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Li, Yanan, Han Zhang, Yanling Yuan, Ling Lan, and Yongqi Su. "Research on Failure Modes and Causes of 100-m-High Core Wall Rockfill Dams." Water 16, no. 13 (June 26, 2024): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16131809.
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Rockfill dams are the most competitive type of dam in complex geological environments. Identifying the failure modes and causes in high dams over 100 m is critical for better guiding high dam designs and implementing safety prevention and control measures. To this end, this paper investigated numerous cases of earth–rock dam breaches and failure modes in rockfill dams globally, with a particular focus on dams over 100 m in height, encompassing all such dams in China. The study categorized dam failure modes based on whether the dams were built before or after 1980. It also examined the causes of dam failures in terms of dam height, foundation characteristics and thickness, and failure time. Additionally, the paper analyzed a rockfill dam in China, with a height of 136 m and over ten years of operation, as a case study. We analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics and causes of failures, such as dam crest cracking, high-level seepage, and gallery cracking, using the design situation, monitoring data, and numerical simulation. The paper also addressed issues related to dam design and foundation treatment, providing recommendations for improvement. The study indicated that the overall risk of total failure for dams over 100 m is already low. However, longitudinal cracks on the dam crest, core wall seepage, hydraulic splitting, and seepage damage to the dam foundation are primary issues in the current high core wall rockfill dams. These issues are mainly caused by uneven structural deformation of the dam and its foundation. A reasonable design of rockfill materials and foundations can mitigate these failures.
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Rico, M., G. Benito, A. R. Salgueiro, A. Díez-Herrero, and H. G. Pereira. "Reported tailings dam failures." Journal of Hazardous Materials 152, no. 2 (April 2008): 846–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.050.
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Stark, Timothy D., Lucia Moya, and Jiale Lin. "Rates and Causes of Tailings Dam Failures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (November 22, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7895880.
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This paper analyzes two tailings dam databases and recent failures to assess the local and global failure rates of upstream, downstream, and centerline raised tailings dams. Since 2000, the failure rate for all three raising methods has decreased except in Brazil, which helps explain the recent Brazilian regulations banning upstream raising. However, the failure rates also show that the downstream and centerline raising methods of tailings dams are not immune to failure, so, if mining continues, one of these three raising methods will be used, and all have been involved in prior failures. The paper also presents data on failure mechanisms, showing that slope stability, earthquakes, and overtopping are the three primary causes of tailings dam failures. To continue decreasing the failure rate of tailings dams, the following features and practices should be used in all types of tailings dams: drainage systems, engineering analyses, instrumentation, monitoring, inspection, and qualified external peer review to further reduce the failure rates, especially in Brazil. Finally, a section containing data on release volume as a function of dam height and total storage volume is presented.
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Canno Ferreira Fais, Laura Maria, Verónica Andrea González-López, Diego Samuel Rodrigues, and Rafael Rodrigues de Moraes. "A copula based representation for tailings dam failures." 4open 3 (2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2020011.
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In this article, we model the dependence between dam factor and D max, where dam factor is an indicator of risk of a tailings dam failure, which involves the height H of the tailings dam, the volume of material housed by the tailings dam VT and the volume dispensed by the tailings dam, VF, when the dam breaks. And, Dmax is the maximum distance traveled by the material released by the tailings dam, after the collapse. With the dependence found via copula models and Bayesian estimation, given a range of dam factor, we estimate the probability of the released material to exceed a certain threshold. Since the dam factor involves the released volume VF (unknown before the dam break), we present a naive way to estimate it using VT and H. In this way, it is possible to estimate the dam factor of a tailings dam and with such a value to identify the probability of the tailings dam to show a Dmax that exceeds a certain threshold.
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Cruz, Claudinei Oliveira, Henrique Nogueira Soares, and Hernani Mota de Lima. "Tailings dams’ classification based on risk using data from SIGBM." Caderno Pedagógico 21, no. 3 (March 25, 2024): e3359. http://dx.doi.org/10.54033/cadpedv21n3-164.
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The Brumadinho and Mariana tailings dam failures in Brazil tragically highlighted the critical need for robust risk management in the mining sector. Tailings dams, by their very nature, pose significant risks to downstream communities and the environment in the event of failure. To mitigate these risks, a comprehensive risk classification system is essential. This abstract emphasizes the real-world impact of dam failures and strengthens the importance of risk classification. Risk analysis plays a central role in identifying, quantifying, and ultimately mitigating the potential consequences of tailings dam failure. The classification process considers various factors that influence dam stability and safety, including dam geometry and construction methods — the design and construction techniques employed significantly impact a dam's stability; tailings characteristics — the physical and chemical properties of the stored tailings can influence factors like liquefaction potential; operating conditions — factors like the rate of tailings deposition and the presence of seismic activity need evaluation; drainage system effectiveness — a well-functioning drainage system is crucial for managing pore pressures within the dam. By analyzing these elements, risk classification aims to categorize tailings dams into distinct risk levels, typically ranging from low to very high. This categorization allows for targeted risk mitigation strategies to be implemented based on the specific vulnerabilities of each dam. This paper proposes a methodology for risk classification of tailings dams utilizing data from the Brazilian National Mining Agency's (ANM) Integrated Mining Dam Management System (SIGBM). The study focuses on 203 dams situated in Minas Gerais, a Brazilian state with a history of dam failures. Data was extracted from SIGBM in February 2023. This research not only presents a general risk classification for the assessed dams but also delves deeper, offering a quantitative measure of vulnerability, risk potential, and potential consequences of a failure event for each individual dam.
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Rico, M., G. Benito, and A. Díez-Herrero. "Floods from tailings dam failures." Journal of Hazardous Materials 154, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.110.
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Vasoya, Kamal, and Nayankumar Soni. "Seepage Analysis of Core Section of Jhuj Dam." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42312.
