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Uetake, K., K. Yayou, and T. Okamoto. "Influence of feeding operation and social factors on cattle locomotion in free stall barns." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-095.
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The influence of feeding operation and social factors on voluntary movement of cattle was studied with a group of nine Holstein calves in free stall barns. The results of this study suggest that cattle can move more voluntarily when rations are put beyond the place that farmers want them to walk through. The results also suggest that conflicts between motivations for approaching rations and avoiding competitive feeding behaviour should be considered when efficient systems of locomotion control of cattle groups are designed, such as in AMSs. Key words: Dairy cattle, feeding, social behaviour, motivation
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Gibbons, J., A. B. Lawrence, and M. Haskell. "Methods for assessing sociability of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019414.
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Sociability refers to the extent to which animals seek social companionship. Individual differences in social behaviour exist between animals. It is important to measure individual social motivation in order to develop suitable temperament scores that can be used in future breeding programmes or as part of welfare assessment schemes. Runway tests have been shown as reliable methods of measuring sociability in animals (Birds Mills & Faure, 1991; Sheep Sibbald et al., 2005). The aim was to develop a suitable test that could be used to measure sociability of cows in a commercial situation. The following questions were addressed i) How repeatable is the runway test when carried out on dairy cattle, ii) Does a cow’s performance in a runway test correlate with social behaviour within a group house setting?
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McConnachie, Emilie, Anne Marieke C. Smid, Alexander J. Thompson, Daniel M. Weary, Marek A. Gaworski, and Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk. "Cows are highly motivated to access a grooming substrate." Biology Letters 14, no. 8 (August 2018): 20180303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0303.
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In natural environments, cattle use trees and other abrasive surfaces to scratch and groom themselves. Modern indoor dairy cattle housing systems often lack appropriate grooming substrates, restricting the animals' ability to groom. We assessed the motivation of dairy cows to access an automated mechanical brush, a grooming resource that can be implemented in indoor cattle housing systems. Cows were trained to push a weighted gate to access either fresh feed (positive control), a mechanical brush or the same space without a brush (negative control). Weight on the gate was gradually increased until all cows failed to open it. The weight each cow was willing to push to access each resource was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Despite differences in methodology used to obtain data on motivation to access feed and the brush, the outcomes were very similar; cows worked as hard for access to fresh feed and the brush ( p = 0.94) and less hard for access to the empty space (compared with fresh feed: p < 0.01; brush: p < 0.02). These results indicate that cows are highly motivated to access a mechanical brush and that it is an important resource for cows.
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Abebe, Belete, and Mulugeta Alemayehu. "Challenges and Opportunities on Estrus Synchronization and Mass Artificial Insemination in Dairy Cows for Smallholders in Ethiopia." International Journal of Zoology 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9914095.
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In this paper, the potentials and constraints on estrus synchronization (ES) and artificial insemination (AI) practice for dairy cattle producers were overviewed. Compared to other African countries, Ethiopia has large numbers of dairy cattle population. However, the self-sufficiency in milk production is not yet attained due to the presence of a lot of limitations that hamper the success of ES and mass AI practice in many parts of the country such as improper selection of cows/heifers, inseminating a large number of cows/heifers in one day at a specific place (which creates stress for both AI technicians and female animals), absence of a data recording system, lack of clearly defined share of responsibilities among stakeholders, poor communication and collaboration among stakeholders, lack of motivations and skills of AI technicians, lack of support and readily available inputs, feed shortages, improper heat detection by smallholders and time of insemination, and lower reproductive performances of both indigenous and crossbred cows which consequently contributed to the unsuccessfulness of the technology.
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Paudyal, Sushil, Leslie Frenzel, and Kathrin Dunlap. "Influencing Perceptions in Non-animal Science Majors: Impact of a High Enrollment, Asynchronous Core Curriculum Science General Animal Science Course." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.083.
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Abstract Perceptions of animal production industry and background knowledge of animal science vary greatly amongst students, particularly non-animal science majors. The objective was to assess the influence of a large asynchronous core curriculum science course, General Animal Science, on non-major student perceptions and knowledge of animal science. Student surveys (n = 634) were conducted (preceding and subsequent to course completion. The majority (57.66%) indicated no agriculture background. Among those reporting an agriculture background, 47.82% indicated having animal industry experience, and a mean score of 4.22 [SD 2.96; Likert scale (0–10)] evaluating perceived strength of their agriculture background. Of respondents, 34.77% indicated experience with companion animal, 13.6% beef cattle, 12.5% equine, 10.4% sheep and goats, 8.01% swine, 9.7% poultry, and 3.5% dairy cattle. Post-course responses were received from 71% of the enrolled students (n=541), and comprised of freshman (0–29 credit hours; n = 81), sophomore (30–59, n = 142), junior (60–89; n = 141), senior (90+; n = 48). Respondents indicated a mean score of 7.51 [SD 2.47; Likert scale (0–10)] that this course increased their interest in animal science and indicated a mean score of 6.71 (SD 2.97) on motivation to further their animal science knowledge. Students reported they felt more informed in beef cattle (40.10%), dairy cattle (15.05%), equine (14.56%), poultry (10.92%), swine (4.61%), and small animal (6.55%) production industries. Respondents (98.06%) indicated increased confidence as an educated consumer of animal products and a majority (92.2%) agreed this course helped eliminate misconceptions related to the animal production industry. In addition, 34.22% responded extremely likely, and 50.73% somewhat likely to utilize course knowledge in their everyday life. We concluded that enrollment in the asynchronous core curriculum science course, General Animal Science, reduced misconceptions related to animal production and increased knowledge of and appreciation of the animal production industry in non-animal science majors.
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Yarnall, Matt J., and Michael V. Thrusfield. "Engaging veterinarians and farmers in eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea: a systematic review of economic impact." Veterinary Record 181, no. 13 (August 29, 2017): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104370.
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Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is a significant drain on efficient and successful cattle production in both dairy and beef systems around the world. Several countries have achieved eradication of this disease, but always through the motivation of stakeholders who accept the benefits of eradication. These include increased cattle welfare and fitness of cattle to withstand other diseases, and decreased costs of production, the latter resulting from both decreased costs spent on managing the disease and decreased losses. This paper provides a systematic review of 31 papers, published between 1991 and 2015, that address the economic impact of BVD. Each paper takes a different approach, in either beef or dairy production or both. However with the breadth of work collated, a stakeholder engaged in BVD eradication should find an economic figure of most relevance to them. The reported economic impact ranges from £0 to £552 per cow per year (£2370 including outliers). This range represents endemic or subclinical disease situations seen in herds with stable BVD virus infection, and epidemic or severe acute situations, most often seen in naïve herds. The outcome of infection is therefore dependent on the immune status of the animal and severity of the strain. The variations in figures for the economic impact of BVD relate to these immune and pathogenicity factors, along with the variety of impacts monitored.
