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Hidayati, Ana, Susan Candradewi, and Syahnindita Erhan. "DEFINE DAILY DOSE (DDD) PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIKA PADA PROFILAKSIS PEMBEDAHAN DI RSUD CILACAP." Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian 7, no. 3 (2022): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37874/ms.v7i3.305.
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Proses pembedahan adalah proses pembukaan bagian tubuh yang akan ditangani dan diakhiri dengan penutupan dan penjahitan luka. Kondisi ini memungkinkan terjadinya infeksi yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai DDD penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien rawat inap bedah umum di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Cilacap. Evaluasi penggunaan obat dengan DDD bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran dosis pemeliharaan rata-rata per hari suatu obat yang digunakan sebagai indikasi utama pada orang dewasa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang akan dianalisis dengan DDD (Defined Daily Dose). Metode penelitian ini adalah retrospektif dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 162 rekam medis pasien dengan kriteria inklusi, pasien dewasa berusia 18-60 tahun yang mendapat terapi antibiotik serta data medis dan konsumsi obat lengkap pasien periode Januari–Juni 2019. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis pola penggunaan antibiotik dan dilakukan menghitung nilai DDD. DDD/100 hari tidur untuk gentamisin adalah 0,260. Ciprofloxacin adalah 0,279 untuk penggunaan parenteral, dan 0,112 untuk penggunaan oral. DDD sefalosporin generasi pertama adalah 0,391 untuk sefadroksil dan 4.092 untuk sefazolin. Sefalosporin lainnya adalah 0,012 untuk anbasin, sefotaksim 0,012, seftazidim 0,112, seftizoksim 0,056, seftriakson 25.893, sefiksim 0,335, sefoperazon 0,112, dan sefoperazon-sulbaktam 0,112. DDD/100 hari tidur untuk penisilin adalah 1.007, carbapenem 1.004, metronidazol 12.227, klindamisin 0,112, azitromisin 0,186 dan doksisiklin 0,223. Kesimpulan penelitian ini DDD/100 bed days tertinggi adalah ceftriaxone.
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Montecatine-Alonso, Elena, Marta Mejías-Trueba, Walter Alfredo Goycochea-Valdivia, et al. "Development of Antimicrobial Defined Daily Dose (DDD) for the Pediatric Population." Antibiotics 12, no. 2 (2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020276.
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Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) optimize antimicrobial use, improve patient outcomes, and reduce resistance. To assess the effectiveness of ASPs, it is necessary to have indicators that can be widely used. Defined daily dose (DDD) was designed by WHO for the adult population as a consumption indicator. However, there are no DDDs adapted to the pediatric population. The main objective of this study is to establish the most appropriate DDD values in this population. An observational, retrospective, multicenter study was conducted. Antimicrobial prescriptions were collected from pediatric wards of seven Spanish tertiary hospitals for 2 years. The DDDs obtained from the prescriptions were compared with the theoretical DDDs agreed upon in the first stage. To select the optimal DDD, the following were analyzed: power value, magnitude obtained from the differences in the DDD, statistical significance, and degree of agreement in the stipulated doses. A total of 4788 prescriptions were collected. Pediatric DDD was defined for 30 different antimicrobials. A potency >80% was obtained in 24 antibiotics. 51.2% of the selected DDD correspond to Phase I and 39.5% from Phase II. Pediatric DDD of different antimicrobials was obtained, providing an indicator that can be used globally in different hospitals to analyze the consumption and efficacy of ASPs.
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Wahyudi, Adiyat Edy, Jaka Fadraersada, and Muhammad Amir Masruhim. "Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotika Berdasarkan Metode Defined Daily Dose (DDD) pada Pasien Ulkus Diabetikum." Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences 8 (December 31, 2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v8i1.298.
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Dampak penggunaan antibiotika yang tidak rasional pada pasien Ulkus kaki diabetik yaitu meningkatnya kejadian resistensi, kejadian efek samping obat, terjadi kegagalan terapi, penyakit yang dialami pasien bertambah parah sehingga menurunkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung nilai DDD untuk mengetahui tingkat rasional penggunaan antibiotika pada pasien ulkus diabetikum yang menerima terapi antibiotika. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan observasional retrospektif dan perolehan data secara deskriptif kuantitatif mengunakan perhitungan DDD. Penilaian secara kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode ATC/DDD dan DU 90%. Hasil evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik pada jumlah keseluruhan nilai DDD/100 patient-days didapatkan nilai tertinggi yaitu Ceftriaxone sebesar 31,88 DDD/100 hari rawat, diikuti dengan metronidazol sebesar 10,87 DDD/100 hari rawat, meropenem sebesar 7,06 DDD/100 hari rawat, Amikacin 1.63 DDD/100 hari rawat dan Sefoperazone sebesar 1,45DDD/100 hari rawat. Dengan 3 jenis antibiotik yang masuk ke dalam segmen DU 90% penggunaan terbanyak yaitu seftriakson 64,59% , metronidazol 17,76%, meropenem 7,28% dan ciprofloxacin 6,01% . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kuantitas antibiotik yang digunakan tidak menunjukkan prinsip penggunaan antibiotik yang rasional.
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Oktavia, Maria, Suharjono, and Windi Virdiyanti. "Analisis Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Rawat Inap Dengan Metode Defined Daily Dose." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 5, no. 2 (2023): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v5i2.5862.
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 Antibiotik adalah obat yang digunakan untuk mencegah dan mengobati infeksi bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik yang kurang tepat dapat memicu resistensi antibiotik yang merupakan masalah terbesar bagi kesehatan manusia. Resistensi antibiotik dapat meningkatkan length of stay (LOS), meningkatkan biaya pengobatan, dan meningkatkan angka mortalitas. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi resistensi antibiotik adalah dengan penggunaan antibiotik secara bijak. Metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) digunakan untuk menilai kuantitas penggunaan antibiotika. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui nilai DDD dan Drug Utilization (DU) 90% dari antibiotik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif yang dilakukan pada Januari 2021-Desember 2021 di Rumah Sakit dr. Soedarso Pontianak. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode DDD dan DU 90%. Kriteria inklusi yaitu pasien rawat inap penyakit dalam dengan diagnosa infeksi yang menggunakan antibiotika. Jumlah sampel didapatkan 37 pasien yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan metode ATC/DDD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai total DDD pemakaian antibiotika adalah 83,3/100 pasien-hari dengan total length of stay (LOS) pasien adalah 215 hari. Antibiotika dengan nilai DDD paling tinggi adalah seftriakson yaitu 42,3/100 pasien-hari. Antibiotika yang masuk ke dalam segmen DU 90% yaitu seftriakson, levofloksasin, dan metronidazol, sehingga harus dipantau penggunaannya karena berpotensi pada risiko resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotika.
 
 
 
 
 
 Antibiotics are drugs used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Improper use of antibiotics can trigger antibiotic resistance, which is the biggest problem for human health. Antibiotic resistance can increase the length of stay (LOS), increase treatment costs, and increase mortality rates. One way to overcome antibiotic resistance is to use antibiotics wisely. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) method is used to assess the quantity of antibiotic use. The purpose of this study was determining the value of DDD and drug utilization (DU) 90% of antibiotics. This study was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection conducted in internal January – December 2021 at Dr. Soedarso Pontianak Hospital, and the data was analyzed using the DDD and DU 90% methods. The inclusion criteria were internal medicine inpatients with a diagnosis of infection treated with antibiotics. The number of samples obtained were 37, which were then analyzed using the ATC/DDD method. The results showed that the total value of DDD for antibiotic use was 83.3/100 patients/day and the total length of stay (LOS) of patients was 215 days. Ceftriaxone, with a DDD of 42.3/100 patient-day, had the highest DDD value. Meanwhile, antibiotics that fall into the 90% DU segment were ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, so their use must be monitored because of the potential risk of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Hakimudin, Tria Rahmah, Evi Sovia, and Dannurendra Dannurendra. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP BANGSAL BEDAH DENGAN METODE DEFINED DAILY DOSE (DDD)." Medika Kartika Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Volume 8 No 1 (March 30, 2025): 48–57. https://doi.org/10.35990/mk.v8n1.p48-57.
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Pembedahan merupakan prosedur terapeutik yang bersifat invasif sehingga akan menyebabkan terbentuknya luka terbuka di area yang dibedah. Kondisi ini membuat pasien yang menjalani pembedahan sangat rentan terhadap infeksi mikroba. Sebagai upaya pencegahan infeksi mikroba adalah dengan pemberian antibiotik. Evaluasi dengan menggunakan DDD (Defined Daily Dose) bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tentang dosis pemeliharaan rata-rata per hari untuk obat yang digunakan dengan indikasi utama pada pasien dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai DDD penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien rawat inap bangsal bedah di Rumah Sakit Dustira. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif yang dianalisis menggunakan metode DDD. Penelitian ini menerapkan teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan simple random sampling, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 rekam medis pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, yaitu pasien yang berusia > 18 tahun, pasien rawat inap bangsal bedah yang menggunakan terapi antibiotik, pasien dengan data yang lengkap dan terbaca mencakup: nama, umur, jenis kelamin, nama antibiotik, bentuk sediaan, diagnosa, lama rawat inap serta jumlah sediaan obat lengkap selama periode Januari hingga Juni 2024. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis untuk melihat pola penggunaan antibiotik, dan nilai DDD dihitung berdasarkan jumlah obat yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan lima jenis golongan antibiotik yang digunakan di bangsal bedah yaitu golongan sefalosporin, golongan kuinolon, golongan imidazol, golongan aminoglikosida, dan golongan tetrasiklin. Nilai DDD/100 patient-days tertinggi ditemukan pada sefiksim, menunjukkan bahwa antibiotik ini paling banyak digunakan di rumah sakit tersebut selama periode penelitian. Kata kunci: antibiotik, bedah, Define Daily Dose (DDD), rawat inap
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Lestari, Putri Dwi, Esti Dyah Utami, and Masita Wulandari Suryoputri. "Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik di Bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto." Acta Pharmaciae Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2019): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3707171.
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Tingginya prevalensi penyakit infeksi di Indonesia menyebabkan penggunaan antibiotik meningkat. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi yang dapat meningkatkan morbiditas, mortalitas, dan biaya kesehatan. Peneliti melakukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik di Bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah penggunaan antibiotik dan mengevaluasi kualitas penggunaan antibiotik di rumah sakit tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif evaluatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan cara simple random sampling sebanyak 100 rekam medik. Kemudian 100 rekam medik tersebut dilakukan analisis secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode DDD 100 patient days dan secara kualitatif menggunakan kriteria gyssens Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukan bahwa dari 100 rekam medik terdapat 14 jenis antibiotik yang digunakan dengan nilai DDD 100 patient days sebesar 60,94. Golongan antibiotik terbanyak adalah sefalosporin (45,19) dengan jenis antibiotik terbanyak adalah ceftriaxone (36,15). Adapun hasil analisis kualitatif pada penelitian ini antara lain kategori IIA (0,74%); kategori IIB (2,96%); kategori IIIA (1,48%); kategori IIIB (0,74%); kategori IVA (62,96%); kategori IVB (8,89%); kategori V (13,33%); kategori VI (8,89%). Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif dari nilai DDD didapat 60,94 dan secara kualitatif didapatkan hasil tidak efektif dalam meresepkan antibiotik.
