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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dairy technology

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dairy technology'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dairy technology"

1

Jelen, P. "Dairy Technology." International Dairy Journal 10, no. 8 (January 2000): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-6946(00)00077-7.

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BANKS, W. "Dairy products: technology." International Journal of Dairy Technology 46, no. 3 (August 1993): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1993.tb01252.x.

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McKenna, Brian M. "Modern dairy technology." Journal of Food Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 1988): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(88)90037-4.

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McKELVIE, W. M. "Training in dairy technology." International Journal of Dairy Technology 39, no. 1 (January 1986): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1986.tb02354.x.

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Goff, H. Douglas. "Advanced Dairy Science and Technology." Trends in Food Science & Technology 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.005.

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Repuk, D. V., K. V. Zhuchaev, and V. S. Tokarev. "TECHNOLOGY AUDIT ON DAIRY FARMS." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2019-23-1-112-117.

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Technological audit of dairy farms in the Novosibirsk region revealed the main problems of keeping, feeding and breeding animals, causing a decrease in production efficiency. Only about 30 % of enterprises with a cow yield of less than 7000 kg per lactation harvest high quality feed. At the same time, on average for three years from 24 to 68 % of the harvested forages were classified as non-class according to the analyzed samples from 15 districts of the region. More than 60 % of the surveyed farms are characterized by poor animal hygiene. Conducted late or not carried out functional hoof trimming. The share of enterprises using only artificial insemination of cows is low, the frequency of gynecological diseases is high. The technology of young growth is not observed. Almost all indicators of such enterprises are significantly different from the reference (with milk yield of cows over 7000 kg). Critical to achieving such productivity are technological discipline, including climate, proper feeding and milking, availability of qualified specialists and herd management system.

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O'Sullivan, M. "The Technology of Dairy Products." Journal of Food Engineering 19, no. 2 (January 1993): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(93)90043-j.

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Jelen, P. "Dairy science and technology handbook." Food Research International 27, no. 6 (January 1994): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)90147-3.

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Hill, Jeremy. "Advanced Dairy Science And Technology." International Dairy Journal 20, no. 6 (June 2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.01.001.

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Plahotnuk, V. V., O. P. Serova, N. I. Mosolova, and B. A. Sherstyuk. "Improving the technology of dairy sauce." Agrarian-And-Food Innovations 1, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31208/2618-7353-2018-1-2-60-63.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dairy technology"

1

Nieto, Rubén D. "The dairy technology systen in Venezuela /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487846885776457.

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Weiss, Daniel. "Interaction between dairy cow physiology and milking technology." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972579133.

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Bulale, Abdinasir Ibrahim. "Smallholder dairy production and dairy technology adoption in the mixed farming system in Arsi Highland, Ethiopia /." Berlin : Köster, 2000. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009047143&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Olynk, Nicole J. "Economic analyses of reproduction management strategies and technologies on U.S. dairy farms." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 28, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108). Also issued in print.

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Borchers, Matthew Richard. "AN EVALUATION OF PRECISION DAIRY FARMING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION, PERCEPTION, EFFECTIVENESS, AND USE." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/45.

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Precision dairy farming technologies provide a variety of functions to dairy farmers. Little is known about dairy producer perception of these technologies. A study was performed to understand dairy producer perception of parameters monitored by precision dairy farming technologies. Calving has potential to be predicted using these same parameters and technologies. A second study was performed using two commercially marketed technologies in calving prediction. In order for these technologies to generate accurate and useful information for dairy farm use, they must accurately quantify these parameters. The final study evaluated the accuracy of five commercially marketed technologies in monitoring feeding, rumination, and lying behaviors.

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Hamilton, Jeffrey Hunt. "Photochemical Protection of Riboflavin and Tetrapyrroles with Light Scattering Technology." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76811.

