Journal articles: 'Damage analysis'

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Vafaei, Mohammadreza, Azlan bin Adnan, and Mohammadreza Yadollahi. "Seismic Damage Detection Using Pushover Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2496.

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Inter-story drift ratio is a general damage index which is being used to detect damaged stories after severe ground motions. Since this general damage index cannot detect damaged elements also the severity of imposed damages on elements, a new real-time seismic damage detection method base on artificial neural networks was proposed to overcome this issue. This approach considers nonlinear behaviour of structures and not only is capable of detecting damaged elements but also can address the severity of imposed damages. Proposed algorithm was applied on a 3-story concrete building .The obtained results confirmed accuracy and robustness of this method.

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Bhargav Sai, Cherukuri, and D. Mallikarjuna Reddy. "Dynamic Analysis of Faulty Rotors through Signal Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.602.

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In this study, an effective method based on wavelet transform, for identification of damage on rotating shafts is proposed. The nodal displacement data of damaged rotor is processed to obtain wavelet coefficients to detect, localise and quantify damage severity. Because the wavelet coefficients are calculated with various scaled indices, local disturbances in the mode shape data can be found out in the finer scales that are positioned at local disturbances. In the present work the displacement data are extracted from the MATLAB model at a particular speed. Damage is represented as reduction in diameter of the shaft. The difference vectors between damaged and undamaged shafts are used as input vectors for wavelet analysis. The measure of damage severity is estimated using a parameter formulated from the distribution of wavelet coefficients with respect to the scales. Diagnosis results for different damage cases such as single and multiple damages are presented.

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Mahendran, G., Chandrasekaran Kesavan, and S. K. Malhotra. "Damage Detection in Laminated Composite Beams, Plates and Shells Using Dynamic Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.901.

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Vibration-based technique to detect damage in laminated composite beams, rectangular plates and cylindrical shells is presented in this paper.A parameter called damage indicator calculated based on mode shape curvature isused in this studyto detect the location and size of small damages accurately in laminated composite structures. Through numerical analysis of laminated compositecantilevered beam, plate and cylindrical shell models with edge crack as damage, the absolute change inthe damage indicator is localized in the region of damage. Thechange in damage indicatorincreases withincreasing size of damage. Thisinformationis obtained by considering two cases of damage sizes (case-1 and case-2)in the structures. Finite element methodbased commercial analysis package ANSYSis used to obtain thenormalized displacement mode shapesof the three models both for intact and damaged states and then the damage indicator is calculated from the mode shapes data.The numerical analysis to detect damage is followed by validation by experimental modal testing.

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Sun , Yun, Qiuwei Yang, and Xi Peng. "Structural Damage Assessment Using Multiple-Stage Dynamic Flexibility Analysis." Aerospace 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9060295.

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Vibration-based damage assessment technology is a hot topic in aerospace engineering, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering. In this paper, a damage assessment approach using multiple-stage dynamic flexibility analysis is proposed for structural safety monitoring. The proposed method consists of three stages. The content of Stage I is to determine the number of damaged elements in the structure by the rank of dynamic flexibility change. The content of Stage II is to determine damage locations by the minimum rank of flexibility correlation matrices. Finally, the damage extents of those damaged elements are calculated in Stage III. The proposed approach fully uses the filtering ability of matrix rank analysis for data noise. A 27-bar truss structure and a steel frame structure are used as the numerical and experimental examples to demonstrate the proposed method, respectively. From the numerical and experimental results, it is found that structure damages can be successfully identified through the multiple-stage dynamic flexibility analysis. By comparative study, the proposed method has more powerful antinoise ability and higher calculation accuracy than the generalized flexibility method. The proposed method may be a promising tool for structural damage assessment.

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Kawashima, Fumiko, Takumi Tokiyoshi, Toshihide Igari, Akira Shiibashi, and Naoya Tada. "OS12W0391 Advanced creep damage analysis of low-alloy steel welds considering the microscopic damage progress." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS12W0391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os12w0391.

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Fei, Qing Guo, Ai Qun Li, Chang Qing Miao, and Zhi Jun Li. "Structural Damage Identification Using Wavelet Packet Analysis and Neural Network." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.205.

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This paper describes a study on damage identification using wavelet packet analysis and neural networks. The identification procedure could be divided into three steps. First, structure responses are decomposed into wavelet packet components. Then, the component energies are used to define damage feature and to train neural network models. Finally, in combination with the feature of the damaged structure response, the trained models are employed to determine the occurrence, the location and the qualification of the damage. The emphasis of this study is put on multi-damage case. Relevant issues are studied in detail especially the selection of training samples for multi-damage identification oriented neural network training. A frame model is utilized in the simulation cases to study the sampling techniques and the multi-damage identification. Uniform design is determined to be the most suitable sampling technique through simulation results. Identifications of multi-damage cases of the frame including different levels of damage at various locations are investigated. The results show that damages are successfully identified in all cases.

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Lobodanov, Maxim, Pavlo Vegera, Zinoviy Zinoviy, and Andrii Karpushyn. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DEFECTS IN THE COMPRESSED ZONE OF THE REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.01.094.

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Due to economic trends in the building industry, the investigation of the residual bearing capacity of reinforced concrete elements has been receiving more and more attention in recent years. Studying the effect of damage on the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete elements is one of the main themes of investigation in this field. Results of 4 reinforced concrete beams’ testing are proposed, one of which was the control one (tested without damages) and three- typically damaged in the compressed zone at different load levels. As a result, the most crucial effect was detected by the type of damage, load, and neutral axis position change. In addition, research results demonstrate an increase of 3.8% in reinforced concrete beams bearing capacity if they are damaged under the load, compared with the unloaded damaged reinforced concrete beams.

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Kushnareva, G., N. Ismailova, I. Radchenko, T. Rabocha, and L. Kucherenko. "STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ANALYSIS." Modern technology, materials and design in construction 30, no. 1 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2311-1429-2021-12-19.