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Baxter-Smith, Katharine, and Robert Simpson. "OPEN ACCESS: Insights into UK farmers' attitudes towards cattle youngstock rearing and disease." Livestock 25, no. 6 (November 2, 2020): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.6.274.
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There is increased industry focus on optimised welfare, productivity and antibiotic usage in cattle youngstock, however, little is known about UK farmers' attitudes and practices in rearing calves. In this cross-sectional study, 479 farmers were surveyed online about their cattle youngstock rearing approach and outcomes. Represented were 174 dairy farmers, 255 beef suckler farmers and 50 calf rearers. Farmers showed awareness of good youngstock rearing practices such as colostrum management and housing facilities. Morbidity and mortality from diarrhoea (82%, 48%) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) (68%, 48%) were high on farms surveyed but farmers did not frequently consult their veterinary surgeon regarding these diseases. Farmers surveyed were not always aware of the efficacy of preventative methods such as vaccination, and frequently used antibiotic treatments (27% for diarrhoea and 40% for BRD) but not diagnostics when animals had disease. Veterinary surgeons could use these insights to better understand farmers' motivations and priorities, to make communication more efficient and align goals.
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Detilleux, J., J. Arendt, A. Dewaele, F. Lomba, C. Doyen, L. Brumagne, D. Simon, F. Condis, and P. Triffoy. "A centre for the control of animal health and its management: veterinary field studies of dairy cows in Belgium." BSAP Occasional Publication 24 (1999): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500043247.
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AbstractIn 1998, the European Community, the Region Wallonne, and the Province du Hainaut funded the project known as the Centre for the control of animal health and its management (CESAM). This project was initiated in the Hainaut province of Belgium to answer problems encountered by cattle producers. Its overall goal is the identification of stages in the entire bovine production process where economic efficiency can be increased. A part of this project aims principally at the study of the impact of health-related problems on dairy production. For this part of the project, 32 veterinarians and 51 farmers started collecting data in the field. The methodology for data collection was based mainly on the harmony between the farmer and the veterinarian. Therefore, several procedures were implemented to ensure adequate motivation of both farmers and veterinarians. Farmers note all events of their livestock using a list, which contains disease events, preventive treatments, reasons for culling, and management practices. A veterinarian visits farms monthly to validate collected data and to discuss specific problems. During these farm visits, veterinarians collect body condition scores on adult cows. Veterinarians record also information on health problems they encounter during their normal practice using an international health data recording nomenclature. A national organization provides unique animal identification system. Production data will be recorded and feeding practices, milking procedures and barn comfort indices will be regularly investigated. All data will be collected on pre-printed documents, scanned at CESAM and centralized in a relational computer database. Criteria to evaluate the quality of the proposed methodology are presented.
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Khmelnychyi, L., and S. Khmelnychyi. "Population-genetic parameters of the traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed." Tehnologìâ virobnictva ì pererobki produktìv tvarinnictva, no. 2(150) (December 17, 2019): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2019-150-2-06-13.
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Researches of the linear traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed were conducted in the herd of the breeding plant of the Pidlisnivskoyi branch of PJSC «Rise-Maksymko» in Sumy region. The results of the correlated variability between conformation measurements and the value of animal milk yield in the age-related lactation dynamics were presented. Positive correlation coefficients were determined within the statistical significance between measurements and milk yield of first-born cows: height at withers (r=0,422) and sacrum (0,353), chest depth (r=0,362), width in pin (r=0,311), hip bone (0,271 ) and ischial humps (r=0.366); oblique body length (r=0,286) and rear (r=0,244); chest girth (r=0.391). With age ties are weakening. The degree of heritability measurements varies within the traits and age of cows. In the herd of the breeding farm revealed sufficient, reliable by Fisher's criterion, the level of inheritance coefficients, which will provide adequate efficiency of mass selection by height measurements at the withers (h2=0,347) and sacrum (h2=0,288), depth (h2=0,244) and chest girth (h2=0,348), rear width (h2=0,251‒0,264), oblique body length (h2=0,318) and rear part (h2=0,216), for which animals differed at the age of the first lactation. It was determined that the share of variability of measurements of the main traits of the body structure is caused by the heritability of improving breed (22.1‒36.4 %), parent breeding value of cows (16.1‒37.7 %), blood of father (10.9‒26, 6 %) and father line (8.6‒19.6 %). The positive correlation coefficients have been determined between the majority of body parts measurements and the value of milk yield, and the sufficient level of heritability in age-related lactation dynamics were the motivating factors for efficiency of selective breeding of dairy cattle breed by conformation. Power of influence of the breeding value of parent and his origin on the indicators of the conformation measurements of their offspring indicated the need to consider when selection of indicators of comprehensive assessment the breeding value of sires. Key words: Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, cows, measurements, correlation, inheritance, power of influence, hope.
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Veerkamp, R. F., M. P. L. Calus, B. Beerda, and J. Ten Napel. "Robustness in dairy cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021621.
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Robustness can be defined as “the capacity to handle disturbances in common and sustainable, e.g. economically, systems”. To achieve a robust farming system, a broad perspective is needed (Napel 2005), but here we focus on genetic selection for robust cows and the origin of the need for such animals.
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Holschbach, Chelsea L., and Simon F. Peek. "Salmonella in Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 34, no. 1 (March 2018): 133–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005.
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Velecká, Milena, Jana Javorová, Daniel Falta, Milan Večeřa, Jiří Andrýsek, and Gustav Chládek. "The Effect of Temperature and Time of Day on Welfare Indices in Loose-housed Holstein Cows." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 3 (2014): 565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462030565.
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This study was carried out with the aim to assess the effect of temperature and time of day on the values of welfare indices in Holstein dairy cows. The observation continued for one year and included 77 Holstein cows. The cows were loose-housed in one of the four sections of the barn with straw-bedded stalls. The cows were milked three times a day (at 4.00, 8.00 and 17.00). The barn is situated on Mendel University farm in Žabčice (the Czech Republic: GPS 49°0′51.786″N, 16°36′14.809″E). The air temperature was monitored with three sensors fitted at the level of the animals’ whithers in 15-minute intervals. The following welfare indices were evaluated: CCI (the Cow Comfort Index), CCI* (the modified Cow Comfort Index which reflects the motivation to lie down), SSI (the Stall Standing Index) and PEL (the Proportion Eligible Lying). The maximal CCI values (above 90%) and the minimal SSI values (below 10%) were found (in the barn in Zabcice) at temperatures up to 30 °C. The maximal CCI* values (above 70%) only occurred at temperatures up to 20 °C. The maximal PEL values (above 80%) were detected at temperatures up to 25 °C. The maximal CCI values (above 90%) as well as the minimal SSI values (below 10%) were found in the period between 9.00 and 12.00 (+1 to +3 hours after milking). The maximal PEL values (above 80%) occurred in the period between 9.00 and 16.00 (+1 to +8 hours after milking). The maximal CCI* values (above 70%) were detected between 14.00 and 15.00 (+6 to +7 hours after milking). CCI* index appears to be more eligible for welfare assessment compared to CCI index. This study could have a practical impact on cattle husbandry because it may help the farmers secure adequate husbandry conditions for the animals and thus positively affect milk production.