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Villanueva-Bueno, Cristina, Elena Montecatine-Alonso, Francisco Jiménez-Parrilla, et al. "Antimicrobial Defined Daily Dose in Neonatal Population: Validation in the Clinical Practice." Antibiotics 12, no. 3 (2023): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030602.
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Background: Currently, there is no validated method for estimating antimicrobial consumption in the neonatal population, as it exists for adults using Defined Daily Doses (DDD). In neonatology, although there are different methods, each one with advantages and disadvantages, there is no unified criterion for use. The aim of this study is to validate the neonatal DDD designed as a new standardised form of antimicrobial consumption over this population. Methods: The validation of the neonatal DDD, Phase II of the research project, was carried out through a descriptive observational study. Periodic cut-offs were performed to collect antimicrobial prescriptions of neonates admitted to the neonatology and intensive care units of nine Spanish hospitals. The data collected included demographic variables (gestational age, postnatal age, weight and sex), antimicrobial dose, frequency and route of administration. The selection of the optimal DDD value takes into account power value, magnitude obtained from the differences in the DDD, statistical significance obtained by the Wilcoxon test and degree of agreement in the stipulated doses. Results: Set of 904 prescriptions were collected and finally 860 were analysed based on the established criteria. The antimicrobials were mostly prescribed in the intensive care unit (63.1%). 32 different antimicrobials were collected, and intravenous administration was the most commonly used route. Neonatal DDD were defined for 11 different antimicrobials. A potency > 80% was obtained in 7 antibiotics. The 57.1% of the selected DDD correspond to phase I and 21.4% from phase II. Conclusion: DDD validation has been achieved for the majority of intravenously administered antimicrobials used in clinical practice in the neonatal population. This will make it possible to have an indicator that will be used globally to estimate the consumption of antimicrobials in this population, thus confirming its usefulness and applicability.
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Kirana, Alda Galuh, FX Haryanto Susanto, and Dhanang Prawira Nugraha. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PROFILAKSIS PADA PASIEN BEDAH DI RUMAH SAKIT BALA KESELAMATAN BOKOR DENGAN METODE DEFINE DAILY DOSE DAN GYSSENS." Sainsbertek Jurnal Ilmiah Sains & Teknologi 4, no. 1 (2023): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/sb.v4i1.258.
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Infectious diseases remain a significant public health concern, especially in developing countries. Infection involves the transmission and multiplication of infectious agents within the host's body. An infection is a condition caused by pathogenic microorganisms, with or without accompanying clinical symptoms (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2017). The aim of this study is to provide an overview of surgical patients and the pattern of antibiotic use based on the DDD and Gyssen methods at Bala Keselamatan Bokor Hospital. This observational study was conducted retrospectively by reviewing patients' medical records at the hospital from January 1 to March 31, 2023. The data were then analyzed using the Gyssens and ATC/DDD methods. The results of the study showed that surgical patients have two main characteristics based on age and gender. The highest age range was 56 to 65 years, accounting for (25%) of the cases, with the majority being male, constituting (28%) of the cases. The second-highest age range was 46 to 56 years, making up (23%) of the cases, with females comprising (29%) of the cases. Regarding the evaluation of the quantity of antibiotic use using the ATC/DDD method, the highest DDD value was observed for ceftriaxone with a percentage of (7.6%).
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Tatjana, Pokrajac, Čižman Milan, and Beovič Bojana. "ANTIBIOTIC USE IN SLOVENIAN HOSPITALS." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 7, no. 11 (2019): 249–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3568308.
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Abstract: Motivation/Background: Antibiotics are commonly overused and misused what increase the emergence of resistant organisms, side- effects and costs. To assess the appropriate use of antibiotics many methods are available. The aim of the present study is to find correlation between antibiotic use and case mix index (CMI) in Slovenian hospitals. Method: In retrospective study (in the years between 2004 and 2013) we correlated the total consumption of antibiotics for systemic use and CMI. Weighted linear regression test analysis was performed to determine correlation between defined daily dose (DDD) / 100 admissions and DDD / 100 bed-days and CMI. Results: The total antibiotic consumption in all included hospitals was in mean 317.69 DDD / 100 admissions and 58.88 DDD / 100 bed days, respectively. CMI range were from 1.25 to 3.55. A significant correlation between consumption expressed in DDD / 100 admissions and CMI (p = 0.028) and DDD / 100 bed days and CMI (p =0.008) was found. Conclusions: Thus, detailed analysis of correlations between DDD of antibiotics and CMI may constitutes a proper use of antibiotics.
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Pua Upa, Nurul Fatmawati, Widyati Widiaty, and Frans O. H. Prasetyadi. "Profil Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Pediatri Rujukan Berdasarkan Sistem Defined Daily Dose (DDD)." MPI (Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana) 3, no. 1 (2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/mpi.v3i1.2503.
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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui profil penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien pediatri yang dirujuk ke RSPAL Dr. Ramelan selama bulan April hingga Juli 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional deskriptif yang dilakukan secara prospektif. Variabel yang terlibat adalah besar penggunaan antibiotik yang dinyatakan dalam satuan Defined Daily Dose (DDD)/100 hari rawat inap dan standar yang digunakan berdasarkan ketentuan dari WHO. Terdapat 30 subyek yang dirujuk ke RSPAL Dr. Ramelan. Sebagian besar subyek telah tinggal lebih dari 48 jam di rumah sakit sebelumnya, mereka menerima antibiotik sejak hari pertama di RSPAL Dr. Ramelan. Sebanyak 13 subyek (43%) menerima antibiotik yang serupa dengan rumah sakit sebelumnya dan 17 subyek lainnya (57%) tidak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penghitungan total konsumsi antibiotik sebesar 10,50 DDD/100 hari-rawat dari 8 jenis antibiotik yang digunakan yaitu ampisilin-sulbaktam, kloksasilin, seftriakson, amikasin, gentamisin, meropenem, levofloksasin, dan metronidazol. Konsumsi antibiotik tertinggi adalah meropenem yang memiliki 3,49 DDD/100 hari-rawat, konsumsi antibiotik terendah adalah kloksasilin yang memiliki 0,05 DDD/100 hari-rawat. Diharapkan penelitian ini dapat menjadi salah satu indikator evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik yang dilakukan di rumah sakit agar dapat meningkatkan rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik sehingga menurunkan resiko penyebaran resistensi antibiotik khususnya melalui pasien rujukan.
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Christensen, T., and R. Møller Jeppesen. "QTc interval in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia receiving different defined daily dose (DDD) of antipsychotics." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): s805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1558.
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IntroductionBoth 1st and 2nd generation of antipsychotics are associated with prolonged QTc interval. Prolonged QTc can lead to ventricular tachycardia and Torsade's de pointes, ultimatime resulting to cardiac arrest and sudden death. Prolonged QTc interval due to increased DDD has not yet been investigated.ObjectiveTo investigate whether increased DDD of antipsychotics, causes further prolonged QTc, by patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.AimsTo learn more about antipsychotics impact on the QTc interval in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.MethodsAn observational study of unselected patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Enrolled from January 2013 through March 2015 with follow-up until June 2015 in the region of central Denmark. Data was collected from ECG records and patient journals.ResultECGs were available in 58 patients. We observed no relation between increased DDD of antipsychotics and prolonged QTc. There were no differences in average QTc interval for the whole sample of patients receiving different DDD of antipsychotics.ConclusionWe do not recommend increased attention to patients treated with higher DDD of antipsychotics.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Vojnović, M., Dž Jakovljević, V. Jakovljević, and V. Pilija. "EVALUATION OF USAGE ANTIINFECTIVE MEDICAMENTS FOR SYSTEMATIC APLICATION ON THE BASIS OF DEFINED DAILY DOSE." Praxis medica 32, no. 1 (2004): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.70949/pramed200401067v.
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<p>Defined daily dose (DDD) is arbitrary chosen technical unit for measuring medicament usage and it is not a recommended therapeutic dose. It is in fact a statistical parameter for monitoring medicaments usage, and it is related to the dose which is usually prescribed for the indication that the medicament was registered for. The aim of this work is to perform a detailed analysis of the extent and structure of the region of South Backa. Antiinfective medicaments in systematic use, according to the obtained data, participate with only 7.96 DDD/1000 inhabitants. The most applied pharmacotherapeutic subgroup with 2.99 DDD/1000 inhabitants is comprised of cephalexine and cephachlor. </p>
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Sidabalok, Rosmawati, and Aris Widayati. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DENGAN METODE DEFINED DAILY DOSE (DDD) PADA PASIEN ULKUS DIABETIKUM DI RAWAT INAP RSUD SLEMAN PERIODE JANUARI-DESEMBER 2020." JURNAL FARMASI DAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA 2, no. 2 (2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61179/jfki.v2i2.342.
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Perkembangan antibiotik yang pesat berpotensi menyebabkan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat. Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif dapat dilakukan dengan metode Defined Daily Dose (DDD). Metode DDD merupakan perhitungan dosis rata-rata per hari pada orang dewasa. Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik di rumah sakit menggunakan DDD/100 patient-days.
 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola peresepan dan gambaran kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik serta mengetahui dasar pemilihan antibiotik yang diresepkan pada pasien ulkus diabetikum. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian observasional deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dan bersifat retrospektif. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien ulkus diabetikum yang mendapatkan terapi antibiotik di RSUD Sleman periode januari-desember 2020 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi.
 Penelitian secara kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode DDD dan DU 90%. Hasil evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik pada jumlah keseluruhan nilai DDD/100 patient-days diperoleh nilai tertinggi yaitu ceftriaxone sebesar 52,31 DDD/100 patient-days diikuti oleh metronidazole 30,99 DDD/100 patient-days , gentamycin 15,68 DDD/100 patient-days, ciprofloxacin 12,31 DDD/100 patient-days, cefazoline 2,09 DDD/100 patient-days, ceftazidime 5,27 DDD/100 patient-days, meropenem 3,96 DDD/100 patient-days, clindamycin 2,53 DDD/100 patient-days, cefixime 1,1 DDD/100 patient-days, cefoperazone 0,66 DDD/100 patient-days, levofloxacin 0,66 DDD/100 patient-days dan amikasin 0,52 DDD/100 patient-days. Dengan 6 jenis antibiotik yang masuk dalam segmen DU 90% yaitu ceftriaxone, metronidazole, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefazoline dan ceftazidime. Tingginya nilai DDD/100 patient-days menunjukkan banyaknya jumlah penggunaan antibiotik tersebut dalam pengobatan ulkus diabetikum yang menunjukkan kemungkinan terdapat penggunaan antibiotik yang kurang selektif.