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The ability of materials to retain the required set of properties under the action of operational loads on the structure is determined by the structural changes that occur under such loads. From the first days of operation, under the influence of force factors, the environment and time, the strength and deformation properties of structures of buildings and structures change. The solution to the main task of construction science - reducing material consumption in construction, is inextricably linked with the need for constant study and refinement of the strength and deformation characteristics of building materials and structures, as well as a change in their bearing capacity over time and an assessment of the working capacity (resource) reserve when setting an external power load. Based on the fundamental position that under the action of a load, a deformation process occurs in the construction material, which is accompanied by irreversible processes of their appearance, development and accumulation of damage to the structure of the material, and, as a result, leads to destruction, we come to the conclusion that it is necessary to carefully study the strength of wooden designs taking into account this phenomenon. There is a need to comprehensively study the issues of damage accumulation in wooden structures under the action of loads and the related processes of changing the cross-sectional area and bearing capacity, to use the research results when calculating structures. This makes it possible to reduce material consumption and make the sections of wooden structures more economical and avoid excessive safety margins. Therefore, an important manifestation is the fixation of cracks and internal interfaces, which allows one to quantify the integral damage of the structure material to predict their safe functioning. The authors considered analytical dependences for the description of disseminated injuries that follow from physical considerations or are constructed from some mechanical models of the process of long-term damage. Three main types of models have been identified: force, deformation and energy. Experimental studies of normal stress diagrams make it possible to visually record the formation of folds in the compressed zone, as well as calculate the value of the instantaneous elastic and viscoelastic components of total deformation. A measure of the accumulation of damage in a material is damage. In this work, the damage was calculated based on the known specific parameters of the material: deflections, relative deformations and changes in the number of acoustic emission signals. The graphs of the dependence of damage on the load were built: - on the development of deflections; - on the development of fibrous deformations; - on the development of deflections and acoustic emission (relative load); - on the development of fibrous deformations (relative load); This scientific work is a logical continuation of previous studies of damage to wooden structures. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the strength, deformability of wooden beams under the influence of a static load. The direction of improving the methodology for designing wooden structures and determining the residual resource has not been reflected in the technical literature. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of them.

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SILVA, R. L., L. M. TRAUTWEIN, C. S. BARBOSA, L. C. ALMEIDA, and G. H. SIQUEIRA. "Empirical method for structural damage location using dynamic analysis." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 13, no. 1 (February 2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952020000100003.

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Abstract This paper presents the use of numerical model techniques for identification and damage location adopting the Modal Curvature Difference (MCD) method as reference for the analysis of a simply supported concrete structure. Then, an empirical formulation to detect damages in this structure is proposed. In this method, called Acceleration Summation Difference (ASD), the difference of acceleration amplitude between intact and damaged structures are calculated for concrete plates simply supported on rubber bearings. During the analyses, the finite element models were developed using SAP2000® software. The results obtained depicted that it is possible to determine the approximate position of one or more damages in the structure, with some restrictions, and the proposed ASD method presented good correlation to localize the position of single or multiple damages.

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Khan, Mehran, Swarup Mahato, Darius Eidukynas, and Tomas Vaitkunas. "Influence determination of damage to mechanical structure based on modal analysis and modal assurance criterion." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 42 (May 16, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.22554.

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Mechanical damages in structures changes its geometry in various ways. However, if damage size comparing to structure size is small, thus observation of this damage could be hard or even impossible in some cases. For this reason, changes in structure’s vibration responses are investigated nowadays. The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of damage size to the vibration response of the mechanical structure – aluminum alloy plate. To achieve this aim, modal analysis of a reference, i.e. health, and multiple damaged structures using ANSYS Workbench, and calculation of modal assurance criterion (MAC) using Matlab were carried out in this research. During this research 6 different damage sizes were modelled and its vibration response was compared to the health one. Obtained results revealed that the bending modes rarely shows any trend towards damages scenario. But, when observing the MAC values matrices, the values related to torsional modes even on the diagonal of the matrices decrease as the damage size increases, which indicates that the damage has more influence on the torsional modes.

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Hua, Su, and Chang Cheng. "Acoustic Emission Wavelet Analysis of Filament Wound Composite Tube Fatigue Damage Process." Open Materials Science Journal 9, no. 1 (November 10, 2015): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x01509010214.

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This paper performed a radial compression fatigue test on glass fiber winding composite tubes, collected acoustic emission signals at different fatigue damages stages, used time frequency analysis techniques for modern wavelet transform, and analyzed the wave form and frequency characteristics of fatigue damaged acoustic emission signals. Three main frequency bands of acoustic emission signal had been identified: 80-160 kHz (low frequency band), 160-300 kHz (middle frequency band), and over 300kHz (high frequency band), corresponding to the three basic damage modes: the fragmentation of matrix resin, the layered damage of fiber and matrix, and the fracture of cellosilk respectively. The usage of wavelet transform enabled the separation of fatigue damaged acoustic emission signals from interference wave, and the access to characteristics of high signal-noise-ratio fatigue damage.

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Yu, Tai-Ho. "Plate Waves Scattering Analysis and Active Damage Detection." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 5458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165458.

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This study investigates and evaluates the technology of using plate waves to detect the locations and sizes of circular holes and cracks in plates. Piezoelectric ceramic discs surface-mounted on both sides of an aluminum alloy plate were used as narrow-frequency plate wave actuators and sensors, and the antisymmetric plate wave signal was analyzed by wavelet transform in the time-frequency domain. The damage location and frequency spectrum characteristics were identified by the wave through time-of-flight difference and signal analysis of the damage scattered wave group. The plate wave signal of the damaged plate included the scattered wave signal and the plate wave signal transmitted directly between the piezoelectric discs. Under ideal conditions, the plate wave signal indicating damage can be obtained by subtracting the plate wave signal in a plate without damage from the plate wave signal scattered from actuators to sensors. This study established an optimization program based on the simplex algorithm to inversely calculate the location of the plate damage. The developed damage location objective function has a unique global minimum value that can ensure the accuracy of the damage location calculation, and good results were obtained in experiments. The spectral characteristics of the scattered plate wave were related to the type, size, wave propagation path, and incident angle of the damage. Numerical analyses of scattered spectra for various damages are needed as references to compare with experimental results in the future.

