Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dairy products industry'

Thesis (M.A. in economics)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 15, 2009). "School of Economic Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 18-20).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 106 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-81).

The rapid expansion of China’s dairy herd in recent years, with a primary objective of increasing milk production, has given rise to speculation on the potential beef production from this Chinese black and white herd. This study examines whether or not economic incentives exist for dairy and beef producers in China to adopt dairy—beef production and the impact of dairy-beef production on Chinese beef supply, demand and international trade.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world population is growing rapidly and places additional pressure on the natural resources of the world. The increase in the world population leads to increasing focus on food security and the nutrition of the world population. Developed countries can only produce up to a certain level to satisfy the demand for food in the world. The additional production needs to come from countries where economic and agricultural development has been lagging. The research identified five major drivers of the future growth of agriculture. These drivers of future growth create opportunities for countries in Africa and help to address the development challenges for their different agricultural sub-sectors. The dairy industry in Southern Africa can play a significant role in addressing food security and nutritional needs of the growing population. Large numbers of livestock are present in Southern Africa because the landscape is lending itself to livestock farming and cultural believes see livestock as wealth in the hands of the owner. There are however serious challenges to address in order to achieve sustainable growth in the dairy industry in Southern Africa. The focus of the report is on the identification of the challenges in the dairy industry in Southern Africa, thus helping with the formulation of a growth strategy and business model. The report used a qualitative method of literature study to determine the challenges faced by the dairy industry in three Southern African countries, i.e. South Africa, Tanzania and Zambia. The contrasts between these countries are significant, but there are also many common elements and challenges. From this range of factors a set of key “challenges for action” has been derived, which are put forward as a basis for public and private sector efforts to strengthen growth in the sector. The list of challenges also assisted in the proposal of a business model to address part of the challenges of development in the dairy industry.

The thesis is composed of four contributes, dealing with different approaches developed to understand the different aspects of whey proteins (WP) recovery, and their use across cheese manufacturing. The general aim of the research project was to investigate and propose strategies for the utilization of whey and whey products in cheese produced by an Italian dairy industry. The Soligo dairy cooperative (Soligo, Treviso, Italy) was partner and supported the project. In this scenario, the objectives of the first contributes was to develop a gold-method for WP quantification in whey, by Reversed Phase -HPLC, and to evaluate the potential of mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) in WP prediction. Whey proteins included α-Lactoalbumin (α-LA), β-Lactoglobulin A and B (β-LG), bovine serum albumin, caseinomacropeptides, proteose peptone and total WP identified. Repeatability and reproducibility tests, in validation procedures, were performing by calculating the relative standard deviation (RSD) within and across days for retention times and peak areas. Samples of whey (n = 187) were analysed according to the reference methods and MIRS spectra were stored (900 - 4000 cm-1); statistical analysis was carried out through partial least squares regression and random cross-validation procedure. Retention times were stable, with RSD ranging between 0.03% and 0.80%. The RSD of peak area in repeatability and reproducibility tests ranged from 0.25% to 8.48% depending on the considered proteins and their relative abundance; indeed, better coefficients of determination in validation were obtained for fractions present in whey in large amounts, as β-LG (0.58), total identified WP (0.58), α-LA (0.56), while minor WP were predicted with minor appreciable accuracy. Results from this study propose a high-throughput and high-resolution method for WP quantification in whey and show the potential of MIRS for their prediction. The objective of the second contribute was to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of microparticulated whey proteins (MWP; from 0.0 to 9.0%, vol/vol) on milk coagulation properties (MCP), namely rennet coagulation time (RCT), curd-firming time, and curd firmness 30 min after rennet addition (a30). Three bulk milk samples, collected and analyzed during 3 days, were added with 6 concentrations of MWP (vol/vol): 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, 7.5%, and 9.0%. Moreover, a sample without MWP was used as control. Milk coagulation properties were measured using Formagraph (Foss Electric A/S, Hillerød, Denmark). The increment of the amount of MWP added to milk led to longer RCT. In particular, significant differences were found between RCT of the control samples (13.5 min) and RCT of samples added with 3.0% (14.6 min) or more of MWP. Similar trend was observed for curd-firming time, which showed the shortest time in the control samples and the longest in samples with 9.0% (21.4 min) of MWP. No significant differences were detected for a30 across concentrations of MWP. Adjustments in cheese processing should be made when recycling MWP, in particular during coagulation process by prolonging the time of rennet activity before cutting of the curd. Aim of the third study was to evaluate the effect of MWP, using standardized milk with different protein-to-fat ratios (PFR; high, standard and low levels of fat) and increasing MWP concentrations (from 0.0 to 4.0 %, vol/vol) on milk coagulation process, cheese yield and composition of 30 cheese samples carried out through a mini cheese-making technique. The increment of PFR affected RCT. Moreover, cheese yield decreased as the level of fat decreased, and it was higher in low-fat cheese (high PFR) with 4.0% MWP compared with low-fat cheese with 3.0% MWP. No differences were found for cheese yield in standard and high fat cheese (standard and low PFR) across MWP concentrations. The stable composition of low-fat Caciotta suggests the possibility to include MWP as fat replacer to maintain the yield. The fourth contribute aimed at the investigating the effectiveness of Hyper Spectral Image (HSI) technique to detect MWP in low-fat Caciotta cheese, produced with increased concentration of MWP (2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0% vol/vol). Hyperspectral image is an emerging technology successfully employed in food inspection, by combining the advantages of conventional digital image and spectroscopy to obtain both spatial and spectral information from an object. Twelve mini-cheese making were performed using standardized milk in low fat condition (3.5% of protein and fat). Protein levels were adjusted with 2.0%, 3.0% or 4.0% MWP vol/vol. For each day of cheese making a control thesis without MWP was performed (0.0% MWP). After one month of ripening a slice of each cheese was analysed for the acquisition of near infrared image in range wavelengths from 1,100 to 1,600 nm, for a total of 140 wavelengths measured. Several spatial and spectral pre-processing were tested: two times spatial binning, and standard normal variate plus second derivate were select as optimal. Principal component analysis reported an explained variability of 7% across treatments. Cluster analysis evidenced an increment in component presence by increasing MWP percentage in treatments. Moreover, a score plot reported a destine classification of samples contains MWP and control without. The results confirm the ability of HIS in MWP detection, and this information can be used to construct further classification models able to discriminate cheese adulteration for MWP addition.
L’obiettivo generale di questa tesi di dottorato, composta da quattro contributi sperimentali, è stato la valorizzazione del siero derivante dalla caseificazione e l’utilizzo delle sieroproteine (WP) nel processo di caseificazione di formaggi freschi. Il caseificio di Soligo (Soligo, Treviso, Italy) è stato partner del progetto e ha supportato le attività sperimentali fornendo tutte le materie prime. In questo scenario, l’obiettivo del primo contributo è stato lo sviluppo di un metodo HPLC a fase inversa (RP - HPLC) per la quantificazione di WP, e la possibilità di poter utilizzare tale metodo come riferimento per la predizione di WP utilizzando la spettroscopia del medio infrarosso (MIRS). Le WP predette sono state: α-Lattoalbumina (α-LA), β-Lattoglobulina A and B (β-LG), albumina di siero bovino, caseinomacropeptides, proteoso peptone e WP totali identificate. I test di ripetibilità e riproducibilità, per la validazione del metodo RP-HPLC, sono stati calcolati come deviazione standard relativa (RSD) entro e tra giorni, per il tempo di ritenzione e l’area dei picchi. Per lo sviluppo dei modelli di calibrazione MIRS i campioni di siero (n = 187) sono stati analizzati con il metodo di riferimento (HPLC) e sono stati archiviati gli spettri MIRS (900 - 4000 cm-1); le analisi statistiche sono state effettuate utilizzando le partial least square regression e una procedura di validazione interna random. Il tempo di ritenzione è risultato stabile, con RSD tra 0.03% e 0.80%. Mentre, l’area variava da 0.25% a 8.48%, in modo dipendente dalle concentrazioni delle WP. Inoltre, i migliori coefficienti di determinazione dei modelli di predizione MIRS sono stati evidenziati per le WP presenti in elevate quantità, come le β-LG (0.58), WP totali (0.58), e α-LA (0.56). I risultati di questo primo studio hanno evidenziato un metodo RP-HPLC ad alta risoluzione e che potrà essere utilizzato come metodo di riferimento per lo sviluppo di modelli di predizione MIRS. L’obiettivo del secondo contributo sperimentale è stato la valutazione dell’aggiunta di microparticolato di siero proteine (MWP; da 0.0 a 9.0%, vol/vol) sulle proprietà di coagulazione del latte (MCP), conosciute come tempo di coagulazione (RCT), tempo di rassodamento, e consistenza del coagulo dopo 30 minuti dall’aggiunta del caglio (a30). Tre campioni di latte di massa sono stati analizzati in tre giorni; entro giornata, le aliquote di latte sono state addizionate con concentrazioni crescenti di MWP (vol/vol): 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, 7.5%, and 9.0%. Inoltre, è stato preparato un doppio controllo senza MWP. Le proprietà di coagulazione sono state misurate con lo strumento Formagraph (Foss Electric A/S, Hillerød, Denmark). L’aumento di concentrazione di MWP ha portato ad un prolungamento di RCT. In particolare, differenze significative sono state ottenute tra il controllo (13.5 min) e RCT nei campioni con 3.0% (14.6 min) o più di MWP. Un andamento simile è stato ottenuto per il tempo di rassodamento. Nessun effetto è stato osservato per a30 tra le concentrazioni di MWP. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l’utilizzo di MWP durante la coagulazione del latte richiede un prolungamento della fase di coagulazione prima del taglio della cagliata. Il terzo contributo mirava alla valutazione dell’effetto dell’aggiunta di MWP (da 0.0 a 4.0%, vol/vol), utilizzando latte standardizzato con diversi rapporti proteina-grasso (PFR: elevato, standard e basso livello di grasso) sul tempo di coagulazione, composizione e resa del formaggio. Trenta campioni di formaggio sono stati ottenuti attraverso una tecnica di mini caseificazione. L’aumento di PFR ha influenzato il tempo di coagulazione. La resa di caseificazione è diminuita al diminuire dei livelli di grasso, ed è risultata più elevata quando sono stati utilizzati livelli del 4% di MWP nei formaggi a basso contenuto di grasso. Mentre, non è stata evidenziata nessuna differenza nella resa di caseificazione nel formaggio prodotto in condizioni standard e ad elevato contenuto di grasso considerando le diverse concentrazioni di MWP usato. È, inoltre, risultata stabile la composizione chimica dei formaggi magri, questo suggerisce la possibilità di includere MWP come sostituto del grasso per mantenere composizione e resa. L’obiettivo dell’ultimo contributo sperimentale è stato la valutazione dell’utilizzo dell’analisi d’immagine iperspettrale (HSI) per la rivelazione dell’aggiunta di MWP (da 2.0% a 4.0%, vol/vol) in prodotti caseari a basso contenuto di grasso. L’analisi d’immagine iperspettrale è una tecnica relativamente recente applicata con successo nell’indagine di composizione degli alimenti; HSI, infatti, combina la tradizionale analisi d’immagine con le informazioni spettrali dell’oggetto analizzato. Dodici campioni di formaggio sono stati ottenuti con una tecnica di mini caseificazione, e prodotti utilizzando latte magro (3.5% grasso) mentre i livelli proteici (3.5%) sono stati aggiustati con concentrazioni crescenti di MWP (da 2.0% a 4.0% vol/vol). Inoltre è stato effettuato un controllo senza MWP (0.0% MWP). Dopo un mese di stagionatura i campioni sono stati analizzati archiviando le lunghezze d’onda da 1,100 a 1,600 nm, per un totale di 140 valori misurati. Le informazioni spettrali sono state trattate statisticamente attraverso le standard normal variate e derivata seconda prima dell’analisi PCA. L’analisi delle componenti principali ha riportato una variabilità spiegata del 7% tra i trattamenti con MWP ed il controllo. Lo score plot ha mostrato una diversa classificazione dei campioni contenenti MWP rispetto ai campioni di controllo senza l’aggiunta di MWP. Questi risultati confermano la possibilità di utilizzare la tecnologia HSI per la rilevazione di MWP nei prodotti lattiero caseari, e possono essere utilizzati per lo sviluppo di modelli di predizione capaci di discriminare i prodotti nei quali è avvenuta l’aggiunta di MWP.