 
 Kata kunci : antibiotik, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), DU 90%, ulkus diabetikum.
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Tanugraha, Yoas, and Ruben Nesimnasi. "The Prophecy: Natural Talent or Holy Spirit’s Gift a Biblical Study and Charismatic Ministry." Indonesian Journal of Christian Education and Theology 3, no. 4 (2024): 237–46. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijcet.v3i4.12336.
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Antibiotics are drugs used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria, irrational or inappropriate use of antibiotics will cause antibiotic resistance, to reduce the impact of resistance can be done evaluation of antibiotics in quantity and quality, evaluation in quantity using the method (DDD) Defined Daily Dose. Wise use of antibiotics will prevent bacterial growth, and reduce prolonged hospitalisation. The purpose of this study was to determine the general profile and description of quantitative antibiotic use in inpatients at a Riau Islands Government Hospital in the surgical and internal medicine wards. This study was observational or non- experimental. Data was taken retrospectively. From the period July - September 2023. Data analysis of this study used quantitative methods (ATC) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification / (DDD) Defined Daily Dose. The sample obtained was 138 medical records that met the inclusion criteria, the data were processed using Microsoft excel. Based on the results of the research that has been done, there are 17 kinds of antibiotics in the study with a total value of 46,876 DDD/100 patient days. The three largest antibiotics were ceftriaxone 21,126 DDD/100 patient days, metronidazole 6,790 DDD/100 patient days, and levofloxacin 3,426 DDD/100 patient days. The most common route of administration was intravenous.
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Zulfa, Ilil Maidatuz, and Fitria Dewi Yunitasari. "Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) Antibiotik Untuk Penyakit Gigi di Salah Satu Apotek di Surabaya." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 2, no. 2 (2017): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v2i2.77.
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ABSTRAKAntibiotik sistemik banyak diresepkan oleh dokter gigi baik sebagai profilaksis maupun penanganan infeksi. Tingginya peresepan antibiotik pada infeksi gigi dan periodontal akan berpotensi pada peningkatan resistensi bakteri karena penggunaan yang berlebihan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi pola peresepan, Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD) dan rasio PDD/DDD yang ditetapkan WHO setiap antibiotik yang diresepkan untuk penyakit gigi. Studi cross-sectional retrospektif dilakukan pada rekam resep tahun 2016 di salah satu Apotek di Surabaya. Sebanyak 136 resep untuk penyakit gigi telah dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Rata-rata usia pasien adalah 38,92+12,96 tahun. Antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan adalah Golongan –Laktam yaitu Amoksisilin (50,72%) dan Amoksisilin+Asam Klavulanat (3,62%) diikuti oleh golongan Linkosamid yaitu Klindamisin (28,99%) dan Linkomisin (5,80%), serta golongan Nitroimidazol yaituMetronidazol (5,07%). PDD Antibiotik yang diresepkan lebih rendah dibanding DDD yang ditetapkan WHO kecuali Amoksisilin (1509,2 mg/pasien/hari; rasio PDD/DDD 1,59), Amoksisilin+Asam Klavulanat (1368,42 mg/pasien/hari; rasio PDD/DDD 1,37), Eritromisin (1500,00 mg/pasien/hari; rasio PDD/DDD 1,50), dan Levofloksasin (500,00 mg/pasien/hari; rasio PDD/DDD 1,00). Terdapat perbedaan antara nilai PDD beberapa antibiotik dengan nilai DDD yang ditetapkan WHO dimana dalam penelitian ini nilai PDD lebih merefleksikan densitas penggunaan antibiotik.Kata kunci: Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD), Antibiotik, Infeksi gigi.ABSTRACTSistemic Antibiotics are prescribed by dentists not only for treatment of infection but also for profilactics. Most of dental and periodontal diseases are best treated by operative intervention and oral hygiene measures, so that the use of sistemic antibiotics are very limited. High rates of sistemic antibiotics prescribing in densitry can lead to bacterial resistance due to overuse of antibiotics. The aim of the study was to investigate the antibiotics prescribing patterns in densitry, Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD), and PDD/WHO’s Defined Daily Dose (DDD) ratio. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 2016 prescription records at a private pharmacy in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. A total 136 prescription records were analyzed. The average age of patients was 38,92+12,96 years old. The most common antibiotics prescribed in densitry was –Lactam group which were Amoxycillin (50,72%) and Amoxycillin+Clavulanic Acid (3,62%) followed by Linkosamide group w Clindamycin (28,99%) and Lincomycin (5,80%), and Nitroimidazol group which was Metronidazole (5,07%). The PDD of Antibiotics prescribed was lower than each WHO’s DDD except Amoxycillin (1509,2mg/patient/day; PDD/DDD ratio 1,59), Amoxycillin+Clavulanic Acid (1368,42 mg/patient/day; PDD/DDD ratio 1,37), Eritromisin (1500,00 mg/patient/day; PDD/DDD ratio 1,50), dan Levofloksasin (500,00 mg/patient/day; PDD/DDD ratio 1,00). There was a difference between PDD and WHO’s DDD. PDD was more likely reflect the density of antibiotic usage. Key Words: Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD), Antibiotics, Dental Infections
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Clara, Santi, Edward Nangoy, and Jimmy Posangi. "Profil Penggunaan Antibiotik dengan Metode Defined Daily Dose pada Pasien Pneumonia Rawat Inap Salah Satu Rumah Sakit Swasta Tipe C di Minahasa." e-CliniC 12, no. 3 (2024): 468–73. https://doi.org/10.35790/ecl.v12i3.58563.
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Abstract: The high prevalence of pneumonia cases in Indonesia affects the increasing use of antibiotics, which can lead to resistance. The defined daily dose (DDD) method can be utilized to improve the quality of antibiotic use by enabling quantitative evaluation. This study aimed to determine the quantity of antibiotic use in pneumonia inpatients at type C private hospital in Minahasa from July 2022 to June 2023. This was a descriptive and retrospective study using secondary data of medical records of pneumonia inpatients that were calculated using the DDD method. The results obtained 45 pneumonia patients received antibiotic therapy. The highest usage antibiotic was ceftriaxone with 46.09 DDD/100 bed days. In conclusion, the administration of antibiotics for treatment was appropriate, however, there is a need to develop clinical pathway to provide a structured guidelines for patient management. Keywords: antibiotics; pneumonia; defined daily dose Abstrak: Tingginya kasus pneumonia di Indonesia memengaruhi peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik yang dapat menyebabkan kejadian resistensi. Metode defined daily dose (DDD) dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas penggunaan antibiotik yakni dengan melakukan evaluasi secara kuantitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien pneumonia rawat inap salah satu rumah sakit swasta Tipe C di Minahasa periode Juli 2022 - Juni 2023. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan pendekatan retrospektif menggunakan data sekunder berupa rekam medis pasien yang selanjutnya dihitung dengan menggunakan metode DDD. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 45 pasien pneumonia yang menerima terapi antibiotik. Antibiotik dengan jumlah penggunaan tertinggi yakni ceftriaxone dengan nilai sebesar 46,09 DDD/100 bed days. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah secara keseluruhan pemberian antibiotik dalam pengobatan sesuai, namun perlu dilakukan pembuatan clinical pathway agar penanganan bagi setiap pasien dapat memiliki panduan yang terstruktur. Kata kunci: antibiotik; pneumonia; defined daily dose
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Yulistiani, Kristanti Lestari, Febriansyah Nur Utomo, and Mahendra Tri Arif Sampurna. "Quantitative and qualitative analysis of antibiotic use among neonatal patients in teaching hospitals in Indonesia." Pharmacia 71 (September 26, 2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.71.e130253.
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Patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are at a heightened risk of bacterial infection. The administration of antibiotics in the NICU varies widely, and inappropriate use can cause resistance, underscoring the need to monitor rationale use through an antimicrobial stewardship program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quantity and quality of antibiotic prescriptions for neonates in the NICU at Airlangga University Hospital. A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients admitted to the NICU from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022. The quantity of antibiotics was determined using the defined daily dose (DDD) method, and the quality of prescriptions was evaluated using the Gyssens algorithm. The results showed that based on the quantitative analysis using the DDD 100 patient-days method, the most common antibiotic used was ampicillin-sulbactam. Meanwhile, the qualitative study using the Gyssens method showed that 91% of antibiotic use was in category 0 (rational).
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Vojnović, M., Đ. Jakovljević, V. Jakovljević, M. Stanulović, and V. Pilija. "EVALUATION OF USAGE MEDICAMENTS FOR TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND METABOLISM AND TREATMENT OF MUSCULAR AND SCELETAL SYSTEM DISEASES ON THE BASIS OF DEFINED DAILY DOSE." Praxis medica 33, no. 1 (2005): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.70949/pramed200501112v.
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<p>Defined daily dose (DDD) is arbitrary chosen technical unit for measuring medicament usage and it is not a recommended therapeutic dose. It is in fact a statistical parameter for monitoring medicaments usage, and it is related to the<br />dose which is usually prescribed for the indication that the medicament was registered for. The aim of this work is to perform a detailed analysis of the extent and structure of the region of South Backa. According to the obteined data, medicaments<br />used in treatment of gastroinestinal tract contributed with 15.52 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Most commonly used are antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (8.14 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day). Medicaments used in treatment of muscular and skeletal<br />system contributed with 14.30 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. Antiinflammatory and antirheumatic drugs sre used in amounts of 14.18 DDD/1000 inhabitants per day. In our country there is no complex survey of drug usage because there is no way of monitor ing which could apprehend all possible information sources. Defined daily dose is not introduced into practical qualitative and quantitative monitoring. It is necessary to make systematic network of information sources to provide for insight into medicament usage</p>
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Eandi, Mario. "Unita di consumo dei farmaci e valutazioni farmacoeconomiche: uso e misuso di DDD e PDD." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 3, no. 4 (2002): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v3i4.756.