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Abstract: Zoned type Earthen dams are the type of Rolled fill Earthen dam because the soil is compacted by mechanical rollers in thin layers of 20-30 cm having central impervious core surrounded by shell as pervious material. These dams made since early days of civilization and constitute to be the most common type, because it is generally built of locally available soils proved to be most economical. The soil used in earthen dam are suspectable to seepage through the body of dam due to their permeability. Due to seepage soil gets reduces its strength and failures of dam may occurs. Past studies on earthen dam failures concluded that about 30% of dam failed due to seepage. An impervious central core is used in zoned type earthen dam to reduce the seepage quantity through the body of the dam and protects against the seepage failure of dam like piping and sloughing. Earthen dams are vulnerable to failures due to seepage that take place in the core since all soils are pervious to some extent. One of the best ways to control seepage problem in earthen dam is by using proper impervious soil for core section which provides the water tightness to flow through it. Thus, this paper analyses the usage of locally available soils with different combinations with central impervious vertical core and to study the seepage discharge by using Darcy law. The results obtained from the study is compared with actual seepage data obtained with existing soil in central core. Keywords: Impervious core, Permeability and Seepage, Smear effects, Phreatic line, Flow net
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Foster, Mark, Robin Fell, and Matt Spannagle. "A method for assessing the relative likelihood of failure of embankment dams by piping." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 1025–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-029.
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A method for estimating the relative likelihood of failure of embankment dams by piping, the University of New South Wales (UNSW) method, is based on an analysis of historic failures and accidents in embankment dams. The likelihood of failure of a dam by piping is estimated by adjusting the historical frequency of piping failure by weighting factors which take into account the dam zoning, filters, age of the dam, core soil types, compaction, foundation geology, dam performance, and monitoring and surveillance. The method is intended only for preliminary assessments, as a ranking method for portfolio risk assessments, to identify dams to prioritise for more detailed studies, and as a check on event-tree methods. Information about the time interval in which piping failure developed and the warning signs which were observed suggest that the piping process often develops rapidly, giving little time for remedial action. In the piping accidents, the piping process reached some limiting condition allowing sufficient time to draw down the reservoir or carry out remedial works to prevent breaching.Key words: dams, failures, risk, probability, piping.
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Kurzekar, Ujwal. "Design of Kawlewada Dam and its Components." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 10, 2021): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36245.
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This paper presents the design and stability analysis of Kawlewada dam (a concrete gravity dam situated in kawlewada village of gondia district) and its components. Through, the demanding years, it has been observed that failures of dams due to many factors are common. So, it is the essential to analysis the various components, parts of dam against all its modes of failures, forces acting on it, uncontrollable disasters such as earthquake, disaster, etc. For this, the preliminary data of the dam required for design, such as control levels, dimensions, crest width, base width, etc. was collected through the Inspection Engineer, posted at Dhapewada Lift Irrigation Office, Tirora, Dist. Gondia. On the basis of collected data the elementary profile and practical profile of dam was estimated, further all the major and the minor force forces acting on dam were calculated, stability analysis of designed dam against all modes of failure and for various load combinations was carried out in STAAD PRO software and was checked for permissible limits. Design of spillway, stilling basin and earthen dam was also carried out for the designed dam. Further, canal originating from the dam and carrying water to culturable command area was also designed by taking care of peak discharge as required by crops.
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Oppikofer, Thierry, Reginald L. Hermanns, Vegard U. Jakobsen, Martina Böhme, Pierrick Nicolet, and Ivanna Penna. "Semi-empirical prediction of dam height and stability of dams formed by rock slope failures in Norway." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 11 (November 27, 2020): 3179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3179-2020.
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Abstract. Based on an inventory of 69 dams formed by rock slope failures in southwestern Norway and published inventories from other parts of the world, we developed semi-empirical relationships linking the maximum dam height (HD.max in metres) to dam volume (VD in 106 m3) and other relevant parameters such as valley width (WV in metres) or dam area (AD in square kilometres). Power laws are obtained for HD.max=f(VD) and HD.max=f(VD, WV), while a linear relationship links HD.max to the ratio VD∕AD. For dams in southwestern Norway, the linear relationship HD.max=1.75×VD/AD has the least uncertainties and provides the best results when comparing predicted dam heights with a validation dataset composed of existing dams in northern Norway and numerically modelled dams for possible rock slope failures. To assess the stability of future dams, we use the predicted dam heights in the dimensionless blockage index (DBI) and relating this index to the probability of dam failure derived from our dataset and other published databases on landslide dams. This study underlines the potential of semi-empirical relationships for assessing dam height and stability that needs to be included in preliminary hazard and risk assessment for unstable rock slopes, because damming of a river is an important secondary effect of landslides due to upstream flooding and possible outburst floods in the case of dam failure.
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Thomas, Jobin, Ryan Klida, Thomas Oommen, Sajinkumar K.S., Bin Zhang, and Xie Hu. "Need for a Multi-Sensor Monitoring Approach for Embankment Failures: Lessons Learned from the Edenville Dam Failure." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 30, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2024): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21663/eeg-d-23-00056.
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Abstract The Edenville Dam, an earthen embankment in Midland, MI, failed on May 19, 2020, after 3 days of elevated rainfall (3.83–8.0 in.; 9.7–20 cm), which caused flooding downstream of the dam. Dam infrastructure similar to that at the Edenville Dam is not uncommon in the United States and hence requires periodic monitoring. A pre-failure analysis was conducted in the dam to explore the application of remote sensing in dam monitoring. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI), a form of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, was used to analyze 97 Sentinel-1 images to measure the line-of-sight (LOS) displacement prior to the failure. The PSI analysis showed hardly any signs of deformation at the failure location and implied stable embankments with velocities ranging from 3.1 to −5.4 mm/yr. The soil moisture index (SMI) derived using 14 Landsat-8 images between 2016 and 2020 suggested the presence of subsurface seepage and a potential failure zone. This study illustrates the requirement for multi-sensor remote sensing–based approaches for continuous dam monitoring and analysis.
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Hollins, Lucien, Daniel Eisenberg, and Thomas Seager. "Risk and Resilience at the Oroville Dam." Infrastructures 3, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040049.
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Existing analyses of the February 2017 Oroville Dam Crisis identify maintenance failures and engineering shortcomings as the root cause of a nearly catastrophic failure of the tallest dam in the United States. However, the focus on technical shortcomings largely overlooks the role of adaptive decision-making that eventually averted the crisis. Understanding the decisions that both created the circumstances leading up to the crisis and saved the dam from collapse requires that risk analysis be complemented by a resilience perspective. This paper presents a case study on the Oroville Dam Crisis to develop a timeline of failures and successes in the resilience processes of sensing, anticipation, adapting, and learning throughout the history of the dam. Three factors that drove poor operational and engineering decisions include: (1) misalignment of technical nomenclature and design requirements for the ungated spillway, (2) overconfidence in original engineering designs, and (3) conflicting pressure from diverse stakeholders. These factors contributed to unrealistic perceptions of dam capabilities and promoted decisions to forgo maintenance and design efforts that may have mitigated the danger.