Biotechnology production of LactoBionic Acid (LBA) from Ricotta Cheese Whey (RCW) was investigated in order to valorize dairy industry promising by-product. Fermentations in 3L-StirredTankReactors, in batch conditions, allowed to reach production yields of 34.25 ± 2.86 g / L and 30.18 ± 0.3 g / L for LBA for two strains of Pseudomonas taetrolens (LMG2336 and DSM21104 respectively) with conversion yields around 85%, after 48 hours. Furthermore fed-batch configurations have allowed to reach values of about 60 g / L of ALB, providing interesting perspectives for the development of a continuous process. It was also evaluated the possibility to use matrices obtained following procedures of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration of the RCW, aimed at the separation of proteins and bioactive peptides, obtaining similar results, but promising in view of the setup of a concept point of integrated biorefinery for the development of the dairy industry by-products. Finally a preliminary approach to the downstream recovery and purifies LBA produced by the fermentation process, using ceramic membranes (suitable for food applications) in different pH conditions has allowed us to achieve a 32% recovery at pH 9. Even this, it is very promising in view of a continuous process of production and purification of LBA in order to cut cost

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formated into pages; contains 1 v. (various pagings). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Background – inventory management theory has in the past been focused on traditional engineering industries. These theories are not completely applicable on industries such as FMCG where the main objective is to avoid obsolescence and not tied-up capital. A part of the FMCG industry that is especially pressured by short shelf lives is the food industry. The food industry has also the disadvantage that the customers demand instant deliveries, which makes production to order impossible. Arla Foods is a dairy company that is struggling with high and increasing wastage costs. The wastage cost is generated from products where last sales date is exceeded and Arla Foods CSE therefore has to trash the products even if the best-before date is still valid. These costs need to be reduced on both short and long term. Hence Arla Foods is perfect as a case company for this study. Purpose – the ulterior purpose of this study is to seek if the current theory is applicable on the food industry. This is investigated through a case study at Arla Foods with the following questions asked: Which factors drives wastage costs at a global dairy company such as Arla Foods? How do the factors relate to each other? Which actions could be taken to reduce the wastage costs at a global dairy company such as Arla Foods? To what extent could these findings be generalizable? Method – a thorough literature study is conducted to create an understanding of the existing theories. The case study is mainly based on interviews and observations with employees at Arla Foods. Data has been extracted from internal data bases and processed to complement the interviews and observations. Conclusion – the case company showed that the most significant wastage drivers on an article level were forecast deviations and batch size/delivery frequency. However, the main wastage drivers at Arla Foods were nothing that could be found in neither supply chain management nor inventory management theory – this was instead problems related to work process, organization, communication and strategy. Suggested solutions to these problems are among others: Going through the worst performing articles’ set-up in a structured way. Making sure that there exists a clear process and that all employees are educated in it. Having a back-up plan on what to do with excessive inventory. Using follow-up reports as tools to take action from. When these problems have been solved, Arla Foods can instead focus on planning principles such as taking steps towards a more integrated collaboration with their customers via Efficient Consumer Response. The findings are not proved to be general in any way, but the conclusion of the report still states that there is a high probability that these findings could be applied on other companies within the food industry in general and within the dairy industry in specific. If this is the case, then it is shown that the current theory lacks several aspects when it comes to food industry – aspects that maybe do not have the same importance within most of the traditional engineering industries. Originality – the literature review conducted before the case study did not show any other case study or research that has made an equally broad overview. Earlier studies have mainly been focused on that the food industry is in need of customized planning principles and systems. That research has in the end advocated implementation of Efficient Consumer Response or similar.

