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Journal articles on the topic 'Damascus steel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Peterson, D. T., H. H. Baker, and J. D. Verhoeven. "Damascus steel, characterization of one Damascus steel sword." Materials Characterization 24, no. 4 (June 1990): 355–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(90)90042-i.

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2

Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "Damascus Steel Inlay on a Sword Blade - Production and Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.333.

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Using the Damascus technique and forging steel plates with different carbon concentrations results in a composite material with a layered structure and combines the properties of the individual materials. Detailed investigations on old Sax swords from the 8th century indicate that Damascus steels were also used for decoration by applying the inlay technique. For the replication of a Sax sword a steel blade was manufactured and the Damascus steel inlay was upset by forging. From a test sample a cross section was investigated by means of metallographic methods. Of high interest are the intersections between the Damascus steel inlay and the core of the blade. After metallographic preparation the various microstructures were characterized by light optical microscopy and Vicker ́s microhardness measurements were performed.

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3

Pacchioni, Giulia. "Damascus steel reloaded." Nature Reviews Materials 5, no. 7 (June 25, 2020): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-0219-8.

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4

Verhoeven, J. D., A. H. Pendray, W. E. Dauksch, and S. R. Wagstaff. "Damascus Steel Revisited." JOM 70, no. 7 (May 10, 2018): 1331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2915-z.

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5

Sukhanov, D. A., and L. B. Arkhangel’skii. "Damascus Steel Microstructure." Metallurgist 59, no. 9-10 (January 2016): 818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0178-x.

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6

Sukhanov, D. A., L. B. Arkhangelsky, and and N. V. Plotnikova. "Damascus steel ledeburite class." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 175 (February 2017): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/175/1/012017.

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7

Perttula, Juha. "Reproduced wootz Damascus steel." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2001.300202.x.

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8

Verhoeven, J. D., A. H. Pendray, and E. D. Gibson. "Wootz Damascus steel blades." Materials Characterization 37, no. 1 (July 1996): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(96)00019-8.

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9

Nazarenko, V. R., L. I. Bondarenko, V. F. Yankovskii, M. A. Dolginskaya, and V. A. Snigur. "Rebirth of damascus steel." Metallurgist 32, no. 1 (January 1988): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00741265.

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10

Strobl, Susanne, Roland Haubner, and Wolfgang Scheiblechner. "New Steel Combinations Produced by the Damascus Technique." Advanced Engineering Forum 27 (April 2018): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.27.14.

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Multilayered forged steel plates, which combine the properties of diverse steel qualities, are referred to as Damascus steels. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by the Damascus technique in Europe. In this work four different steel combinations were investigated. Combining Fe with carbon steel C60 resulted in a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. By forging two heat-treatable steels C40 and C60 martensite with an inhomogeneous carbon distribution was formed. Combining Fe with an austenitic stainless steel showed ferrite and austenite with grain boundary carbides and segregation bands. The last combination of two cold working steels K110 and K600 led to a complex microstructure with martensite, retained austenite and two special types of carbides. After metallographic preparation and using of different etchants the various microstructures were characterized by light optical microscopy and confirmed by Vicker ́s microhardness measurements. Of high interest are the interfaces and the quality of the weld between the individual steel layers. In some regions oxidation and carbon diffusion were observed.

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11

Sukhanov, Dmitry. "INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS IMPURITY ON THE STRUCTURE AND NATURE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE GENUINE DAMASCUS STEEL." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i4.2018.205.

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It is established that the ancient knife blade belongs to the Eastern group of Indo-Persian steel type genuine Damascus steel with a pattern of "Kara-Taban", which literally means blackshiny. The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and optical analysis show that the genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity non-alloy high-carbon steel with a high content of phosphorus. It is revealed that phosphorus, having a high segregation coefficient of impurity contributes to the process of segregation of carbon in the process of crystallization of crucible ingots. The main physical and chemical factors influencing morphology of structure formation of genuine Damascus steel are revealed. It is established the relationship between the structure and the nature of the destruction of the genuine Damascus steel under impact load.

