Relevant bibliographies by topics / Damage Indicators

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Damage Indicators'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Nanda, Bharadwaj, Aditi Majumdar, Damodar Maity, and Dipak K. Maiti. "Performance Comparison among Vibration Based Indicators in Damage Identification of Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2081–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2081.

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A simple and robust methodology is presented to identify damages in a structure using changes in vibration data. A comparison is made among damage indicators such as natural frequencies, mode shape data, curvature damage factors and flexibility matrices to study their efficacy in damage assessment. Continuous ant colony optimization (ACOR) technique is used to solve the inverse problem related to damage identification. The outcome of the simulated results demonstrates that the flexibility matrix as a damage indicator provides better damage identification.
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Hu, Chuan Shuang, Wei Wen, and Hong Yun. "Damage Detection of Wood Beams Using the Modal Flexibility Curvatures." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 1815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.1815.

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Local damages such as knots, decay, and cracks can be translated into a reduction of service life due to mechanical and environmental loadings. In wood construction, it is very important to evaluate the weakest location and detect damage at the earliest possible stage to avoid the future catastrophic failure. In this study, modal testing was conducted on wood beams to generate the first two mode shapes. A novel statistical algorithm was proposed to extract the damage indicator by computing the modal flexibility curvature before and after damage in timbers. Different damage severities, damage locations, and double damages were simulated by removing mass from intact beams to verify the algorithm. The results have shown that the proposed statistical algorithm is effective and suitable to the designed damage scenarios. The proposed algorithm can qualitatively identify the damage existence and its location although there is no linear correlation between damage indicators and damage severities. The peak values of the damage indicators increase when the losses of the second axial moment of area increases. It is also reliable to detect multiple damages.
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Weiss, Volker, and Anindya Ghoshal. "On the search for optimal damage precursors." Structural Health Monitoring 13, no. 6 (November 2014): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513614554732.

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A new approach to predict the service life of critical components via study of damage precursors is emerging and is the topic of this article. To date, most service life predictions are based on measurements of damage indicators and their growth toward criticality or failure, for example, fatigue crack length and material loss due to corrosion or wear. This makes lifetime estimates based on measurements of damage, for example, around half-life, or even at 80% life, difficult and inaccurate. To improve the accuracy and reliability of lifetime prediction, efforts are now underway to determine the state awareness of a critical component during service, based on property characterizations, in addition to the measurements of the direct damage indicators, such as crack length, acoustic emission, ultrasound signals, and eddy current measurements. These characterizations will include indirect damage indicators, that is, precursors and allied or affiliated damage indicators. For affiliated damage indicators, residual stress relaxation or development, phase changes, electrical property (resistivity, dielectric constant, permeability), and microstructural characterization must be considered. The selection of the optimal combination of direct and indirect damage indicators will be application specific. It is proposed to assess the efficacy of damage indicators on the basis of their Di/Df versus Ni/Nf, that is, damage ratio versus life fraction curves (referred to as damage indicator ratio curves), searching for indicators with damage indicator ratio curves that best meet the needs of the application.
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Müller, W. U., and C. Streffer. "Biological Indicators for Radiation Damage." International Journal of Radiation Biology 59, no. 4 (January 1991): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553009114550771.

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Mani, A., M. Tabesh, and M. R. Zolfaghari. "Hydraulic performance of post-earthquake water distribution networks based on head driven simulation method." Water Supply 13, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.141.

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Water distribution networks are one of the most important infrastructures in urban areas. Evaluating their real hydraulic performance after being damaged by earthquake loadings is crucial for future planning. In this study, pipeline damage caused by seismic wave propagation is modelled using relationships obtained from 1994 Northridge earthquake. Damaged network is hydraulically analysed using the head driven simulation method (HDSM). This analysis helps to obtain actual performance of the water distribution network damaged by seismic waves, without the usual need to handle negative nodal pressures generated from demand driven simulation method. Pressure performance indicator and the total leakage of the network are used as indicators to show the hydraulic performance of the system. Comparison of the damages from different seismic scenarios and the hydraulic indicators of the network, illustrate the probable condition of the water distribution network after the earthquake. The proposed methodology is applied on a reservoir zone of the Tehran water distribution network. The results indicate the degree of damage in terms of pipe burst and leak points in this network.
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Khatir, Samir, Magd Abdel Wahab, Samir Tiachacht, Cuong Le Thanh, Roberto Capozucca, Erica Magagnini, and Brahim Benaissa. "Damage identification in steel plate using FRF and inverse analysis." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 58 (September 25, 2021): 416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.58.30.

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Metaheuristic algorithms have known vast development in recent years. And their applicability in engineering projects is constantly growing; however, their deferent exploration and exploitation techniques cause the engineering problems to favor some algorithms over others. This paper studies damage identification in steel plates using Frequency Response Function (FRF) damage indicator to detect and localize the healthy and damaged structure. The study is formulated as an inverse analysis, investigating the performance of three new metaheuristic algorithms of Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). The objective function is based on measured and calculated FRF damage indicators. The results showed that the case of four damages with different damage severity levels presented a good challenge where the HWO algorithm was shown to have the best performance. Both in convergence speed and CPU time.
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ZHU, XINQUN, and HONG HAO. "DAMAGE DETECTION OF RC SLABS USING NONLINEAR VIBRATION FEATURES." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 09, no. 04 (December 2009): 687–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455409003247.

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Studied herein are the signatures of nonlinear vibration characteristics of damaged reinforced concrete structures using the wavelet transform (WT). A two-span RC slab built in 2003 was tested to failure in the laboratory. Vibration measurements were carried out at various stages of structural damage. The vibration frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios at each loading stage were extracted and analyzed. It is found that the vibration frequencies are not sensitive to small damages, but are good indicators when damage is severe. The dynamic responses are also analyzed in the time–frequency domain by WT and the skeleton curve is constructed to describe the nonlinear characteristics in the reinforced concrete structures. The results show that the skeleton curves are good indicators of damage in the reinforced concrete structures because they are more sensitive to small damages than vibration frequencies.
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Liu, Wei Feng, Shu Xia Zhang, Wei Liu, and Ling Ling Zhou. "Study of Ecological Environment on Assessment Model of Ecosystem Damage Caused by Oil Spill in Ocean." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.392.