O objetivo desta dissertação é contribuir para o entendimento do conceito de customer service e como ele pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o desenvolvimento de estratégias logísticas. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se um aprofundamento teórico do conceito, baseado na literatura sobre customer service e logística. Também estão presentes conceitos como o de valor, o de preço e qualidade, os tipos de relacionamento e os canais de distribuição. Por fim, aborda-se o setor varejista e o seu comportamento de compra. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa exploratória, mediante um estudo em uma empresa do setor de laticínios refrigerados. Nesta empresa, foi analisada apenas a logística de seus produtos refrigerados. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a empresa não domina o conceito de customer service. Foi constatada, ainda, uma grande desvantagem competitiva da empresa com relação à empresa líder do mercado. Verificou-se, ainda, que a empresa deve reformular totalmente suas estratégias logísticas se ela pretende ser uma empresa competitiva e que satisfaça seus clientes e acionistas. Concluiu-se que customer service pode ser uma importante ferramenta no processo de estabelecimento de uma estratégia logística competitiva que agrega valor aos produtos da empresa.
The aim of this dissertation is to contribute for the understanding of the concept of customer service and how it can be a useful tool for the development of logistic strategies. Indeed, the theory used was based on customer service and logistics literature. Concepts of value, price, quality, type of relationship among companies and channels of distribution are also present. Moreover, the retail sector and its purchase behavior are studied. An exploratory research was conducted as a case study in a company of dairy products industry. In this company, only the logistics of its refrigerated products was analyzed. The outcome of this research pointed out that the company doesn’t have enough knowledge about the concept of customer service. It was verified that the company has a great disadvantage if compared with the leading company of the industry. Therefore, the company should enhance its logistics strategies if it intends to be a competitive company that brings satisfaction to its customers and stockholders. So, customer service could be an important tool in the process of establishing a competitive logistics strategy that adds value to its products.

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Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro
O setor leiteiro nacional, bem como toda a cadeia agroindustrial do leite, passou, durante a d??cada de 90, por uma s??rie de modifica????es. A abertura do pa??s ao com??rcio internacional, a desregulamenta????o do mercado e o aumento interno da demanda por produtos l??cteos, dentro de um contexto de economia global, preservando os princ??pios do neoliberalismo, trouxeram in??meras conseq????ncias para o setor leiteiro. A abertura do pa??s ao com??rcio internacional, de forma indiscriminada e unilateral, sem a institui????o de mecanismos de sustenta????o para os setores mais fr??geis, inclusive o leite, propiciou a entrada maci??a de produto estrangeiro, subsidiado na origem. As importa????es deprimiram os pre??os, em que pese o aumento da produ????o nos plant??is mais desenvolvidos que se modernizaram para enfrentar a acirrada concorr??ncia dos produtos estrangeiros, de maneira a atender uma ind??stria cada vez mais exigente em termos de qualidade. O presente estudo tem como finalidade refletir sobre as mudan??as ocorridas, estudar a situa????o real dos produtores de leite, fomentar a discuss??o sobre o assunto e, sobretudo, fornecer subs??dios, inclusive ao governo nacional, alertando para a necessidade emergente de pol??ticas p??blicas para o setor, inclusive um programa de reconvers??o dos pequenos produtores para outras atividades. Realizou-se um estudo de caso no munic??pio de Carmo do Rio Claro, em Minas Gerais, atrav??s de pesquisa direta, onde se detectaram a intensa profissionaliza????o do setor, o abandono da atividade por pequenos produtores e a perda de postos de trabalho. Em s??ntese, o setor se especializa e o capital se concentra, eliminando produtores e postos de trabalho da atividade.
Economia e Finan??as

The aim of this research is to propose an integrated framework (pre-production stage) based on critical examination of the impact of implementing QMS in the Chinese baby dairy product industry, with particular emphasis on its drivers, barriers, external issues and challenges, supply chain management, quality standards, legislation and regulations.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of raw materials delivered by suppliers of a dairy industry based on physicochemical specifications. The development of the work consisted of literature research, followed by a case-study with descriptive approach involving variables of quantitative nature. In order to develop the analysis of data, the following statistical techniques were used: Exploratory analysis of data (used to evaluate the consistency of the collected data and to verify their behavior in relation to variability and normality), non-parametric methods (used to compare periods and collection patterns in relation to the behavior of the variables), CEP (used through the construction of control charts for attributes based on the specifications of the variables), multivariate analysis (used through the factorial analysis in the construction of indexes for the classification of suppliers). Two stages were observed in the development of the study. In the first stage, an analysis on the quality of milk based on the acidity determination was conducted. In the second stage, the analysis of the quality of raw materials was conducted using only lots with appropriate acidity values and considering the other physicochemical variables. The results obtained in the first stage were used to observe that most of the lots were produced according to quality standards established for acidity. For the comparison of the milk collection patterns, in general, pattern 1 obtained better performance in all seasons. In the second stage of the analysis, the results showed that suppliers presented lower percentage of milk lots with appropriate specifications for the percentage of water and density. Moreover, considering the comparison between the collection patterns in winter, it was possible to verify that patterns 2 and 3 had the best performance in the quality indicator. Considering the spring season, it was found that standard 1 presented the best performance. In addition, comparing the collection standards in the summer, it was found that standard 2 obtained the best performance. Through the control charts applied, it was possible to perceive that the process was out of control in the three periods mainly due to problems with the specification of the percentage of water and density. Finally, with the aid of the factorial analysis, indexes for the classification of suppliers were calculated based on physicochemical variables.
A presente pesquisa buscou avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima entregue pelos fornecedores de uma indústria de laticínios com base nas especificações físico-químicas. O desenvolvimento do trabalho constituiu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de estudo de caso com abordagem de cunho descritivo, envolvendo variáveis de natureza quantitativa. Para desenvolver as análises dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: Análise exploratória de dados (foi utilizada para avaliar a consistência dos dados coletados e verificar seu comportamento quanto à variabilidade e normalidade); Métodos não-paramétricos (serviram para comparar períodos e rotas de coleta quanto ao comportamento das variáveis); CEP (foi utilizado através da construção de gráficos de controle para atributos com base nas especificações das variáveis); Análise multivariada (utilizada através da análise fatorial na construção do índice para classificação dos fornecedores). No desenvolvimento do estudo foram respeitadas duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizada uma análise sobre a qualidade do leite com base na determinação da acidez. Na segunda etapa foi desenvolvida a análise da qualidade da matériaprima utilizando somente os lotes com medidas adequadas de acidez e considerando as demais variáveis físico-químicas. Com os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa da análise foi possível observar que a maioria dos lotes produzidos estava de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade estabelecidos para a acidez. Em relação a comparação das rotas de coleta do leite, de modo geral, a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho em todas as estações. Na segunda etapa da análise os resultados mostraram que os fornecedores apresentaram baixos percentuais de lotes de leite adequados às especificações para o percentual de água excedente e para a densidade. Além disso, considerando a comparação entre as rotas de coleta, no inverno, foi possível verificar que as rotas 2 e 3 tiveram melhor desempenho no indicador de qualidade. Considerando a estação da primavera, percebeu-se que a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho. E, realizando-se a comparação das rotas de coleta no verão, verificou-se que a rota 2 obteve melhor desempenho. Pelos gráficos de controle aplicados foi possível perceber que o processo estava fora de controle nos três períodos, devido, principalmente, a problemas com as especificações do percentual de água excedente e da densidade. Por fim, com auxilio da análise fatorial, foram calculados índices para classificação dos fornecedores com base nas variáveis físico-químicas.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
The Brazilian market for dairy products is highly competitive and is still dominated by multinationals. Thus, it's essential that the national companies to invest in operational efficiency in order to compete successfully. Therefore, this research focuses in a small dairy company of the state of Pará, whose distribution system requires periodic stops for battery recharging. Moreover, the system is characterized by multiple periods and multiple time windows. To our knowledge, so far the literature hasn't presented a directly applicable methodology for the treatmeant of the application with similar characteristics. Therefore, aiming to provide more effective solutions than the ones in practice, a mixed integer linear model was developed to describe (and solve) the problem as a vehicle routing problem with time window constraints, multi-period and periodic stops for recharging. The results showed that the model adequately describes the distribution of the company, and the obtained solutions are better than those currently practiced. Furthermore, the model shows good performance within 3600 seconds of computational time for instances of 40 customers, 1 vehicle and 1 and 2 recharging stations. Aiming to tackle with larger examples, we developed a mathematical programming heuristic Relax-and-Fix to solve the model. It was also tested adapting a similar model present in the literature in order to analyze if the relaxation of some restrictions have a positive impact on the quality of the solutions. Finally, we propose a location-distribution model for recharging stations in order to examine whether the addition of new stations produce significant improvements in the solutions.
O mercado brasileiro de laticínios é altamente competitivo, sendo ainda dominado por multinacionais. Desta forma, é indispensável que as empresas nacionais invistam na eficiência operacional de forma a concorrer satisfatoriamente neste mercado. À vista disso, o foco desta pesquisa é uma pequena empresa de laticínios do Estado do Pará, cujo o sistema de distribuição a pontos de venda possui a particularidade de necessitar de paradas periódicas para recarga da bateria. Ainda, esse sistema tem como característica múltiplos períodos e múltiplas janelas de tempo. Nota-se que o levantamento bibliográfico realizado não apontou nenhuma metodologia diretamente aplicável para solução da aplicação real tratada. Portanto, objetivando provar soluções mais efetivas que as correntemente aplicadas na prática, foi desenvolvido um modelo linear inteiro misto para descrever (e resolver) o problema como um problema de roteamento de veículos com restrições janela de tempo, multi-períodos e paradas periódicas para recarga. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo proposto descreve adequadamente o processo distribuição da empresa, e as soluções obtidas são melhores que as praticadas atualmente. Além disso, verificou-se que o modelo tem um desempenho satisfatório em até 3600 segundos de processamento para instâncias de até 40 clientes, 1 veículo e até 2 postos de recarga. Com vistas ao tratamento de problemas de maior porte, foi desenvolvida uma heurística de programação matemática do tipo Relax-and-Fix para resolução do modelo. Também foi testada a adaptação de um modelo similar presente na literatura, visando analisar se a relaxação de algumas restrições impacta positivamente na qualidade das soluções. Finalmente, é proposto um modelo de localização-distribuição de postos de recarga, de forma a se examinar se a inclusão de novos postos produz melhorias significativas nas soluções atuais.
FAPESP: 14/10330-0