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van Arendonk, Johan A. M., and Anna-Elisa Liinamo. "Dairy cattle production in Europe." Theriogenology 59, no. 2 (January 2003): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(02)01240-2.
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Drost, M. "Fertility management in dairy cattle." Theriogenology 25, no. 6 (June 1986): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-691x(86)90089-0.
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Herdt, Thomas H. "Metabolic Diseases of Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, no. 2 (July 2013): xi—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.05.001.
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Beaver, Annabelle, Caroline Ritter, and Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk. "The Dairy Cattle Housing Dilemma." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.11.001.
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Lonkila, Annika. "Making invisible cattle: commodifying genomic knowledge in dairy cattle breeding." TRACE ∴ Journal for Human-Animal Studies 3 (April 24, 2017): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23984/fjhas.53184.
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Molecular genomics have revolutionized the dairy cattle breeding industry in recent years. Genomic technologies, seen as capable for solving challenges ranging from farm viability to animal health and sustainability, have restructured dairy breeding networks and markets globally and transformed relationships between humans, non-human animals, and technologies. Furthermore, they have created possibilities for increased commercialization and appropriation of breeding practices and the intensified objectification and machination of animals. In this paper I combine the theories of market creation and commodification to understand how the ‘genomic market’ was created in Finnish dairy cattle breeding and examine the repercussions of this development within dairy production more broadly. By drawing on textual and interview data by breeding companies and cattle owners, I explore how genomic knowledge becomes stabilized and objectified as a commodity. I also examine how cattle owners and cattle become requalified as actors within this market and how they co-produce and contest the process in significant ways. My results indicate that the commodification of genomic knowledge contributes to a powerful reinterpretation of Finnish dairy production and can have important moral and material repercussions for human and non-human animal lives within those networks.
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Gordon, Jessica L., Stephen J. LeBlanc, and Todd F. Duffield. "Ketosis Treatment in Lactating Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 29, no. 2 (July 2013): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.03.001.
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Mondaca, Mario R. "Ventilation Systems for Adult Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2018.10.006.
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Lopes, Sabrina Thabla Pereira, Bruno Da Silva Prado, Gustavo Henrique Chaves Martins, Hiran Esmeraldo Albuquerque Beserra, Marcos Antônio Celestino de Souza Filho, Luanna Soares de Melo Evangelista, Janaina De Fátima Saraiva Cardoso, Ana Lys Bezerra Barradas Mineiro, and José Adalmir Torres De Souza. "Trypanosoma vivax in Dairy Cattle." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (April 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86772.
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Background: Trypanosoma vivax is a protozoan that causes reproductive disorders and decreased production in domestic and wild ungulate animals. The bovine are the main hosts of the disease and the transmission occurs by the bite of hematophagous insects, mainly tabanids. Several diagnostic techniques can be used to detect the parasite, both in parasitologicalform and by serological kits. In Brazil, the disease has been reported in bovines, goats and sheep of some states, with high morbidity and mortality and due to the scarcity of results on the epidemiology of the disease, this work had the objective to report the presence of T. vivax in a female bovine of a dairy herd in Parnaíba county, Piauí.Case: The animal naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax, was a three-year-old cow from a dairy farm in the Parnaíba county, located in the north of Piauí state. The farm had a herd whith 62.20% of young Girolando breed cows and the breeding system used was semi-confinement, with two mechanical milking per day. At the time of a Veterinarian’s technicalvisit to the property, it was observed the occurrence of abortions, mastitis, estrus repetitions and cows with hematuria, leading to the suspicion of the bovine leptospirosis occurrence. Blood samples were collected from 78 cows from the herd for hematological, biochemical and serological tests, and 72 (92.30%) were reactive to some Leptospira serovars. All the exams were carried out at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). In the group of animals negative for leptospirosis, a female was diagnosed positive for bovine trypanosomiasis, confirming the result in the blood smear. This animal had no clinical signs characteristic of the disease at the time of the evaluation.Discussion: Blood trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma vivax were visualized on several slides of the animal smear and all the morphological structures of the parasite found were clearly seen under microscopyas described in the literature. The hematological alterations observed were normochromic normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis due tolymphocytosis, monocytosis and eosinophilia. The anemia and leukocytosis clinical condition found in the specific animal is commonly found in bovines naturally infected by trypanosomiasis in the chronic phase of the disease. The results of the serum biochemistry revealed decreased blood glucose and increased renal and hepatic parameters, as well as the inversion of the albumin-globulin ratio. Similar laboratory results were also described previously. The animal had a good body score, a good diet and showed no clinical signs of the disease. A good nutrition may have controlled the T. vivax parasitaemia, avoiding the characterization of the clinical condition. This fact can be attributed to the differences in pathogenicity of the parasite and/or susceptibility of a particular host. In the area of the farm where the cattle were housed the presence ofseveral tabanids was noticed and the increase of these insects in the environment is considered a risk factor, predisposing, even, the occurrence of new outbreaks. The epidemiological situation of the disease in Brazil is described, for the most part, by reports of outbreaks or specific events, revealing the lack of more consistent studies. With this result it is knownthat trypanosomiasis exists in the dairy herd of the state of Piauí, being important to carry out new work to diagnose the epidemiological situation of the disease within the productive context of our region.Keywords: bovine, dairy herd, trypanosomiasis.
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Kujala, Minna, Ian R. Dohoo, Minna Laakso, Christian Schnier, and Timo Soveri. "Sole ulcers in Finnish dairy cattle." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.007.
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Yoon, Chon-Sam, Takeo Sakai, Masaio Mizuno Ishizuka, Fumio Honma Ito, and Wong-Chang Lee. "Morbidity in dairy cattle in Korea." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 16, no. 3 (July 1993): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(93)90065-2.
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Reis Filho, João Cruz, Paulo Sávio Lopes, Rui da Silva Verneque, Robledo de Almeida Torres, Roberto Luiz Teodoro, and Paulo Luiz Souza Carneiro. "Population structure of Brazilian Gyr dairy cattle." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 12 (December 2010): 2640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010001200012.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the genetic structure of Gyr cattle selected for milk production. Files of pedigree and production were composed of 27,610 animals. The ENDOG program was used for the calculation of individual inbreeding coefficient (F) and coefficient of average relatedness (AR), effective number of animals(Ne), effective number of founders (f e) and ancestors (f a), and generation interval (GI). Individual inbreeding coefficients and average relatedness in the population were 2.82% and 2.10%, respectively. It was observed a reduction in the effective number of animals, especially after publication of the results of the first progeny test. The estimated effective number of founders was 146 and 75 for the ancestrals. Out of those, only 28 ancestors accounted for the origin of 50% of the population genes. The average generation interval was 8.41 years and it was longer for males than for females. For maintaining genetic variability in future generations, it should be invested mating strategies that reduce inbreeding and which do not use massively only some high breeding value sires.