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The effectiveness of titanium dioxide (TiO?) in polyethylene films at preventing the photooxidation of riboflavin in a model solution was evaluated. Five different TiO? loads (0.5-8.0 wt%), each at 3 different thicknesses (50-100 um) were evaluated. A photochemical reactor, equipped with a 350W mercury lamp, provided full spectrum light or narrow bandwidth wavelength exposure, using filters allowing transmission at 25 nm wavebands at maximum peak height at 450, 550, or 650 nm. Riboflavin concentration was measured by HPLC over 8 hours of exposure. Increased TiO? load and thickness significantly affected riboflavin photooxidation (p<0.05). TiO? load had more influence on protection provided to riboflavin than did film thickness. Film opacity correlated linearly with decreased photooxidation (R2 of 0.831 & 0.783 for full spectrum and 450 nm bandpass-filter sets, respectively). Riboflavin photooxidation proceeded most rapidly with the full spectrum exposure (light intensity 118 ° 17.3 mW). Photooxidation occurred in the 450 nm bandpass-filter, but not for 550 & 650 nm sets (light intensities of 2.84 °0.416, 3.36 °0.710, and 0.553 ° 0.246 mW, respectively). Effect of fluorescent light-exposure (2020-1690 lux) on the same system was monitored over 2 days. Riboflavin degradation in the photoreactor proceeded ~300 times faster than under fluorescent lighting. Riboflavin degradation was found to significantly increase with the addition of chlorophyll-like tetrapyrroles (p<0.05). Riboflavin was found to significantly decrease the degradation rate of the tetrapyrroles pyropheophytin a and pheophytin a (p<0.05). The decrease in rate was not significant for chlorophyll a (p>0.05).
Master of Science in Life Sciences

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Arias, Pedro M. "Efficiency and technical change in milk production in north-west Uruguay." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298483.

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McAstocker, Michael. "The effects of dietary dairy products on mammalian cholesterol metabolism." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317559.

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Eastwood, Callum Ross. "Innovatoive precision dairry systems : a case study of farmer learning and technology co-development /." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3530.

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Scott, David L. "UHT processing and aseptic filling of dairy foods." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/970.

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Books on the topic "Dairy technology"

1

O'Connor, C. Rural dairy technology. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International Livestock Research Institute, 1995.

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Robinson, R. K., ed. Modern Dairy Technology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3.

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Walstra, Pieter. Dairy science and technology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Robinson, R. K., ed. Robinson: Modern Dairy Technology. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2057-3.

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Milk and dairy product technology. New York: M. Dekker, 1998.

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6

Britz, Trevor J., and Richard K. Robinson, eds. Advanced Dairy Science and Technology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470697634.

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Chandrapala, Jayani, and Bogdan Zisu. Ultrasound Technology in Dairy Processing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93482-2.

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Dairy cooperative growth challenges: Technology, ingredients (proteins) and equity financing. Washington, D.C.]: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Rural Development, 2005.

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9

Ewbank, Emily. Successful technology transfer to dairy farmers. Market Harborough: Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 2003.

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10

J. C. T. van den Berg. Dairy technology in the tropics and subtropics. Wageningen: Pudoc, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dairy technology"

1

Mayorga, Bonastre Oliete, and Manuel Gómez. "Dairy Ingredients." In Bakery Products Science and Technology, 259–74. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792001.ch14.

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Homewood, J. T., and H. J. Hess. "Technology for the Developing Countries." In Modern Dairy Technology, 455–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_8.

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Robinson, R. K., and A. Y. Tamime. "Manufacture of Yoghurt and Other Fermented Milks." In Modern Dairy Technology, 1–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_1.

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Tamime, A. Y. "Modern Cheesemaking: Hard Cheeses." In Modern Dairy Technology, 49–220. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_2.

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Shaw, M. B. "Modern Cheesemaking: Soft Cheeses." In Modern Dairy Technology, 221–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_3.

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Mitten, H. L., and J. M. Neirinckx. "Developments in Frozen-Products Manufacture." In Modern Dairy Technology, 281–329. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_4.

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Lewis, M. J. "Physical Properties of Dairy Products." In Modern Dairy Technology, 331–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_5.