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The search for innovative solution, aligned to the growing need for cleaner industrial operations, is a solving problem process. In addition, we emphasize that the dairy industry has significant importance to the regional, national and global economy, since Brazil is one of the worldwide largest milk producers, while Rio Grande do Sul is one of the largest national producers. Hence, this research aimed to use the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) as a support tool to solve problems related to Cleaner Production (CP), serving as an innovative tool towards sustainability and higher environmental efficiency. The research involved three different companies. The study was based on the TRIZ fundamental concepts and function analysis, in order to describe the critical processes in the surveyed industries, aiming to detail the features that influence the quality of the studied processes. The results showed that TRIZ can be an alternative to be considered for solving CP problems, especially in situations where exists a scarcity of available data by companies. Also, we highlighted the need of CP feasibility analysis, since TRIZ method does not include this step. Therefore, the proposed inventive solutions are attractive technically, environmentally and economically, meeting the needs of each company studied. Thus, we can conclude that the integration of TRIZ to CP is effective in generating opportunities for inventive and sustainable solutions.
A busca por soluções inovadoras, junto à crescente necessidade de operações industriais mais limpas, é um processo de resolução de problemas. Além disso, ressalta-se que o setor de laticínios é de significativa relevância à economia regional, nacional e mundial, uma vez que o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de leite, ao passo que o Rio Grande do Sul é um dos três maiores produtores nacionais. Dessa forma, esta dissertação teve como objetivo utilizar a Teoria da Solução Inventiva de Problemas (TRIZ) como ferramenta de suporte na resolução de problemas relativos à produção mais limpa (PML) na indústria de laticínios, servindo como ferramenta inovadora na busca de sustentabilidade e maior eficiência ambiental. A pesquisa englobou três empresas de portes e características diferentes. O trabalho teve como base os conceitos fundamentais e a ferramenta de análise funcional da TRIZ, isso com o objetivo de descrever os processos críticos nas indústrias pesquisadas, visando o detalhamento dos recursos que influenciam na qualidade dos processos estudados. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a TRIZ pode ser uma alternativa a ser considerada para a resolução de problemas relacionados à PML, principalmente em situações onde há a precariedade de dados disponíveis por parte das empresas. Salienta-se também a necessidade da análise de viabilidade da PML, uma vez que a TRIZ, dentro de sua metodologia, não engloba essa etapa. Sendo assim, as propostas de soluções inventivas elaboradas são atrativas em âmbito técnico, ambiental e econômico, atendendo, assim, as necessidades de cada empresa estudada. Dessa maneira, pode-se concluir que a integração da TRIZ à PML é efetiva na geração de oportunidades de soluções inventivas e sustentáveis.

Milk and dairy products are groceries of high nutritive value, and therefore, of easy contamination. A great part of the toxic infections that occur, according to the World Health Organization, is caused by the consume of contaminated food, and the main factors that determine these contaminations are related with the poor raw-material obtaining conditions, storage, transportation, processing, manipulation, conservation and commercialization. The present moment requires news models of management, in the milk farms and in the dairy industry. This study had as its objective to point out actions for continuous improvement, to increase the quality and productivity in the milk chain, from diagnosis made in a milk farm and in a Dairy Factory in Santa Maria/RS. The methodology used was the explanatory-descriptive-exploratory type. For the concretization of this project, in the rural property, visual observation and environmental pictures were used, which included the physical-functional structure, operational, human resources and of the flux of milk obtaining in the milking rooms, and milk. In the factory, was from analysis of the physical-functional, operational and human resources structure, which was made through the observation of the plant, visual observation of the environment e pictures of the production fluxes, as well as through data collecting in files in the management sector and verifying list of the GMP. The detailed analysis of the processes identified opportunities for improvement, and evaluation of non conformities in the rural property and factory, based in the current legislations. The evaluation instrument, applied to the locals of study, demonstrated itself to be a effective tool in the identification of factors of non conformities, made possible the elaboration of the Plan of Action 5S s, to the rural property, Manual of GMP to the Factory, and adaptation suggestions to eliminate identified flaws.
O leite e seus derivados são alimentos de alto valor nutritivo, e, portanto, de fácil contaminação. Grande parte das toxinfecções ocorridas, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, é causada pelo consumo de alimentos contaminados, e os principais fatores que determinam essas contaminações estão relacionadas com as condições precárias de obtenção da matéria-prima, armazenamento, transporte, processamento, manipulação, conservação e comercialização. O momento atual exige novos modelos de gestão, nas propriedades leiteiras e na indústria de laticínios. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor ações de melhoria contínua, para incrementar a qualidade e produtividade, na cadeia do leite, a partir de diagnósticos realizados em uma propriedade leiteira e em uma Usina de laticínios de Santa Maria/RS. A metodologia utilizada foi do tipo exploratório-descritiva-explicativo. Para a realização do trabalho, na propriedade rural, utilizou-se a observação visual e fotos do ambiente, que incluiu a estrutura físico-funcional, operacional, recursos humanos e do fluxo de obtenção do leite nas salas de ordenha e leite. Na Usina, constou de análise da estrutura físico-funcional, operacional e dos recursos humanos, a qual foi realizada pela observação da planta baixa, observação visual dos ambientes e fotos dos fluxos de produção, assim como através da coleta de dados em arquivos no setor administrativo e lista de verificação das BPF. A análise detalhada dos processos identificou oportunidades de melhoria, e avaliação das não conformidades na propriedade rural e Usina, baseado nas legislações vigentes.O instrumento de avaliação, aplicado aos locais em estudo, demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficaz na identificação de fatores de não conformidades, possibilitou a elaboração do Plano de Ação 5S s, para a propriedade rural, Manual de BPF para a Usina, e sugestões de adequações para eliminar falhas identificadas.

This thesis describes the development of a food safety risk assessment framework for the Australian dairy industry, through the collection of specific information regarding that industry and its collation and organisation into a structured and flexible spreadsheet model. The risk assessment model framework was developed for use as a tool for evaluating, identifying and prioritising research needs. Developed in Excel (Microsoft Corp.) with @Risk (Palisade Corp.) as an add-in, the model uses a stochastic approach to evaluate the likely concentration of hazards that may be present in liquid milk. Those hazards include: Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, antibiotic and herbicide residues. The structure of the model allows for multiple hazards to be modelled in a single simulation. Flexibility of the spreadsheet model allows for manipulation of the input distribution 'parameters. This enables the evaluation of the effect on hazard concentration in liquid milk to be determined from specific. contamination events at the farm level. The effect of pasteurisation on microbiological hazards was examined together with the validity of log-linear thermal inactivation kinetics. Model estimates for antibiotic residues show that there is less than 10-3 chance of exceeding the MRL when starting with an initial probability of 0.0016 that each cow is contaminated and 0.1 grams of residue is present in milk from each contaminated cow. Microbiological hazards are not expected to survive pasteurisation given the estimated concentrations of those hazards entering the milk supply from the farm level and the reliability of the pasteurisation process.