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Wang, Kun, Peng Yang, Karen Hudson-Edwards, Wensheng Lyu, Chao Yang, and Xiaofei Jing. "Integration of DSM and SPH to Model Tailings Dam Failure Run-Out Slurry Routing Across 3D Real Terrain." Water 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 1087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081087.
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Tailings dam failure accidents occur frequently, causing substantial damage and loss of human and animal life. The prediction of run-out tailings slurry routing following dam failures is of great significance for disaster prevention and mitigation. Using satellite remote sensing digital surface model (DSM) data, tailings pond parameters and the advanced meshless smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, a 3D real-scale numerical modelling method was adopted to study the run-out tailings slurry routing across real downstream terrains that have and have not been affected by dam failures. Three case studies, including a physical modelling experiment, the 2015 Brazil Fundão tailings dam failure accident and an operating high-risk tailings pond in China, were carried out. The physical modelling experiment and the known consequences were successfully modeled and validated using the SPH method. This and the other experiments showed that the run-out tailings slurry would be tremendously destructive in the early stages of dam failure, and emergency response time would be extremely short if the dam collapses at its full designed capacity. The results could provide evidence for disaster prevention and mitigation engineering, emergency management plan optimization, and the development of more responsible site plans and sustainable site designs. However, improvements such as rheological model selection, terrain data quality, computing efficiency and land surface roughness need to be made for future studies. SPH numerical modelling is a powerful and advanced technique that is recommended for hazard assessment and the sustainable design of tailings dam facilities globally.
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Zhi, Meihong, Yun Zhu, Ji-Cheng Jang, Shuxiao Wang, Pen-Chi Chiang, Chuang Su, Shenglun Liang, Ying Li, and Yingzhi Yuan. "Analysis of Storage Capacity Change and Dam Failure Risk for Tailings Ponds Using WebGIS-Based UAV 3D Image." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2023): 14062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914062.
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Tailings ponds, essential components of mining operations worldwide, present considerable potential hazards downstream in the event of tailings dam failures. In recent years, instances of tailings dam failures, carrying potential environmental safety hazards, have occasionally occurred on a global scale due to the limited technical approaches available for safety supervision of tailings ponds. In this study, an innovative WebGIS-based unmanned aerial vehicle oblique photography (UAVOP) method was developed to analyze the storage capacity change and dam failure risk of tailings ponds. Its applicability was then validated by deploying it at a tailings pond in Yunfu City, Guangdong Province, China. The results showed that the outcomes of two phases of real-scene 3D images met the specified accuracy requirements with an RSME of 0.147–0.188 m in the plane and 0.198–0.201 m along the elevation. The storage capacities of phase I and phase II tailings ponds were measured at 204,798.63 m3 and 148,291.27 m3, respectively, with a storage capacity change of 56,031.51 m3. Moreover, the minimum flood control dam widths, minimum free heights, and dam slope ratios of the tailings pond were determined to comply with the flood control requirements, indicating a low risk of dam failure of the tailings pond. This pilot case study demonstrated the performance of the UAVOP in evaluating storage capacity change and dam failure risk for tailings ponds. It not only enhanced the efficiency of dynamic safety supervision of tailings ponds but also offered valuable references for globally analogous research endeavors.
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Fernandes, Rafaela, Ana Cristina Sieira, and Armando Menezes Filho. "Methodology for risk management in dams from the event tree and FMEA analysis." Soils and Rocks 45, no. 3 (August 16, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2022.070221.
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Some studies that analyze the risk of dam failures estimate that between 2016 and 2025 about 30 major tragedies should be expected. Failure records between 1900 and 2014 indicate that there is an average of three ruptures every two years, considering only the failures that were officially registered and investigated. It can be said that the potential for dam failures will be driven by the economy, since cost has been the main variable considered in the design, construction, operation, monitoring and closing plan of these structures. As companies reduce investments in maintenance, risk management and failure prevention, there is an incentive for economic recovery, competitiveness of product value and debt reduction, required by investors. The result has been a decrease in specialized labor, to the point that companies no longer have sufficient knowledge about the engineering and operational skills that apply to tailings and water management. Learning from the dams’ tragedies is practically non-existent, in Brazil and worldwide, leading to catastrophic environmental and social consequences. Failures will occur as long as they are viewed and treated as unpredictable, thereby lacking risk management. The proposed risk management method, presented in this paper, considers the information of inspection and instrumentation, identifying risks from event trees, separately, intolerable, tolerable and acceptable risks. The intolerable risks are conducted for FMEA-type failure analysis, where severe, intermediate and mild failures are assessed. The objective is to enable the development of an assertive and effective action plan for dam safety management.
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Dascher, Erin D., and Kimberly Meitzen. "Dams are coming down, but not always by choice: the geography of Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals." Texas Water Journal 11, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 89–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7092.
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This study examines spatial and temporal trends in Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals. Dams were examined from a state-wide perspective and within 10 major river basins that collectively account for over 80% of all dams in the state. The state-scale and basin-scale analysis revealed similar patterns of dam occurrence, however there was greater variation in the patterns observed in both the purpose of dams and the timing for when most of the storage was created in each basin. Climate factors, mainly precipitation, influenced dam location. Population was not directly measured in this study but was an obvious influence on the spatial distribution of dams and their functions. While new dams are being built in Texas to secure future water supplies, documented dam incidents/failures have occurred in 15 of the 23 major river basins in Texas, with 328 total instances occurring since 1900. As the number of newly constructed dams and dam failures continue to grow across the state, so should the number of planned dam removals. Between 1983 and 2016, 50 dams have been removed across the state. The purpose for the majority of removals was to eliminate liability concerns associated with aging dams. Future dam removals will likely continue to occur based on the number of older, smaller dams with potential liability concerns. As Texas’ dam infrastructure continues to age, dam removal is a practical management option for mitigating potential dam-related hazards and improving the connectivity and ecological function of the river systems. Citation: Dascher ED, Meitzen K. 2020. Dams are coming down, but not always by choice: the geograph of Texas dams, dam failures, and dam removals. Texas Water Journal. 11(1):89-129. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v11i1.7092.