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An ecosystem damage assessment model is built in the paper based on the features of marine ecosystem service damages caused by oil spill and traits of ecosystem service after restoration. The ecosystem damages caused by oil spill are mainly reflected in the following six services, namely, the fishery resource supply, gas regulation, waste disposal, disaster defense, entertainment and biodiversity conservation as well as the restoration expense of respective damage. The damage degree of oil spill to each service of marine ecosystem differs, and the recovery time and speed of respective service also vary. According to the change of service value after being damaged, the damage amount of each service is expressed as an integral function of original value, damage degree and recovery speed. Based on the natures and features of each assessment indicators, the method of environmental economics which can judge its original value is selected, and the ecological scale which can measure the damage degree and recovery speed is determined. Expense statistics method is adopted to monetize ecological restoration indicators.
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Bao, Rui, Tao Li, Xinyi Zhang, Xiao Fu, Yu Zhao, Mingfang Tang, and Hongbing Deng. "Study on forest ecosystem damage assessment system and management system." Sustainable Forestry 5, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/sf.v5i2.1628.

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Ecological environment damage events will destroy or damage the balance between animal and plant habitats and ecosystems, and even pose a threat to China’s ecological security. However, at present, there are some problems in the identification and evaluation of forest ecosystem damage, such as imperfect evaluation system, insufficient quantitative evaluation methods, imperfect damage compensation management system, and lack of analysis of the overall damage of the interaction between human activities and forest ecosystem. Based on the damaged object, the system involves a total of four first-class indicators, including physical damage, mental damage, economic forest fruit loss, forest by-products loss, processing and manufacturing loss, forest tourism loss, scientific research literature and history loss, soil conservation loss, water conservation loss, wind prevention and sand fixation loss, carbon fixation and oxygen release loss, atmospheric purification loss. There are 14 secondary indicators of emergency treatment fee and investigation and evaluation fee, as well as 22 tertiary indicators, and the value quantification method of each indicator is clarified by using market value method, alternative cost method, shadow engineering method, recovery cost method and other methods. The article also discusses the management system of forest ecosystem damage from the two aspects of forestry technology department and judicial administration department. The purpose is to provide reference for the quantification and standardization of forest ecosystem damage assessment technology and the improvement of management system.
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Lakshmanan, N., B. K. Raghuprasad, K. Muthumani, N. Gopalakrishnan, and D. Basu. "Wavelet analysis and enhanced damage indicators." Smart Structures and Systems 3, no. 1 (January 25, 2007): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sss.2007.3.1.023.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Preisler, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Efficient Damage Detection and Assessment Based on Structural Damage Indicators / Andreas Preisler." Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1205239669/34.

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Andrushchak, M. O. "Determination of kidney damage indicators against the background of immunodeficiency." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18218.

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Gregory, Erin Kathleen Taylor. "Cognitive and Perceptual-Motor Indicators of Lateralized vs. Diffuse Brain Damage in Adults." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3287/.

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Among the goals of the neuropsychological assessment are to detect the presence of brain damage, localize which areas of the brain may be dysfunctional and describe subsequent functional impairments. The sensitivity of neuropsychological instruments in carrying out these functions is a question of some debate. The purpose of this study is to determine the utility of lateralizing indicators from the WAIS-III, McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) and Haptic Visual Discrimination Test (HVDT), from the McCarron-Dial System Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (MDS), in ascertaining the presence or absence of brain damage as well as location of lesion. The classification accuracies of using performance level indicators from these tests and lateralizing indicators, alone and together, were compared.
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Peng, Zhen. "Novel Data Analytics for Developing Sensitive and Reliable Damage Indicators in Structural Health Monitoring." Thesis, Curtin University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/89064.

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This thesis focuses on developing novel data analytics and damage detection methods that are applicable to the condition assessment of civil engineering structures subjected to operational and environmental condition changes, nonlinearity and/or measurement noise. Comprehensive numerical and experimental studies validate the effectiveness and performance of using the proposed approaches for practical structural health monitoring applications.
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Arnold, Long Mary Caroleen. "Building Expert Consensus on Including Indicators of Moisture-Associated Skin Damagein The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI)." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1461076119.

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Mahowald, Jean [Verfasser]. "EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC DAMAGE INDICATORS ON REAL-LIFE CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES: MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES CONSIDERED / Jean Mahowald." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050341740/34.

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Abuirmeileh, Amjad Naji. "The corticotropin releasing factor like peptide urocortin reverses key indicators of nigrostriatal damage in rodent models of Parkinson's disease." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497621.

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Musquiz, Daniel. "Cave and cliff swallows as indicators of exposure and effects of environmental contaminants on birds from the Rio Grande, Texas." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1154.

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Cave (Petrochelidon fulva) and cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) were collected along the Rio Grande and evaluated as potential indicators of environmental contamination. The Rio Grande receives toxic substances from agricultural, industrial, municipal, and non-point sources; consequently, high levels of contaminants have been detected in birds, mammals, fishes and sediments. Swallows were obtained from 8 sites between Brownsville and El Paso, as well as from a reference site in Burleson County, 320 miles north of the nearest site of the Rio Grande. Blood samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, a technique that allows the detection of DNA damage in blood and other tissues. Plasma samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones using a radioimmunoassay technique. Organochlorines and trace metal analysis was limited to a few samples. DDE and PCB levels were below levels known to cause reduced hatching, embryo mortality, and deformities, Hg, Pb, and As were below detection, and Se, Ni and Cr concentrations were lower than levels known to cause harm in birds. Neither species showed sex-related differences in chromosome damage. Cave swallows from the Del Rio area had the highest levels of DNA variation, which may be indicative of DNA damage, possibly from PAHs exposure. Previous studies indicate that sediment samples from tributaries near Del Rio have high levels of chromium compared to other sites along the Rio Grande. A significant increase in DNA variation between sampling years was detected in cave swallows from Llano Grande Lake. Wildlife samples collected from Llano Grande Lake have recorded high levels of DDE and PCBs; in addition, this urban/agricultural contaminant sink appears to be affected by PAH exposure. T3 levels were below the detection limit of the radioimmunoassay. There were no gender related differences in T4 levels in cave swallows. Cave swallows sampled from Laredo had significantly higher T4 levels than those from birds at other sites during 1999. It was not possible to determine thyroid hormone disruption in plasma samples. Thyroid hormone and flow cytometry data were useful in establishing baseline data. Areas of concern based on genotoxic data include Llano Grande Lake, Del Rio, and El Paso.
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De, Kock Andrea. "Metabolic syndrome indicators and target organ damage in urban active coping African and Caucasian men : the SABPA study / A. de Kock." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4736.