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Andersen, T., N. Brems, M. M. Børglum, S. Kold-Christensen, E. Hansen, J. H. Jørgensen, and L. Nygaard. "Modern Laboratory Practice—1: Chemical Analyses." In Modern Dairy Technology, 381–416. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_6.

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Pettipher, G. L. "Modern Laboratory Practice—2: Microbiological Analyses." In Modern Dairy Technology, 417–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8172-3_7.

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Schroën, Karin, Anna M. C. van Dinther, Solomon Bogale, Martijntje Vollebregt, Gerben Brans, and Remko M. Boom. "Membrane Processes for Dairy Fractionation." In Membrane Technology, 25–43. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631384.ch2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dairy technology"

1

Nandini, K., C. Naga Praneeth, and Archana Rao. "A review on membrane processes in dairy technology." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT AND EMERGING PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES E-CONCEPT-2021. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068600.

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"Dairy production in New Zealand." In Technology Innovations and Collaborations in Livestock Production for Sustainable Food Systems. IAARD Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2021-p.5.

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Wan, J., M. Coventry, and C. Versteeg. "Processes Innovation for Bioactive Dairy Ingredients." In 13th World Congress of Food Science & Technology. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/iufost:20061388.

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Lopez, C., V. Briard-Bion, B. Camier, and J. Y. Gassi. "Supramolecular Organisation of Fat in Dairy Products." In 13th World Congress of Food Science & Technology. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/iufost:20060438.

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Firman, Achmad, S. Marina, Hermawan Hermawan, S. Paturachman, H. Linda, and Anita Anita. "Evaluation of Good Dairy Farming Practice Method on Dairy Farming in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia." In Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.204-212.

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Jenny Jago, Ian Ohnstad, and Douglas J Reinemann. "Labor Practices and Technology Adoption on New Zealand Dairy Farms." In Sixth International Dairy Housing Conference Proceeding, 16-18 June 2007, (Minneapolis, Minnesota) (Electronic Only). St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22798.

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Turovskaya, S. N., I. A. Radaeva, E. E. Illarionova, and V. K. Semipyatny. "TECHNOLOGY FEATURES OF DRY DAIRY DRINKS WITH FRESH-BERRY FILLERS." In Aktualnye voprosy industrii napitkov. Izdatelstvo i tipografiya "Kniga-memuar", 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/978-5-6041190-3-7-2018-2-179-182.

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Qian Zhao. "Research on database in dairy cow management system." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccet.2010.5485751.

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Wang, Zuliang, Yu Su, Fang Yang, and Xiaojim Zhang. "Application of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology in Goat Dairy Traceability." In 2017 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society (EMCS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-17.2017.15.

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Armiger, M. "The innovative application of automation technology to dairy and brewing systems." In IET Seminar on New Technology Application in Manufacturing and Supply Chain. IEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20060404.

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Reports on the topic "Dairy technology"

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Andrew Wold and Robert Divers. Fair Oaks Dairy Farms Cellulosic Ethanol Technology Review Summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018529.

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Womack, James E., Moshe (Morris) Soller, and Jacques S. Beckmann. Mapping the Dairy Cattle Genome Using Somatic Cell Hybrids and Recombinant DNA Technology. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566850.bard.

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Sommer, Morgan M., and Curtis R. Youngs. Impact of Embryo Transfer Technology on the Production of Artificial Insemination Sires for the U.S. Dairy Cattle Industry. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-202.

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McIntyre, Phillip, Susan Kerrigan, and Marion McCutcheon. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Coffs Harbour. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.208028.