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Khatir, Samir, Magd Abdel Wahab, Samir Tiachacht, Cuong Le Thanh, Roberto Capozucca, Erica Magagnini, and Brahim Benaissa. "Damage identification in steel plate using FRF and inverse analysis." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 58 (September 25, 2021): 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.58.30.

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Metaheuristic algorithms have known vast development in recent years. And their applicability in engineering projects is constantly growing; however, their deferent exploration and exploitation techniques cause the engineering problems to favor some algorithms over others. This paper studies damage identification in steel plates using Frequency Response Function (FRF) damage indicator to detect and localize the healthy and damaged structure. The study is formulated as an inverse analysis, investigating the performance of three new metaheuristic algorithms of Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). The objective function is based on measured and calculated FRF damage indicators. The results showed that the case of four damages with different damage severity levels presented a good challenge where the HWO algorithm was shown to have the best performance. Both in convergence speed and CPU time.

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Simonsen, Bo Cerup, and Peter Friis Hansen. "Theoretical and Statistical Analysis of Ship Grounding Accidents." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 122, no. 3 (March 3, 2000): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1286075.

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Today, the ship kinetic energy and structural crushing resistance is not taken into account in any regulation concerned with the damaged state of a conventional ship (damage stability, oil outflow, etc.). However, the past few years of experience with high-speed craft (HSC) have clearly demonstrated that impact damage is indeed related to the kinetic energy and the strength of the ship. The present paper discusses various aspects related to rational design against grounding accidents. A relatively simple theory is reviewed for comparing the expected grounding damage of different ships, taking into account the structure, the displacement and the sailing velocity. It is shown that based on simple requirements of similitude, it is possible to scale certain types of grounding bottom damage. Then 130 grounding accidents are investigated. Attempts are first made at identifying the governing grounding scenarios and deriving a formula for the relation between the volume of deformed structure and the energy absorption (like the Minorsky formula). Moreover, the damage statistics is used to illustrate that the damage length divided by ship length is a function of the ship size. This observation is not in agreement with current regulations where bottom damage is proportional to ship length. The scaling theory is then used to explain that large ships experience longer relative damages than small ships. Major conclusions of the study are that the quality of future damage records should be improved, that various requirements and rules involving bottom damage may need to be revised, and that a method has been proposed for ranking ships according to their crashworthiness in grounding accidents. [S0892-7219(00)00103-5]

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Le, Thanh-Cao, Duc-Duy Ho, Chi-Thien Nguyen, and Thanh-Canh Huynh. "Structural Damage Localization in Plates Using Global and Local Modal Strain Energy Method." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 18, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4456439.

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This paper presents an improvement to the modal strain energy (MSE) method for identifying structural damages in plate-type structures. A two-step MSE-based damage localization procedure, including a global step and a local step, is newly proposed to enhance the accuracy of detecting the location of structural damage. Firstly, the global step uses the mode shape data on the whole plate to locate the potentially damaged areas. Then, MSE is applied with a more dense mesh size on these local areas to detect damage in more detail. The proposed procedure’s feasibility is verified by analyzing an aluminum plate with various damaged scenarios. This study uses finite element analysis to acquire the plate's natural frequencies and mode shapes in intact and damaged states. A set of two damage detection capacity indicators are also newly presented to evaluate the precision of the proposed procedure. The diagnostic results demonstrate that the proposed approach uses less modal data than the original MSE method and accurately identifies the damage's locations in the plates with various edge conditions. Moreover, the combination of three first mode shapes and a damage threshold of 40% of the maximum normalized damage index gives the best results of damage localization.

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Potisuk, Tanarat, Christopher C. Higgins, Thomas H. Miller, and Solomon C. Yim. "Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Corrosion Subjected to Shear." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/706803.

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Finite element (FE) modeling techniques were developed to isolate the different contributions of corrosion damage to structural response of experimental reinforced concrete beams with shear-dominated behavior. Corrosion-damage parameters included concrete cover spalling due to the expansion of corrosion products; uniform stirrup cross-sectional loss from corrosion; localized stirrup cross-sectional loss due to pitting; debonding of corrosion-damaged stirrups from the concrete. FE analyses were performed including both individual and combined damages. The FE results matched experimental results well and quantitatively estimated capacity reduction of the experimental specimens.

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Shaymanov, Mashrabjon Shukriddin ugli. "PEST RISK ANALYSIS IN COMSTOCK MEALYBUG (PSEUDOCOCCUS COMSTOCKI) IN POMEGRANATE AND DATES." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 04, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume04issue02-03.

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Dangerous pest is widespread in Uzbekistan. The most dangerous of these are coccidia. They damage many plants. Damages pomegranate, date, unabi, apple, pear, plum, quince, peach, almond, hawthorn, pine, poplar and other orchards and ornamental trees. In Uzbekistan, comstock worms reproduce three times a year, and partly for the fourth time. But with the fall of the cold, the fourth generation perishes. In pomegranate and palm crops, different levels of infestation were observed in different varieties by comstock worms. In pomegranate, 53.8% of Ok dona, 49.5% of Kizil anor, 39.1% of Kozoki anor and 22.8% of Achchik dona were damaged. 38.3% of Zenju-maru, 25.9% Tamopan and 20.1% Xiakume dates were damaged.

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Zhang, Feng Peng, Zhao Guo Qiu, and Han Zhi. "Analysis of Damages Correlation of Prestressed Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.244.