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In pharmacoeconomical evaluations the quantification of drug utilization has to be done on the basis of measurement units that allow comparisons among series of longitudinal and transversal data. The most common techniques used for the analysis and the comparison of drug utilization patterns are based either on the Defined Daily Dose (DDD), a unit system proposed by WHO’s Drug Utilization Research Group, or on the Prescribed Daily Dose (PDD), a statistical parameter obtained from the analysis of drug prescriptions. This article illustrates the meaning of the main indicators of drug consumption that can be build with these techniques, underlining their utility and limitations. The DDD is the conventionally established theoretical mean daily dose of a drug, referred to a way of administration and to its main indication. It is, therefore, a mere technical measurement unit that cannot be interpreted as mean prescribed or consumed dose, and even less as recommended dose. The PDD, on the contrary, is not a measurement unit but a statistical mean value, that expresses the central tendency of the prescription variability in a defined setting. Starting from Italian data on the consumption of wide-spread antibiotics, the use and interpretation of various indicators based on the DDDs and PDDs are discussed. The parameters derived with the DDD technique are suitable for monitoring drug utilization and pharmaceutical expenditure. The PDD method is more direct, indicates the mean quantities actually prescribed and permits the estimation of the total dose consumed per therapeutic cycle and of other clinically relevant parameters, but requires the acquisition of more data than the other technique does. It is also important to remark the fact that both methods can’t be directly used for economical evaluations trying to assess the efficiency of resource allocation, as they are not correlated to the clinical outcomes of the therapy.
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Putri, Enda Desideria, Raisya Hasina, Mahacita Andanalusia, Rizqa Fersiyana Deccati, and Ni Made Amelia Ratnata Dewi. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP DENGAN METODE DDD (DEFINED DAILY DOSE)/ 100 PASIEN-HARI RAWAT DI RUMAH SAKIT UNIVERSITAS MATARAM TAHUN 2021." Jurnal Farmasi Higea 16, no. 2 (2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.52689/higea.v16i2.601.
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Adanya peningkatan prevalensi resistensi antibiotik di rumah sakit dapat disebabkan oleh penggunaan antibiotik yang kurang bijak dan berlebihan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, penting untuk menilai penggunaan antibiotik di rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi secara kuantitatif penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Universitas Mataram. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, dan pengumpulan data dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan memeriksa rekam medis tahun 2021. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari pasien rawat inap yang telah diberi resep antibiotik. Pemilihan pasien dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Data penggunaan antibiotik diperoleh dari 121 rekam medis dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan metode ATC/DDD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ceftriaxone memiliki nilai kuantitas untuk dosis harian pasti (DDD) tertinggi sebesar 42,75 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat, diikuti oleh cefixime sebesar 34,16 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat, levofloxacin (IV) sebesar 20,93 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat, dan azitromisin pada 15,05 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat. Di antara seluruh antibiotik yang diperiksa pada penelitian ini, ceftriaxone memiliki nilai kuantitas DDD tertinggi per 100 hari pasien-hari rawat.
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Hidayat, Hidayat, Neno Fitriyani Hasbie, and Galih Adityadarma. "Analisis Penggunaan Antibiotik Di Ruang Bedah Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. H. Abdul Moloek Provinsi Lampung Dengan Metode Defined Daily Dose Periode Januari-Maret Tahun 2018." Malahayati Nursing Journal 3, no. 4 (2021): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v3i4.4373.
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ABSTRACT: ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN THE SURGERY ROOM OF THE REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL H. ABDUL MOLOEK PROVINCE LAMPUNG WITH DEFINED DAILY DOSE METHOD OF JANUARY-MARCHPERIOD 2018Background: Antibiotics are chemicals produced by fungi and bacteria, which have the property of killing or inhibiting the growth of germs. In developed countries, 13-37% of all patients hospitalized receive antibiotics either alone or in combination, while in developing countries 30-80% of patients hospitalized receive antibiotics and irrational use of antibiotics is very common. both in developed and developing countries. Germicidal resistance to antibiotics, especially multi-drug resistance, is a problem that is difficult to overcome in the treatment of patients. This study aims to evaluate the use of antibiotics with the Defined Daily Dose method in patients in the surgical room of Dr. H. Abdul Moloek, Lampung Province. Method: This type of research is descriptive using a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 72 medical records in the operating room, data were obtained from RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moloek, Lampung Province, and carried out by assessing Defined Daily Dose. Results: The frequency distribution of patients in the male operating room who received antibiotic therapy was 72 patients with the largest age range being 18-30 years. The results of the study in the men's surgery room at the Dr, H. Abdul Moloek Regional Hospital showed that quantitatively the use of antibiotics with the Defined Daily Dose category was 570.5 with the antibiotic ceftriaxone (523) being the highest. And for DDD / 100 days of hospitalization as much as 112.6 with the highest ceftriaxone was 104.6 DDD / 100 days of hospitalization. Conclusion: It shows that quantitatively the use of antibiotics is most often prescribed in the Men's Surgery room at RSUD DR. H. Abdul Moeloek, Lampung Province, was Seftriaxone with 104.6 DDD / 100 days of hospitalization. Keywords: Analysis, Antibiotics, Method Defined Daily Dose. ABSTRAK: ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DI RUANG BEDAH RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH DR. H. ABDUL MOLOEK PROVINSI LAMPUNG DENGAN METODE DEFINED DAILY DOSE PERIODE JANUARI-MARET TAHUN 2018Latar Belakang: Antibiotik adalah zat-zat kimia yang dihasilkan oleh fungi dan bakteri, yang memiliki khasiat mematikan atau menghambat pertumbuhan kuman. Di negara yang sudah maju 13-37% dari seluruh penderita yang dirawat di rumah sakit mendapatkan antibiotik baik secara tunggal atau kombinasi, sedangkan di negara berkembang 30-80% penderita yang dirawat di rumah sakit mendapatkan antibiotik dan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional sangat banyak dijumpai baik di negara maju maupun berkembang. Resistensi kuman terhadap antibiotik, terlebih lagi multi drug resistance merupakan masalah yang sulit diatasi dalam pengobatan pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan antibiotik dengan metode Defined Daily Dose pada pasien di Ruang Bedah RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moloek Provinsi Lampung.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak 72 catatan rekam medik di ruang bedah, data diperoleh dari RSUD Dr. H. Abdul Moloek Provinsi Lampung dan dilakukan dengan penilaian Defined Daily Dose.Hasil: Di dapatkan distribusi frekuensi pasien di ruang bedah laki-laki yang menerima terapi antibiotik adalah sebanyak 72 pasien dengan rentang usia yang terbanyak 18-30 tahun. Hasil penelitian di ruang bedah laki-laki di RSUD Dr, H. Abdul Moloek Provinsi Lampung menunjukkan bahwa secara kuantitatif penggunaan antibiotik dengan kategori Defined Daily Dose sebanyak 570,5 dengan antibiotik seftriakson (523) yang paling tinggi. Dan untuk DDD/100 hari rawat sebanyak 112,6 dengan pemberian seftriakson yang paling tinggi sebesar 104,6 DDD/100 hari rawat.Kesimpulan : Menunjukkan bahwa secara kuantitatif penggunaan antibiotik yang paling banyak di resepkan di ruang Bedah Laki-laki di RSUD DR. H. Abdul Moeloek Provinsi Lampungadalah Seftriakson sebesar 104,6 DDD/100 hari rawat.Kata kunci : Analisis, Antibiotik, Metode Defined Daily Dose.
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Jeremic, Dimitrije, Sasa Vojinov, Goran Marusic, Ivan Levakov, and Srdjan Zivojinov. "Radical cystectomy: Analysis of postoperative course." Vojnosanitetski pregled 67, no. 8 (2010): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1008649j.
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Background/Aim. Radical cystectomy is a method of choice in the therapy of infiltrative bladder cancer. The aim of this research was to analyze postoperative course after radical cystectomy (length of hospitalization, most frequent complications and utilization of antibiotics and transfusions). Methods. We analyzed the records of 82 patients operated on in the Department of Urology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, in a three-year period. In order to aquire data World Health Organization (WHO) has developed Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) methodology. Defined daily dose (DDD) is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug use for its main indication. Results. Continent urinary derivation was preformed in 23.15% cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 18.29% of patients. Average blood utilization was 2.19 units. Blood utilization for continent derivations (n = 48) was 4.6 units, and incontinent ones 3.36 units. Totally 159.33 DDD/100 bed days were used. Conclusion. When preforming continent derivation there is a significant increase in blood utilization. Frequency of postoperative complications correlates to those reported in the literature.
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Kakariqi, Laerta. "Consumption of Insulins in Primary Health Care in Albania during 2010-2020." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 7, no. 2 (2024): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.26417/ykmxfv35.
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Aim: evaluation of trends in out-of-hospital utilization and to prescribe of Insulin in Albania using the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification/ Defined Daily Dose -(ATC/DDD methodology). Methods: The study was retrospective, and we analyzed the data collected from Health Insurance Institute (HII) of these drugs classes in the primary health care in Albania during 2010-2020. The data about the consumption of drugs were expressed as a number of Defined Daily Dose (DDDs) /1000 inhabitants/day. For all the period under study 2010-2020, there were collected and analyzed data of import and domestic production of drugs, which represent the real consumption of drugs in the country. These data were subsequently included in a comparative analysis with the utilization data according to the Health Insurance Institute. Results: The consumption of all insulin were 3.49-10.66 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (respectively 2010-2020). The consumption of insulin fast-acting were 1.58-4.93 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (respectively 2010-2020). The consumption of insulin intermediate-acting were 0.56-1.06 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day (respectively 2010-2020). The consumption of insulin intermediate-acting combined with insulin fast-acting was 1.00-1.46 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. The consumption of insulin long-acting was 0.34-3.21 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day. Conclusions: There is an increase in Insulin use from HII covering but still low values in comparison with other countries.
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Molly, Pucthree, FX Haryanto Susanto, and Dhanang Prawira Nugraha. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA PASIEN ICU Intensive Care Unit DI RUMAH SAKIT MITRA SEHAT DENGAN METODE DDD Defined Daily Dose DAN GYSSENS." Sainsbertek Jurnal Ilmiah Sains & Teknologi 4, no. 1 (2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33479/sb.v4i1.254.
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Tingginya kejadian angka infeksi pada pasien dewasa menyebabkan peningkatan kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi antibiotik. Resistensi antibiotik dapat menyebabkan peningkatan morbiditas, mortalitas dan biaya kesehatan oleh karena itu perlu adanya evaluasi untuk penggunaan antibiotika. Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik ini dilakukan di ruang ICU (Intensive Care Unit) Rumah Sakit Mitra Sehat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pengambilan data retrospektif dari periode 1 Januari sampai 31 Maret 2023. Evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik ini menggunakan metode ATC/ DDD dan Gyssens. Metode ATC/DDD merupakan sistem klasifikasi yang mengelompokkan obat berdasarkan struktur kimia, farmakologi dan tujuan terapetik. Metode Gyssens didefinisikan sebagai metode kualitatif yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi pada penggunaan antibiotika dengan menilai ketepatan dalam penggunaan antibiotik yang digolongkan menjadi kategori 0-VI. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 53 pasien dewasa rawat inap Rumah Sakit Mitra Sehat, dimana didasarkan pada kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ditentukan. Berdasarkan hasil metode ATC/DDD menunjukkan antibiotik yang memiliki nilai DDD/100 hari rawat inap tertinggi adalah levofloxacin. Berdasarkan metode gyssens diperoleh penggunaan tertinggi adalah kategori penggunaan antibiotik secara tepat .