Defence date: 14 October 2005
Examining board: Prof. Donatella Della Porta (EUI) ; Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter (EUI, Supervisor) ; Prof. Volker Schneider (University of Konstanz) ; Prof. Wolfgang Streeck (Max Planck Institute for the Studies of Societies, Cologne)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Cooperatives are commonplace in the dairy sector throughout the developed world. A cooperative is an organization whose patrons are those who contribute the capital. Two features that distinguish a cooperative are: profits are distributed by member patronage, and member control is democratic. In theory, this organizational form cannot sustainably capture economic rents. Members adjust their production until any captured rents are eliminated, restoring the competitive solution. In British Columbia, the dairy industry is regulated by supply management. Production quotas control output, while fanner returns are guaranteed by restricting imports and administering the price. All milk is pooled, and processors need not deal directly with dairy producers. A simple model of the BC dairy industry, with farm production or processor input as the only variable, shows that the ‘competitive yardstick’ is not maintained. The industry wide milk pool decouples the cooperative from its membership. When this cooperative maximizes its patronage dividend, supply management totally separates it from its members incentives. Given that the administrative price is not set to eliminate all processing rents, the positive patronage dividend is an incentive for all farmers to join the cooperative. Simultaneously, a competing IOF can capture rents because it is buying milk at the pooi price and does not compete with the cooperative for its input needs. The financial statements of the Fraser Valley Milk Producers Cooperative Association lend support to the model. Based on performance ratios, this cooperative is behaving similar to other firms in the dairy industry, and may be capturing rents on behalf of its members. The one area of discrepancy is in the source of financing, and this can be largely explained by changing member investment preferences. Our model predicts that in B.C. the price of quota should be dependent on the return generated by our theoretical cooperative. We find that the present perfonnance of the cooperative is not a useful predictor of the quota price. However, quota price appears to be closely linked to indicators of future economic performance, and the sign of this linkage is consistent with our model.

Field lab: Entrepreneurial and innovative ventures
This paper studies the internationalization process of Logoplaste in the Rigid Plastic Container Industry, within the Dairy Products Industry. The conception of the implementation strategy required the study of the potential markets and its successful Business Model, derived from its internationalization experience. From all the European countries, Poland met the required conditions and was selected as the one with highest potential. Within Poland, the existent opportunities and the most efficient strategies to follow were addressed, with the entrance in the Yogurts Market being the main recommended tactical decision, as well as the continuity of Logoplaste best practices.

This thesis examined the productivity and pasture herbage quality of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cv. 'Kara' and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) cv. 'Matua', under leaf stage based defoliation management. Leaf stage (number of live leaves per tiller) is a generic measure of plant development and was used to investigate the physiology underlying the regrowth response of these species following defoliation, and to determine optimal defoliation management of cocksfoot and prairie grass plants. A survey was undertaken of Tasmanian dairy farmers, to establish the current and potential use of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot and prairie grass, and to evaluate quantitatively farmer perception of the feed quality, palatability and dry matter (DM) production of these species under dryland conditions. The survey responses confirmed that perennial ryegrass is currently the dominant perennial grass species utilised in Tasmanian dairy pastures and that the herbage quality, palatability and annual DM production of perennial ryegrass under dryland conditions is generally considered to be substantially higher than for cocksfoot and prairie grass. An initial field study investigated the effect of defoliation management based on leaf regrowth stage on the productivity and herbage quality of perennial ryegrass, prairie grass and cocksfoot under dryland conditions. The DM yield and quality of cocksfoot and prairie grass were found to be comparable with perennial ryegrass under appropriate defoliation management. While the 2-leaf to 3-leaf regrowth stage was previously well-recognised as the most favourable defoliation interval for perennial ryegrass pastures, this study showed that a defoliation interval coinciding with regrowth of four leaves provided an optimal balance between pasture productivity and herbage quality for cocksfoot and prairie grass. The physiology underlying the regrowth response of cocksfoot and prairie grass following defoliation was further investigated in a series of four glasshouse studies. Changes in the physiology and herbage quality of prairie grass during regrowth were examined, and results provided further evidence that the optimal defoliation interval for prairie grass is the 4-leaf stage of regrowth, as this is when increased watersoluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels in the stubble coincide with a resumption of tillering and root growth, but is prior to the reduction of herbage quality due to increased senescent and stem material. The role of nitrogenous (N) and WSC reserves during regrowth of these species was further investigated, concluding that as with perennial ryegrass, the stubble (tiller base below 50 mm height) is the primary storage site for energy reserves and the priority sequence for allocation of WSC reserves follows the expected order of leaf growth, root growth and tillering for both species. Nitrogenous energy reserves were found to play a minor role in the regrowth of cocksfoot plants following defoliation. For prairie grass, although WSC reserves were identified as the primary contributor to plant regrowth following defoliation, there was a strong relationship between stubble N concentration and regrowth parameters. The distribution of WSC reserves within the stubble of cocksfoot and prairie grass was also determined. The pattern of WSC accumulation in the stubble of these species suggests that the previously adopted defoliation stubble height of 45-50 mm (optimal management for perennial ryegrass) is also suitable for the persistence of cocksfoot and prairie grass. However, while decreasing defoliation height to 30 mm may be acceptable for cocksfoot, prairie grass is more sensitive to defoliation severity, with defoliation below 45 mm not recommended. Differences between four cocksfoot and four brome cultivars (including Kara and Matua) under leaf stage based defoliation management in the glasshouse were xamined. Variation between cultivars indicated that there are some improvements resulting from selection and breeding within the cocksfoot and brome genera since the commercial release of Kara and Matua. However, whether the overall value of the newer cultivars to dairy pasture systems exceeds the value of the original cultivars is yet to be determined. The remaining potential limitations to the use of Matua and Kara in the dairy industry, as highlighted in this thesis, include slow establishment of Kara in the field, high rates of seeding for Matua, and relatively high fibre levels for both cultivars compared with perennial ryegrass. However, the overall results show that under defoliation management based on leaf stage, an optimal balance between pasture yield, persistence and herbage quality can be achieved, supporting the future use of cocksfoot and prairie grass in dryland dairy pastures of southern Australia.

Historically, consumer perceptions towards dairy products have been measured using a rational cognitive approach. However, recent consumer insights suggest that emotions play a dominant role in consumer decision making. The South African dairy industry therefore identified a need to determine emotive reactions to educational messages in addition to the reasons underpinning dairy consumption. Using a mixed method research approach, reactions from 81 South African dairy consumers were obtained, using three different, but interrelated measuring instruments. Descriptive statistics, hierarchical ladder maps and correlation analyses were used to examine emotive and cognitive consumer reaction to a number of generic dairy messages and products. The findings indicate that certain communication messages appear to have a stronger impact on consumers due to specific emotions that these messages elicit. Personal values underpinning dairy consumption decisions were also identified within the context of emotive reactions to the selected dairy products.
Business Management
M. Com. (Business Management)

The aim of the study is to develop an understanding of production and demand of dairy related products in China with a view to providing a basis to determine the export potential of dairy products from Australia. In order to achieve this aim, the following specific objectives were addressed: • To provide an outline of the Chinese dairy industry including favourable developmental factors and developmental constraints; • Taking into account the influence of history, culture and dietary preference on production and consumption, to examine how current demand for dairy products in China has been met through local production and or imports; • To develop an understanding of the Australian dairy industry and its capacity to satisfy any existing shortfall in supply or contribute to any future growth in demand for dairy products which is unlikely to be met through China's domestic dairy industry.

This study analyses trends in demand for dairy products in Malaysia, characteristics of the Australian dairy industry, the marketing strategies of Australian dairy companies, the marketing strategies of major competitors, public policy influencing dairy industry development in Malaysia and concludes with a SWOT analysis of the market for dairy products in Malaysia from an Australian perspective.