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Warren, Alan L. "Investigation of dam incidents and failures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering 164, no. 1 (February 2011): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/feng.2011.164.1.33.
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Duncan, J. M. "Symposium on dam failures — Panel discussion." Engineering Geology 24, no. 1-4 (December 1987): 541–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(87)90086-x.
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Parreiras de Morais, Vinícius Tavares, Marcelo Antonio Nero, Marcos Antonio Timbó Elmiro, Ricardo Alexandrino Garcia, Jorge Pimentel Cintra, and Nestor Alonso Mancipe-Muñoz. "Systematic review on the use of digital terrain models in dam rupture simulations." International Journal of Hydrology 6, no. 5 (September 29, 2022): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2022.06.00326.
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The study of hypothetical dam failure simulates the flow of the volume released by a dam in partial or total collapse. The calculations of wave propagation over the ground downstream of the eroded dam are performed by fluid hydrodynamic simulation programs. In this sense, the input data of the simulation model can be summarized in the physical characteristics of the fluid, the propagation hydrograph and the digital terrain model (DTM). Thus, this systematic review aimed to seek current bibliographic sources around the topic of simulation of hypothetical dam failures, with emphasis on the topographic representation of the valley through which the wave propagates, as a subsidy for simulating the failure of Dam B1, in Brumadinho, MG, Brazil. The results were classified according to categories in order to better differentiate the multidisciplinary content of the topic addressed.
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Zhu, Xinghua, Jianbing Peng, Cheng Jiang, and Weilong Guo. "A Preliminary Study of the Failure Modes and Process of Landslide Dams Due to Upstream Flow." Water 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061115.
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In the process of mineral development, large-scale flash floods (or debris flows) can be induced by the failure of landslide dams formed by the disorganized stacking of mine waste. In this study, the modes and processes of mine waste dam failures were explored using 13 experimental tests based on the field investigation of landslide dams in the Xiaoqinling gold mining area in China. Our 13 mine waste dam experiments exhibited three failure modes: (i) Piping, overtopping, and erosion; (ii) overtopping and soil collapse; and (iii) overtopping and erosion. In addition, the failure processes of the landslide dams included impoundment, seepage, overtopping, and soil erosion. Different experimental conditions would inevitably lead to different failure processes and modes, with the failure modes being primarily determined by the seepage characteristics. Overtopping was the triggering condition for dam failure. The landslide dam failure process was determined based on the particle size of the mine waste and the shape of the dam. These findings will provide a scientific reference for the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards in mining areas.
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Alhasan, Zakaraya, Jan Jandora, and Jaromír Říha. "Study of Dam-break Due to Overtopping of Four Small Dams in the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 3 (2015): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563030717.
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Dam-break due to overtopping is one of the most common types of embankment dam failures. During the floods in August 2002 in the Czech Republic, several small dams collapsed due to overtopping. In this paper, an analysis of the dam break process at the Luh, Velký Bělčický, Melín, and Metelský dams breached during the 2002 flood is presented. Comprehensive identification and analysis of the dam shape, properties of dam material and failure scenarios were carried out after the flood event to assemble data for the calibration of a numerical dam break model. A simple one-dimensional mathematical model was proposed for use in dam breach simulation, and a computer code was compiled. The model was calibrated using the field data mentioned above. Comparison of the erodibility parameters gained from the model showed reasonable agreement with the results of other authors.
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Lyu, Zongjie, Junrui Chai, Zengguang Xu, Yuan Qin, and Jing Cao. "A Comprehensive Review on Reasons for Tailings Dam Failures Based on Case History." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (June 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4159306.
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On a global scale, the demand for mineral products has increased substantially with economic development. Consequently, the mining of mineral resources results in the production and accumulation of a large number of tailings, causing many problems with respect to mining, the environment, and the economy. In the mining process, tailings must be reasonably treated to prevent them from entering the water cycle through rivers. The storage of tailings under water can effectively hinder the chemical reactions that they undergo. Therefore, it is a critical practice to store these substances in ponds or impoundments behind dams. However, tailings dams frequently fail, resulting in the discharge of significant quantities of tailings into the natural environment, thereby causing grievous casualties and serious economic losses. This paper discusses reasons including seepage, foundation failure, overtopping, and earthquake for tailings dam failures and explores failure mechanisms by referring to the available literature. This research has determined that the failure of tailings dams is closely related to the state of the country’s economy. Most of the tailings dam breakages in developed countries occurred decades ago. In recent years, the proportion of tailings dam failures in developing countries has been relatively high. Considering the serious damages caused by tailings dam breakage, it is important to understand the main reasons and mechanisms for their failure. The purpose of this review is to provide a reference for the design and construction to the building of the tailing dams and to reduce the occurrences of their failure.
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Satofuka, Yoshifumi, and Takahisa Mizuyama. "Typhoon 0410 Causes Sediment Disaster in Tokushima Prefecture." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0037.
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At the end of July 2004, Typhoon 0410 struck the Naka River basin in Tokushima Prefecture, triggering numerous slope failures, killing two residents, and largely or totally destroying many houses. We examine this sediment-related disaster and the phenomenon of landslide dam formation in which slope failure triggered by torrential rain blocks the river course. In Atsue, Kisawa Village, the landslide slope failure was 1,000 m long and 100 m wide. Such large slope failures may form landslide dams, greatly influencing the effluence of water and sediment in mountain basins. Using a numerical simulation model, we reproduced the process in which failed sediment forms a landslide dam and applied it to the case occurring as a result of Typhoon 0410.
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Muda, Rahsidi Sabri, Mohd Ramzi Mohd Hussain, Izawati Tukiman, and Fatin Shahira Abdullah. "Dam Safety Emergency Action Plan: A Current Practice for Hydropower Dam in Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032030.
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Abstract There are currently 104 dams constructed in Malaysia. The dams were built for various purposes; 16 of them were built for hydropower. The dam's reservoir often presents significant risks to downstream areas if a massive downfall release occurs. The enormous downfall could be due to a dam break event, overtopping, and emergency operational release. An incident may occur due to massive flows over a spillway with high-speed discharge or unexpected peak discharge. The obvious impact of the incident is direct to the community in the downstream area. Although there is no dam failure recorded case in Malaysia since the 1900s, the possibility of dam failure occurring is still there. Therefore, the dams must have an emergency action plan (EAP) to prepare the likelihood of the emergency occurrences. This paper aims to explore the EAP practices for dam incident over the region and review the EAP practices of a hydropower dam in Malaysia. Implementing EAP in the emergency response system would minimise the public and environment's impact due to dam failures. The benefit of establishing an EAP is to create better communication and effective responses system among agencies during dam emergency occurrences. This paper revolves around the EAP practices by dam owners in mitigating the risk of dam failure occurrences.