 Kata kunci: Antibiotik, ATC/DDD/100 Patient-days, Gyssens, ICU
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Misra, Arup Kumar, Sushil Sharma, Sumit Rai, et al. "Defined Daily Dose (DDD): An Essential Metric in the Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes (AMSPs) in the Healthcare Sector." Journal of Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices and Infectious diseases 1, no. 1 (2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.62541/jaspi010.
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Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSPs) decrease antimicrobial resistance, optimize usage of antimicrobials, and enhance patient outcomes. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) is the foundation of the World Health Organization (WHO) global methodology, which groups the pharmacologically active substances of antimicrobials according to their therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical characteristics and the organ or system on which they work. Since varied unit doses of daily administration of antimicrobials are prescribed, it is best to utilize a standard approach to measure antimicrobial intake. The Defined Daily Dose (DDD) is awarded to active ingredients with an active ingredient code currently in effect. It is the anticipated average daily maintenance dose of an antimicrobial drug or substances used for their primary indication in adults. The ATC/DDD approach was created to enhance patient care by tracking antimicrobial usage and conducting research. Healthcare facilities would benefit immensely from establishing an antimicrobial stewardship programme, and more research is required to determine the baseline of antimicrobial consumption in the country.
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Misra, AK, S. Sharma, S. Rai, et al. "Defined Daily Dose (DDD): An Essential Metric in the Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes (AMSPs) in the Healthcare Sector." Journal of Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices and Infectious diseases.(https://jaspi.saspi.in/) 01, no. 01 (2023): 27–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10453145.
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Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMSPs) decrease antimicrobial resistance, optimize usage of antimicrobials, and enhance patient outcomes. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) is the foundation of the World Health Organization (WHO) global methodology, which groups the pharmacologically active substances of antimicrobials according to their therapeutic, pharmacological, and chemical characteristics and the organ or system on which they work. Since varied unit doses of daily administration of antimicrobials are prescribed, it is best to utilize a standard approach to measure antimicrobial intake. The Defined Daily Dose (DDD) is awarded to active ingredients with an active ingredient code currently in effect. It is the anticipated average daily maintenance dose of an antimicrobial drug or substances used for their primary indication in adults. The ATC/DDD approach was created to enhance patient care by tracking antimicrobial usage and conducting research. Healthcare facilities would benefit immensely from establishing an antimicrobial stewardship programme, and more research is required to determine the baseline of antimicrobial consumption in the country.
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Borin, Marcus Carvalho, Francisco de Assis Acurcio, Juliana Alvares-Teodoro, and Augusto Guerra. "PD71 Survival Outcomes And Adherence To Defined Daily Doses Of Imiglucerase: A 16-Year Brazilian Cohort Study In Gaucher Disease." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 40, S1 (2024): S125. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266462324003283.
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IntroductionGaucher disease is characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase and requires lifelong enzyme replacement therapy. Imiglucerase is the standard treatment, which improves patient survival and quality of life. While defined daily doses (DDD) offer a standardized metric, the relative efficacy of adhering strictly to these guidelines, compared with tailored lower doses, has not been fully explored.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on 1,234 patients to investigate the survival outcomes associated with various levels of adherence to DDDs of imiglucerase, factoring in demographic diversity and comorbidity profiles, and to evaluate the feasibility of a more personalized dosing approach in the management of Gaucher disease. DDD adherence was categorized as equal to DDD, higher than DDD, or lower than DDD. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess survival probabilities over 16 years. Data on age, sex, comorbidities, and other demographic factors were collected to adjust for potential confounders.ResultsOver the 16-year period, our Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed distinct survival probabilities across the three groups based on their adherence to DDD of imiglucerase. Patients who received doses lower than DDD (n=880) had a survival probability of 91.8 percent. In contrast, those receiving doses equal to the DDD (n=15) had a 100 percent survival probability, since no events were observed in this group. The greater than DDD group (n=339) exhibited a survival probability of 81 percent. A log-rank test indicated a borderline statistical significance (p=0.058) in the survival distributions among the various DDD adherence levels, with a favorable trend in the lower dose group.ConclusionsOur research indicates that lower than usual doses of imiglucerase may improve survival rates in patients with Gaucher disease. This finding suggests that reduced dosages could lead to better clinical outcomes with fewer side effects, highlighting the potential benefits of personalized dosing strategies. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results and optimize dosing protocols.
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Siahaan, Desy Natalia, Burham Burham, and Reny Ayu Zendrato. "The Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Dispepsia Komplikasi Demam Tifoid di Rumkit Putri Hijau Medan 2018." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Health Research 2, no. 2 (2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/jharma.v2i2.913.
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Antibiotics are substances that are produced by microorganisms that live from fungi that can fight or can fight other types of microbes. The use of higher antibiotics can be used in the use of antibiotics that are not rational. This research aims to improve the quality and quality of antibiotic use in inpatients at Patients with dyspepsia and complications of typhoid fever at TK Hijau Putri II Hospital, Kesdam I / BB Medan in 2018.The study was conducted descriptive descriptive with cross sectional research design with retrospective data collection conducted during the 2018 period. Quantitative evaluation research used the DDD (Defined Daily Dose) method and qualitative evaluation using the Gyssens category.The results showed that of the 120 patients using antibiotics, the quality assessment of the Gyssens category obtained results of 90% category 0 (rational), 10% category IIIA (duration too long). Evaluation of the amount by the DDD method (Daily Dose Determined) obtained the use of antibiotics with a DDD value / 1000 patient-day the highest was the fluoroquinolone group (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin) with 56.4%, while for ciprofloxacin used 1,213 DDD / 1000 Patient-day and for levofloxacin have 1,000 DDD / 1000 Patient-days. Antibiotics for the third generation cephalosporins (cefotasim and ceftriaxone) with 43.14%, while for cefotasim have 713 DDD / 1000 Patient-days and for ceftriaxone have 1,000 DDD / 1000 Patient-days.
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Sánchez-Huesca, Ramiro, Abel Lerma, Rebeca M. E. Guzmán-Saldaña, and Claudia Lerma. "Prevalence of Antibiotics Prescription and Assessment of Prescribed Daily Dose in Outpatients from Mexico City." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010038.
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Pharmacoepidemiological research about antibiotics is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), but data regarding antibiotic prevalence based on actual prescriptions and dosing patterns are insufficient. The aims were: (i) To estimate the prevalence and prescribed daily dose (PDD) of antibiotics in outpatients from Mexico City and (ii) to compare the PDD against the defined daily dose (DDD), as established by the WHO. The study included 685 prescriptions of antibiotics selected randomly from five geographical zones of Mexico City. Drug, dose, frequency, and duration of treatment were obtained from each prescription. PDD values of each antibiotic drug were calculated as the average of the daily doses. Sub-use and overuse were determined by the ratio PDD/DDD for each prescription. The most prescribed antibiotics to outpatients from Mexico City included six pharmacological groups: quinolones (28%), penicillins (23%), cephalosporins (17%), macrolides (10%), lincosamides (9%), and sulfonamides (4%). Both overuse and sub-use were high (55% and 63%, respectively). In conclusion, most of the antibiotics with a high prevalence of prescription also had a high rate of either sub-use or overuse, with prescribed doses that significantly differ with their corresponding DDD. The dosing variation has important clinical implications since it denotes low prescription control.
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Utami, Ayu Dwi, Lila Wahyuni, Futri Handayani, Jhoti Sumitra, Sri Sukria, and Nova Marnovy. "Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Rawat Jalan di Puskesmas Pekan Heran dengan Metode Anatomical Theraupetic Chemical/ Defined Daily Dose and Drug Utilization Drug." JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science) 7, no. 2 (2024): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/jops.v7i2.4694.
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Antibiotik merupakan salah satu obat yang penggunaannya tertinggi di dunia. Penggunaan antibiotik yang relatif tinggi dapat meningkatkan resiko resistensi antibiotik. Berdasarkan beberapa penelitian di Indonesia penggunaan antibiotik di beberapa puskesmas menunjukan banyaknya penggunaan antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan antibiotik di puskesmas Pekan Heran pada tahun 2019-2022 dengan metode ATC/DDD dan melihat perubahan profil penggunaan antibiotic berdasarkan profil DU 90% yang dihitung dalam satuan DDD/1000 KPRJ. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 8 antibiotik yang digunakan di Puskesmas Pekan Heran yaitu amoksisilin, clindamisin, eritromisin, cefixime, kontrimoksazol, metronidazol, kloramfenikol dan cefadroksil. Pengumpulan data di dapat dari Rekam Medik pasien Puskesmas Pekan Heran, pengolahan data menggunakan metode ATC/DDD yang diolah menggunakan microsoft excel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan kuantitas penggunaan antibiotic mengalami fluktuatif selama periode 2019-2022. Penggunaan obat antibiotic tertinggi yaitu pada tahun 2019 sebesar 708,233 DDD/1000 KPRJ, dan penggunaan terendah yaitu pada tahun 2021 sebesar 1,157 DDD/1000 KPRJ. Profil penggunaan antibiotik di Puskesmas Pekan Heran periode 2019-2022 berdasarkan DU 90% yaitu amoksisilin, eritromisin dan metronidazol. Amoksisilin adalah obat yang paling tertinggi yang digunakan dengan persentase pada tahun 2019 sebesar 48,006%, tahun 2020 sebesar 58,054%, tahun 2021 sebesar 27,072% dan tahun 2022 sebesar 28,437%.
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Дедюшко, Г. В., and А. С. Карпицкий. "DDD Analysis of the Consumption of Reserve Antibacterial Drugs and its Role in the Antimicrobial Therapy Management." Рецепт, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2023.26.1.006.