This thesis focuses on an analysis of factors influencing Australia's dairy product exports to Thailand. To the author's knowledge, such an analysis has not been conducted so far. The research consists of literature reviews of the theories and empirical studies of comparative advantage and export demand, the econometric estimation of Thailand's demand for Australia's exports of dairy products to analyse the determinants of Thailand's demand for Australian dairy products, and an investigation of experience of selected Australian exporting companies in exporting dairy products to Thailand based on the interviews of export managers. Australia exports dairy products such as, milk dry (skim milk powder or SMP and whole milk powder or WMP), butter, cheese and curd, and whey products to Thailand. SMP is the principle ingredient of Thailand's milk processing industry. Australia's main competitors in Thailand for exports of dairy products are New Zealand, the EU and to some extent the U.S.A. Thailand has heavily protected its local dairy industry by high tariffs and regulation. The Thai government promotes local dairy production and the use of local milk products. However, the dairy sector of Thailand is still incapable of meeting the demand from the domestic dairy processing industry and consumers. Hence, Thailand has to import a large volume of dairy products each year. The Australia-Thailand free trade agreement (FTA) started to operate in January 2005. Thailand's import tariffs on Australia's dairy products will decline to zero to 32 per cent, and be phased out by 2010 or 2020. The quotas on Australia's exports of milk powders and milk and cream to the Thai market will be increased by 2025. The analysis of revealed comparative advantage and revealed competitive advantage identify that among the dairy product exporting countries, Australia has comparative advantage and competitive advantage of all of the dairy products (milk evaporated, milk dry, whey preserved and concentrated butter and cheese and curd). Thailand has comparative advantage and competitive advantage only in milk condensed and evaporated. Thailand has comparative disadvantage and competitive disadvantage in the other dairy product categories. Australia's competitors in the Thai market (New Zealand, and the selected EU countries) have comparative and competitive advantages in most of the dairy products. These results suggest that Australian dairy exporting companies and policy makers could focus on increasing the volumes of all of the dairy products exported to Thailand, except milk condensed and evaporated. The results from the estimation of econometric models of Thailand's demand for Australia's exports of milk dry shows that in the short run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand declines when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries increases, while it is not responsive to Thailand's real national income. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand declines when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries' price increases. The estimated long run price elasticity of export demand is -2.76. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand does not change significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. In the short run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand falls when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries increases, but it is not responsive to Thailand's real national income. The quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand declines when the Thai baht depreciates against the Australian dollar. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand decreases when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries' price increases. The estimated long run relative price elasticity of demand is -1.13. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand does not change significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. The quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand declines when the Thai baht depreciates against the Australian dollar. The estimated long run exchange rate elasticity of demand is -6.34. In the short run, the quantity of Australia's cheese and curd exports demanded in Thailand is not responsive either to the relative price of exports or to Thailand's real national income. In the long run the quantity of Australia's cheese and curd exports demanded in Thailand changes significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. The estimated long run income elasticity of demand is 1.84. During the interviews, the export managers of Australian dairy export companies agreed that Thailand is a significant importer of Australia's dairy products, particularly for SMP, WMP, whey powder, butter and cheese. Thailand's stable economic and political environment is one of the reasons that they are attracted to the Thai market. The principal factors that make Australia's products successful in the Thai market are competitive price and 'clean, green and natural' products. However, limited Australian dairy product varieties and distribution channels are major factors that contribute to Australia falling behind New Zealand and the EU in the Thai market. The Australian dairy Corporation (ADC) is not involved in promoting Australian dairy products in the Thai market at present, but has done so in the past. Thailand's tariff and import quota protection and support to local dairying industry is one of the barriers encountered by Australia's exports to Thailand. All the managers are hopeful of expanding opportunities for their dairy exports in the Thai market. These findings imply that Australian dairy export companies could expand the dairy product varieties they export and offer for sale in the Thai market. They could also take advantage of the established sales distribution network in addition to exploring the possibilities of setting up their own distribution channels. They could be looking into the possibilities of setting up of joint ventures with local dairy processing companies in Thailand so that their dairy exports could be expanded. The Australian dairy export companies as well as the ADC have to actively promote in various ways the Australian dairy product exports in the Thai market in order to take advantage of the window of opportunities open to them within the trade liberalisation framework of the Australia-Thailand free trade agreement (FTA).

2008年三鹿三聚氰胺毒奶粉事件震驚國內外，該事件導致六名嬰兒腎結石死亡，逾三萬嬰幼兒從此生活在各種腎疾病的陰霾之下。此後奶產品安全問題尋出不窮，對國內奶產業造成嚴重的負面影響，令消費者對整個國內奶產業信心下降。事實上，在很多奶產品安全的危機中，遭受質疑的企業組織最後均被政府的檢測結果證實是無辜的。在危機中，組織的形象受到威脅，組織需通過不同的方法進行自我辯護。現存的文獻提出，危機溝通策略和組織對責任承擔的態度是兩個影響公眾對組織信心和媒體報導語調的重要因素。組織類型（國有或外資）也會影響公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調。過往研究也發現，公眾對組織的信心與媒體報導語調之間存在正相關的聯繫。此研究通過對兩個犯行危機情景的案例研究（2009多美滋危機事件和2010聖元危機事件），目的在於評估危機溝通策略的效用，同時也探討在不同的階段中危機溝通策略、組織責任承擔、組織類型、公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調之間的關係。研究成果發現文獻建議之在不同階段的最佳策略和組織責任承擔對公眾對組織的信心和媒體報導語調均無重要影響。然而，使用越少藉口和越多提供信息策略的組織贏得更多公眾信心，從而提升正面媒體報導。研究也發現，外企在第一和第二階段報導更正面，但最後國企反而取得正面的媒體報導。另外，組織類型與階段對組織選取策略與組織責任承擔均有影響。本研究結果顯示西方危機處理理論在低信任度社會如中國等未必適用。研究一方面透過更複雜的情境角度，進一步加深對現有危機傳播文獻的理解，例如引入不同階段的概念來評估危機管理的成效，另一方面也為在低信任社會中的奶產業企業提供有效的危機管理建議。
Sanlu Melamine-contaminated Milk Scandal, the frequent outbreak of dairy product safety crises had a severe impact on the domestic dairy industry, resulting in a general loss of the consumers' confidence in the entire domestic dairy industry. In fact, in many crises the crisis-ridden organizations were eventually proven innocent by governmental departments. During a crisis, an organization's image is threatened, so that various communicative entities are used to defend this image. Based on the existing literature, this study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of crisis communicative strategies (CCSs) as well as investigating the relationships among CCSs, organization responsibility acceptance, organization ownership type (domestically owned or foreign-invested), confidence in organization and media coverage in different stages during the crisis by comparing the Dumex case in 2009 and the Synutra case in 2010. The results found that the posited optimal CCS in a particular stage and organization responsibility acceptance generally did not have significant effects on confidence in organization or media image coverage. However, the findings revealed that the less excuses and the more information providing strategies were employed, the higher the stakeholders' confidence in organization would be, which in turn significantly increased the positive image coverage. Certain CCSs, i.e., diversion, no response, also showed significant direct effects on media coverage. Moreover, foreign-invested organization appeared to enjoy favorable image coverage in Stage 1 and Stage 2, but domestically owned organization surpassed it in the last stage. Organization ownership type and stages also had significant impacts on the choices of CCSs and degree of organization responsibility acceptance. Stage was also a significant negative predictor of confidence in organization but not for media coverage. This study on one hand revealed that the western crisis management theory might not be accommodative to the low-trust context in mainland China and thus theoretically further the understanding of existing crisis communication literature in a more complex contextual perspective through integrating stages as a significant time factor into the evaluation of crisis management. On the other hand it also pragmatically provides useful suggestions on effective crisis strategic management to dairy corporate in low-trust societies.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Huang, Peiyi.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-177).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese.
ABSTRACT (English version) --- p.i
ABSTRACT (Chinese version) --- p.iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- CONCEPTUALIZATION --- p.9
Chapter 2.1 --- Crisis Management --- p.9
Crisis --- p.9
Crisis Management --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Outcome: Media Image Coverage --- p.14
Chapter 2.3 --- Time Factor: Stages --- p.16
Chapter 2.4 --- Strategic Factors --- p.20
Crisis Communicative Strategies (CCSs) --- p.20
Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.46
Chapter 2.5 --- Organizational Factor: Organization Ownership Type --- p.50
Chapter 2.6 --- Mediator: Confidence in Organization --- p.52
Chapter 2.7 --- Research Framework, Hypotheses and Research Questions --- p.55
Chapter 3. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.58
Chapter 3.1 --- Case Selection --- p.58
Case --- p.58
Design --- p.61
Chapter 3.2 --- Content Analysis --- p.65
Data Collection --- p.65
Data Coding --- p.67
Inter-coder Reliability --- p.70
Chapter 4. --- RESULTS --- p.71
Chapter 4.1 --- Basic Sample Information --- p.71
Chapter 4.2 --- Hypothesis Tests of Two Individual Cases --- p.71
Case 1 (Dumex) --- p.73
Chapter tCase 2 (Synutra) --- p.86
Chapter 4.3 --- The Overall Results of Cases and Research Questions --- p.91
Media Valance --- p.92
Research Question 1 --- p.95
Research Question 2 --- p.99
Research Question 3 --- p.107
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.116
Chapter 5. --- DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.126
Chapter 5.1 --- Stage as A Complex Concept --- p.126
Controlling Other Dangers in a Dynamics Crisis --- p.127
The Role of Governmental Intervention in a Low-trust Society --- p.129
Chapter 5.2 --- Effects of CCSs on Media Image Coverage inLow-trust Society --- p.132
Chapter 5.3 --- Mediating Effects of Confidence in Organization --- p.139
Chapter 5.4 --- Suggestions of Applications of CCSs in Low-trust Society --- p.141
Chapter 5.5 --- Limit Predictive Power of Organization Responsibility Acceptance --- p.148
Chapter 5.6 --- Effects of Organization Ownership Type --- p.150
Chapter 6. --- LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS --- p.154
Chapter 7. --- REFERENCES --- p.159
Chapter 8. --- APPENDIXES --- p.178