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MOTIVATION: The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is creating immense concern worldwide. In 2009, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) announced the new MetS definition. MetS is diagnosed by any 3 of the following 5 indicators being present: increased waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, and fasting glucose values, and decreased high–density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–C) concentrations. Psychosocial stress relating to an urban environment or acculturation greatly influences the prevalence of both MetS and target organ damage (TOD). Furthermore, in urban Africans, active coping (AC) responses have been associated more with MetS and the related cardiovascular pathology than avoidance. A further synergistic effect of MetS and AC responses was also revealed in African men, in strong association with both subclinical atherosclerosis and renal impairment. Microalbuminuria was four times higher in Africans with MetS, than in those without any MetS indicators. Furthermore, Africans, especially those utilising AC responses, present with greater carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) than their Caucasian counterparts, although they exhibit a lipid profile that is anti–atherogenic. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were firstly to indicate and compare differences regarding AC responses in the African and Caucasian men, in accord with the prevalence of MetS indicators. Secondly, the extent to which AC responses and MetS indicators predict endothelial dysfunction was investigated. METHODOLOGY: This comparative target population study is nested in the Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans (SABPA) study, which was conducted from February until the end of May in both 2008 (Africans) and 2009 (Caucasians), avoiding seasonal changes. The Ethics Committee of the North–West University approved the study, and all volunteers gave written informed consent prior to participation. Procedures were conducted according to the institutional guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants included 202 male teachers of which 101 were African and 101 Caucasian. Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded with the Cardiotens CE120 at 30 minute intervals during the day and 60 minutes at night. Actical accelerometers determined physical activity (PA). Registered clinical psychologists supervised completion of the psychosocial questionnaires, including the Coping Strategy Indicator. Participants fasted overnight; after the last BP recording, disconnection of the Cardiotens CE120 and Actical followed. A fasting 8 hour overnight collected urine sample was obtained from each participant. Anthropometric measurements followed, after which a registered nurse commenced blood sampling. The SonoSite Micromaxx was used for the scanning of CIMT. MetS indicators (glucose, triglyceride, and HDL–C), together with gamma glutamyl transferase, cotinine, and ultrahigh–sensitivity C–reactive protein (hs–CRP), were analyzed with Konelab 20i. The albumin–to–creatinine ratio and CIMT determined TOD. Participants were stratified according to ethnicity and median splits of AC response scores (high AC and low AC). Diabetic medication users (n= 8), and participants with renal impairment (n= 2) or HIV positive (n= 13), were excluded from analyses. 2×2 ANCOVA’s determined significant interactions for ethnicity and AC. Partial correlations between MetS indicators and TOD were performed within each ethnic and AC group, independent of age, alcohol consumption and PA. Regression analyses were performed for four models, firstly with microalbuminuria and secondly with CIMT as dependent variables. Significant values were noted as p 0.05, r 0.35, and adjusted R2 0.25. RESULTS: Caucasian men were physically more active than African men, whilst BP, alcohol consumption and hs–CRP levels were significantly higher in African men. Psychological variables revealed higher avoidance scores in Caucasian men and higher social support scores in African men. More MetS indicators exceeded the IDF cut–off points in high AC African men (14.71%) than in their Caucasian counterparts (3.33%). Furthermore, more MetS indicators predicted endothelial dysfunction in African men, especially the high AC responders. CONCLUSION: The following hypotheses were accepted: high AC responses in urban African men were associated with a higher prevalence of MetS indicators than in their Caucasian counterparts, while MetS indicators were associated with a marker of TOD in urban high AC African men, but not in their Caucasian counterparts.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Sampson, Dayle Lorand. "Urinary biomolecular indicators of exercise-induced over exertion injury." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/62158/1/Dayle_Sampson_Thesis.pdf.

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Poor health and injury represent major obstacles to the future economic security of Australia. The national economic cost of work-related injury is estimated at $57.5 billion p/a. Since exposure to high physical demands is a major risk factor for musculoskeletal injury, monitoring and managing such physical activity levels in workers is a potentially important injury prevention strategy. Current injury monitoring practices are inadequate for the provision of clinically valuable information about the tissue specific responses to physical exertion. Injury of various soft tissue structures can manifest over time through accumulation of micro-trauma. Such micro-trauma has a propensity to increase the risk of acute injuries to soft-tissue structures such as muscle or tendon. As such, the capacity to monitor biomarkers that result from the disruption of these tissues offers a means of assisting the pre-emptive management of subclinical injury prior to acute failure or for evaluation of recovery processes. Here we have adopted an in-vivo exercise induced muscle damage model allowing the application of laboratory controlled conditions to assist in uncovering biochemical indicators associated with soft-tissue trauma and recovery. Importantly, urine was utilised as the diagnostic medium since it is non-invasive to collect, more acceptable to workers and less costly to employers. Moreover, it is our hypothesis that exercise induced tissue degradation products enter the circulation and are subsequently filtered by the kidney and pass through to the urine. To test this hypothesis a range of metabolomic and proteomic discovery-phase techniques were used, along with targeted approaches. Several small molecules relating to tissue damage were identified along with a series of skeletal muscle-specific protein fragments resulting from exercise induced soft-tissue damage. Each of the potential biomolecular markers appeared to be temporally present within urine. Moreover, the regulation of abundance seemed to be associated with functional recovery following the injury. This discovery may have important clinical applications for monitoring of a variety of inflammatory myopathies as well as novel applications in monitoring of the musculoskeletal health status of workers, professional athletes and/or military personnel to reduce the onset of potentially debilitating musculoskeletal injuries within these professions.
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Books on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Reneland, Richard. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and its relation to blood pressure, metabolic factors, and indicators of organ damage in man. Uppsala: [Uppsala Universitet], 1997.

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Vasil'ev, Oleg, Evgeniy Achkasov, and Sergey Levushkin. Damage to the musculoskeletal system from overload in ballet and sports medicine. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1938064.