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Yarantseva, S. В., M. A. Shishkina, and L. D. Gerasimchuk. "New breed of dairy cattle Sibiryachka." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 6 (January 29, 2020): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-6-7.
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Based on the use of the best domestic and world gene pool of the Holstein breed, a domestic highly productive breed of cattle with a genetic potential of more than 10 000 kg of milk per lactation adapted to the climatic conditions of Siberia was created. When breeding it, different reproductive crosses were used. As a result, a competitive livestock breed with a population of 26 770 heads was obtained. The productivity of 10 129 cows at the time of breed testing averaged 7,461 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.78% and a protein content of 3.16%. In terms of milk yield and protein content in milk, they surpass Black-and-White cows by 1,460 kg and 0.05%, respectively. However, the animals of the original breed have a higher fat content of milk, by 0.14%. The live weight of cows of Sibiryachka breed is 36 kg (6%) more than that of Black-and-White cows. Young animals of the new breed are intensively growing and developing. At all ages, their live weight is higher than Black-and-White peers. The average daily increase from birth to one year for heifers of the new breed was 770 g, for Black-and-White peers – 700 g. For a growing period of up to 18 months, daily growth averaged 706 and 673 g, respectively. The live weight of heifers at 18 months is 424 kg, Black-and-White – 405 kg, which allows insemination of heifers of Sibiryachka breed 24 days earlier. The average yield of calves over 3 years in the new breed was 82.7%, in the original one it was 3.7% less. The period of use of the cows of the created breed is 3.47 calving, which is 8% more compared to the Black-and-White breed.
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Kartashova, Anastasiya, and Emiliya Firsova. "Multipurpose evaluation of the dairy cattle." Agrarian Bulletin of the 201, no. 10 (October 29, 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-201-10-50-56.
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Abstract. The purpose of the investigation was a survey of the modern complex index estimation of dairy cattle in the countries of the European Union and the USA and developing of own principal scheme of multipurpose evaluation of animals due to prior received data of economic useful traits. As a result of the research, significant differences were revealed both between the significance of the groups of traits and between the numbers of evaluated indicators in different countries. This shows the diversity of interests of breeders and farmers. The prior analysis of indicators of economic useful traits of Holstein Kholmogorskiy cattle in the farms of the Murmansk region allowed to determine main directions of animal selection and to develop the algorithm of animal evaluation by complex of economic useful trait indices. The developed algorithm of complex evaluation for dairy cattle includes four evaluation blocks – indices of reproductive ability, longevity, and milk production, and, separately, milk yield. We propose to evaluate reproductive abilities by direct indicators and indirect indicators, for example, take into account exterior traits, and predisposed to abortion and female disorders. The evaluation of longevity includes indices of the exterior, accounted also a predisposition to four main groups of disease – udder disease, female disorders, aborts, lame. The milk productivity evaluation includes traits of the milk quality composition, the property of the lactation curve and characteristics of the udder from the exterior and predispose to udder diseases. In total, it is proposed to calculate the multipurpose evaluation of animals by 23 traits, including all aspects of health and productive features of dairy cattle. The scientific novelty of the research is the use of a mixed model affecting various indicators of productivity and longevity for assessing the main economical useful traits in the developed algorithm. The developed assessment system will allow to comprehensively improve the herd taking into account the current state of dairy cattle breeding in the Murmansk region.
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Іlyashenko, G. D. "DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING IN KIROVOGRAD REGION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.08.
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Dairy cattle breeding is one of the leading livestock sectors whose purpose is to ensure the production of high quality dairy raw materials in volumes meeting the scientifically grounded standards of state food security and expanding the export potential of the agrarian sector.
The purpose of our research was to study the status and prospects of dairy cattle breeding in the Kirovograd region.
Material and methods of research. The research was carried out on the basis of the electronic database of breeding goals (including 2312 cows), official statistics and estimates of cattle of various breeds that are involved in the production of dairy direction in the breeding farms of the Kirovograd region. The analysis used zootechnical and statistical methods. The calculations were carried out using the software package "STATISTICA-6,1"
Results. According to the research (2001–2018), the cattle population in the Kirovograd oblast decreased by a factor of 2.6. Thus, as of January 1, 2018, its number constituted 96.3 thousand heads in all categories of farms, 53.1 thousand of them were cows, the number of which also decreased by 2.4 times. Specific gravity of cattle population of farms remains significant and makes up 72.7%, and 80.6% in the livestock of cows. The largest number of cows of agricultural enterprises declined significantly. Thus, as of January 1, 2018, their number was 10.3 thousand goals, which is 4.7 times less than in the same period of 2001. In the households there is also a tendency for a permanent reduction of cows, the difference is, respectively, 37.0 thousand heads or 46.4%
The development of dairy cattle breeding is characterized by two opposite tendencies: reduction of livestock of cows and increase of their productivity. Thus, in agricultural enterprises in 2010, compared to 2000, hopes per cow increased by 2.5 times, in all categories of farms by 1.8 times. In 2017, the increase in dairy costs in agricultural enterprises compared to 2010 amounted to 60.0% in farms of all categories 12.2%.
The researches found that in the agricultural enterprises of the oblast as of January 1, 2018 there are 26256 head of cattle, including 10281 cows. The breeding part of the existing cows is 3.013 heads, 29.3% of the total number located in 10 breeding farms.
The analysis of the genealogy structure showed that the experimental population of cows belongs to 18 lines and related groups of which the most numerous Chifa 1427381 – 20.4%, Starbuck 352790 – 20.1%, Henev 1629391 – 18.6% , Eleusis 1491007 – 11.2%, Family 267150 – 10.8%.
Among the indicated lines, the lowest level of milk productivity was first-born cows. The 1491007, the milk of milk for 305 days of lactation was 4466 ± 99.8 kg, and the milk fat was 168.2 ± 6.5 kg. Analogues l Starbak 352779 was characterized by the highest milk productivity, its level was 5696 + 98.8 kg and 224.9 ± 9.7 kg, respectively. The difference in stomach was 1230 ± 140.4 kg (td = 10.2) and at the release of milk fat 56.7 ± 5.28 kg (td = 10.2) at P < 0.001. However, the latter were markedly less service life (125 against 168 days) and logically higher reproduction rate compared to other lines.
An analysis of the intensity of the formation of live weight of young animals has been established for its highest growth in heifers of controlled herds in the period from 9 to 12 months. Thus, in animals of Ukrainian red breed, the growth rate of live weight during this period was 75 kg, Ukrainian red-shrimp 61 kg, Ukrainian black-and-white 73 kg, Holstein 76 kg. Accordingly, during this period, the average daily gain of live weight of young breeds of these breeds was 833 g; 678 g; 811 g, 835 g. The sharp fluctuations of average daily increments during growing periods, first of all, testify to the unequal conditions of growing and feeding young animals than the breed differences. In general, as a result of the analysis of the formation of live weight of heifers, a significant level of phenotypic variability was observed, which confirms sufficient genetic resources and preconditions for selection on the given sign.