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В статье представлены методология и результаты DDD-анализа потребления антибактериальных препаратов резерва, его возможности в принятии управленческих решений в инфекционном контроле по профилактике антибиотикорезистентности. В основе системы лежит мониторинг универсальной единицы измерения потребления лекарственного средства Defined Daily Dose (DDD), рекомендованной ВОЗ. Проведение DDD-анализа потребления антибактериальных препаратов резерва с учетом данных микробиологического мониторинга помогает оптимизировать применение антибиотиков, что сдерживает рост резистентности микроорганизмов в конкретном стационаре, снижает не только прямые необоснованные затраты на антимикробные препараты, но и непрямые экономические потери. Представленный в статье DDD-мониторинг антибиотиков резерва имеет высокую значимость для практического здравоохранения и является действенным микро- (на уровне структурного подразделения и учреждения здравоохранения) и макро- (на уровне региона и страны) экономическим инструментом управления антимикробной терапией (АМТ). The article presents the methodology and results of DDD analysis of the consumption of antibacterial drugs of the reserve, its capabilities in making managerial decisions in infection control for the prevention of antibiotic resistance. The system is based on the monitoring of the universal unit of measurement of drug consumption Defined Daily Dose (DDD), recommended by WHO. Conducting a DDD analysis of the consumption of reserve antibacterial drugs, taking into account microbiological monitoring data, helps to optimize the use of antibiotics, which inhibits the growth of resistance of microorganisms in a particular hospital, reduces not only direct unreasonable costs for antimicrobials, but also indirect economic losses. The DDD monitoring of reserve antibiotics presented in the article is of high importance for practical healthcare and is an effective micro- (at the level of a structural unit and a healthcare institution) and macro- (at the level of a region and country) economic tool for managing antimicrobial therapy (AMT).
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Geetha, S., and Deepa Patil. "Prescription Audit among Geriatric Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital." International Journal of Preclinical and Clinical Research 3, no. 1 (2022): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51131/ijpccr/v3i1.22_16.
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This study aims to evaluate the drug utilization pattern in terms of defined daily dose (DDD) among geriatric patients admitted in medical intensive care unit (MICU) of a tertiary care hospital. Retrospective medical record analysis was performed for the geriatric patients (age ≥65 years) admitted in MICU from 1st June 2021 and 31st December 2021. The relevant data were collected in a proforma. The drugs were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification and their DDD was calculated. Diabetes mellitus was the most common cause for admission. Parenteral preparations (51.12%) constituted the largest share among all the drugs prescribed. Pantoprazole - A02BC02 with DDD 25.3 was the most commonly prescribed parenteral drug (23.5%). Amlodipine - C08CA01 with DDD 29.0 was the most commonly prescribed oral drug (27.6%). Average number of drugs per patient was 10.37±0.27. Average number of antimicrobials prescribed per patient was 1.26±0.09. Ceftriaxone was the commonly prescribed antimicrobial drug. This study shows the most common causes of admission among geriatric patients in MICU setup and the pattern of drugs used. Drug utilization studies of this type may ultimately help in improving the quality of healthcare given to the geriatric patients. Keywords: Geriatric patients, Anatomical therapeutic chemical classification, Drug utilization pattern, Defined daily dose system
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Baiju, Agnus, Rosmin Jacob, and K. Krishnakumar. "The Relevance of Defined Daily Dose concept in Drug Utilisation Research: A Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 4-S (2021): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i4-s.4897.
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According to World Health Organisation (WHO), drug utilisation is defined as the marketing, distribution, prescription and the use of drugs in society with special focus on resulting medical, social and economic consequences and it has turned into a powerful scientific tool for ensuring the rational and cost-effective use of drugs. A standard method is required to identify and aggregate drug data. This manuscript provides an overview of the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the associated measure, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), as a methodology for evaluating drug utilisation.
 Keywords: Drug utilisation research, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, Defined Daily Dose, Rational drug use.
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Oki Nugraha Putra, Okix, Iswinarno D. Saputro, Hardiana D. Nurhalisa, and Erma Yuliana. "Surveilans Retrospektif Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Anak Dengan Luka Bakar." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 1 (2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.007.01.4.
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Luka bakar merupakan salah satu bentuk trauma dengan tingkat risiko infeksi yang tinggi. Modalitas utama pada infeksi akibat luka bakar ialah pemberian antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien luka bakar anak secara kualitatif menggunakan metode Gyssens dan secara kuantitatif menggunakan metode ATC/defined daily dose (DDD). Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif melalui data rekam medik pasien luka bakar anak yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yang dirawat di RSUD Dr. Soetomo pada tahun 2017-2019. Data diambil pada bulan November 2019 hingga Maret 2020. Didapatkan 18 pasien luka bakar anak yang memenuhi kategori inklusi. Antibiotik terbanyak yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu ceftazidime sebesar 64,28%. Berdasarkan metode Gyssens didapatkan 27,77% antibiotik berada dalam kategori sudah sesuai dan sisanya termasuk dalam kategori kurang tepat dengan 84,6% termasuk kategori IIa (tidak tepat dosis) dan 15,4% termasuk kategori IVa (antibiotik lain yang lebih efektif). Berdasarkan metode ATC DDD, didapatkan nilai total DDD /100 patients-days sebesar 88,92 DDD/100patient-days dengan ceftazidime merupakan antibiotik dengan nilai terbesar yaitu 23,03 DDD/100 patient-days. Jenis antibiotik yang termasuk dalam DU 90% adalah ceftazidime (23,03), ampicillin-sulbactam (15,45), ceftriaxon (13,65), amikacin (11,91), gentamicin (9,67) dan meropenem (8,51). Kesimpulannya ialah secara kualitatif penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien luka bakar anak masih kurang sesuai dan secara kuantitatif penggunaan antibiotik melebihi standar WHO. Diperlukan perbaikan dalam rangka meningkatkan rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien luka bakar anak. Kata Kunci: Antibiotik, Luka Bakar, Anak, Gyssens, Defined Daily Dose
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Nugraha Putra, Oki, Iswinarno Doso Saputro, Vaniode Dyahayu Vitari, and Ardia Respati Hapsari. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PROFILAKSIS UNTUK TINDAKAN SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT PADA LUKA BAKAR ANAK MENGGUNAKAN METODE ATC/DDD." Medical Sains : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian 7, no. 3 (2022): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37874/ms.v7i3.357.
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Pasien luka bakar berisiko tinggi terjadi infeksi. Salah satu cara untuk menurunkan risiko infeksi pada pasien luka bakar adalah surgical debridement yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan jaringan kulit yang mengalami nekrosis. Tindakan surgical debridement memiliki risiko kontaminasi bakteri yang dapat meningkatkan infeksi luka operasi. Pemberian antibiotik profilaksis diperlukan untuk mencegah infeksi pada surgical debridement. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengevaluasi kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis untuk tindakan surgical debridement pada pasien luka bakar anak menggunakan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Define Daily Dose (ATC/DDD). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif menggunakan rekam medis pasien luka bakar anak yang dirawat di RSUD Dr. Soetomo pada tahun 2018-2020. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan 30 pasien luka bakar anak yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Antibiotik profilaksis secara keseluruhan diberikan secara intravena dengan pemakaian terbanyak yaitu sefazolin (35%), seftazidim (32%), dan amikasin (8%). Hasil evaluasi menggunakan ATC/DDD didapatkan total nilai DDD/operation-days ialah 2,65 DDD/operation-days yang mengindikasikan 2,65% pasien menerima DDD antibiotik profilaksis per hari untuk tindakan surgical debridement. Antibiotik profilaksis yang masuk dalam segmen DU 90% antara lain sefazolin 0,87 DDD/operation-days, seftazidim 0,49 DDD/operation-days, seftriakson 0,43 DDD/operation-days, dan amikasin 0,41 DDD/operation-days. Selain itu, berdasarkan ketepatan pemilihan jenis antibiotik profilaksis diperoleh persentase sebesar 60%. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini ialah ditemukan perbedaan jenis antibiotik profilaksis yang digunakan untuk tindakan surgical debridement dengan yang tercantum di pedoman serta terdapat hubungan antara luas luka bakar dengan lama perawatan di rumah sakit serta frekuensi surgical debridement. Berdasarkan ATC/DDD, RSUD Dr.Soetomo telah cukup selektif dalam memilih antibiotik profilaksis untuk tindakan surgical debridement pada pasien luka bakar anak.
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Tomas, Ana, Nebojša Pavlović, Nebojša Stilinović, et al. "Increase and Change in the Pattern of Antibiotic Use in Serbia (2010–2019)." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040397.
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The aim of this study was to determine and describe trends in antibiotics utilization in Serbia over a ten-year period. Data were retrieved from publicly available annual reports (2010–2019). The results were expressed as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). All calculations were performed using the DDD values for the 2020 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) version for each year of the study, to account for the DDD changes during the study period. Antibiotics were classified using the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) classification. Total utilization of antibacterials for systemic use increased from 17.25 DID in 2010 to 28.65 DID in 2019. A statistically significant increasing trend in the use of the Watch category antibiotics was observed. A tendency towards use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, apparent by a statistically significant increase in the rate of utilization of broad-spectrum macrolides, quinolones and third-generation cephalosporins vs. narrow-spectrum ones, as well as a significant increasing trend in the use of quinolones was identified. Total antibiotic utilization was found to be well above the European average. Several specific problem areas were identified, which requires further efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing. The present study provides the information needed to facilitate antibiotic stewardship in Serbia further and proposes specific interventions to optimize antibiotic use in Serbia.
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Mehdi, Seema, Kishor Manohar, Atiqulla Shariff, et al. "Analysis of Antidepressants Utilization for Patients Visiting Psychiatric Out-Patient Clinic in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102081.
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Depression is a prevalent mental health condition treated with antidepressants and other psychotropic medications. This study aimed to assess the utilization pattern of antidepressants among patients visiting the outpatient clinic of the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital. The study included the patients who visited the study site and fulfilled the mental and behavioral diagnostic criteria for depression. The demographic and clinical details, including drugs prescribed, were documented in a study-specific data collection form. The ratio of Prescribed Daily Dose to Defined Daily Dose (PDD: DDD) was calculated to assess the adequacy of antidepressant utilization. Data total of 154 patients were collected. A total of 22 psychotropic drugs were used among the study patients as mono (n = 70), dual (n = 69), triple (n = 10), or quadruple therapy (n = 1). Escitalopram was the most often prescribed antidepressant out of the nine antidepressants alone and in combination and was used in slightly high doses (PDD: DDD ratio 1.6). Sertraline, paroxetine, and desvenlafaxine, were used in adequate doses (PDD: DDD between 1 and 1.1), and fluoxetine, duloxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine, and mirtazapine, were used in inadequate doses (PDD: DDD <0.5). Our study findings reveal the need for continuous assessment of antidepressants medications usage in a hospital set up.
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Fajriansyah, Akbar Awaluddin, Welly, and Zulfahmidah. "Monitoring the Use of Antibiotics in Children Patients Acute Respiratory Infection Using ATC/DDD Method." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 12 (2023): 10973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i12.6280.