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The monograph, based on a long-term interdisciplinary study, outlines the features of the diagnosis and rehabilitation of injuries from overload of the lower limb on movement patterns unnatural for normal life, but typical for types of motor activity associated with the art of movement (choreography, classical dance, rhythmic gymnastics, etc.). It is shown that not so much professional requirements, as a lack of constitutional conditioned abilities are the cause of overload damage, the main predictor of which is muscle hypertonicity. The main X-ray morphological types of the structure of hip joints in this contingent of persons are given. The clinical significance of evaluating the performance of basic choreographic elements and the availability of professional abilities for diagnostic purposes is shown. A professionally oriented algorithm for diagnosing overload damage has been proposed, unique clinical-functional and clinical-biomechanical diagnostic methods have been developed. Reference indicators of dosing and assessment of the adequacy of local physical activity on the restored link of the musculoskeletal system are proposed, a mathematical model of their application is developed. Professionally oriented methods and features of using physical activity with a training effect for rehabilitation purposes using sports training tools and natural and geographical factors, as well as features of the use of Chinese Taijiquan gymnastics are described. The algorithm of multilevel rehabilitation based on N.A. Bernstein's theory of motion construction is described. For students, postgraduates and teachers of medical universities. It will be of interest to sports medicine doctors, orthopedic traumatologists, rehabilitologists and other specialists in the field of medical and biological support of choreography and sports.
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Gadzhiev, Nazirhan, Sergey Konovalenko, and Mihail Trofimov. Theoretical aspects of the formation and development of the ecological economy in Russia. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1836240.

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The monograph is devoted to the place and role of ecology and environmental safety in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of society. In the conditions of the forced transition of the economies of the leading countries of the world from an industrial type to a new formation of a green economy aimed at ensuring the preservation of ecological systems and the maximum reduction of damage to the biodiversity of ecological systems, the Russian Federation faces the task of forming a new course of socio-economic development of society focused on the preservation of natural potential and ecology at a level normal for the maintenance of the vital activity of society, flora and fauna in the foreseeable future and in the long term. The role and importance of environmental safety in the system of ensuring the economic security of the state are outlined, the concept of the ideology of "Global Commons" in ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of society is considered, the problems and prospects of the implementation of the program "Green Course of Russia" are analyzed, special aspects of environmental audit, accounting and control, damage assessment in the field of ecology are investigated. Special attention is paid to the forecast of the dynamics of key environmental indicators for the medium term. The main directions of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism for ensuring environmental safety in a market economy are proposed. For a wide range of readers interested in environmental economics. It will be useful for students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities.
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The effect of exercise on exercise-induced muscle soreness and other indicators of muscle damage. 1987.

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The effect of exercise on exercise-induced muscle soreness and other indicators of muscle damage. 1988.

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The effect of exercise on excercise-induced muscle soreness and other indicators of muscle damage. 1988.

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Ö. Sevim*, U. Ahsan, O. Tatlı, E. Kuter, E. Karimiyan Khamseh, A. Reman Temiz, Ö. Sayın Özdemir, et al. Effect of dietary nano-selenium on stress indicators, immune response, and DNA damage in broiler subjected to different stocking density. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2021.345.

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Teta, Keoni (John), Ralph Esposito, and Jade Teta. Sexual Dysfunction and Exercise (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0011.

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Sexual dysfunction often is multifactorial, with contributing etiologies ranging from cardiometabolic, neuronal, hormonal to psychological in origin. Whatever the origin, there is one very productive, often overlooked intervention for sexual dysfunction: exercise. Both female and male sexual dysfunction can be indicators of poor general health and may be linked to multiple conditions that respond exceptionally well to precise and tailored therapeutic exercises. Major contributing risk factors to sexual dysfunction include obesity, diabetes, hormonal imbalances, nerve damage, pharmaceutical side effects, cardiometabolic dysregulation, psychoemotional imbalance, menopause, pregnancy, and childbirth. A “go hard and rest hard” approach creates an intricate balance between high-intensity training and restorative exercise designed to address the underlying causes and risk factors of sexual dysfunction. This chapter discusses therapeutic exercise for sexual dysfunction and provides tailored exercises, detailed routines, and key practitioner-patient tools to provide a framework for a successful response to treat, reverse, and prevent sexual dysfunction.
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McAuley, Danny F., and Thelma Rose Craig. Measurement of extravascular lung water in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0140.

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The accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveolar space is known as extravascular lung water (EVLW). EVLW is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients and is elevated in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, acute lung injury (ALI), and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary oedema is a consequence of increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure and/or an increased capillary permeability. The quantity of pulmonary oedema fluid is dependent on the balance of fluid formation and clearance, and this contributes to the overall dynamic net lung fluid balance. Measurement of EVLW is therefore an indirect surrogate measurement of the alveolar epithelial and endothelial damage in ALI/ARDS. The single indicator transpulmonary thermodilution technique is an available bedside technique to measure EVLW.
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Speed, Cathy. Pharmacological pain management in sports injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0015.

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The perception of pain is a biological mechanism which warns that damage has occurred and protects against further damage, allowing healing to occur. Acute pain often acts as an indicator of injury severity and progression or healing. The same may apply in some with chronic injuries, but in others pain may not correlate with tissue damage and/or may not be a sign that the tissue needs to be protected from mechanical stress. The management of most sports injuries involves early mobilization where possible, and pain management in the treatment of these injuries is important to allow rehabilitation to proceed and to ease distress. Modalities play an important role in this respect, and are discussed elsewhere (Chapter 2.4). Injection therapies are also discussed elsewhere (Chapter 2.6). Thorough counselling of the athlete is a priority to ensure that he/she understands what the pain represents, as this will be likely to affect compliance. For example, a degree of pain during eccentric exercise protocols in the rehabilitation of chronic tendinopathies would be anticipated, and would not contraindicate continuation of a set programme. In contrast, when an athlete is returning to sporting activities after injury, pain that is experienced during the activity would not be acceptable, and the athlete is also advised during this period that conclusions as to the tissue’s reaction to activity should not be drawn until the day after the training session. Athletes should also be taught appropriate self-help strategies to manage their pain and when this involves medication, how and when to take it. Principles for the use of medications in pain management are given in ...
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Book chapters on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Alexander, S. A., J. A. Carlson, and J. E. Barnard. "The Visual Damage Survey: A Study to Evaluate the Eastern Forest Condition." In Ecological Indicators, 361–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4659-7_22.

