigos de Obras do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, e os recentes Códigos M unicipaisde Vitória e João Pessoa. A matéria subordinada à regulamentaçãolegal pretendeu alcançar grande extensão, a atender mesmo às exigências .eprogressos da técnica moderna, que é, sem dúvida, um elemento assaz importantena criação do Direito.

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Journal articles on the topic 'D-Day, 1944'

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