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The use of antibiotics needs to be monitored because it is known that excessive use of antibiotics can increase resistance in the community and this has become a focus both nationally and globally. This study aims to evaluate the use of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infection at Hasanuddin University Hospital using the ATC/ DDD analysis method. The research design used a cross-sectional study design with retrospective data collection. The sample in this study was patient medical record data from January-December 2021, taken from total sampling and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Descriptive statistics are used to present and analyze data. Evaluation of the use of antibiotics by quantitative methods ATC/DDD (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)/Defined Daily Dose (DDD), DDD/1000/ patient/day. The results showed that the most widely used antibiotic was ampicillin (280 mg) 32.96 DDD/1000 patients/day and the lowest was cefadroxil (150 mg) 1.45 DDD/1000 patients/day. Antibiotics with the highest DDD / 100-patient days value and exceeding the WHO DDD standard were ampicillin antibiotics from the penicillin group with a DDD / 100 patient-day value of 32.96 DDD /100 patient-days.
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Modolo, Rodrigo, Ana Paula de Faria, Alessandra M. V. Ritter, Antonio Coca, and Heitor Moreno. "Defined daily dose (DDD) and its potential use in clinical trials of resistant hypertension." International Journal of Cardiology 202 (January 2016): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.096.
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Diaz-Morales, Erick, Ana Paola Pacheco-Hermosilla, Daniel Esteban Castro-Mangonez, and Nerlis Pajaro-Castro. "Implementation of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program at the Hospital and ICU Level of a Clinic in Sincelejo-Sucre." Scientia Pharmaceutica 92, no. 3 (2024): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm92030039.
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Objectives: In this retrospective observational study, the aim is to establish how the implementation of the use of antimicrobial stewardship programs at the hospital and intensive care unit level in a Sucre Clinic in Sincelejo has had a significant impact on the improvement of the rational use of antibiotics, due to the alarming situation of increasing antibiotic resistance. Materials and methods: The methodology used was to analyze the Excel database of the Clinic in such a way as to compare the data from 2017, the period prior to the implementation of the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP), with the subsequent evolution between the years 2018 and 2022, in relation to the institutional records of four antibiotics—ceftriaxone3, ciprofloxacin4, meropenem5, and vancomycin6, measured in defined daily dose (DDD). Results: According to the defined daily dose values obtained for the four antibiotics, a reduction in the defined daily dose was identified in the post-implementation period. On the other hand, considering the DDD reported by the World Health Organization for each of the antibiotics, significant differences were verified in comparison with those obtained in the clinic in the hospitalization and intensive care unit services. Conclusions: In conclusion, in the clinic, a reduction in the defined daily dose was verified in the period after the implementation of the antimicrobial stewardship program compared to the previous period, both in the hospitalization and intensive care unit, as well as having a mild-to-large effect with Cohen’s D.
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Meila, Okpri, Nurmutiya Nurmutiya, and Atika V. "Analysis of the Use of Antibiotics in Diarrhea Patients Hospitalization in Internal Disease at RSUP Persahabatan." Jurnal Midpro 12, no. 1 (2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/md.v12i1.190.
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Diarrhea is defecation with consistency of liquid (diarrhea) 3 times or more in one day (24 hours). Diarrhea is classified as acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO) there are 2 billion cases of diarrhea in adults worldwide every year. Diarrhea caused by bacteria (arising from heat and simtomsistemic), then the appropriate antibiotic drugs are given. Empirical administration of antibiotics can be done, but specific antibiotic therapy is given based on culture and germ resistance. The study design used descriptive method with cross sectional design. Data retrieval is done retrospectively from medical records. The data is analyzed quantitatively by calculating the DDD formula (Defined Daily Dose) and qualitatively by looking at the accuracy of the selection of antibiotic types, doses and length of antibiotic administration. Based on the results of the study in May-August 2018, 90 samples were included in inclusion. The results of quantitative analysis with DDD / 100 patient days were obtained by Ciprofloxacin iv (34.44) with the highest antibiotic DDD value. The results of the qualitative analysis were based on the exact indication (100%), the right dose (97.08%) and the exact duration of administration (46.26%).
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Steinke, Björn, Armin Sablotzki, Thomas Kremer, Angela Bethge, Annette Glas, and Jochen Gille. "Antibiotikaverbrauch auf einer Intensivstation für Schwerbrandverletzte." Handchirurgie · Mikrochirurgie · Plastische Chirurgie 51, no. 02 (2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0739-7820.
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Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Brandverletzte Patienten unterliegen einem besonders hohen Infektionsrisiko. Daraus könnte sich ein erhöhter Antibiotika-Verbrauch ergeben. In Deutschland existieren hierzu keine Daten. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Ermittlung der Antibiotikaverbrauchsdichte (AVD) bei Schwerbrandverletzten und der Vergleich mit operativen Intensivstationen. Patienten und Methode In die retrospektive Untersuchung wurden 136 Patienten eingeschlossen, die im Zeitraum von 2013 bis 2016 aufgrund einer schweren Verbrennung auf der Intensivstation des Schwerbrandverletztenzentrums (SBVZ) des Klinikums St. Georg Leipzig behandelt wurden. Die Anwendung von Antibiotika wurde anhand der elektronischen Krankenakte erfasst und die Anzahl der Tagesdosen in Recommended Daily Dose (RDD) und Defined Daily Dose (DDD) bezogen auf die Patiententage errechnet. Ergebnisse Medianes Patientenalter und verbrannte Körperoberfläche (VKOF) waren 56,5 Jahre [42; 75] bzw. 17 % [8,75; 31] bei einem ABSI von 7 [6; 9]. Eine Antibiotikatherapie erhielten 82 Patienten (60,3 %). Die AVD betrug insgesamt 77,38 RDD/100 PT bzw. 937,64 DDD/1000 PT und war damit etwas geringer als für operative Intensivstationen. Dabei wurden am häufigsten Fluorchinolone (16,90 RDD/100 PT; 259,91 DDD/1000 PT) verabreicht, gefolgt von Carbapenemen (12,76 RDD/100 PT; 128,44 DDD/1000 PT) und Aminopenicillinen/ BLI (11,54 RDD/100 PT; 115,39 DDD/1000 PT). Die am häufigsten nachgewiesenen Erreger waren Staphylococcus aureus (54,4 %), Enterococcus faecalis (54,4 %), E. coli (37,5 %) und Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36,8 %). Schlussfolgerung Der Gesamtverbrauch an Antibiotika bei Schwerbrandverletzten war im Vergleich zu anderen operativen Intensivpatienten nicht erhöht. Hinsichtlich einzelner Substanzklassen lassen sich aufgrund des besonderen Keimspektrums Besonderheiten feststellen.
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Mariana, Nina, Indriyati Indriyati, Aninda Dinar Widiantari, et al. "Gambaran Kuantitatif Antibiotik Menggunakan Metode Defined Daily Dose (DDD) Di Ruang Rawat Inap RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso Pada Januari-Juni 2019." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 1 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2021.007.01.6.
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Latar Belakang. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tepat dapat meminimalkan terjadinya resistensi antibiotika. selain penghematan secara ekonomi. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pemantauan dan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik di fasilitas kesehatan dan feedback terhadap peresepan antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi secara kuantitatif penggunaan antibiotik baik jenis dan jumlah antibiotik berdasarkan klasifikasi Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) dengan pengukuran Defined Daily Dose (DDD) sebagai metode terstandar pengukuran kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik. Metode. Penelitian ini adalah observasional deskriptif, menggunakan rancangan potong lintang pada periode Januari-Juni 2019 pada RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso. Kriteria inklusi berupa kasus pasien dewasa bukan kasus TB yang dirawat di ruang rawat inap non ICU dan penggunaan antibiotiknya masuk ke dalam klasifikasi Anatomical Therapueutic Chemical (ATC). Berdasarkan data rekam medik terkumpul dalam lembar pengumpul data. Hasil. Sebanyak 96 status rekam medik dengan 51 kasus penyakit infeksi non bedah dan 45 kasus infeksi bedah yang menggunakan antibiotik. Difteri merupakan kasus infeksi non bedah terbanyak yaitu 10.5%. Distribusi penggunaan antibiotik golongan beta laktam kombinasi inhibitor betalaktamase sebanyak 37.28%, golongan sefalosporin 33.90%, golongan penisilin sebanyak 10,17%. Berdasarkan nilai DDD/patient day antibiotik Penicillin Prokain memiliki nilai tertiggi yaitu sebesar 97.22 dan nilai DDD/patient day terendah yaitu pada antibiotik meropenem yaitu sebesar 0.22. Kesimpulan. Pada penelitian ini, kuantitas antibiotik berdasarkan nilai DDD/100 patient day tertinggi adalah Penisilin Prokain, seiring dengan difteri sebagai kasus penyakit infeksi non bedah terbanyak pada periode Januari-Juni 2019. Mengingat penelitian dilakukan pada saat kejadian luar biasa difteri, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut pada periode berikutnya sebagai data pembanding kuantitas antibiotik di masa depan.
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Pokrajac, Tatjana, Milan Čižman, and Bojana Beovič. "ANTIBIOTIC USE IN SLOVENIAN HOSPITALS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 11 (2020): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2020.364.
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Abstract: Motivation/Background: Antibiotics are commonly overused and misused what increase the emergence of resistant organisms, side- effects and costs. To assess the appropriate use of antibiotics many methods are available. The aim of the present study is to find correlation between antibiotic use and case mix index (CMI) in Slovenian hospitals.
 Method: In retrospective study (in the years between 2004 and 2013) we correlated the total consumption of antibiotics for systemic use and CMI. Weighted linear regression test analysis was performed to determine correlation between defined daily dose (DDD) / 100 admissions and DDD / 100 bed-days and CMI.
 Results: The total antibiotic consumption in all included hospitals was in mean 317.69 DDD / 100 admissions and 58.88 DDD / 100 bed days, respectively. CMI range were from 1.25 to 3.55. A significant correlation between consumption expressed in DDD / 100 admissions and CMI (p = 0.028) and DDD / 100 bed days and CMI (p =0.008) was found. Conclusions: Thus, detailed analysis of correlations between DDD of antibiotics and CMI may constitutes a proper use of antibiotics.
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Herawati, Fauna, Rika Yulia, Eelko Hak, et al. "A Retrospective Surveillance of the Antibiotics Prophylactic Use of Surgical Procedures in Private Hospitals in Indonesia." Hospital Pharmacy 54, no. 5 (2018): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578718792804.