Therefore, proceeding from the above, in the long run, selection work for breeding improvement of cattle breeding farms of the Kirovograd region should be conducted in accordance with certain promising directions according to groups of breeds.
Conclusions. A very important factor in the growth of milk production in the Kirovograd region is high-yield pedigree cattle. The main task on the way of bringing breeding cases in dairy farming to the modern level is the introduction of computer breeding records in breeding farms. This will allow to estimate in the near future bulls-pedigrees, which were used in the past in these farms, to allocate among them complex improvers for precisely the specific conditions and maximally attract them for reproduction. On the other hand, a reliable clogging of poor quality in the genetic sense of sperm production, which leads to negative consequences, will be posed.
When establishing the assessment of the breeding value of bulls and developing a single plan of breeding and breeding work in the region, one can proceed to the next step of improving breeding and breeding business, introducing a progressive method of raising the breeding value of animals of large-scale breeding. As a result, the profit from the breeding of highly productive animals, well adapted to specific conditions, will significantly exceed the costs. At the same time, the proposed measures will allow the breeding business to be brought up to the modern world level and stimulate highly productive cattle breeding.
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Seno, Leonardo de Oliveira, Diego Gomes Freire Guidolin, Rusbel Raul Aspilcueta-Borquis, Guilherme Batista do Nascimento, Thiago Bruno Ribeiro da Silva, Henrique Nunes de Oliveira, and Danísio Prado Munari. "Genomic selection in dairy cattle simulated populations." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 2 (May 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000304.
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Genomic selection is arguably the most promising tool for improving genetic gain in domestic animals to emerge in the last few decades, but is an expensive process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic impact related to the implementation of genomic selection in a simulated dairy cattle population. The software QMSim was used to simulate genomic and phenotypic data. The simulated genome contained 30 chromosomes with 100 cm each, 1666 SNPs markers equally spread and 266 QTLs randomly designated for each chromosome. The numbers of markers and QTLs were designated according to information available from Animal QTL (http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb) and Bovine QTL (http://bovineqtl.tamu.edu/). The allelic frequency changes were assigned in a gamma distribution with alpha parameters equal to 0·4. Recurrent mutation rates of 1·0e−4 were assumed to apply to markers and QTLs. A historic population of 1000 individuals was generated and the total number of animals was reduced gradually along 850 generations until we obtained a number of 200 animals in the last generation, characterizing a bottleneck effect. Progenies were created along generations from random mating of the male and female gametes, assuming the same proportion of both genders. Than the population was extended for another 150 generations until we obtained 17 000 animals, with only 320 male individuals in the last generation. After this period a 25 year of selection was simulated taking into account a trait limited by sex with heritability of 0·30 (i.e. milk yield), one progeny/cow/year and variance equal to 1·0. Annually, 320 bulls were mated with 16 000 dams, assuming a replacement rate of 60 and 40% for males and females, respectively. Selection and discard criteria were based in four strategies to obtain the EBVs assuming as breeding objective to maximize milk yield. The progeny replaced the discarded animals creating an overlapping generation structure. The selection strategies were: RS is selection based on random values; PS is selection based on phenotypic values; Blup is selection based on EBVs estimated by BLUP; and GEBV is selection based on genomic estimated breeding values in one step, using high (GBlup) and low (GBlupi) density panels. Results indicated that the genetic evaluation using the aid of genomic information could provide better genetic gain rates in dairy cattle breeding programs as well as reduce the average inbreeding coefficient in the population. The economic viability indicators showed that only Blup and GBlup/GBlupi strategies, the ones that used milk control and genetic evaluation were economic viable, considering a discount rate of 6·32% per year.
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Page Dinsmore, R. "Biosecurity for mammary diseases in dairy cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 18, no. 1 (March 2002): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00008-7.
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Herdt, Thomas H., and Howard D. Stowe. "Fat-soluble Vitamin Nutrition for Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 7, no. 2 (July 1991): 391–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30796-9.
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Smith, Billy I., and Carlos A. Risco. "Management of Periparturient Disorders in Dairy Cattle." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 21, no. 2 (July 2005): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2005.02.007.
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Blanchard, Patricia Carey. "Diagnostics of Dairy and Beef Cattle Diarrhea." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 28, no. 3 (November 2012): 443–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.07.002.
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Evans, Alex, and Finbar Mulligan. "Nutrition and fertility in dairy cattle." Animal Reproduction Science 96, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.001.
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Borusiewicz, Andrzej. "Technological Preconditions in Dairy Farms." Agricultural Engineering 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2017-0016.
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AbstractThe paper presents the impact of the applied technologies on milk yield of cows in dairy farms. The scope of the research covered technical equipment used in the dairy cattle breeding and milking in 50 farms on the area of Grajewo Province in Podlaskie Voivodeship. The studies were carried out in 2016 with the diagnostic survey method based on the interview questionnaire developed for this purpose. The studies proved that 68% of the respondents from Grajewo Province maintain cattle in a stanchion-tide stable system and the remaining 32% in a free stall system. The group (48%) of the surveyed farmers maintain animals on a deep litter and 34% of them use shallow litter. In case of 18% of the investigated farms, animals are maintained on a slatted floor. In case of 68% of the investigated farms their owners feed cattle in the TMR system while the remaining 32% do it traditionally. The analysed farms in milk production use mainly pipeline milking machines (38%) and bucket milking machines (36%). 22% of the investigated farms have a milking parlour and 4% own a milking robot. A statistical analysis proved a significant correlation between the maintenance system of animals, number of lairs in a cow shed, TMR feeding of cattle, manner of obtaining milk and milk yield of cows.
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YERUHAM, I., D. ELAD, S. FRIEDMAN, and S. PERL. "Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in Israeli dairy cattle." Epidemiology and Infection 131, no. 2 (October 2003): 947–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880300894x.
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Two forms of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in Israeli dairy cattle herds during a survey period of 13 years (1989–2001) are described. The more common form, which was diagnosed in 45 herds, was characterized by ulcerative granulomatous lesions which occurred either sporadically – in 26 herds (with a morbidity rate of up to 5% – or in an epidemic course in 19 herds. Most (80·6%) of the affected animals were cows; the rest were first-calving cows (16·2%) and heifers (3·2%). The morbidity occurred mostly during the summer months. The ulcerative granulomatous lesions appeared in three clinical forms: cutaneous, mastitic and visceral. Mixed forms were also observed. The morbidity rate was 6·4% and the culling rate reached 16·3% of the affected animals. Most of the strains of C. pseudotuberculosis which were isolated from the abscesses in the cutaneous form of the disease and from milk samples failed to reduce nitrate. A decrease in milk production (6%) and an increase in bulk-milk somatic cell count were noted. Necrotic and ulcerative dermatitis on the heel of the foot occurred in an epidemic course in heifers in only two herds during the winter months, with morbidity rates of 7·5 and 76·2%, respectively. C. pseudotuberculosis isolates from skin lesions and from the soil did reduce nitrate. Clinical, epizootiological and microbiological aspects of the infection are described.