This thesis focuses on an analysis of factors influencing Australia's dairy product exports to Thailand. To the author's knowledge, such an analysis has not been conducted so far. The research consists of literature reviews of the theories and empirical studies of comparative advantage and export demand, the econometric estimation of Thailand's demand for Australia's exports of dairy products to analyse the determinants of Thailand's demand for Australian dairy products, and an investigation of experience of selected Australian exporting companies in exporting dairy products to Thailand based on the interviews of export managers. Australia exports dairy products such as, milk dry (skim milk powder or SMP and whole milk powder or WMP), butter, cheese and curd, and whey products to Thailand. SMP is the principle ingredient of Thailand's milk processing industry. Australia's main competitors in Thailand for exports of dairy products are New Zealand, the EU and to some extent the U.S.A. Thailand has heavily protected its local dairy industry by high tariffs and regulation. The Thai government promotes local dairy production and the use of local milk products. However, the dairy sector of Thailand is still incapable of meeting the demand from the domestic dairy processing industry and consumers. Hence, Thailand has to import a large volume of dairy products each year. The Australia-Thailand free trade agreement (FTA) started to operate in January 2005. Thailand's import tariffs on Australia's dairy products will decline to zero to 32 per cent, and be phased out by 2010 or 2020. The quotas on Australia's exports of milk powders and milk and cream to the Thai market will be increased by 2025. The analysis of revealed comparative advantage and revealed competitive advantage identify that among the dairy product exporting countries, Australia has comparative advantage and competitive advantage of all of the dairy products (milk evaporated, milk dry, whey preserved and concentrated butter and cheese and curd). Thailand has comparative advantage and competitive advantage only in milk condensed and evaporated. Thailand has comparative disadvantage and competitive disadvantage in the other dairy product categories. Australia's competitors in the Thai market (New Zealand, and the selected EU countries) have comparative and competitive advantages in most of the dairy products. These results suggest that Australian dairy exporting companies and policy makers could focus on increasing the volumes of all of the dairy products exported to Thailand, except milk condensed and evaporated. The results from the estimation of econometric models of Thailand's demand for Australia's exports of milk dry shows that in the short run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand declines when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries increases, while it is not responsive to Thailand's real national income. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand declines when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries' price increases. The estimated long run price elasticity of export demand is -2.76. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's milk dry exports demanded in Thailand does not change significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. In the short run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand falls when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries increases, but it is not responsive to Thailand's real national income. The quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand declines when the Thai baht depreciates against the Australian dollar. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand decreases when Australia's export price relative to that of competing countries' price increases. The estimated long run relative price elasticity of demand is -1.13. In the long run, the quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand does not change significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. The quantity of Australia's butter exports demanded in Thailand declines when the Thai baht depreciates against the Australian dollar. The estimated long run exchange rate elasticity of demand is -6.34. In the short run, the quantity of Australia's cheese and curd exports demanded in Thailand is not responsive either to the relative price of exports or to Thailand's real national income. In the long run the quantity of Australia's cheese and curd exports demanded in Thailand changes significantly in response to changes in Thailand's real national income. The estimated long run income elasticity of demand is 1.84. During the interviews, the export managers of Australian dairy export companies agreed that Thailand is a significant importer of Australia's dairy products, particularly for SMP, WMP, whey powder, butter and cheese. Thailand's stable economic and political environment is one of the reasons that they are attracted to the Thai market. The principal factors that make Australia's products successful in the Thai market are competitive price and 'clean, green and natural' products. However, limited Australian dairy product varieties and distribution channels are major factors that contribute to Australia falling behind New Zealand and the EU in the Thai market. The Australian dairy Corporation (ADC) is not involved in promoting Australian dairy products in the Thai market at present, but has done so in the past. Thailand's tariff and import quota protection and support to local dairying industry is one of the barriers encountered by Australia's exports to Thailand. All the managers are hopeful of expanding opportunities for their dairy exports in the Thai market. These findings imply that Australian dairy export companies could expand the dairy product varieties they export and offer for sale in the Thai market. They could also take advantage of the established sales distribution network in addition to exploring the possibilities of setting up their own distribution channels. They could be looking into the possibilities of setting up of joint ventures with local dairy processing companies in Thailand so that their dairy exports could be expanded. The Australian dairy export companies as well as the ADC have to actively promote in various ways the Australian dairy product exports in the Thai market in order to take advantage of the window of opportunities open to them within the trade liberalisation framework of the Australia-Thailand free trade agreement (FTA).

Despite continued pursuit of development interventions to improve people’s livelihoods and reduce poverty, intended and actual outcomes of developments interventions may differ. Some scholars attribute this variation to flawed conceptualisation of development interventions while others view this divergence as evidence that implementation processes are complex and actual outcomes result from adaptations of the interventions by actors. To move beyond the discursive approaches to analysis of development interventions, this thesis addresses the question how do actors adapt them, why and with what outcomes in the long run? Empirically, it looks at how project officers and farmers adapted the National Dairy Development Project (NDDP), a dairy intervention implemented in Kenya between 1980 and 1995, and its long run outcomes. The intervention promoted zero grazing, intensive management of dairy cattle whose implementation by farmers was expected to increase land productivity as a means to address land scarcity, increase milk production and reduce poverty through generation of incomes from milk sales. The methodology of this thesis links mechanisms, contexts, and outcomes, three elements of realist explanation, to understand adaptations and outcomes of development interventions. Through thematic synthesis of in-depth interviews and analysis of project documents, this thesis explains adaptations and long run outcomes of the NDDP. Findings reveal that developers and farmers adapted several components of the intervention. With close reference to context, incentives and continuity pressures, this thesis utilises intervention effectiveness and matching mechanisms to explain how project officers adapted the NDDP. Further, through fit and resistance mechanisms, this thesis explains how farmers adapted zero grazing in the context of inadequate fodder, labour shortage and lack of resources to invest in dairy. In the long run, findings show that the intervention diminished as evident in coexistence of indigenous and modern dairy technologies and non-implementation of any dairy technologies by farmers. Despite adaptations of zero grazing by project officers and farmers, intensification of dairy cattle management has diminished in the context of resource constraints, neoliberal policies and labour shortage. Consequently, the objective to increase land productivity through intensive dairy cattle management, the rationale for initiation of the intervention, remains unresolved.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.

Over the last two decades, a great many farmers in the Adelaide Milkshed (the region supplying Adelaide with its liquid milk) have left the dairy industry which has led to a decrease in milk production relative to demand. Reasons are explored and improved management of the farm, and relocation of dairies to the south east and mid north are considered as possible options for increased milk production. How the dairy farm system operates and the means by which can adopt to malfunctioning or breakdown within the farm system is also discussed.
Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geography, 1993