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Coffs Harbour on the north coast of NSW is a highway city sandwiched between the Great Dividing Range and the Pacific Ocean. For thousands of years it was the traditional land of the numerous Gumbaynggirr peoples. Tourism now appears to be the major industry, supplanting agriculture and timber getting, while a large service sector has grown up around a sizable retirement community. It is major holiday destination. Located further away from the coast in the midst of a dairy farming community, Bellingen has become a centre of alternative culture which relies heavily on a variety of festivals activated by energetic tree changers and numerous professionals who have relocated from Sydney. Both communities rely on the visitor economy and there have been considerable changes to how local government in this region approach strategic planning for arts and culture. The newly built Coffs Harbour Education Campus (CHEC) is an experiment in encouraging cross pollination between innovative businesses and education and incorporates TAFE NSW, Coffs Harbour Senior College and Southern Cross University as well as the Coffs Harbour Technology Park and Coffs Harbour Innovation Centre all on one site. The 250 seat Jetty Memorial Theatre is the main theatre in Coffs Harbour for local and touring productions while local halls and converted theatres are the mainstay of smaller communities in the region. As peak body Arts Mid North Coast reports, there is a good record of successful arts related events which range across all genres of music, art, sculpture, Aboriginal culture, street art, literature and even busking and opera. These are mainly managed by passionate local volunteers.

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Shpigel, Nahum Y., Ynte Schukken, and Ilan Rosenshine. Identification of genes involved in virulence of Escherichia coli mastitis by signature tagged mutagenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699853.bard.

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Mastitis, an inflammatory response of the mammary tissue to invading pathogenic bacteria, is the largest health problem in the dairy industry and is responsible for multibillion dollar economic losses. E. coli are a leading cause of acute mastitis in dairy animals worldwide and certainly in Israel and North America. The species E. coli comprises a highly heterogeneous group of pathogens, some of which are commensal residents of the gut, infecting the mammary gland after contamination of the teat skin from the environment. As compared to other gut microflora, mammary pathogenic E. coli (MPEC) may have undergone evolutionary adaptations that improve their fitness for colonization of the unique and varied environmental niches found within the mammary gland. These niches include competing microbes already present or accompanying the new colonizer, soluble and cellular antimicrobials in milk, and the innate immune response elicited by mammary cells and recruited immune cells. However, to date, no specific virulence factors have been identified in E. coli isolates associated with mastitis. The original overall research objective of this application was to develop a genome-wide, transposon-tagged mutant collection of MPEC strain P4 and to use this technology to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. In the course of the project we decided to take an alternative genome-wide approach and to use whole genomes bioinformatics analysis. Using genome sequencing and analysis of six MPEC strains, our studies have shown that type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene clusters were present in all these strains. Furthermore, using unbiased screening of MPEC strains for reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in the murine mastitis model, we have identified in MPEC P4-NR a new pathogenicity island (PAI-1) encoding the core components of T6SS and its hallmark effectors Hcp, VgrG and Rhs. Next, we have shown that specific deletions of T6SS genes reduced colonization, fitness and virulence in lactating mouse mammary glands. Our long-term goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions in the mammary gland and to relate these mechanisms to disease processes and pathogenesis. We have been able to achieve our research objectives to identify E. coli genes that are specifically involved in mammary virulence and pathogenicity. The project elucidated a new basic concept in host pathogen interaction of MPEC, which for the best of our knowledge was never described or investigated before. This research will help us to shed new light on principles behind the infection strategy of MPEC. The new targets now enable prevalence and epidemiology studies of T6SS in field strains of MPEC which might unveil new geographic, management and ecological risk factors. These will contribute to development of new approaches to treat and prevent mastitis by MPEC and perhaps other mammary pathogens. The use of antibiotics in farm animals and specifically to treat mastitis is gradually precluded and thus new treatment and prevention strategies are needed. Effective mastitis vaccines are currently not available, structural components and effectors of T6SS might be new targets for the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics.

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Mills, Kelly, Merijke Coenraad, Pati Ruiz, Quinn Burke, and Josh Weisgrau. Computational Thinking for an Inclusive World: A Resource for Educators to Learn and Lead. Digital Promise, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/138.