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Niehoff, Inka-Donata, Liane Hüther, and Peter Lebzien. "Niacin for dairy cattle: a review." British Journal of Nutrition 101, no. 1 (August 15, 2008): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114508043377.
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Due to the incorporation of niacin into the coenzymes NAD and NADP, niacin is of great importance for the metabolism of man and animals. Apart from niacin in feed and endogenous formation, microbial niacin synthesis in the rumen is an important source for dairy cows. But the amount synthesised seems to differ greatly, which might be influenced by the ration fed. Many studies revealed a positive impact of a niacin supplementation on rumen protozoa, but microbial protein synthesis or volatile fatty acid production in the rumen showed inconsistent reactions to supplemental niacin. The amount of niacin reaching the duodenum is usually higher when niacin is fed. However, not the whole quantity supplemented reaches the duodenum, indicating degradation or absorption before the duodenal cannula. Furthermore, supplementation of niacin did not always lead to a higher niacin concentration in blood. Effects on other blood parameters have been inconsistent, but might be more obvious when cows are in a tense metabolic situation, for example, ketosis or if high amounts are infused post-ruminally, since ruminal degradation appears to be substantial. The same is valid for milk parameters. In the few studies where blood niacin and milk parameters have been investigated, enhanced niacin concentrations in blood did not necessarily affect milk production or composition. These results are discussed in the present review, gaps of knowledge of niacin's mode of action on the metabolism of dairy cows are identified and directions for future research are suggested.
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Boichard, D., F. Guillaume, A. Baur, P. Croiseau, M. N. Rossignol, M. Y. Boscher, T. Druet, et al. "Genomic selection in French dairy cattle." Animal Production Science 52, no. 3 (2012): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11119.
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Genomic selection is implemented in French Holstein, Montbéliarde, and Normande breeds (70%, 16% and 12% of French dairy cows). A characteristic of the model for genomic evaluation is the use of haplotypes instead of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), so as to maximise linkage disequilibrium between markers and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). For each trait, a QTL-BLUP model (i.e. a best linear unbiased prediction model including QTL random effects) includes 300–700 trait-dependent chromosomal regions selected either by linkage disequilibrium and linkage analysis or by elastic net. This model requires an important effort to phase genotypes, detect QTLs, select SNPs, but was found to be the most efficient one among all tested ones. QTLs are defined within breed and many of them were found to be breed specific. Reference populations include 1800 and 1400 bulls in Montbéliarde and Normande breeds. In Holstein, the very large reference population of 18 300 bulls originates from the EuroGenomics consortium. Since 2008, ~65 000 animals have been genotyped for selection by Labogena with the 50k chip. Bulls genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) were made official in June 2009. In 2010, the market share of the young bulls reached 30% and is expected to increase rapidly. Advertising actions have been undertaken to recommend a time-restricted use of young bulls with a limited number of doses. In January 2011, genomic selection was opened to all farmers for females. Current developments focus on the extension of the method to a multi-breed context, to use all reference populations simultaneously in genomic evaluation.
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Deykin, Alexey V., Alexandra V. Bruter, Anna S. Krivonogova, Mikhail V. Shepelev, and Andrey G. Koshchaev. "Production of hornless dairy cattle from genome-edited blastocysts." E3S Web of Conferences 176 (2020): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017601008.
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Cattle of polled phenotype is convenient for breeders, as it decreases the risk of animals being hurt and ensures safety of workers. We developed the system for editing cattle genome using CRISPR/Cas9 which will allow production of animals with polled phenotype genetically based on any cattle breed without changing its main phenotypic traits.
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Mischenko, V. A., A. V. Mischenko, R. V. Yashin, V. A. Yevgrafova, and T. B. Nikeshina. "Metabolic diseases in cattle." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (August 17, 2021): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2021-3-38-184-189.
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The main trend in the development of dairy farming in the Russian Federation suggests maximising milk yield and reducing milk net cost. The economic effectiveness of industrial dairy farming is largely determined by adequate feeding, as well as effective system of measures to ensure animal health and prevent infectious and non-infectious mass diseases. The main reason for the premature retirement of highly productive cows is based on the factors typical of the intensive technologies used in dairy cattle breeding, which lead to the occurrence of metabolic diseases. It is established that the intensity of metabolism is directly linked to the high productivity of cows. With a highly concentrated, mainly silage-based type of feeding, an imbalance of nutrients is often recorded, in particular as regards the sugar/ protein ratio, leading to deep metabolic disorders and the development of immunodeficiency states. Metabolic disorders in highly productive cows occur as a result of unbalanced diets as far as protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are concerned. Acidosis, ruminitis and hepatosis are recorded in disordered cows and heifers. The service period exceeds 100 days in 70–75% of cows. Hepatosis and immunodeficiency states are often found in calves born to cows with signs of deep metabolic disorders. Metabolic disorders often remain unnoticed and become apparent only when pronounced pathological changes occur resulting in decreased productivity and ability to reproduce resistant young animals, as well as culling of animals. Metabolic diseases were recorded in 30–70% of cows examined in large dairy farms. The average lifetime productivity of high-yielding cows is (2.1 ± 0.15) lactations in Russia. The results of epidemiological investigations and laboratory testing of sera samples showed that emulsion inactivated vaccines administered to immunodeficient cattle induce higher titres of virus-specific antibodies than those in animals vaccinated with adsorbed vaccines.
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Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Peter Sandøe, Stine Ulrich Kjølsted, and Jørgen Steen Agerholm. "Slaughter of Pregnant Cattle in Denmark: Prevalence, Gestational Age, and Reasons." Animals 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070392.
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The slaughter of pregnant cattle gives rise to ethical controversy. We estimated the prevalence of pregnant cattle, elucidated the reasons for their slaughter, and in light of our findings, discussed the ethics of sending pregnant cattle for slaughter. Among 825 female cattle >353 days of age admitted to a Danish abattoir, 187 (23%) were found to be pregnant. There was no apparent difference in the proportion of pregnant animals between dairy and non-dairy cattle. “Health”-related slaughter was most frequent in dairy herds (70%), whereas “production”-related slaughter was most frequent in non-dairy herds (63%). While many farmers considered it unethical to slaughter pregnant cows without a good reason for doing so, many dairy farmers identified animal welfare as an important parameter in the decision, which was typically when the general condition of the cow or heifer would make it difficult for her to pass through calving and subsequent lactation. The many pregnant animals sent for slaughter were often the result of deliberate choices. Non-dairy farmers often kept a bull with their female cattle, and in many instances, this resulted in the mating of cattle intended for slaughter. Although considered ethically problematic by many dairy farmers, the slaughter of pregnant dairy cattle was often considered better for the cow compared to a stressful lactation period.