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Public Management, Durban University of Technology, 2017.
Disasters are on the increase globally with devastating effects. The devastation caused by these disasters in various countries highlights the need for increased commitment and investment, by government and various stakeholders, in disaster risk reduction. This study investigated disaster risk reduction strategies in Zimbabwe’s dairy supply chains. The study was initiated on the premise that Zimbabwe is at high risk and vulnerable to natural and man-made hazards. The study is set in the backdrop of declining output across all agricultural sectors evident particularly in the dairy farming sector that has seen inadequate supply of raw milk and dairy products by local producers in Zimbabwe. This study therefore sought to assess the collaborative strategies by government, dairy organisations and dairy supply chain stakeholders to reduce disaster risks in the dairy industry. The study employed a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) to investigate collaborative disaster risk reduction strategies used by dairy supply chain stakeholders to avoid supply chain disruptions. The study used a sample size of 92 dairy farmers, from major milk producing regions of Zimbabwe, for the questionnaire. The Cronbach alpha test for reliability showed a reliable questionnaire. Furthermore, the study used information from key informants, 30 retailers and 20 dairy officers for one-on-one interviews. Quantitative data was analysed using STATA (version 13). OLS regression analysis was done and results were compared with those of the Tobit models as a test for robustness of the results. Qualitative data was analysed using thematic analysis derived from observations and interviews and descriptive statistics presented in tables and bar charts. Notable in the literature reviewed is lack of coordination amongst stakeholders in strategies to reduce disaster risks in dairy supply chains in Zimbabwe. This study adopted a collaborative proactive framework and tested it as a strategy to reduce disaster risks in dairy supply chains. The study gives four major findings. Firstly, dairy supply chains in Zimbabwe were exposed to a number of risks which are: international competition, competition from local giants, financial risks, political risks, technological risks, environmental risks and production risks. Secondly, findings from regression analysis indicated that an overall index of disaster risks significantly influenced job losses, food security, milk productivity and growth of ventures in dairy businesses. Thirdly, there were isolated cases of planned coordination by stakeholders in the industry to reduce the negative effects of disasters across the supply chain. There was collaboration among dairy farmers, processors, NGOs, and government departments of agriculture and environment. Fourthly, an index of collaborative strategies regressed against dependent variables of variables of supply chain cost, lead time milk sales, and variety and quality of milk demonstrated that collaborative strategies in dairy supply chain significantly influenced supply chain costs and variety and quality of milk and milk products. It is expected that the study will assist government in the formulation of public policies for the dairy sector leading to improved access to high quality raw milk and milk products for consumers thus resulting in improved nutrition and food security for the people of Zimbabwe. Policy recommendations highlight that instead of the current maximum of the 5 year lease given to white commercial farmers, the government should consider issuing out long term leases in order to protect long-term investment in dairy projects. Government should, therefore, create an enabling environment for stakeholder partnerships in the dairy sector.
D

Dairy production often occurs in distorted, highly protected environments, which affect both the price and quality of the end product. Current Canadian regulations serve to protect the local dairy industry with production quotas and high import tariffs. By raising the price of milk, these regulations may induce Canadian cheese manufacturers to find ways to substitute away from Canadian milk inputs to lower costs and maximize profit. Given that some alternative ingredients can be imported without tariffs, it is natural to examine the link between protective policies for Canadian milk and the quality of processed milk products such as cheese. Along with the regulations, other changes have occurred in the Canadian cheese processing industry. The structure of the Canadian dairy processing industry has undergone a significant rationalization process in the last decade. The shift into fewer and larger plants has been necessary to achieve the efficiency level and economies of scale to remain competitive. Over the past decade, technological change has induced processors to substitute alternative inputs for the traditional ingredients, which in turn has affected the quality of final products such as cheese. There has been a great deal of research on the price and efficiency effects of Canada's supply management system for dairy production, but little (or no) work has been done on the effects of supply management on the quality of processed milk products at the consumer level. I develop a theoretical and empirical model to examine the effect of Canadian regulations, technological change and industry consolidation on cheese quality. The analysis helps explain current quality trends in the Canadian cheese and dairy industry, as well as the social cost of Canadian supply management in milk products. This thesis uses theoretical and empirical analysis to examine the effects of supply management on quality in the dairy industry, thereby filling a gap in the literature. Specifically, for the theoretical model I examine the effect of supply management on cheese quality, quantity produced and number of firms in the industry using some comparative statics analysis. For the empirical model, I use the derived demand equation for casein as a function of the reduced form demand for the outputs (cheddar, specialty cheese, yogurt and ice cream), the marginal costs (milk price, wage and metal) and the number of plants to determine the effect of high levels of protection on product quality. Most of the empirical results match the theoretical ones. In both models, evidence suggests that supply management negatively affects cheese quality. In the theoretical model, supply management, by increasing marginal costs, increases the quantity of extended cheese produced. In the empirical model, the quantity of casein imports increases in response to an increase in the price of milk. The results of the empirical model suggest that approximately 9.8% of specialty cheese is produced using casein. Furthermore, I estimate the amount of milk displaced by casein if milk price increases one dollar, 722.65 hi of milk per month; and the implied spillover effect on Canadian dairy farmers, which, on average, decreases their rents by 33,033 dollars per month.

M.Com. (Business Management)
In the field of supply chain, rival organisations compete on the basis of routes to market. The organisation that has the most cost competitive route to market is able to gain dominance and ultimately increase its profitability. Currently Clover is faced with the challenge where its retail customers want to take ownership of the delivery of perishable goods from the manufactures to their retail stores. Such a move would result in considerable loss of revenue to Clover. To retain this business Clover needs to prove to the retail customers that it has the most cost competitive routes to market and that it can deliver to market in the most economical and efficient manner that will benefit both Clover and its retail customers. The availability of appropriate information plays a key role in any activity along the supply chain. This research will focus on Point-of-Sale (POS) data, and how it can strengthen strategic collaborations between Clover and its retail customers in order to achieve cost competitive routes to markets. The research explores the supply chain strategies that can be utilised by the branded food and beverages group to collaborate with its retail customers. The impact of these supply chain strategies on routes to market is established and investigated. The role of information systems, mainly POS data, is highlighted to indicate how it can assist in attaining cost competitive routes to market. A qualitative research approach was adopted in order to solve the research problem with interviews being used as the primary data collection instrument. The data collected through the interviews was coded and analysed according to the themes, time, distance, volume and weight. The research analysed how these identified key themes impact on the cost competitive routes to markets. The research recommendation on how to attain cost competitive routes to market include, strategic collaboration with retailers along distribution channels, where feasible introduction of leaner and agile supply chains,

A presente dissertação trata-se de um requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de mestre em gestão. Por sua vez, a opção pelo tópico fundamentou-se no desejo pessoal de estudar um tema tão importante para a sustentabilidade e crescimento organizacional num sector proeminente e tradicional da minha região – Açores. O objectivo da dissertação passa por averiguar a forma como a indústria de lacticínios portuguesa reagiu às transformações socioeconómicas recentes e como está a conduzir o Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos (DNP). Nas próximas páginas será abordada a necessidade do DNP, serão apresentadas as suas dimensões e abordadas as respectivas melhores práticas. Serão discutidos processos, gestão de portfolio, factores de sucesso, gestão do risco, entre outros. A partir da revisão de literatura, foi escolhida uma ferramenta - questionário de auditoria de melhores práticas de DNP (Barczak e Kahn, 2012) que serviu como veículo de monitorização da situação actual da indústria de lacticínios portuguesa. Foram distribuídos 167 questionários e registadas 33 respostas. O resultado foi um nível de implementação médio de melhores práticas de 41.9 pontos, numa escala de -101 a 101. As Grandes Empresas registaram um valor médio de 71,4 pontos enquanto as PME’s ficaram-se pelos 32,6. Por outro lado, as dimensões de DNP Comercialização (61%) e Estratégia (55%) foram aquelas com a maior proporção de práticas implementadas. Finalmente, as dimensões Pesquisa (26%) e Métricas e Medição da Performance (26%) registaram as pontuações mais reduzidas e colocaram-se como as mais necessitadas de investimento futuro pelas empresas auscultadas.
This dissertation is a partial requisite for a management master degree. The topic was chosen based on the personal desire of learning about an area that is so important for sustainable organizational growth in such a significant and traditional sector of my home region – The Azores. The goal of the dissertation is to understand how the Portuguese dairy industry adapted to recent socio-economical transformations and how it is conducting New Product Development (NPD) activities. The following pages expose a vast literature review that explores the need for NPD, discusses the NPD process, portfolio management, success factors, risks, best-practices and NPD dimensions, amongst others. Based on the literature review, a tool was selected – the NPD best practices audit questionnaire (Barczak e Kahn, 2012) - and was used as the vehicle to monitor the reality of the Portuguese dairy industry. Overall, 167 companies were contacted and asked to collaborate with the project – 33 answers were registered. The data analysis has resulted on an average best practices implementation classification level of 41.9, on a -101 to 101 scale. The large companies registered an average of 71.4 points whilst the small and medium enterprises achieved 32.6. On the other hand, the NPD best practices dimensions, Commercialization (61%) and Strategy (55%) were the ones whose practices were most implemented. Finally, the Research (26%) and Metrics (26%) dimensions got the lowest implementation values placing themselves as the dimensions that require the most future investment by the inquired companies.