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Technology is becoming more integral across professional fields and within our daily lives, especially since the onset of the pandemic. As such, opportunities to learn computational thinking are important to all students—not only the ones who will eventually study computer science or enter the information technology industry. However, large inequalities continue to exist in access to equipment and learning opportunities needed to build computational thinking skills for students that experience marginalization. We call all educators to integrate computational thinking into disciplinary learning across PreK-12 education, while centering inclusivity, to equip students with the skills they need to participate in our increasingly technological world and promote justice for students and society at large. This report issues two calls to action for educators to design inclusive computing learning opportunities for students: (1) integrate computational thinking into disciplinary learning, and (2) build capacity for computational thinking with shared leadership and professional learning. Inspired by the frameworks, strategies, and examples of inclusive computational thinking integration, readers can take away practical implications to reach learners in their contexts.

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Angevine, Colin, Karen Cator, Jeremy Roschelle, Susan A. Thomas, Chelsea Waite, and Josh Weisgrau. Computational Thinking for a Computational World. Digital Promise, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/62.

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Computers, smartphones, smart systems, and other technologies are woven into nearly every aspect of our daily lives. As computational technology advances, it is imperative that we educate young people and working adults to thrive in a computational world. In this context, the essential question for American education is: In a computational world, what is important to know and know how to do? This paper argues that computational thinking is both central to computer science and widely applicable throughout education and the workforce. It is a skillset for solving complex problems, a way to learn topics in any discipline, and a necessity for fully participating in a computational world. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating computational thinking across K-12 curriculum.

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Doo, Johnny. Unsettled Issues Concerning eVTOL for Rapid-response, On-demand Firefighting. SAE International, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021017.

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Recent advancements of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry, and many novel applications have been identified and are in development. One promising application for these innovative systems is in firefighting, with eVTOL aircraft complementing current firefighting capabilities to help save lives and reduce fire-induced damages. With increased global occurrences and scales of wildfires—not to mention the issues firefighters face during urban and rural firefighting operations daily—eVTOL technology could offer timely, on-demand, and potentially cost-effective aerial mobility capabilities to counter these challenges. Early detection and suppression of wildfires could prevent many fires from becoming large-scale disasters. eVTOL aircraft may not have the capacity of larger aerial assets for firefighting, but targeted suppression, potentially in swarm operations, could be valuable. Most importantly, on-demand aerial extraction of firefighters can be a crucial benefit during wildfire control operations. Aerial firefighter dispatch from local fire stations or vertiports can result in more effective operations, and targeted aerial fire suppression and civilian extraction from high-rise buildings could enhance capabilities significantly. There are some challenges that need to be addressed before the identified capabilities and benefits are realized at scale, including the development of firefighting-specific eVTOL vehicles; sense and avoid capabilities in complex, smoke-inhibited environments; autonomous and remote operating capabilities; charging system compatibility and availability; operator and controller training; dynamic airspace management; and vehicle/fleet logistics and support. Acceptance from both the first-responder community and the general public is also critical for the successful implementation of these new capabilities. The purpose of this report is to identify the benefits and challenges of implementation, as well as some of the potential solutions. Based on the rapid development progress of eVTOL aircraft and infrastructures with proactive community engagement, it is envisioned that these challenges can be addressed soon. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

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Downes, Jane, ed. Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.184.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building the Scottish Bronze Age: Narratives should be developed to account for the regional and chronological trends and diversity within Scotland at this time. A chronology Bronze Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report iv based upon Scottish as well as external evidence, combining absolute dating (and the statistical modelling thereof) with re-examined typologies based on a variety of sources – material cultural, funerary, settlement, and environmental evidence – is required to construct a robust and up to date framework for advancing research.  Bronze Age people: How society was structured and demographic questions need to be imaginatively addressed including the degree of mobility (both short and long-distance communication), hierarchy, and the nature of the ‘family’ and the ‘individual’. A range of data and methodologies need to be employed in answering these questions, including harnessing experimental archaeology systematically to inform archaeologists of the practicalities of daily life, work and craft practices.  Environmental evidence and climate impact: The opportunity to study the effects of climatic and environmental change on past society is an important feature of this period, as both palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data can be of suitable chronological and spatial resolution to be compared. Palaeoenvironmental work should be more effectively integrated within Bronze Age research, and inter-disciplinary approaches promoted at all stages of research and project design. This should be a two-way process, with environmental science contributing to interpretation of prehistoric societies, and in turn, the value of archaeological data to broader palaeoenvironmental debates emphasised. Through effective collaboration questions such as the nature of settlement and land-use and how people coped with environmental and climate change can be addressed.  Artefacts in Context: The Scottish Chalcolithic and Bronze Age provide good evidence for resource exploitation and the use, manufacture and development of technology, with particularly rich evidence for manufacture. Research into these topics requires the application of innovative approaches in combination. This could include biographical approaches to artefacts or places, ethnographic perspectives, and scientific analysis of artefact composition. In order to achieve this there is a need for data collation, robust and sustainable databases and a review of the categories of data.  Wider Worlds: Research into the Scottish Bronze Age has a considerable amount to offer other European pasts, with a rich archaeological data set that includes intact settlement deposits, burials and metalwork of every stage of development that has been the subject of a long history of study. Research should operate over different scales of analysis, tracing connections and developments from the local and regional, to the international context. In this way, Scottish Bronze Age studies can contribute to broader questions relating both to the Bronze Age and to human society in general.