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Gonzélez, Mónica Viétnica Alegre, and Carlos Sénchez Rivas. "The tobacco plants as bioindicators of damage of ozone in the Mexico City metropolitan area." In Ecological Indicators, 1530–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4661-0_60.

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Boháč, Jaroslav, and Josh Lipton. "Environmental Impact of the Coal Industry and Resource Equivalency Method for Environmental Damage with Ecological Indicators." In Environmental Indicators, 435–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9499-2_26.

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Somer, H., and R. O. Roine. "Biochemical indicators of ischaemic brain damage." In Molecular Basis of Neurological Disorders and Their Treatment, 115–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3114-8_12.

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Vinh, T. "Dynamic Damage Indicators for Composite based Structures." In Safety Evaluation Based on Identification Approaches Related to Time-Variant and Nonlinear Structures, 107–47. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89467-0_8.

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Socha, Grzegorz. "Fatigue Damage Indicators Based on Plastic Deformation." In Fatigue and Fracture Test Planning, Test Data Acquisitions and Analysis, 246–57. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159820160024.

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Ribeiro, R. Rocha, L. A. C. M. Veloso, and R. M. Lameiras. "Machine Learning Vibration-Based Damage Detection and Early-Developed Damage Indicators." In Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 8, 23–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75996-4_4.

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Maier, Knut. "Lubricants — Indicators for Oil System Damage and Malfunction." In Vibration and Wear in High Speed Rotating Machinery, 49–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1914-3_4.

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Drius, Mita, Alessandra Pugnetti, and Lucia Bongiorni. "Disentangling Trade-Offs Between the State of Coastal Ecosystems with Human Well-Being and Activities as a Strategy Addressing Sustainable Tourism." In Human-Nature Interactions, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_3.

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Significance StatementCoastal tourism is a major driver for the local and regional economy of many Mediterranean areas. At the same time, this industry generates threats that, added to those produced by other coastal human activities, substantially damage the coastal and marine environment. A damaged environment cannot provide many fundamental benefits for coastal tourism itself, such as for instance clear water, coastal protection and natural beauty. We propose a framework for unravelling the threats and benefits related to coastal tourism, and we present two lists of indicators of coastal tourism sustainability, to monitor the impact of coastal tourism on the natural environment (threat indicators), and to assess which threat mitigation measures can counteract it (enabling factor indicators).
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Font-Moré, Josep, and Marco A. Pérez. "A Performance Metric to Evaluate Frequency-Based Damage Indicators." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 485–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07254-3_49.

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Conference papers on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Gordienko, Y. G., and E. E. Zasimchuk. "Single-crystal indicators of fatigue and plastic deformation damage." In Smart Structures and Materials: Second European Conference, edited by Alaster McDonach, Peter T. Gardiner, Ron S. McEwen, and Brian Culshaw. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.184854.

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Muthumani, K., N. Lakshmanan, N. Gopalakrishnan, K. Sathishkumar, R. Sreekala, and G. V. Rama Rao. "Damage Identification of Beam-Like Structures through Static Deflection and Natural Frequency as Damage Indicators." In Indo-U.S. Forensic Engineering Workshop. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41149(393)8.

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GIORDANO, PIER FRANCESCO, and MARIA PINA LIMONGELLI. "Comparison of Indicators of Damage Location Based on Information Gain." In Structural Health Monitoring 2019. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2019/32392.

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Badgley, Robert H., and Wayne A. Shade. "Vibration Analysis for Immediate Assessment of Battle-Damaged Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-96.

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Operation of aircraft in hostile combat areas exposes the aircraft to risks of substantial damage or loss. Engine damage can occur as a result of impact or penetration by projectiles or fragments, or by ingestion of impact debris. The risk level depends upon threat, aircraft type, and mission. Historical evidence indicates that damage is often survivable. Aircraft can often be repaired and returned to service. The damaged engine may still be able to operate. Normal action is to remove and replace a damaged engine, but replacement engines may not be available. A procedure is needed at the operational unit level to immediately assess the exact nature and extent of engine damage, as well as rapid (perhaps nonstandard) engine repair procedures for use at forward locations. Such repairs can include reblading of compressors and turbines, replacement of cracked or broken gear cases or gears, and replacement or repair of accessories. Without repairs, the aircraft fleet may quickly lose its effectiveness. Performance indicators, gas path and oil debris quantity and size, and vibration levels can help identify the location and extent of damage. Vibration analysis with portable, computerized equipment can identify damage in the engine’s compressor and turbine rotating components, as well as cracked, broken, or otherwise damaged accessory drive gearboxes and accessories. Vibration analysis either provides an immediate indication that all vibration indicators are within limits, or localizes the damage to specific components for immediate replacement or repair at the operating unit location.
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Memmolo, Vittorio, Fabrizio Ricci, and Leandro Maio. "Structural Health Monitoring of composite pressure vessels using multiple damage indicators." In 2021 IEEE 8th International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroaerospace51421.2021.9511651.

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Piazza, Mark, Gina Greenslate, Nicolas Herchin, Laurent Bourgouin, Miriam Kuhn, Heather Sinclair, Gary White, John Kiefner, and Mures Zarea. "Measuring the Effectiveness of Damage Prevention Techniques and Defining the Key Performance Indicators on Damage Prevention Efficiency." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90604.