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Damages correlation of prestressed concrete beam and its safety evaluation have been studied by finite element method. The influences of three typical damages on deflection of beam have been analyzed. The vertical crack damage (VC) has been simulated by pre-crack and contact elements has been set between crack surfaces, the reinforcing steel corrosion damage (RSC) has been simulated by reducing the effective area of the reinforcing steel, and the concrete strength degradation damage (CSD) has been simulated by changing the elastic modulus of concrete based on the relationship between concrete strength and its elastic modulus. Damage correlation variables have been defined, and safety evaluation method of concrete beam based on damage correlation has been discussed. The results showed that: there is a strong nonlinear correlation between VC and RSC, and the beam's safety states are significantly reduced because of the interaction of damages.

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Sathon, N., and Janice M. Dulieu-Barton. "Damage Analysis of Internal Surface Flaws Using Thermoelastic Stress Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.279.

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Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) has been used to detect and evaluate the severity of damage on a flat metallic plate. The damage takes the form of a semi-circular notch that represents a surface flaw. Thermoelastic data was gathered from the undamaged side of the plate. The experimental results show that shallow surface flaws can be detected by using phase information from thermoelastic data. This information can then be used to indicate the flaw severity in terms of the notch depth. It is shown that the phase data is dependent on the heat conduction effects around the notch, which enable an assessment of the damage. This is modelled using a simple finite element simulation of the effects of heat conduction on the thermoelastic response. A discussion on the potential of using phase variation across damaged regions to analyse damage severity is provided.

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Ben-Amoz, M. "Cumulative damage analysis based on fatigue damage bounds." International Journal of Fracture 129, no. 1 (September 2004): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:frac.0000038877.33559.dc.

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Juneja, Vikas, R. T. Haftka, and H. H. Cudney. "Damage Detection and Damage Detectability— Analysis and Experiments." Journal of Aerospace Engineering 10, no. 4 (October 1997): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0893-1321(1997)10:4(135).

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Chemezov, Denis, Irina Pavlukhina, Oleg Stepanov, Danil Zubatov, and Maksim Tarasov. "DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE." Theoretical & Applied Science 99, no. 07 (July 30, 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.07.99.13.

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FUJII, Yoshimichi. "Importance of Damage Analysis." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 54, no. 1 (2005): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.54.112.

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Mohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim, Richard L. Wood, and Christine E. Wittich. "Non-Temporal Point Cloud Analysis for Surface Damage in Civil Structures." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120527.

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Assessment and evaluation of damage in civil infrastructure is most often conducted visually, despite its subjectivity and qualitative nature in locating and verifying damaged areas. This study aims to present a new workflow to analyze non-temporal point clouds to objectively identify surface damage, defects, cracks, and other anomalies based solely on geometric surface descriptors that are irrespective of point clouds’ underlying geometry. Non-temporal, in this case, refers to a single dataset, which is not relying on a change detection approach. The developed method utilizes vertex normal, surface variation, and curvature as three distinct surface descriptors to locate the likely damaged areas. Two synthetic datasets with planar and cylindrical geometries with known ground truth damage were created and used to test the developed workflow. In addition, the developed method was further validated on three real-world point cloud datasets using lidar and structure-from-motion techniques, which represented different underlying geometries and exhibited varying severity and mechanisms of damage. The analysis of the synthetic datasets demonstrated the robustness of the proposed damage detection method to classify vertices as surface damage with high recall and precision rates and a low false-positive rate. The real-world datasets illustrated the scalability of the damage detection method and its ability to classify areas as damaged and undamaged at the centimeter level. Moreover, the output classification of the damage detection method automatically bins the damaged vertices into different confidence intervals for further classification of detected likely damaged areas. Moving forward, the presented workflow can be used to bolster structural inspections by reducing subjectivity, enhancing reliability, and improving quantification in surface-evident damage.

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Zheng, Zhong Lang, and Qin Da Zeng. "Damage Identification of Cantilevered Beam Based on Multi-Resolution Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 487 (January 2014): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.487.267.

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As a derivative parameter of the structural displacement mode, damage factor matrix was adopted to investigate the detection of structural crack location and damage. A methodological strategy by combination of the damage factor matrix and the wavelet multi-resolution analysis is presented in the paper, in order to identify structural damages of the cantilevered beam. The results show that damage can be identified by the damage factor matrix and the wavelet multi-resolution analysis, and the damage degree can be estimated by damage frequency band energy of the wavelet analysis. A reference to damage identification in current structure engineering is provided.

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Cheng, Chang Ming. "Analysis Carrying Capacity of Hydraulic Concrete Dam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.400.

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This paper makes analysis on accelerated speed overload and hydraulic pressure after earthquake, as well as the relationship between the ground motion peak acceleration and the dam body displacement, dam body damage volume ratio, and dam facing damage volume ratio. According to dam body partition, this paper takes the ratio of over stress accumulative duration and stress required capacity as parameters, and studies arch local earthquake damage evaluation of dam body partition. After analysis, it is found that after arch dam experiences different geological process, there are damages in both sides of dam abutment and upper part of dam body, overstressed area expands continuously and local damages take place.

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Onkar, Amit K. "Nonlinear buckling analysis of damaged laminated composite plates." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 22 (February 28, 2019): 3111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319833446.

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An updated Lagrangian-based nonlinear finite element method is developed to study the buckling behavior of damaged laminated composite plates under uniaxial compression. In this study, material imperfections are treated as existing static damage and a continuum damage mechanics-based approach is used to model such imperfections. The laminated plate is modeled as a set of elementary layers bonded together by matrix-rich elastic interface. This allows to model different modes of damage present at both elementary ply level and interply interface separately. A layerwise plate model is used to model both elementary ply and interface layers of the laminate. The effect of different forms of existing static damage on the limit point loads and the corresponding displacements of laminated plates are studied. It is observed that for the chosen modes and size of the damaged regions, the limit point load does not change much as compared to the undamaged plate. However, the deformed shapes show significant changes and some very interesting phenomena like local wrinkling behaviour of the damaged region is observed. The effect of ply orientation along with different modes of damage on the limit points and the corresponding deformed shapes of laminated plates are also discussed.