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Zerrouk, N. E., and C. Marche. "Les prévisions des brèches de rupture des barrages en terre restent difficiles." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-099.
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The validity of dam failure studies is based on the appropriateness of the expected failure mode. Failures of earth-fill structures show the importance of the choice of breach parameters for failure evaluation and consequences. This paper summarizes the state of the possibilities for forecasting the breach and the resulting hydrograph in the downstream valley. It describes the most current methods, applies them on a failure case observed in the Saguenay region, Province of Québec, and compares the results. Considering the large uncertainty margin on the results, the paper allows one to understand why breach forecasting must not, in the current state of knowledge, be part of the safety study process, and that it is preferable to stay with a definition for breach based on a rule intelligently applied with respect to the case, the structure, and its composition.Key words: dam failure, dam breach, erosion, forecasting, flood of failure, earth-fill dam.[Journal translation]
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Kim, Hayong, Moonsu Jo, and Jingul Joo. "Simulation of Dam Collapse Caused by Earthquakes." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.5.183.
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The occurrence of earthquakes on the Korean Peninsula has been increasing in recent years. However, current emergency action plans for dam and reservoir failures only consider scenarios related to flooding but ignore dam collapses caused by earthquakes. In this study, we simulated dam collapses caused by earthquakes. We focused on the Chungju Dam watershed located in the upper reaches of the Namhan River and analyzed the dam collapse and downstream impacts using the DAMBRK model. We compared the downstream impacts of dam collapse caused by earthquakes with those caused by the PMF. When the dam collapsed because of an earthquake, the estimated peak flood discharge downstream was 44.9%-86.7% of that of the PMF scenario. Similarly, the simulated peak water level downstream when the dam collapsed due to an earthquake was 64.4%-96.9% of that of the PMF scenario. These results indicate that dam collapses caused by seismic events, even in the absence of rainfall, can lead to significant damage downstream. Therefore, future emergency action plans for dams should consider the potential for dam failures caused by earthquakes.
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Lee, Dal-Won, Ji-Sang Han, Cheol-Han Kim, Jung-Hyun Ryu, Hyo-Sung Song, and Young-Hak Lee. "Experimental and Seepage Analysis of Gabion Retaining Wall Structure for Preventing Overtopping in Reservoir Dams." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 9, 2024): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104041.
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Recently, heavy rains caused by climate change have resulted in dam failures due to overtopping. This study presents a design method aiming to prevent overtopping failures by applying gabion retaining walls at the dam crest. Simulations, experiments, and measurements were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this design. The design framework aims to establish a system in which gabion retaining walls prevent overtopping when water levels exceed the crest of the dam, efficiently draining seepage water into the dam body through vertical filters. Research findings indicate that implementing dam crest core and geomembrane design effectively prevents seepage and saturation of the downstream slope during overtopping events. Notably, the reservoir dam operates in a stable manner, as seepage water passing through the dam body is directed solely to the toe drain. Overall, this design approach suggests its potential as a practical solution by significantly reducing hazards resulting from heavy rainfall.
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Harada, Norio, Yoshifumi Satofuka, and Takahisa Mizuyama. "The Impacts of River Channel Blockages Caused by Sliding Embankment Collapses during Earthquakes." Water 16, no. 6 (March 12, 2024): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16060822.
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New Japanese regulations governing earth embankment construction were introduced after a debris flow in Atami City, Shizuoka Prefecture, caused significant damage. Slope failures block river channels during earthquakes, triggering flooding, inundation, and debris flows. Appropriate risk assessments are crucial for residential areas potentially impacted by earthen embankment landslides during seismic events. This study evaluates the methods used to assess the potential damage caused by such landslides and previous research on the harm caused by embankment failures during earthquakes. We derived predictive equations based on statistical analyses of historical dam landslides that triggered river channel blockages when residential earth embankments failed in the Nigawa Yurino area. The equations describe the morphologies of landslide dams in river channels. The results indicated that the predictive equations were reasonably accurate. We built and validated a two-dimensional model of landslide dam overtopping and breaching using experimental data on a gently sloping dam. We derived the outflow volumes associated with residential earth embankment failures when full reservoirs breached in the Nigawa Yurino area. Our findings suggest that the peak outflow volumes after such embankments breach are generally lower than those associated with dam landslides or deep-seated dam failures, but higher than those of glacial lake outburst floods.
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Liu, Lijun, and Zhenyu Wu. "Overtopping Risk Analysis of Earth Dams considering Effects of Failure Duration of Release Structures." Complexity 2020 (August 12, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3528350.
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For modern high earth dams, sufficient safety margin is considered in the designs of flood discharge capacity and dam crest elevation to prevent flood overtopping. However, for high earth dams which may induce catastrophic consequences, during their long operational period, extremely hazardous scenarios which could occur and threaten dam safety need to be considered. For the earth dams located in areas with intensive seismicity, there is a possible scenario that the release structures fail due to seismic landslides and gate failures caused by a severe earthquake when the flood begins to enter the reservoir. Thus, it is desirable to investigate the influence of failure duration of release structures on dam overtopping risk. Based on the Bayesian network, a methodology for overtopping risk analysis of earth dams considering effects of failure duration of release structures is proposed. The overtopping risk of the PBG earth-rockfill dam was analyzed to illustrate the methodology. The critical release structures which dominate the dam overtopping risk are identified. The dam overtopping risk is most sensitive to the failure duration of the spillway. The tolerable failure duration of the spillway is approximately 3 days, and when the failure duration of the spillway reaches 4 days, the dam overtopping risk drastically rises to an unacceptable level. The case study suggests that the proposed methodology could be helpful to analyze the influences of possible failure durations of release structures on dam overtopping risk and could facilitate preparation for emergency plans.
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Wang, Huiwen, Dandan Li, Taozhen Sheng, Jinbao Sheng, Peiran Jing, and Dawei Zhang. "A Modeling of Human Reliability Analysis on Dam Failure Caused by Extreme Weather." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2023): 12968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312968.