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Pipeline operators expend substantial efforts to develop, implement, and audit their Public Awareness and Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs. While the rate of pipeline damage incidents from third-party and outside force impacts has progressively declined over a period of several decades, these events remain a high priority for the pipeline industry and external stakeholders. There are multiple management and communications tools that are used to support Damage Prevention programs for energy transmission pipeline operations. These tools are applied to large pipeline systems that cross a range of geographic, population, and regulatory boundaries. These factors make it challenging to determine the effectiveness of the individual tools applied for damage prevention for energy transmission pipeline systems. This paper present the results of research performed through Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) to measure and quantify the effectiveness of the various damage prevention tools and techniques as they apply to energy transmission pipeline systems. The project focuses on data collection through a web-based platform to provide the basis to establish a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for assessing the effectiveness of the methods and techniques that are used as standard practices by most pipeline operators in their damage prevention programs. The research includes development of a consistent and systematic process and database for collecting information on damage and “near hit” incidents that are recorded by pipeline operators. Fault-tree analysis of these data is expected to show where improvements can be made (e.g., one-call center, ticket handling, operator response, contractor cooperation and diligence, locating and marking, monitoring). Improvements will be measured by PRCI by capturing and analyzing the data over a multi-year period. The key output of the project will be metrics that demonstrate which damage prevention activities are more effective in reducing impacts and “near hits” to pipelines and which activities positively contribute to the safe operations of the pipeline system.
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He, David, Ruoyu Li, and Eric Bechhoefer. "Stochastic Modeling of Damage Physics for Mechanical Component Prognostics Using Condition Indicators." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86483.

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The health of a mechanical component deteriorates over time and its service life is randomly distributed and can be modeled by a stochastic deterioration process. For most of the mechanical components, the deterioration process follows a certain physical laws and their mean life to failure can be determined approximately by these laws. However, it is not easy to apply these laws for mechanical component prognostics in current health monitoring applications. In this paper, a stochastic modeling methodology for mechanical component prognostics with condition indicators used in current health monitoring applications is presented. The effectiveness of the methodology is demonstrated with a real shaft fatigue life prediction case study.
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Lall, Pradeep, Ryan Lowe, Jeff Suhling, and Kai Goebel. "Leading-Indicators Based on Impedance Spectroscopy for Prognostication of Electronics Under Shock and Vibration Loads." In ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89308.

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Leading indicators of failure have been developed based on high-frequency characteristics, and system-transfer function derived from resistance spectroscopy measurements during shock and vibration. The technique is intended for condition monitoring in high reliability applications where the knowledge of impending failure is critical and the risks in terms of loss-of-functionality are too high to bear. Previously, resistance spectroscopy measurements [Constable 1992, Lizzul 1994, Prassana 1995] have been used during thermal cycling tests to monitor damage progression due to thermo-mechanical stresses. The development of resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors for prognostication under shock and vibration is new. In this paper, the high-frequency characteristics, and system transfer function based on resistance spectroscopy measurements have been correlated with the damage progression in electronics during shock and vibration. Packages being examined include ceramic area-array packages. Second level interconnect technologies examined include copper-reinforced solder column, SAC305 solder ball, and 90Pb10Sn high-lead solder ball. Assemblies have been subjected to 1500g, 0.5 ms pulse [JESD-B2111]. Continuity has been monitored in-situ during the shock test for identification of part-failure. Resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors have been correlated with the optically measured transient strain based feature vectors. High speed cameras have been used to capture the transient strain histories during shock-impact. Statistical pattern recognition techniques have been used to identify damage initiation and progression and determine the statistical significance in variance between healthy and damaged assemblies. Models for healthy and damaged packages have been developed based on package characteristics. Data presented shows that high-frequency characteristics and system-transfer characteristics based on resistance spectroscopy measurements can be used for condition-monitoring, damage initiation and progression in electronic systems. A positive prognostic distance has been demonstrated for each of the interconnect technologies tested.
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Hou, Yongle, Shipeng Song, Ning Ning, and Weixiao Liu. "Analysis of structural damage identification indicators based on natural frequency and curvature mode." In International Conference on Smart Transportation and City Engineering (STCE 2022), edited by Miroslava Mikusova. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2657934.

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Lall, Pradeep, Kazi Mirza, Mahendra Harsha, Jeff Suhling, and Kai Goebel. "Method for Assessment of Prolonged and Intermittent Storage on Reliability of Leadfree Electronics Using Leading Indicators." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73309.

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Electronic systems may be subjected to prolonged and intermittent periods of storage prior to deployment or usage. Prior studies have shown that leadfree solder interconnects show measurable degradation in the mechanical properties even after brief exposures to high temperature. In this paper, a method has been developed for the determining equivalent storage time to produce identical damage at a different temperature. Electronics subjected to accelerated tests often have a well-defined thermal profile for a specified period of time. Quantification of the thermal profile in field deployed electronics may be often difficult because of variance in the environment conditions and usage profile. There is need for tools and techniques to quantify damage in deployed systems in absence of macro-indicators of damage without knowledge of prior stress history. Approach for mapping damage in leadfree second-level interconnects under between thermal conditions is new. High reliability applications such as avionics and missile systems may be often exposed to long periods of storage prior to deployment. Effect of storage at different temperature conditions can be mapped using the presented approach. A framework has been developed to investigate the system state and estimate the remaining useful life of solder ball subjected to a variety of isothermal aging conditions including 60°C, 75°C and 125°C for periods of time between 1-week and 4-week. Data on damage precursors has been collected and analyzed to derive physics based damage mapping relationships for aging. Mathematical relationships have been derived for the damage mapping to various thermal storage environments to facilitate determining appropriate time-temperature combination to reach a particular level of damage state. Activation energy for the leading indicators of failure is also computed. Specific damage proxies examined include the phase-growth indicator and the intermetallic thickness. The viability of the approach has been demonstrated for leadfree test assemblies subjected to multiple thermal aging at 60° C, 75°C and 125°C. Damage mapping relationships are derived from data based on the two separate leading indicators.
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Reports on the topic "Damage Indicators"

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Viksna, Ludmila, Oksana Kolesova, Aleksandrs Kolesovs, Ieva Vanaga, and Seda Arutjunana. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients (Latvia, Spring 2020). Rīga Stradiņš University, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/hnmlhh.

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Data include following variables: Demographics, epidemiological history, comorbidities, diagnosis, complications, and symptoms on admission to the hospital. Also, body’s temperature and SpO2. Blood cells: white cells count (WBC), neutrophils (Neu), lymphocytes (Ly), eosinophils (Eo) and monocytes (Mo), percentages of segmented and banded neutrophils, erythrocytes (RBC), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT); Inflammatory indicators: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP); Tissue damage indicators: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponin T (TnT); Electrolytes: potassium and sodium concentration; Renal function indicators: creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR); Coagulation tests: D-dimer, prothrombin time, and prothrombin index on admission to the hospital.
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Carrasquilla-Barrera, Alberto, Arturo José Galindo-Andrade, Gerardo Hernández-Correa, Ana Fernanda Maiguashca-Olano, Carolina Soto, Roberto Steiner-Sampedro, and Juan José Echavarría-Soto. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - July 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.07-2020.