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Background: According to international guidelines, prophylactic antibiotics in elective surgery should be given as a single dose 30 to 60 minutes before the operation is conducted. Postoperative administration of antibiotics should be discontinued 24 hours after surgery to minimize bacterial resistance and to keep control over hospitalization costs. There is a lack of data on the actual antibiotic use around surgical procedures in Indonesia. Objective: This retrospective surveillance study aimed to obtain defined daily doses (DDD) and DDDs per 100 bed days (DDD-100BD) for prophylactically used antibiotics in two private hospitals in Surabaya, East Java. These hospitals are considered to be representative for the current situation in Indonesia. Method: Data from a total of 693 patients over a nearly 1-year period (2016) were collected and evaluated. Results: The overall DDD per patient was 1.5 for hospital A and 1.7 for hospital B. The overall DDD-100BD was 30 for hospital B. Of the 24 antibiotics given prophylactically, ceftriaxone was the most commonly used in both hospitals. Conclusion: There was a clear discrepancy between daily practice in both hospitals and the recommendations in the guidelines. This study shows that better adherence to antibiotic stewardship is needed in Indonesia. Substantial improvements need to be made toward guided precision therapy regarding quantity (dose and frequency), route of administration (prolonged intravenous), and choice of the type of antibiotic.
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Basuki, Adriyanto Rochmad, and Gita Mayasari. "Analisis Kuantitatif Antibiotika Pada Pasien Rawat Inap dengan Metode ATC/ DDD dan DU 90% di RSUD Kota Yogyakarta." Jurnal Sehat Indonesia (JUSINDO) 6, no. 02 (2024): 788–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.59141/jsi.v6i02.143.
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Antibiotika adalah obat yang digunakan pada penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Komite Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba di rumah sakit mempunyai peranan penting dalam pengendalian peresepan antibiotika di rumah sakit salah satunya melalui surveilans penggunaan antibiotika. Surveilans penggunaan antibiotika dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif maupun kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotika di pasien rawat inap secara kuantitatif dengan metode ATC/DDD (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose) WHO dan Drug Utilization (DU) 90% di RSUD Kota Yogyakarta. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi deskriptif dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif dari rekam medis pasien rawat inap tahun 2021 dan 2022 yang memenuhi syarat inklusi dan ekslusi. Hasil penelitian: antibiotika yang banyak digunakan tahun 2021 yaitu Azithromisin sebesar 22,03 DDD/100 diikuti oleh Moksifloksasin sebesar 14,33 DDD/100 dan Seftriakson sebesar 12,87 DDD/100. Tahun 2022 antibiotika yang banyak digunakan Seftriakson sebesar 16,81 DDD/100 diikuti Moksifloksasin 7,83 DDD/100 dan Sefuroksim 5,58 DDD/100. Azithromisin merupakan antibiotika dengan nilai DDD/100 hari rawat terbesar tahun 2021 dan seftriakson merupakan antibiotika terbesar dengan nilai DDD/100 hari rawat untuk tahun 2022. Perbedaan nilai DDD/100 antara tahun 2021 dibandingkan 2022 adalah karakteristik diagnosis yang berbeda, dimana tahun 2021 didominasi pasien COVID-19.
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Reddy, T. Muneswar, Thammi Setty Durga Prasad, Allikesam Hemalatha, Vanam Chanukya, and Bandi Lakshmi Sirisha. "Drug utilization pattern among geriatrics according to anatomical therapeutic chemical and defined daily dose classification in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 9 (2019): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194105.
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Background: This study was conducted to determine the drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients in general medicine department of the hospital.Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted for a period of six months (November 2016 to April 2017) among 200 geriatric patients; demographic details, education, occupation, diagnosis and drug details were recorded. The drugs were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and defined daily dose (DDD) was calculated. The World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators were assessed.Results: The majority of the patients (59%) were in age group of 60-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases were common among geriatrics. Most commonly prescribed drug was Pantoprazole (81.7%). Drugs were assigned with ATC/DDD codes according to the guidelines of WHO. Drugs prescribed by their generic names were 56.64% and 43% of drugs that were included in the National Essential Medicines List.Conclusions: Clinical pharmacist have to collaborate and work together with physicians in selecting and adjusting the dose among geriatric population in order to reduce development of potential adverse drug reactions, serious drug related complications and drug interaction.
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Bernaz, Emilian P., Gheorghe Ch. Ciobani, Elizaveta V. Tentiuc, Eduard I. Borovic, and Liviu A. Vovc. "Surveillance of antimicrobials use in Emergency Medicine Institute." Moldovan Medical Journal 60, no. 1 (2017): 39–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1050966.
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<strong>Background</strong>: Antibiotics have had a profound impact on humanity’s health, by improving our ability to prevent, cure and reduce the transmission of many infectious diseases. It is widely known, that the unnecessary or inappropriate use of antibiotics, occurs up to 50% of prescriptions only in the United States and Canada. Fortunately all negative impact on the human health can be roughly imagined. <strong>Material and methods: </strong>For this study we used the data of a six-year (2009-2014) period in the Emergency Medicine Institute and their main subdivisionswhich show the consumption dynamics of antibacterials use in natural indexes. <strong>Results: </strong>The total annual medium consumption of antimicrobials was registered as the following: ICD 1796.98 DDD/1000, SSOTD 566.12 DDD/1000and EMI 584.05DDD/1000, with the parenteral to enteral forms share of respectively 94.67% to 5.33%, 85.62% to 14.38% and 83.52% to 16.48%. Five fromnine main groups: beta-lactam antibacterials, penicilins, other beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, other antibacterials and quinolone antibacterials registeredaround 90% of all antibiotics consumption. Comparatively to Australian hospitals and hospitals other worldwide countries in EMI consumption perDDD/1000 was lower: by 3.39 and 2.22 times for tetracyclines, by 5.1 and 4.63 for beta-lactam and penicilins, as well as by 2.55 and 1.63 for macrolidesand lincosamides. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The obtained data about the dynamics of antibacterials consumption in EMI and their main departments, in comparison with hospitalsfrom other worldwide countries, represents important arguments and reserves for improving quality treatment, planning, rational prescription andutilization of antibiotics in hospitals.
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Fernández-Barrantes, Cristina, Allan Ramos-Esquivel, Luis Esteban Hernández-Soto, et al. "Trends in Antimicrobial Consumption in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Costa Rica from 2017 to 2021: A Comparative Analysis of Defined Daily Doses per 100 Bed Days and per 100 Discharges." Antibiotics 13, no. 10 (2024): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13100939.
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Background: Antimicrobial consumption (AMC) data in Latin America are scarce and usually spread out across different sources used to make AMC calculations, making it difficult to both standardize and compare regions through similar time frames. The main objective was to analyze AMC trends in Social Security tertiary care hospitals in Costa Rica in the period spanning January 2017 to December 2021, using both the defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed days and DDD/100 discharges. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of antimicrobial consumption. Global consumption trends were calculated and expressed as DDD/100 bed days and DDD/100 discharges. Trends in antimicrobial consumption were analyzed using a simple linear regression model to determine potential differences in antimicrobial usage throughout the study’s duration. Results: A statistically significant increase in the consumption expressed in DDD/100 discharges was observed in the following groups: carbapenems, 7.6% (trend: 64.68, p < 0.0001), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: 12.6% (trend: 16.45, p < 0.0001), quinolones 9.4% (trend: 36.80, p = 0.02), vancomycin 2.0% (trend: 16.30, p = 0.03), echinocandins: 6.0% (trend: 15.17, p = 0.01) and azole antifungals: 12.10% (trend: 102.05, p < 0.0001). Additionally, a statistically significant increase of 10.30% in the consumption of azole antifungals expressed in DDD/100 bed days was observed (p = 0.0008). In contrast, a statistically significant decrease in consumption, expressed in DDD/100 discharges, was identified for cephalosporins −6.0% (p < 0.0001) and macrolides −16.5% (p < 0.0001). Macrolides also showed a downward trend in consumption, as expressed in DDD/100 bed days (−14.3%, p < 0.0001). According to World Health Organization (WHO) access, watch and reserve (AWaRe) classification trend analysis, only the reserve group showed a statistically significant upward change of 9.2% (p = 0.016). Conclusions: This five-year analysis demonstrated trends over time in overall antimicrobial consumption measured in DDD/100 bed days and DDD/100 discharge rates that correlate. In general, for all antimicrobials, after the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP), a downward trend is reported; in contrast, during the COVID-19 pandemic the AMC shows a general upward trend. The comparison between DDD/100 bed days and DDD/100 discharges allows for complementary comparisons to be made regarding antimicrobial exposure in a clinical setting.
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Lahiry, Sandeep, Avijit Kundu, Ayan Mukherjee, Shouvik Choudhury, and Rajasree Sinha. "Analyzing Antidiabetes Drug Prescriptions With World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose Index to Assess Drug Utilization Pattern in Elderly Population of Rural Eastern India." Indian Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (January 1, 2017): 117739361770334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177393617703343.
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Objective: To analyze drug utilization (DU) pattern of antidiabetes drug (ADD) prescription in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural West Bengal based on 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) Index. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Prescription data of 600 elderly patients (age > 60 years) attending outpatient clinic were screened over 12 months (January 2015 to January 2016) from 5 different rural hospitals in West Bengal. Pooled data were sorted and classified in accordance with 2016 ATC/DDD WHO Index. Direct cost associated and consumption of ADD were measured as DDD/1000 patients/day. The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to antidiabetic medicines were monitored. Results: During the study period, mean age of patients recorded was 66.4 ± 5.0 years, with 66.6% (n = 396) having history of T2DM > 5 years. Follow-up encounters (n = 2328) revealed metformin (94.67%), sulfonylureas (SUs) (50.54%), pioglitazone (24.22%), voglibose (22.50%), insulin (9.75%), and acarbose (6.82%) to be more prevalent, constituting DU 90% (92.01%). Combination of metformin plus SU was recorded in most of the patients (56%). Insulin, however, was found to be an underutilized class ( P < .005). The DDD/1000 patients/day of metformin (2.918), glimepiride (1.577), and gliclazide (0.069) conformed to 2016 WHO ATC/DDD Index. The total ADD consumption during study period was 5.03 DDD/1000 patients/day. The average drug cost per encounter per day was Rs 11.24 ± 2.01. Nineteen ADRs were reported and their descriptions were found to be of hypoglycemia (n = 9), pedal edema (n = 2), and gastrointestinal upsets (n = 8). Target glycemic status was achieved in 40% monthly follow-up encounters. Low-store drug availability and poor compliance to treatment (>60%) were major determinants. Lack of regular aerobic exercises (>85%) and proper knowledge regarding medical nutrition therapy (MNT) (>80%) and low average consultation time (3.5 ± 0.6 minutes) were important contributing factors. Conclusions: The study exhibited increased utilization of 2 drug combinations of oral ADD and lower utilization of insulin during study period. Such inferences merit further exploration.