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Lidfors, Lena, and Lotta Isberg. "Intersucking in dairy cattle—review and questionnaire." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 80, no. 3 (February 2003): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00215-0.
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Collins, M. T., and I. R. Morgan. "Epidemiological model of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 2 (October 1991): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(05)80035-2.
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Hagan, Bernard Ato, and Roger Cue. "Generation intervals in Canadian dairy cattle herds." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2019-0053.
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Genetic evaluation records for the Canadian Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, and Brown Swiss bulls and cows born from 1950 and 1960, respectively, were used to study the generation intervals (L) along the four-path selection model. The objectives of the study were to determine the L in the four dairy cattle breeds and the effects of some environmental factors and variations among herds or artificial insemination (AI) studs on the L achieved. Total L of the four selection paths was reduced by 55% from 29.2 yr in 1980 to 13.2 yr in 2016 in the Holstein breed. Substantial reductions in total L were also observed in the Ayrshire, Jersey, and Brown Swiss populations between 1980 and 2016. Unlike progeny year of birth, housing system, agricultural region in Québec (region) — as well as their interaction — were not important on realised L of sires and dams used on Canadian dairy farms. There were significant variations among herds and AI studs on the age of sires and dams used for breeding. The considerable variations in realised L among herds and AI studs offer opportunities to increase the annual rate of genetic progress in the four Canadian dairy cattle populations.
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Motie, A., S. Ramudit, and R. Mohabir. "Subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Guyana." Tropical Animal Health and Production 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02356987.
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Tucker, Cassandra Blaine, Neil Ralph Cox, Daniel Martin Weary, and Marek Špinka. "Laterality of lying behaviour in dairy cattle." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 120, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.05.010.
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Keidāne, Dace, Anna Krūklīte, and Alīna Derbakova. "Prevalent Parasitosis in Beef and Dairy Cattle Farms in Vidzeme Region." Rural Sustainability Research 34, no. 329 (December 1, 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plua-2015-0009.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the beef and dairy cow parasitosis epizootic situation in Vidzeme region. Research was done throughout Vidzeme territory during the period of the years 2013-2014. The total number of animals examined was: 273 dairy and 90 young beef cattle aged from 6 months to two years and 248 dairy and 29 beef cows older than two years. For the diagnosis of helminthes standardized ovoscopic and larvoscopic methods were used. For the diagnosis of protozoa flotation and modified Ziehl-Neelsen methods were used. The main species in the samples were Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp. and Strongylus spp. In the young dairy and beef cattle aged from 6 months to two years and cattle older than two years Cryptosporidium spp. invasion accordingly was 32.6% and 19% (dairy cattle) and 62.2% and 65.5% (beef cattle); the invasion of Eimeria spp. 30% and 7.3% (dairy cattle) and 55.6% and 10.3% (beef cattle); and the invasion of Strongylus spp. was 17.6% and 13.7% (dairy cattle) and 43.3% and 27.6% (beef cattle). Both dairy and beef cattle were infected with Moniezia spp., Paramphistomum spp., Strongyloides spp. Dairy cows aged from 6 months to two years had Trichuris spp., Dictyocaulus spp. and Neoscaris spp. invasion.
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Popov, N. A., Yu A. Ivanov, V. K. Skorkin, and V. Yu Sidorova. "Innovative technologies of dairy cattle reproduction." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2106-03.
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The American company for the reproduction of dairy cattle – World Wide Sires was formed in 1976 in the United States, and its subsidiary World Wide Sires Russia – in 2006 in the Russian Federation. Over the past decades the average milk yield of cows has been increased significantly, but their fertility has been decreased. A comparison of the DNA of cows producing about 20,000 kg of milk and more than 1,000 kg of milk fat per lactation has shown a genetic association between the milk yield of cows and the fertility of breeding sires. Therefore, one of the directions of the company’s development is the development of innovative technologies for improving reproduction with the genetic improvement of breeding traits of breeding sires. Improving the fertility of Holstein sires and their high-quality semen are the main conditions for solving problems related to the reproductive function of animals. Application of index selection programs, including OptiFeed (optimal feeding), Production-max (best production), Fertility (high reproduction capacity), etc. are powerful lever of herd management. All available genetic indexes are directly or indirectly included in the general index of breeding value of the sire – TPI. One of the methods of refining the index system is the use of ultrasexed semen with 4 million sperm cells in a dose, which increases fertilization in heifers and cows by 5 and 6 %, respectively. Another method of refi ning the index system was the definition of inbreeding. For example, an increase in inbreeding by 1 % led to a decrease in the dollar profit index NM$ by 24 points, added 36 undesirable days to the age of the first calving, reduced productive life by 13 days, reduced milk yield by an average of 358 kg of milk and 11,3 kg of milk protein per lactation. The cost of each additional day of the open days’ period after the start of the hunt ranged from 220 to 370 rubles loss per 1 cow per year.
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Pochukalin, A. Ye, S. V. Pryima, and O. V. Rizun. "BREEDING HERITAGE OF DAIRY-MEAT CATTLE OF UKRAINE – BROWN CARPATIAN CATTLE." Animal Breeding and Genetics 58 (November 29, 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.58.18.
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The prolonged breeding process of transformation of primitive but adapted forms of brown color to the conditions of Transcarpathia region, by crossing to 1972 (breeding approbation) and improvement to 2014 (deprivation of the last breeding status of breeding status of Brown Carpathian cattle), in Ukraine, unfortunately lost its resources (breeding) for the existence of the Brown Carpathian cattle.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the Brown Carpathian cattle by major economic useful features, livestock dynamics and genealogical structure.
Materials and methods of research. The main research methods were retrospective and source-based analyzes, based on breeding books, registers and reports of breeding farms engaged in breeding Brown Carpathian cattle.
The Brown Carpathian breed derives from ancient brown cattle, which settled all the medium Europe in ancient times. In Alpes region already in medieval times it gave rise to different types of high-productive Brown Alpine cattle, which was called on the place of its distribution. In Austria – Hornoin, France – Montafon, Switzerland – Swiss. Brown cattle of Transcarpathian region was called Rizhka. These cattle were small and low-productive, but it was unimproved almost till the beginning of 20-th century. Though at plains it was crossed with Grey Ukrainian cattle and get name “Mokan” (my horse in local language), as crosses were strong and enduring, characteristics, which inherent to Grey Ukrainian cattle. Their live weight was 200–300 kg, and wither height – not more, than 113 cm, milk production – not more, than 1200 kg.
Transcarpathia is the beginning of transformation of brown cattle into the Brown Carpathian breed of the combined direction of productivity, because it was from this period that the import of improved livestock began.