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In Colombia, as well as in the rest of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has seriously damaged the health and well-being of the people. In order to limit the damage, local and national authorities have had to order large sectors of the population to be confined at their homes for long periods of time. An inevitable consequence of isolation has been the collapse of economic activity, expenditure, and employment, a phenomenon that has hit many countries of the world affected by the disease. It is an unprecedented crisis in modern times, not so much for its intensity (which is undoubtedly immense), but because its origin is not economic. That is what makes it so unpredictable and difficult to manage. Naturally, its economic consequences are enormous. Governments and central banks from all over the world are struggling to mitigate them, but the final solution is not in the hands of the economic authorities. Only science can provide a way out. In the meantime, the economic indicators in Colombia and in the rest of the world cause concern. The output falls, the massive loss of jobs, and the closure of businesses of all sizes have become daily news. Added to this, there is the deterioration in global financial conditions and the increase in the risk indicators. Financial volatility has increased and stock indexes have fallen. In the face of the lower global demand, export prices of raw materials have fallen, affecting the terms of trade for producing countries. Workers’ remittances have declined due to the increase of unemployment in developed countries. This crisis has also generated a strong reduction of global trade of goods and services, and effects on the global value chains. Central banks around the world have reacted decisively and quickly with strong liquidity injections and significant cuts to their interest rates. By mid-July, such determined response had succeeded to revert much of the initial deterioration in global financial conditions. The stock exchanges stopped their fall, and showed significant recovery in several countries. Risk premia, which at the beginning of the crisis took an unusual leap, recorded substantial corrections. Something similar happened with the volatility indexes of global financial markets, which exhibited significant improvement. Flexibilization of confinement measures in some economies, broad global liquidity, and fiscal policy measures have also contributed to improve global external financial conditions, albeit with indicators that still do not return to their pre-Covid levels.
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Noga, Edward J., Ramy R. Avtalion, and Michael Levy. Comparison of the Immune Response of Striped Bass and Hybrid Bass. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568749.bard.

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We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.
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Semiga. PR-218-063511-R01 Inventory of Types of Mechanical Damage Experienced by Gas and Oil Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010630.

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The project focused on compiling an inventory of mechanical damage experienced by gas and oil pipelines to ensure that the capability or applicability of models being developed or used to predict pipe behavior in the presence of mechanical damage are representative of actual experience.� The inventory was developed through the use of a survey sent to a variety of pipeline operators requesting information regarding mechanical damage incidents reported through both in-line inspection operations and field dig reports.� The information provided included the type of mechanical damage experienced, the possible source of the damage, the significance of the defects in terms of whether or not they resulted in leaks or ruptures, and how frequently they occur on pipelines of various sizes and grades.� The result of this work has at least two important uses.� In the short-term, the results can be used on a related project, MD-2B, which is intended to develop a model for ranking severity of ILI indications associated with mechanical damage and dents from the standpoint of response times for remediation.� In the longer term, the results can be of use to model developers who are trying to develop or improve mechanics-based models for predicting the failure pressure levels of mechanically damaged pipe segments.
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Rahmani, Mehran, and Manan Naik. Structural Identification and Damage Detection in Bridges using Wave Method and Uniform Shear Beam Models: A Feasibility Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1934.

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This report presents a wave method to be used for the structural identification and damage detection of structural components in bridges, e.g., bridge piers. This method has proven to be promising when applied to real structures and large amplitude responses in buildings (e.g., mid-rise and high-rise buildings). This study is the first application of the method to damaged bridge structures. The bridge identification was performed using wave propagation in a simple uniform shear beam model. The method identifies a wave velocity for the structure by fitting an equivalent uniform shear beam model to the impulse response functions of the recorded earthquake response. The structural damage is detected by measuring changes in the identified velocities from one damaging event to another. The method uses the acceleration response recorded in the structure to detect damage. In this study, the acceleration response from a shake-table four-span bridge tested to failure was used. Pairs of sensors were identified to represent a specific wave passage in the bridge. Wave velocities were identified for several sensor pairs and various shaking intensities are reported; further, actual observed damage in the bridge was compared with the detected reductions in the identified velocities. The results show that the identified shear wave velocities presented a decreasing trend as the shaking intensity was increased, and the average percentage reduction in the velocities was consistent with the overall observed damage in the bridge. However, there was no clear correlation between a specific wave passage and the observed reduction in the velocities. This indicates that the uniform shear beam model was too simple to localize the damage in the bridge. Instead, it provides a proxy for the overall extent of change in the response due to damage.
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Leis, Brian, and Tom McGaughy. PR-185-163731-R01 Time-delayed Failure in X65 Moderate-toughness Line-pipes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011483.

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A gouge, or a dent and gouge in pipelines can fail at a constant pressure after some period of time has elapsed, and is commonly referred to as a time-delayed failure. Such behavior has been observed both in the laboratory and in the field. Older pipelines are more likely to fail during or immediately after damage due to limited toughness. Tougher modern pipelines can survive significant damage and can be susceptible to stable tearing upon re-rounding of the damaged pipe. Under certain circumstances, this combination of factors has the potential to promote delayed failure over a period of time. Incident experience indicates that for modern line pipe steels this combination of factors can lead to failures with significant consequences. This combination, coupled with the expanding use of inline inspection (ILI) by which previously undetected damage might be identified, points to the need to better understand the response of such features as the basis to develop guidelines for integrity management and for first responders dealing with more immediate concerns. Results are presented for a total of eight axial part through-wall defects in X65 pipes subjected to step-increasing sustained pressures, until a leak or instability occurred at one of the features. The associated test pressure histories were designed to simulate field conditions that are relevant to service at 72% of specified minimum yield stress (SMYS), as well as at 100% of specified minimum yield stress, as might occur in a hydrotest.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Evaluation of hanging-garden endemic-plant monitoring at Southeast Utah Group national parks, 2013–2020. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294868.