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Wang, Feng, Haibo Wang, Ying Xu, Bing Cheng, and Qianqian Wang. "Analysis of Energy Dissipation Characteristics of Damaged Sandstone under Impact Load." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 22, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4200452.

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Before rock burst, coal, and gas outburst dynamic load, rock mass in geotechnical engineering has been an indifferent degree of damage. The dissipation energy of rock mass under dynamic load reflects the difficulty of rock breaking. In view of the energy dissipation of damaged rock mass under dynamic load, the cyclic loading and unloading test is carried out to make sandstone in different damage states, and the damage degree of sandstone is characterized by the change of longitudinal wave velocity before and after cyclic loading and unloading. Then, the rock with different damage degrees is tested by adopting the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). Finally, the energy dissipation characteristics of damaged rock under impact load are analyzed. The results show that the damage factor of sandstone increases with the increase of the upper limit of stress after cyclic static loading. The dynamic strength and peak strain of damaged sandstone increase with the increase of impact pressure and decrease with the increase of damage degree. With the increase of damage degree of sandstone, the reflection energy and dissipation energy of sandstone increase, while the transmission energy decreases.

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Kwon, Soonho, Junghwan Kim, Heeseong Park, and Gunhui Chung. "Snow Damage Estimation of Gangwon Province damages using Regression Analysis." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 16, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2016.16.2.437.

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Ningsih, Ineke Kesuma, Fitri Electrika D. Surawan, and Zulman Efendi. "PHYSICAL QUALITY ANALYSIS OF ‘ROTI MANIS’ AT BAROKAH BAKERY IN LAHAT." Jurnal Agroindustri 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/j.agroind.5.1.20-35.

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The purpose of this research was to determine the percentage of each type of ‘roti manis’ physical damage, to identify factors causing the damages, and to determine whether the percentage amount of damage was whithin the business control limit. Types of damage observed were broken, too small in size, in appropriate form, over heated or burned. Observation was conducted during 16 working days (one month) at Barokah Bakery in Lahat. Result of the research showed that the broken damage was 1,31%; the too small in size was 1,1%; the unacceptable form was 0,98%; and no damage of over heat. Based on the causal effect analysis, it was found that the main factor causing ‘roti manis’s damages was caused by process inadequately. Result of diagram control analysis showed that the overall average damage was 3,4% with the upper limit was 5,2% and the lower limit was 1,6%. The percentage of the damage was considered high but it was within the company control limit of 2-4%

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Sabilirrahman, Sabilirrahman, and Rachmat Mudiyono. "ANALYSIS OF THE RIGID PAVEMENT ROAD DAMAGES IN THE SEGMENTS OF PEMALANG - TEGAL: A RESEARCH REVIEWED FROM THE ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND HANDLING." Pondasi 24, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/pondasi.v24i1.4994.

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Road as a transportation system has an important role in Indonesia compared to other modes of transportation such as air and sea transportation. As road is found to be important, this condition must be maintained to keep it in a good condition. In fact, road damage still occurs that it can bother the road users and disrupt the pace of the economic activities of the community. Therefore, a research is needed to get to know factors that cause damages to the road segments of Pemalang - Tegal. This research belongs to descriptive research conducted by previously testing the validity and reliability of the research approach. It is done by looking for factors that cause damages to rigid pavement roads in terms of implementation, and factors causing the type of dominant damage and how to handle it.This resarch was conducted to 70 respondents using a questionnaires previously tested for validity and reliability. Data were obtained from the questionnaires filled by the respondents and then statistically processed through SPSS and AHP method. The results show that one of the causes of rigid pavement road damage viewed from implementation was the poor material processing system. The most dominant types of damages were abrasion, release of granules and wear. by overlaying in a damaged location.Keywords: Causes, Types of damage, How to handle the road Road as a transportation system has an important role in Indonesia compared to other modes of transportation such as air and sea transportation. As road is found to be important, this condition must be maintained to keep it in a good condition. In fact, road damage still occurs that it can bother the road users and disrupt the pace of the economic activities of the community. Therefore, a research is needed to get to know factors that cause damages to the road segments of Pemalang - Tegal. This research belongs to descriptive research conducted by previously testing the validity and reliability of the research approach. It is done by looking for factors that cause damages to rigid pavement roads in terms of implementation, and factors causing the type of dominant damage and how to handle it.This resarch was conducted to 70 respondents using a questionnaires previously tested for validity and reliability. Data were obtained from the questionnaires filled by the respondents and then statistically processed through SPSS and AHP method. The results show that one of the causes of rigid pavement road damage viewed from implementation was the poor material processing system. The most dominant types of damages were abrasion, release of granules and wear. by overlaying in a damaged location.Keywords: Causes, Types of damage, How to handle the road

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Guan, De Qing, Xiao Lin Zhong, and Hong Wei Ying. "Damage Identification of Arch Bridge Based on Curvature Mode Wavelet Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1176.

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Based on the curvature modal damage identification of wavelet analysis principle, the finite element method was applied to analyze the vibration characteristics of the damaged deck arch bridge. Take Haar wavelet as the mother wavelet, through the continuous wavelet transform of curvature mode and then identified the damaged position by the maximum of wavelet coefficients. analyze the damage identification problem under three different damaged conditions (condition 1: only the arch 1 contained one damaged location; condition 2: the arch 1 and the arch 2 contained one damaged location respectively; condition 3: the arch 1 contained two damaged locations and the arch 2 contained one damaged location).This paper provided a valuable reference of damage identification and diagnosis for arch bridge.

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Han, Jun Song, Xin Lu Lv, Ya Li Gao, Xiang Gao, and De Qi Xiong. "Analysis of DNA Damages of Gonadal Cells of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus in Petroleum Hydrocarbons." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.251.