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Dudareva, Natalia, Alexander Vainstein, Eran Pichersky, and David Weiss. Integrating biochemical and genomic approaches to elucidate C6-C2 volatile production: improvement of floral scent and fruit aroma. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696514.bard.

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The specific objectives of approved proposal include to: 1. Elucidate the C6-C2 biochemical pathways leading to the biosynthesis of phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol and phenylethyl acetate in floral tissues of ornamentally important plants, pefunia and roses. 2. Isolate and characterrze genes responsible for the production of these C6-C2 compounds and those involved in the regulation of the pathway using genomic and transcriptomic tools. 3. Determine whether altering the expression of key genes of this pathway can result in changing the aroma characteristics of flowers. Aldehydes are intermediates in a variety of biochemical pathways including those involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, vitamins, steroids, amino acids, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, hormones, and lipids. In plants they are also synthesized in response to environmental stresses such as salinity, cold, and heat shock or as flavors and aromas in fruits and flowers. Phenylacetaldehyde along with 2-phenylethanol and its acetate ester, are important scent compounds in numerous flowers, including petunias and roses. However, little is known about the biosynthesis of these volatile compounds in plants. We have shown that the formation PHA and 2-phenylethanol from Phe does not occur via trans-cinnamic acid and instead competes with the key enzyme of phenypropanoid metabolism Pheammonia-lyase (PAL) for Phe utilization. Using functional genomic approach and comparative gene expression profiling, we have isolated and characterized a novel enzyme from petunia and rose flowers that catalyzes the formation of the Ca-Czcompound phenylacetaldehyde (PHA) from L-phenylalanine (Phe) by the removal of both the carboxyl and amino groups. This enzyme, designated as phenylacetaldehyde synthases (PAAS), is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the unprecedented efficient coupling of phenylalanine decarboxylation to oxidation, generating phenylacetaldehyde, CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide in stoichiometric amounts. Down-regulation of PAAS expression via RNA interference-based (RNAi) technology in petunia resulted in no PHA emission when compared with controls. These plants also produced no 2-phenylethanol, supporting our conclusion that PHA is a precursor of 2-phenylethanol. To understand the regulation of scent formation in plants we have also generated transgenic petunia and tobacco plants expressing the rose alcohol acetyltransferase (RhAAT) gene under the control of a CaMV-35S promoter. Although the preferred substrate of RhAAT in vitro is geraniol, in transgenic petunia flowers, it used phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol to produce the corresponding acetate esters, not generated by control flowers. These results strongly point to the dependence of volatile production on substrate availability. Analysis of the diurnal regulation of scent production in rose flowers revealed that although the daily emission of most scent compounds is synchronized, various independently evolved mechanisms control the production, accumulation and release of different volatiles. This research resulted in a fundamental discovery of biochemical pathway, enzymes and genes involved in biosynthesis of C6-C2s compounds, and provided the knowledge for future engineering plants for improved scent quality.

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