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Hanging gardens are the most common type of spring at Arches National Park (NP) and Natural Bridges National Monument (NM). They are also present at Canyonlands National Park, but hanging gardens are rare off the Colorado Plateau. Their cliffside setting provides stable access to water without flood disturbance. This combination provides unique habitat that is rich in endemic plant species. The diffuse, seeping emergence of water makes measuring springflow impossible at most sites. Park managers have an interest in monitoring hanging gardens—especially as the climate warms and aridity and water demand both increase. The Northern Colorado Plateau Net-work (NCPN) proposed methods for monitoring seven perennial endemic-plant species at hanging gardens as indicators of spring health and proxies for water availability. Because hanging gardens occur on bedrock outcrops, systematic or random sampling was not possible due to safety concerns and potential resource damage on steep, wet slopes. Examining eight years (2013–2020) of data, this report evaluates the suitability of endemic-plant count data at hanging gardens as a monitoring indicator. It also provides our first evaluation of status and trends at NCPN hanging gardens. The seven species included in monitoring were Rydberg’s thistle (Cirsium rydbergii), Kachina daisy (Erigeron kachinensis), alcove death camas (Zigadenus vaginatus), alcove bog orchid (Habenaria zothecina), cave primrose (Primula specuicola), alcove columbine (Aquilegia micrantha), and Eastwood’s monkeyflower (Mimulus eastwoodiae). Six of the seven species were found at each park. Up to 500 individuals of each species were counted at 42 hanging gardens in Arches NP, 14 hanging gardens in Natural Bridges NM, and 3 hanging gardens in Canyonlands NP. Larger populations were divided into count classes of 501–1,000, 1,001–10,000, and more than 10,000 individuals. Counts from two independent observers and from back-to-back years of sampling were compared for repeatability. Repeatability in count classes was less than 50% for Kachina daisy and Eastwood’s monkeyflower, which both propagate vegetatively via ramets and/or stolons. Repeatability was greater than 90% for only one species, Rydberg’s thistle. The remaining species were categorized in different classes between 15–40% of the time. Independent-observer comparisons were only available for 6.6% of the dataset, but these observations suggested that (1) observer bias was present and (2) the observer with more experience working in hanging gardens generally had higher counts than the observer with less experience in this system. Although repeatability was variable, it was within the range reported by other studies for most species. The NCPN, in discussion with park staff, has elected to make some modifications to the protocol but will continue using endemic plant counts as an indicator of hanging-garden health to maintain a biological variable as a complement to our physical-response data. This is due to their high value to park biodiversity and the difficulty of developing a more robust approach to monitoring in these sites. Endemic-plant monitoring will continue for the five species with the highest repeatability during pilot monitoring and will focus on detecting changes in smaller populations. Most hanging gardens have more than one endemic species present, so several populations can be tracked at each site. Our period of record is relatively brief, and the distribution of endemic-plant populations in different count classes at these sites has not yet shown any statistical trends over time. Be-cause of the large count classes, our methods are more sensitive to showing change in smaller populations (fewer than 500 individuals). Small populations are also of greatest concern to park managers because of their vulnerability to declines or extirpation due to drought. Over-all, more sites had endemic-plant populations of fewer than 100 individuals at the end...
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Svedeman. L51729 Gas Scrubber Performance Evaluation - Measurement Methods. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010420.

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Scrubbers and separators are used in natural gas pipelines to remove solid and liquid materials from the gas stream. Failure to remove the entrained materials from the gas can result in equipment damage, increased pressure drop due to liquid accumulation, flow measurement errors, and corrosion. The performance of separators is rarely tested after a separator is installed because there is a lack of test instrumentation and it is difficult to conduct tests at the high pressures. The only indicators of poor separator performance are recurring problems in downstream equipment or the detection of accumulated materials in downstream piping. Instrumentation is needed that can verify separator performance when the unit is installed and to periodically monitor separator performance. The report documents results of instrument tests. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. One important result was that the separator minimum removable drop size increased as the operating pressure increased. This trend is not generally known, since there is a lack of test results for pressures above atmospheric pressure. The separator performance test results are documented in this report. Two different particle measuring instruments were evaluated for documenting separator performance. The two instruments were the video imaging system with automatic image analysis and the laser-based phase Doppler particle measuring system. The instruments were evaluated in laboratory tests that were conducted on a commercially available vane-type separator. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the two instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. The video imaging system has a number of attractive attributes, but it was not able to measure the small diameter drops at the separator exit. The primary limitation was that the optical system could not clearly image the small drops (in the range from 5 to 30 um). The phase Doppler particle measuring system was capable of measuring all of the parameters needed to document the separator performance. Based on the instrument evaluations, future efforts on developing measurement methods for documenting separator performance should focus on adapting the phase Doppler system to field testing.
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Schwantes, Jon M., Christopher R. Orton, and Richard A. Clark. Analysis of a Nuclear Accident: Fission and Activation Product Releases from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Facility as Remote Indicators of Source Identification, Extent of Release, and State of Damaged Spent Nuclear Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1076730.

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Swanson, De Los Santos, and Miller. L51539 Improved Methods for Inspecting Gas Storage Well Downhole Casing. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010090.

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A considerable background of prior work indicates that corrosion damaged casing in gas storage wells is largely due to the development of individual corrosion pits, which occur either on the inside or outside wall of the casing. Such pits are inevitably the result of electrochemical potentials, which are established between unlike conductive materials in an electrolyte. Damage is the result of localized loss of metal, which can be assessed in terms of the size of these individual corrosion flaws. Magnetic corrosion logging has been available for at least 25 years, but has not received wide acceptance as a basis for making intelligent repair decisions. An earlier PRCI-sponsored research study concluded that the best approach to short term improvement in the performance of current corrosion logging practice was the application of modern digital data acquisition techniques to one specific type of magnetic logging, namely, flux leakage or magnetic perturbation measurements. In this research program, experimental equipment of this type has been developed and demonstrated in conjunction with a cooperative effort with one of the logging companies (Dresser-Atlas). This equipment replaces the electronics assembly in the commercial instrument with a new package which samples each of the 12 (or 24) analog flux leakage sensor signals at a rate of either 86.8 or 173.6 samples per second, depending upon whether 24 of the sensors or only 12 are being sampled. The signals are digitized at this rate under the control of a downhole microprocessor, which formatsthe digital data into a serial bit stream and transmits it to the surface over standard logging cable. The data transmission system uses Manchester encoding and performs the data transfer at a maximum rate of 40,000 bits per second.
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