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The single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) is a rapid and sensitive procedure for measuring strand breaks in DNA. In the present study, sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) was chosen as the test organism and SCGE was applied to assess DNA damage of its gonadal cells exposed to petroleum hydrocarbon. The gonadal cells of sea urchin had been seriously damaged above 50 mg/L of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs), whileas no damages occurred in the lower concentrations. There were good linear relationships between exposure days and DNA damage rate, percentage of DNA in the comet tail (%TDNA) as well as comet tail length (TL).

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FATHALIKHANI, MARZIYEH, and BEHROUZ GATMIRI. "COUPLED ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE IN MULTIPHASE MEDIA." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 04, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973712500084.

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In this paper, the theoretical framework of a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical damage model dedicated to non-isothermal unsaturated porous media is presented. The damage variable is a second-order tensor, and the model has been formulated in independent state variables. The approach combines thermodynamic and micromechanical theories. The behavior laws have been derived from a postulated expression of Helmholtz free energy. The damaged rigidities have been computed by applying the Principle of Equivalent Elastic Energy (PEEE). Internal length parameters have been introduced in the expressions of liquid water conductivity, to account for cracking effects on fluid flows. Damage has been assumed to have an isotropic influence on air and heat flows, through the inelastic component of volumetric strains. The damage model has been implemented in θ-Stock Finite Element program. Some numerical studies are conducted to the impact of the thermal and mechanical loading on the evaluation of response of the unsaturated bentonite, and investigation of model parameters effect on damage development.

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Murakami, Sumio, Tsutomu Umeda, Hiroshi Takizawa, and Masaharu Itoh. "Axisymmetric Analysis of Spall Damage Based on Damage Mechanics." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 61, no. 586 (1995): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.61.1383.

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Paul, Srikanto, and Hatim Sharif. "Analysis of Damage Caused by Hydrometeorological Disasters in Texas, 1960–2016." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100384.

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Property damages caused by hydrometeorological disasters in Texas during the period 1960–2016 totaled $54.2 billion with hurricanes, tropical storms, and hail accounting for 56%, followed by flooding and severe thunderstorms responsible for 24% of the total damages. The current study provides normalized trends to support the assertion that the increase in property damage is a combined contribution of stronger disasters as predicted by climate change models and increases in urban development in risk prone regions such as the Texas Gulf Coast. A comparison of the temporal distribution of damages normalized by population and GDP resulted in a less statistically significant increasing trend per capita. Seasonal distribution highlights spring as the costliest season (March, April and May) while the hurricane season (June through November) is well aligned with the months of highest property damage. Normalization of property damage by GDP during 2001–2016 showed Dallas as the only metropolitan statistical area (MSA) with a significant increasing trend of the 25 MSAs in Texas. Spatial analysis of property damage per capita highlighted the regions that are at greater risk during and after a major disaster given their limited economic resources compared to more urbanized regions. Variation in the causes of damage (wind or water) and types of damage that a “Hurricane” can produce was investigated using Hazus model simulation. A comparison of published damage estimates at time of occurrence with simulation outputs for Hurricanes Carla, 1961; Alicia, 1983; and Ike, 2008 based on 2010 building exposure highlighted the impact of economic growth, susceptibility of wood building types, and the predominant cause of damage. Carla and Ike simulation models captured less than 50% of their respective estimates reported by other sources suggesting a broad geographical zone of damage with flood damage making a significant contribution. Conversely, the model damage estimates for Alicia are 50% higher than total damage estimates that were reported at the time of occurrence suggesting a substantial increase in building exposure susceptible to wind damage in the modeled region from 1983 – 2010.

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Nour, Mhamed, Aziz Oukaira, Mohammed Bougataya, and Ahmed Lakhssassi. "Thermal Damage Modeling Analysis and Validation during Treatment of Tissue Tumors." International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences 6, no. 4 (2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijpmbs.6.4.98-104.

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Ganjiani, M., R. Naghdabadi, and M. Asghari. "Analysis of Concrete Pressure Vessels in the Framework of Continuum Damage Mechanics." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 21, no. 6 (October 14, 2011): 843–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789511419692.

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In this article, a constitutive model in the framework of continuum damage mechanics is proposed to simulate the elastic behavior of concrete in tension and compression states. We assume two parts for Gibbs potential energy function: elastic and damage parts. In order to obtain the elastic-damage constitutive relation with the internal variables, two damage thermodynamic release rates in tension and compression derived from the elastic part of Gibbs potential energy are introduced. Also, two anisotropic damage tensors (tension and compression) are defined which characterize the tensile and compressive behaviors of concrete. Furthermore, two different linear hardening rules for tension and compression states are adopted for characterizing the damage evolution. The spectral decomposition technique is used to resolve the stress tensor into tensile and compressive components. The accuracy and performance of the proposed model are validated by comparing the predicted results with different experimental data, such as monotonic uniaxial tension and compression tests, and monotonic biaxial compression test. As an application, an analytic closed-form solution for a concrete thick-walled cylinder is obtained. It is shown that two damages: tensile damage [Formula: see text] and shear damage [Formula: see text] propagate in the cylinder. These two damages introduce anisotropy in the elastic behavior of the concrete structure. The influence of these two damages is investigated on the stress field in the cylinder. It is found that effect of shear damage [Formula: see text] on radial and tangential stresses as well as the effect of tensile damage [Formula: see text] on radial stress are negligible, while the effect of tensile damage [Formula: see text] on the tangential stress in a concrete thick-walled cylinder is significant.

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Chun, Qing, and Lan Xiang Sun. "Structural Performance Analysis and Repair Design of Wenxing Lounge Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.1014.