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Human factors are introduced into the dam risk analysis method to improve the existing dam risk management theory. This study constructs the path of human factor failure in dam collapse, explores the failure pattern of each node, and obtains the performance shaping factors (PSFs) therein. The resulting model was combined with a Bayesian network, and sensitivity analysis was performed using entropy reduction. The study obtained a human factor failure pathway consisting of four components: monitoring and awareness, state diagnosis, plan formulation and operation execution. Additionally, a PSFs set contains five factors: operator, technology, organization, environment, and task. Operator factors in a BN (Bayesian network) are the most sensitive, while the deeper causes are failures in organizational and managerial factors. The results show that the model can depict the relationship between the factors, explicitly measure the failure probability quantitatively, and identify the causes of high impact for risk control. Governments should improve the significance of the human factor in the dam project, constantly strengthen the safety culture of the organization’s communications, and enhance the psychological quality and professional skills of management personnel through training. This study provides valuable guidelines for the human reliability analysis on dam failure, which has implications for the theoretical research and engineering practice of reservoir dam safety and management.
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Cheng, Deqiang, Yifei Cui, Zhenhong Li, and Javed Iqbal. "Watch Out for the Tailings Pond, a Sharp Edge Hanging over Our Heads: Lessons Learned and Perceptions from the Brumadinho Tailings Dam Failure Disaster." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 2, 2021): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091775.
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A catastrophic tailings dam failure disaster occurred in Brumadinho, Brazil on 25 January 2019, which resulted in over 270 casualties, 24,000 residents evacuated, and a huge economic loss. Environmental concerns were raised for the potential pollution of water due to tailings waste entering the Paraopeba River. In this paper, a detailed analysis has been carried out to investigate the disaster conditions of the Brumadinho dam failure using satellite images with different spatial resolutions. Our in-depth analysis reveals that the hazard chain caused by this failure contained three stages, namely dam failure, mudflow, and the hyperconcentrated flow in the Paraopeba River. The variation characteristics of turbidity of the Rio Paraopeba River after the disaster have also been investigated using high-resolution remote sensing images, followed by a qualitative analysis of the impacts on the downstream reservoir of the Retiro Baixo Plant that was over 300 km away from the dam failure origin. It is believed that, on the one hand, the lack of dam stability management at the maintenance stage was the main cause of this disaster. On the other hand, the abundant antecedent precipitation caused by extreme weather events should be a critical triggering factor. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal pattern mining of global tailings dam failures revealed that the Brumadinho dam disaster belonged to a Consecutive Hot Spot area, suggesting that the regular drainage inspection, risk assessment, monitoring, and early warning of tailings dam in Consecutive Hot Spot areas still need to be strengthened for disaster mitigation.
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Kim, Hayong, Yoonkyung Park, and Jingul Joo. "Analyzing Downstream Flooding Effects Due to Small-Scale Reservoir Destruction Using Flow-R." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.5.55.
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The frequency of abnormal weather patterns owing to climate change and the aging of reservoirs are contributing to an increase in dam failures, particularly of small-scale agricultural reservoirs. Dam collapses can lead to significant human and material damage downstream, even in the case of small-scale reservoirs. Therefore, alongside systematic maintenance of aging reservoirs, establishing emergency response plans for dam failures is imperative. However, application of existing dam failure models requires a substantial amount of time and resources, making it challenging to implement for small-scale reservoirs. In this study, the Flow-R model, which can estimate downstream damage areas using only digital topographic maps, was employed to calculate the extent of downstream damage resulting from the collapse of small-scale reservoirs. Five scenarios were analyzed based on the extent of reservoir destruction (ranging from 10% to 100%). The results revealed that the inundation area varied depending on the topography downstream of the reservoir. This study proposes an affordable and straightforward method for estimating damage downstream of reservoirs, even when limited data are available regarding the reservoirs. Thus, this study can be utilized in the development of emergency response plans for small-scale agricultural reservoirs.
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Zare, Masoud, Florida Nasategay, Jose A. Gomez, Arsham Moayedi Far, and Javad Sattarvand. "A Review of Tailings Dam Safety Monitoring Guidelines and Systems." Minerals 14, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14060551.
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The awareness of tailings dam safety monitoring has widened due to the recent disasters caused by failures of such structures. The failure rate of tailings dams worldwide (i.e., the percentage of failed dams out of total) is estimated at 1.2%, compared to the 0.01% rate for traditional water dams. Most of the tailings dam monitoring guidelines suggest that the owner develops a robust surveillance program to detect possible indicators of potential failures. This paper presents a thorough review of major guidelines on tailings storage facility (TSF) monitoring and surveillance, the visual parameters to be monitored, as well as good practice in the development of monitoring systems. This paper reviews the recent literature with an emphasis on the development of monitoring systems utilizing sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and satellite images that may be considered as supplementary guarantees against failure events.
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Warren, Alan L., M. F. Kennard, and Eddie N. Bromhead. "Discussion: Investigation of dam incidents and failures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering 164, no. 3 (August 2011): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/feng.2011.164.3.139.
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Warren, Alan L., and Gyan S. Shrivastava. "Discussion: Investigation of dam incidents and failures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering 164, no. 3 (August 2011): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/feng.2011.164.3.141.
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Rogers, J. David. "Geo-Forensics — Lessons Learned From Dam Failures." GEOSTRATA Magazine 24, no. 3 (May 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/geosek.0000073.
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Leonards, G. A. "International workshop on dam failures — Closing remarks." Engineering Geology 24, no. 1-4 (December 1987): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(87)90087-1.
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Hashim, Syarifah Intan Najla Syed, Siti Hidayah Abu Talib, and Muhammad Salleh Abustan. "An overview on the potential dam hazard and pre-qualitative analysis on the selected critical dam in Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012019.
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Abstract Apart from flood control and water storage for irrigation, dams were used for hydropower generation, navigation, drinking water supply, recreation and in mining operations as tailing dams. Human errors and mistakes have undermined safety in many dam operations, resulting in serious safety issues and numerous failures. Safety concerns were also largely caused by increased population and land use in dam downstream areas and by failing to perform necessary inspection, maintenance, or upgrade work. Dam safety cannot be concerned only with the structure itself, but it should be considered in relation to the population at risk in the downstream flood plain. Several potential dam hazards were listed in MyDAMS guidelines but for this research, the hazards chosen are overtopping and seepage failure considering the condition of Malaysian dam. Only one (1) selected dam will be chosen as the most critical dam. The selection criteria of the dam will be based on their type of dam, hazard classification, dam purpose and downstream population. A qualitative analysis was done by using the secondary data prepared by DID and hazard classification was done using dam hazard rating. Batu Dam was chosen as the most critical dam with high hazard rating as it has the highest crest elevation, water level and has the shortest distance between dam and populated area downstream.