In 1972, by order of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Brown Carpathian cattle of cattle was approved and recognized as a domestic factory breed of dairy and meat direction of productivity.
It should also be noted that the feature of the breeding process, according to which the newly formed breed absorbs local breeds, but in the future itself is absorbed by the neoplasm, or more productive population. Thus, the Brown Carpathian breed at the beginning of its formation by the method of absorption crossing reduced the number of local Gray Hungarian and Pinzgau breeds.
In addition to the Transcarpathian, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Lviv regions of Ukraine, which were the basis for breeding of the Brown Carpathian breed, there were also exports of breeding stock beyond their borders. Thus, during 1964 ... 1974, 24.3 thousand heads were exported to other countries: Central Asia and the Caucasus, as well as Slovakia, Romania and Hungary. In addition, the Brown Carpathian breed participated in the creation of the Brown Caucasian breed as an improvement.
According to O. M. Zabrovarny's description with co-authors, the compact body type of the Brown Carpathian cattle is adapted to the mountain and lowland zones of distribution of this breed. The authors note differences in the sexes of the body with some of their disadvantages. The horns have a light color with dark tips. Color of typical animals of the Brown Carpathian breed from light to dark brown. On the spine, around the nasal mirror a light color, also a light lower body, but without white spots. Dark are the nasal mirror, hoof horn, tail brush. Newborn calves have a greyish-gray to almost white, which darkens from 2 to 3 months of age.
According to the meat productivity, animals of the Brown Carpathian breed have satisfactory values. Thus, the average daily gains of bulls are 750–900 g. The genetic potential of dairy productivity of cows of the Brown Carpathian breed is high and is at the level of 8 … 9 tons of milk.
A characteristic feature of the Brown Carpathian cattle is the adaptation of the organism to the paratypical conditions of the mountain and lowland Transcarpathia, taking into account retention and feeding. The breed has two types: lowland (Berehiv, Vynohradiv, Mukachevo districts) and mountain (Rakhiv, Volovetsky, Mezhgirsky districts).
In order to preserve the Brown Carpathian cattle as a national property, it is necessary to carry out expeditionary examination of domestic animals, to analyze and evaluate livestock. In our opinion, this can serve as a starting point for the establishment of a reserve or individual gene pool subject of the Brown Carpathian breed.
Conclusions. The Brown Carpathian cattle belongs to the combined, dairy-meat direction of productivity. The cow's productivity is at the level of 3.5–4.5 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of 3.6–3.8%, the animals have satisfactory meat productivity. The peculiarity of the breed is its exceptional adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of Transcarpathian Ukraine. The breed has a sufficient number of regional lines and families for distribution in Ukraine.
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Taddei, Simone, Giovanni Moreno, Clotilde Silvia Cabassi, Emiliana Schiano, Costanza Spadini, and Sandro Cavirani. "Leptospira Seroprevalence in Colombian Dairy Herds." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030785.
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Leptospirosis in cattle has important economic effects on the infected farms. Moreover, livestock farming is considered a major occupational risk factor for the transmission of Leptospira infection to humans. A survey was performed to determine the overall and within-herd seroprevalence and mapping of different Leptospira serovars in dairy cattle from farms located in some municipalities of the Colombian department of Boyacá. Nine hundred and fifty-nine animals, from 20 unvaccinated and one vaccinated herd, were included in the study. Anti-Leptospira serum antibodies were detected by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Only one herd was seronegative. Overall seroprevalence to at least one serovar of Leptospira was 24.1% for unvaccinated animals and 62.3% for animals from the vaccinated herd. A very high within-herd seroprevalence (>60%) was present in 20% of the unvaccinated herds. The presence in the vaccinated herd of 20/398 animals showing high titers, between 1000 and 4000, to at least one serovar of Leptospira suggest that some animals could have been infected. Moreover, due to the presence of seronegative animals, a failure of vaccination immunity or the presence of unvaccinated animals in the vaccinated herd cannot be excluded. In all farms, domestic animals other than cattle were present. Considering the farming practices occurring on dairy farms in the study area, higher hygienic standards and stricter biosecurity measures are suggested.
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Talukdar, MMAA, MM Alam, Y. Mohammed, and MA Hossain. "CLAW AFFECTIONS OF DAIRY COWS IN AN ORGANIZED DAIRY FARM." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 2 (July 21, 2012): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v3i2.11337.
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The experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh dairy farm to study the incidence of claw affections in dairy cow during the period from January to April 2004. A total of 142 cattle were investigated. These animals were studied under 5 groups: Group I (n = 46), age <1 year; Group II (n = 44), age <3 years; Group III (n = 15), age >3 years; Group IV (n = 31), age <4 years and Group V (n = 6), age >5 years. Out of 142 cattle, 27 animals were found to be affected with various claw lesions, the incidence being 19.01%. Hindlimbs are more frequently subjected to claw affections than the forelimbs. Hoof overgrowth and sole ulcer were the most predominant claw affections (22.22% each) followed by interdigital hyperplasia (18.52%), sand crack (18.52%), interdigital dermatitis (7.41%), heel erosion (7.41%) and white line disease (3.70%). Lactating cows of over 4 years were more vulnerable to claw affections as compared to pregnant and dry cows. Calves and heifers had low incidence of claw affections.
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Lin, J. H., L. S. Wu, Y. L. Wu, C. S. Lin, and N. Y. J. Yang. "Aquapuncture Therapy of Repeat Breeding in Dairy Cattle." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 30, no. 02n03 (January 2002): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x02000296.
Full textAbstract:
Repeat breeders cause great economic loss in dairy herds. This study determined the efficacy of simple aquapuncture therapy (acupuncture combined with injection) to treat repeat breeders in two dairy herds (one in Hsinchu County and the other in Tainan County). Both herds had used gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) beforehand to treat the symptom but the success rate was poor — about 30%. Therefore, cows that failed to respond to GnRH were given the aquapuncture treatment. A total of 18 animals (two heifers and 16 cows) that had failed to conceive to 3-9 services were treated by aquapuncture, in which 10 ml and 5 ml of 50% glucose solution were injected at Baihui (Hundred Meetings, the depression in the center of the lumbosacral space) and Shenpeng (Kidney Shelf, the depression in the space between the lumbar vertebral transverse processes 5-6) acupoints, respectively with a 21G, 1.5-inch hypodermic needle. Both acupoints belong to the traditional acupuncture points of bovine and equine systems. Most animals showed heat within 14 days after aquapuncture and were inseminated artificially. Serum progesterone concentrations and rectal palpation were used for pregnancy diagnosis. The pregnancy rate after the treatment was 14/18 (77.7%) and 12/18 (66.6%) based on progesterone concentration and rectal palpation respectively, suggesting acupuncture as a simple and effective method to treat repeat breeders in dairy herds. However, the final result obtained from actual delivery of fetus in the experimental animals was only 8/18 (44.4%).