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Lounge bridges in Taishun are a special type of Chinese traditional timber structure. Wenxing Lounge Bridge is a famous bridge of them. The analysis of structural performance and damages for Wenxing Lounge Bridge is the foundation of its repair and reinforcement. The performance degradation of wood material and the action of strong external force and the effect of environmental changing and the factor of unfavorable human-activity have continuously accelerated the damage of the bridge. After visiting local craftsmen, building technics and detailed conformations of the bridge are researched. The FEM analyses on the structure before damaged and after damaged are carried out respectively. Damages reasons of the bridge are then generally analyzed and repair design of the bridge is also presented.

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Ramanamurthy, E. V. V. "Identification of Damage for a Single and Double Edge Cracks in a Laminated Composite Beam by Using Harmonic Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.14.

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Composite structures are used in many critical engineering applications. In the recent times the research has been increased to identify the damage through the vibrational characteristics of the structure. There have been many theoretical and analytical studies on detection of damage involving analysis of the measured modal parameters, mainly the frequencies. The main objective of this paper is to use coupled response techniques for detecting damages in laminated composite cantilever beams with edge cracks using theoretical harmonic analysis. One method to observe the coupled modes is through the emergence of extra new peaks on a frequency response function plot that can be obtained by using standard vibration testing tools. An attempt has been made to develop a methodology by using coupled response measurements and this will happen to appear only when the structural member contains damage. Therefore, the coupled response can be used to monitor and it can be used to determine the damage existence. The frequency response plots are the only possible method to observe coupled response. The new resonance peaks are correlated to the coupled modes and the appearance of these peaks is the damage identification. The finite element analysis software application package ANSYS 12.0 has been used to obtain the new resonance peaks by using harmonic analysis of undamaged and damaged structures to enable comparisons that throw light on the presence of damages in the structure.

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Wang, Yitao, Teng Zhang, Yuting He, Jiyuan Ye, Hanzhe Zhang, and Xianghong Fan. "Analysis of Damage of Typical Composite/Metal Connecting Structure in Aircraft under the Influences of High-Velocity Fragments." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 9268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189268.

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A two-stage light gas gun was used to conduct a high-velocity impact test on the aircraft’s typical composite/metal connecting structure (CFRP/AL). The battle damage simulations used for the CFRP/AL connecting structure were carried out under different intersection conditions. Then, the damage morphology and mechanism of high-velocity prefabricated spherical fragments on typical structures, the dynamic process of hyper-velocity impact, and the formation of debris clouds on the secondary damage morphology of different component structures were investigated. Next, based on the X-ray computerized tomography (CT), the typical mode of different damage areas and evolution trends of CFRP under high-velocity impacts were explored. Finally, a simulation model was established for battle damages of typical structures by combining FEM methods, and structural components’ energy dissipation capabilities for fragments under different velocities were analyzed. The study results provide a reference and model support for the rapid repair of battle-damaged aircraft and aircraft survivability design.

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Mohan, Poonam, and A. P. Shashikala. "Stability Assessment of Drill Ship Using Probabilistic Damage Stability Analysis." Transactions on Maritime Science 8, no. 2 (October 21, 2019): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n02.003.

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Drill ship is a ship-shaped structure with a drilling unit at its center and with oil compartments, which is moored and kept in position using anchors. These ships should be capable of working in deep sea for a long time, hence affected by harsh ocean environment. Drill units are said to have greater heave motion, and the height of the derrick influences the vessel’s stability. MARPOL Oil Outflow Analysis is performed for damaged crude oil carriers or tankers and Mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) in damaged condition. In the present study, probabilistic analysis is performed on drill ship to understand its stability behavior under damaged condition. Stability assessments are carried out by considering single and multiple damage locations. Oil outflow analysis is carried out for different damage cases of oil tank. Probabilistic damage assessment is done for load cases up to 50% flooding, to obtain stability charts. These charts will be useful to understand variations in stability parameters under damaged conditions.

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Guo, Jiamin, Jiongliang Wu, Junhua Guo, and Zhiyu Jiang. "A Damage Identification Approach for Offshore Jacket Platforms Using Partial Modal Results and Artificial Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112173.

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This paper presents a damage identification method for offshore jacket platforms using partially measured modal results and based on artificial intelligence neural networks. Damage identification indices are first proposed combining information of six modal results and natural frequencies. Then, finite element models are established, and damages in structural members are assumed by reducing the structural elastic modulus. From the finite element analysis for a training sample, both the damage identification indices and the damages are obtained, and neural networks are trained. These trained networks are further tested and used for damage prediction of structural members. The calculation results show that the proposed method is quite accurate. As the considered measurement points of the jacket platform are near the waterline, the prediction errors keep below 8% when the damaged members are close to the waterline, but may rise to 16.5% when the damaged members are located in deeper waters.

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Tyupanova, Olga, Sergey Nadezhin, Pavel Duday, and Andrey Ivanovsky. "Numerical analysis of damage kinetics in aluminium under axisymmetric loading." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301066.

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Based on the analysis of the results of two R-Damage experiments, this paper provides a variant of a relation to simulate the spall damage recollection under the effect of weak compression waves. This relation closes the kinetic fracture model, considering both growth and recollection of damage. Using this model makes it possible to simulate adequately (with good quantitative agreement) the sequence of the processes “shock-wave compression – spall fracture – convergence of spall layer – recollection of damaged medium”, including the dynamics of the compacting wave arrival to the internal surface of the hollow cylindrical targets since it passed through the damaged media.

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Zhou, Yun-Lai, Nuno M. M. Maia, Rui P. C. Sampaio, and Magd Abdel Wahab. "Structural damage detection using transmissibility together with hierarchical clustering analysis and similarity measure." Structural Health Monitoring 16, no. 6 (December 15, 2016): 711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716680849.