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Alexandru, Ilie, Popescu Catalin, and Abdulamit Altan. "Dam safety analysis using mathematical modelling and surveys, applied on Buftea Dam." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1185, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1185/1/012017.
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Abstract Today, statistics show that most of the accidents leading to dam failures occur in the case of embankment dams and, therefore, the authors have chosen to analyse the state of safety in operation of the Buftea Dam in Romania. The need for such analysis is sustained by the fact that the dam has an important role in flood protection on the Colentina River, which flows through a number of localities in the vicinity of the capital city of Romania, Bucharest (Buftea and Mogosoaia among the most important ones). The paper presents a common advanced mathematical modelling with GeoStudio GeoSlope and Seep/W used to determine the level of water infiltration through the dam body, stability of dam and risk of failure when the dam is operated at different reservoir elevations, such as the normal retention level, the maximum retention level, rapid drawdown scenario and pseudo-static seismic analysis. These types of analyses are used to determine the safety coefficients and safety status of dams, as part of the current monitoring and early detection of possible processes affecting the structures.
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Wang, Shaowei, Chongshi Gu, and Tengfei Bao. "Safety Monitoring Index of High Concrete Gravity Dam Based on Failure Mechanism of Instability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/732325.
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Traditional methods of establishing dam safety monitoring index are mostly based on the observation data. According to the performance of dam-foundation system under the experienced loads, alarm values and extreme values are predicted for monitoring quantities. As for some dams, the potential most unfavorable loads may not yet have appeared, and dam bearing capacity may also decrease over time. Therefore, monitoring index determined by these methods can not reflect whether the dam will break or not. Based on the finite element method, to study the progressive instability failures of high concrete gravity dams under the failure modes of material strength degradation or uncertainty and extreme environmental loads during operation, methods of strength reduction and overloading are, respectively, used. Typical stages in the instability processes are identified by evaluation indicators of dam displacement, the connectivity of yield zones, and the yield volume ratio of dam concretes; then instability safety monitoring indexes are hierarchically determined according to these typical symptoms. At last, a case study is performed to give a more detailed introduction about the process of establishing safety monitoring index for high concrete gravity dams based on the failure mechanism of instability, and three grades of monitoring index related to different safety situations are established for this gravity dam.
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Al-Fugara, A’kif, Ali Nouh Mabdeh, Saad Alayyash, and Awni Khasawneh. "Hydrological and Hydrodynamic Modeling for Flash Flood and Embankment Dam Break Scenario: Hazard Mapping of Extreme Storm Events." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15031758.
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Simulation of dam breach scenarios can help in the preparation of emergency action plans for real dam breaks or flash flooding events. The purpose of this study was to identify flood-prone areas in the Al Wala Valley in the governorate of Madaba in Jordan through analysis of the Al Wala Dam. Modelling of dam breaches was conducted under two scenarios: a Clear Day scenario and a Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) scenario. The former scenario does not address the various dam failure modes; rather, it addresses the formation and development of a breach as a result of structural failures like the sliding of dam blocks in the case of a concrete dam or piping failures in the case of embankment dams. The PMF scenarios, however, simulate unsteady flow in pipes and overtopping failure via consideration of runoff hydrography. In the PMF scenario, flood-prone areas can be identified by in-depth analysis of data from previous extreme rainfall events. The related hydrologic and hydraulic data can then be modelled using intensity-duration-frequency curves applied to an hour-by-hour simulation to discover the areas most at risk of flooding in the future. In the present study, data were collected from inlet of flow to Al Wala Valley on 10 January 2013. The collected data, which included rainfall and discharge data, were fed to the HEC-HMS software in order to calibrate the hydrological parameters of the watershed of the Al Wala Dam. Additionally, the HEC-RAS tool was employed to determine the breach outflow hydrography and hydraulic conditions across various critical downstream locations, which were determined by use of dynamic flood wave-routing models. The simulations revealed that, in the case of the Clear Day scenario, downstream inundation would cover an area of 5.262 km2 in the event of a pipe failure. However, in the event of a six-hour storm, a twelve-hour storm, and a twenty-four-hour storm, the flooded area would rise to 6837 km2, 8518 km2, and 9390 km2, respectively. In the event of an overtopping failure, 13,171 km2 would be inundated, according to the Clear Day scenario. On the other hand, in the event of a six-hour storm, a twelve-hour storm, and a twenty four-hour storm, the flooded area would rise to 13,302 km2, 14,249 km2, and 14,594 km2, respectively.
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Akgun, Cagri, Salim Serkan Nas, and Akin Uslu. "2D and 3D Numerical Simulation of Dam-Break Flooding: A Case Study of the Tuzluca Dam, Turkey." Water 15, no. 20 (October 16, 2023): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203622.
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Unlike river floods, floods caused by dam breaks occur much more abruptly and at higher water velocities. The failure of a dam due to any reason can pose a significant threat to settlements in the downstream area due to the high volume of water in its reservoir. In this case study, 2D and 3D numerical failure simulations of Tuzluca Dam, to be built in the Igdir province of Turkey, was performed using the Flow3D Hydro software. The Shallow Water and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were used to simulate flood propagation. In the numerical models, RNG k-ε was chosen as the turbulence model. In the analyses carried out under different scenarios, it was observed that in both methods (2D and 3D), significant flood depths would occur in two downstream village settlements. Within the scope of the study, the mortality rates in different dam-break scenarios of the Tuzluca Dam were also investigated. It has been observed that the dam failure time and breach geometry have a significant impact on the flood propagation and the loss of life in settlements. Additionally, a dam-break experiment in literature dam-break experiment was numerically solved using the Flow3D Hydro software to validate the numerical model, and a satisfactory harmony was observed between the experimental results and the numerical models. Although the 3D analysis provided a more accurate representation of the experimental results, it took approximately 20 times longer to complete the dam failure simulation in the case study compared to the 2D model. As a result, it has been determined that for comprehensive studies such as those of dam failures, 2D analyses may be more practical, while for smaller-scale scenarios or situations requiring greater precision, 3D modelling is appropriate.