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Maintenance and repairing in actual engineering for long-term used structures, such as pipelines and bridges, make structural damage detection indispensable, as an unanticipated damage may give rise to a disaster, leading to huge economic loss. A new approach for detecting structural damage using transmissibility together with hierarchical clustering and similarity analysis is proposed in this study. Transmissibility is derived from the structural dynamic responses characterizing the structural state. First, for damage detection analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis is adopted to discriminate the damaged scenarios from an unsupervised perspective, taking transmissibility as feature for discriminating damaged patterns from undamaged ones. This is unlike directly predicting the structural damage from the indicators manifestation, as sometimes this can be vague due to the small difference between damaged scenarios and the intact baseline. For comparison reasons, cosine similarity measure and distance measure are also adopted to draw out sensitive indicators, and correspondingly, these indicators will manifest in recognizing damaged patterns from the intact baseline. Finally, for verification purposes, simulated results on a 10-floor structure and experimental tests on a free-free beam are undertaken to check the suitability of the raised approach. The results of both studies are indicative of a good performance in detecting damage that might suggest potential application in actual engineering real life.

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Dottori, Francesco, Rui Figueiredo, Mario L. V. Martina, Daniela Molinari, and Anna Rita Scorzini. "INSYDE: a synthetic, probabilistic flood damage model based on explicit cost analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2016): 2577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2577-2016.

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Abstract. Methodologies to estimate economic flood damages are increasingly important for flood risk assessment and management. In this work, we present a new synthetic flood damage model based on a component-by-component analysis of physical damage to buildings. The damage functions are designed using an expert-based approach with the support of existing scientific and technical literature, loss adjustment studies, and damage surveys carried out for past flood events in Italy. The model structure is designed to be transparent and flexible, and therefore it can be applied in different geographical contexts and adapted to the actual knowledge of hazard and vulnerability variables. The model has been tested in a recent flood event in northern Italy. Validation results provided good estimates of post-event damages, with similar or superior performances when compared with other damage models available in the literature. In addition, a local sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the hazard variables that have more influence on damage assessment results.

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Zhong, Ju Fang, Zhi Peng Fan, Luo Long Zhan, and Jun Wei Liang. "Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure Dynamic Analysis Based on SAP2000." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.211.

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Structure under long-term load, environmental erosion, material aging, especially under the seismic action can cause damage accumulation and bearing capacity decrease. In order to make sure its safety and reliable, avoid extreme cases of catastrophic accident, it is necessary to carry out the engineering structural health diagnosis. Using SAP2000 software, seismic response analysis for a two layer reinforced concrete frame structure is carried out. The laws of the acceleration response time history and spectrum under different seismic action were found out by discussing structure in no damage and different damages. The results showed that no matter where the damage located, the top node response increment is bigger than the middle node, the peak of acceleration response spectrum changes little with the beam damage degrees changing. Selecting the acceleration response peak of the top node as a structural damage index is feasible in the damage detection and identification of engineering structures, but analyzing the response spectrum for damage detection is unpractical.

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Zenkov, Solon. "Localization of structural damage based on its dynamic analysis." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre, SPECIAL ISSUE 1 (April 16, 2019): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2019-1-s-i-170-176.

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This paper gives the results of analytical and experimental data on localization of structural damage, obtained through comparison of vibration modes for intact and damaged structure. The paper studies a standard dog-bone sample used for highcycle fatigue tests, the analysis being performed for its finite-element model. Necking damage of the sample was simulated by step-by-step elimination of elements from the model. Physical tests were performed as per the same approach. This paper studies the following damage localization methods: direct method of shape variation; shape curvature method and damage index method. The analysis of vibration shapes performed as per various approaches yielded damage locations and made it possible to identify the most accurate of above-mentioned methods.

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Burgess, Donald, Kiel Ortega, Greg Stumpf, Gabe Garfield, Chris Karstens, Tiffany Meyer, Brandon Smith, et al. "20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado: Damage Survey and Analysis." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-14-00039.1.

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Abstract The tornado that affected Moore, Oklahoma, and the surrounding area on 20 May 2013 was an extreme event. It traveled 23 km and damage was up to 1.7 km wide. The tornado killed 24 people, injured over 200 others, and damaged many structures. A team of surveyors from the Norman, Oklahoma, National Weather Center and two private companies performed a detailed survey (all objects/structures) of the tornado to provide better documentation than is normally done, in part to aid future studies of the event. The team began surveying tornado damage on the morning of 21 May and continued the survey process for the next several weeks. Extensive ground surveys were performed. The surveys were aided by use of high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery. The survey process utilized the enhanced Fujita (EF) scale and was facilitated by use of a National Weather Service (NWS) software package: the Damage Assessment Toolkit (DAT). The survey team defined a “well built” house that qualified for an EF5 rating. Survey results document 4253 objects damaged by the tornado, 4222 of them EF-scale damage indicators (DIs). Of the total DIs, about 50% were associated with EF0 ratings. Excluding EF0 damage, 38% were associated with EF1, 24% with EF2, 21% with EF3, 17% with EF4, and only 0.4% associated with EF5. For the strongest level of damage (EF5), only nine homes were found. Survey results are similar to other documented tornadoes, but the amount of EF1 damage is greater than in other cases. Also discussed is the use of non-DI objects that are damaged and ways in which to improve future surveys.

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Zhang, Dan, Wei Guang An, and Xin Shui Lu. "Reliability Analysis of Damaged Piezoelectric Structure." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.569.

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According to the piezoelectric material damage theory and the fracture criterion based on damage theory, which has been established by Yang et al, reliability analysis of a damaged piezoelectric truss is carried out. The expression of safety margins of the piezoelectric beam has been proposed, with the mechanical damage extension force, electric damage extension force, Inertia Moment of cross-section and nodal loads as stochastic variables. Then the truss is dealt with randomly, and the corresponding reliability index is got according to the Taylor stochastic finite element. The result indicates that the reliability of the system is influenced greatly when the positive and negative electric fields have been applied on the structure, which provides the basis to control the reliability of structural system. Finally, through a calculation example, the quantification results of the reliability index are compared under the conditions of positive electric field, negative electric field or no electric field.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Damage analysis'

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