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Sujono, Joko. "Hydrological Analysis of the Situ Gintung Dam Failure." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0590.
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Early on the morning ofMarch 27, 2009, the Situ Gintung dam, located near Jakarta, Indonesia, and with an catchment area of 3.1 km2, failed and flooded the area below it. This disaster has awakened most of the Indonesian people, especially those who are concerned about hydraulic structures, natural disasters and sustainable water resources management. During the disaster, about 100 people died and a number of people went missing. There are hundreds of dams like the Situ Gintung dam and other big dams have been built in Indonesia. Most of these dams pose a high potential hazard to life and property if a failure or levee breach occurs. Dam failures may occur at different locations such as spillway, embankments and foundations. The failure may occur as a result of a number of problems such as overtopping, surface erosion, and piping. Dam failures due to spillway problems may occur, for instance, as a result of inadequate spillway capacity (overtopping) or spillway loss by erosion (surface erosion). In this study, the Situ Gintung dam failure has been analyzed based on hydrology analysis. Results show that heavy monsoon rainfall was not the main cause of the situ Gintung dam failure. The daily rainfall on March 26, 2009, was 113 mm that equal to a 10 year return period. Reservoir routing shows that there was no overtopping during March 27, 2009, flood, the maximum water depth on the spillway is 0.63 m. Assuming that maintenance was done well, the spillway was still safe under a 100 year return period with the maximum water level is +98.95 m. It means that the embankment was still safe with 1.05 m freeboard. Due to high water flow velocity, however, surface erosion may occur at the end of a chute spillway that consists of silt, clay and sand. Continuous scoring/erosion happened throughout the spill over the spillway, which started at around 06:00 pm and lasted until 03.00 am, resulting in a big pond at the chute spillways and surrounding areas. This phenomenon adversely affected the instability of the spillway structure. As a result, the spillway failure occurring resulted high flow discharge that reached more than 425 m3/s.
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Foster, Mark, Robin Fell, and Matt Spannagle. "The statistics of embankment dam failures and accidents." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 1000–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-030.
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The paper describes the results of a statistical analysis of failures and accidents of embankment dams, specifically concentrating on those incidents involving piping and slope instability. The compilation of dam incidents includes details on the characteristics of the dams, including dam zoning, filters, core soil types, compaction, foundation cutoff, and foundation geology. An assessment of the characteristics of the world population of dams was also carried out. By comparing the characteristics of the dams which have experienced failures and accidents to those of the population of dams, it was possible to assess the relative influence of particular factors on the likelihood of piping and slope instability.Key words: dams, failures, piping, instability database.
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Haydar, A., and Maksim Zheleznov. "Scientific methodology for compiling a dam passport during its life cycle based on engineering surveying and geodetic monitoring." Construction and Architecture 11, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2022-11-1-8-8.
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The public and property risks associated with dam failures are very high, due to the location of settlements in areas of potential flooding, as well as the construction of new dams in less than ideal areas (in far from ideal territories).
Due to the variety of risks that threaten dam structures and their surroundings, it is necessary to identify the possible causes and consequences of dam failure, and then develop a program to improve its safety. The monitoring of dam behavior/performance needs to start from the first days of construction and continue throughout the life cycle.
The conducted study suggests a scientific methodology for the preparation of annual dam passports, which should contain all the data and information obtained from the date of the dam's creation until the issuance of the passport. The study also makes recommendations on the types of data and information that should be included in the dam passport, which will enable workers and experts in the field of dam life cycle monitoring, as well as responsible persons, to take the necessary measures and proactively resolve any problems that exist or may occur.
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Evans, Stephen G. "The maximum discharge of outburst floods caused by the breaching of man-made and natural dams." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-053.
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The sudden release of water impounded in natural and man-made reservoirs has been responsible for some major disasters in mountainous regions of the world. Recent natural damming events and failures of natural dams have illustrated the need to examine the nature and magnitude of outburst floods and the behaviour of debris dams in general. An empirical relationship between maximum discharge (Qmax) and volume of water released during the outburst event (Vmax) is established (Qmax = 0.72Vmax0.53) for man-made dams and the relationship is thought applicable to the breaching of natural debris dams (landslides and moraines). This relationship allows a first-order estimate to be made of Qmax in the vicinity of the breach for a given Vmax during the failure of a man-made dam or a natural debris dam. Key words: outburst floods, man-made dams, natural dams, landslide, dam failure.
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Yusof, Z. M., Z. A. L. Shirling, A. K. A. Wahab, Z. Ismail, and S. Amerudin. "A hydrodynamic model of an embankment breaching due to overtopping flow using FLOW-3D." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 920, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012036.
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Abstract Embankment dam failures are concerning to many people in the society today, including dam engineers, federal, state, and local officials. The effects of dam failure may cause more harm than good; leading to the losses of lives, properties being damage, economic and environmental downfall. Embankment dam breaching is a complex process between hydraulics and soil erosion processes; until today it still requires more researches to be done. Many factors involved in embankment breaching such as cohesiveness of embankment material, compactness of the embankment soil material, height of the dam and slope of the dam. Through the help of simulation techniques such as computational fluid dynamics, it is possible to understand the behaviour of embankment breaching processes. In this research, modelling of embankment breaching with the aid of FLOW-3D allow us to open doors to plenty of experiments to breaching in the near future. This research focuses in analysing and comparing hydrodynamic parameters; breach outflow hydrograph, peak outflow rate Qp and failure time iy, and geometric parameters; breach depth Hb , and top breach width Bt , of the modelling breached embankment for different sediment diameter and inflow rates. Moreover, the research also investigates the velocity magnitude and breach width during the embankment breaching process.
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Zhang, L. M., Y. Xu, and J. S. Jia. "Analysis of earth dam failures: A database approach." Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards 3, no. 3 (September 2009): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17499510902831759.
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De Alba, Pedro A., H. Bolton Seed, Eugenio Retamal, and Raymond B. Seed. "Analyses of Dam Failures in 1985 Chilean Earthquake." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 114, no. 12 (December 1988): 1414–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1988)114:12(1414).
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Owen, J. R., D. Kemp, É. Lèbre, K. Svobodova, and G. Pérez Murillo. "Catastrophic tailings dam failures and disaster risk disclosure." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 42 (January 2020): 101361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101361.
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