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12

Verhoeven, J. D. "Damascus steel, part I: Indian wootz steel." Metallography 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(87)90026-7.

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13

Campbell, MacGregor. "Lost treasures: Miraculous Damascus steel." New Scientist 213, no. 2850 (February 2012): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(12)60316-9.

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14

Kochmann, Werner, Marianne Reibold, Rolf Goldberg, Wolfgang Hauffe, Alexander A. Levin, Dirk C. Meyer, Thurid Stephan, Heide Müller, André Belger, and Peter Paufler. "Nanowires in ancient Damascus steel." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 372, no. 1-2 (June 2004): L15—L19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.10.005.

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15

Gurevich, Yurii Grigor'evich. "Instrument made of Damascus steel." Metallurgist 40, no. 10 (October 1996): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02334628.

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16

Verhoeven, J. D., and D. T. Peterson. "What is a damascus steel?" Materials Characterization 29, no. 4 (December 1992): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(92)90105-q.

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17

Sukhanov, D. A., L. B. Arkhangelsky, N. V. Plotnikova, and N. S. Belousova. "Morphology of Excess Carbides Damascus Steel." Journal of Materials Science Research 5, no. 3 (May 17, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v5n3p59.

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<p class="1Body">Considered the nature of changes in the morphology of carbides of the unalloyed high-carbon alloys type Damascus steel depending on the degree of supercooling of the melt, heat treatment and plastic deformation. It is shown that iron-carbon alloy with carbon content as in white cast iron at high degrees of supercooling can crystallize as a high-carbon steel. Considered three hypotheses for the formation of the eutectic carbides in pure iron-carbon alloys. The first hypothesis is based on the thermal process of dividing plates of secondary cementite or of ledeburite on isolated single grain. The second hypothesis is based on the deformation process of crushing of secondary cementite or of ledeburite into separate fragments (the traditional view on the formation of eutectic carbides). The third hypothesis is based on the transformation of metastable ledeburite in a stable phase of eutectic carbide prismatic morphology. Found that some types of wootz, which carbon content as in of white cast irons not is contain its structure of ledeburite. It is shown that the structure of consists entirely of the eutectic carbides prismatic morphology.</p>

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18

Perttula, Juha. "Wootz Damascus steel of ancient orient." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 33, no. 2 (April 2004): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0692.2004.00672.x.

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19

Strobl, Susanne, and Roland Haubner. "Characterisation of Steel Composites Produced by the Damascus Technique." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 852–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.852.

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The Damascus technique is a manufacturing process where steels with different compositions, in particular the carbon content, are forge welded. Materials with contrary properties are generated by different carbon additions: e.g., substantial toughness and elongation are combined with high tensile strength and hardness. Since the 3rd century AD blades and weapons have been produced by this technique in Europe.In this work various Damascus steels with different compositions were investigated by means of metallographic methods. The focus is set on the interface between individual steel layers. While the majority of interfaces look uniform and are influenced only by carbon diffusion, some areas show the enclosement of oxides and slag stringers as a result of faulty workmanship during the forge welding process.After metallographic preparation the various microstructures were characterised by light optical microscopy and confirmed by Vicker´s microhardness measurements.

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20

Sukhanov, D. A. "FEATURES OF BEHAVIOR OF PERSIAN DAMASCUS STEEL OF XVIII CENTURY AND MODERN DAMASCUS STEEL UNDER CYCLIC LOADING." Metallurg, no. 6 (2022): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52351/00260827_2022_06_94.

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21

Kürnsteiner, Philipp, Markus Benjamin Wilms, Andreas Weisheit, Baptiste Gault, Eric Aimé Jägle, and Dierk Raabe. "High-strength Damascus steel by additive manufacturing." Nature 582, no. 7813 (June 2020): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2409-3.

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22

Wadsworth, Jeffrey, and Oleg D. Sherby. "Response to Verhoeven comments on Damascus steel." Materials Characterization 47, no. 2 (August 2001): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(01)00184-x.

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23

Sukhanov, D. A., L. B. Arkhangel’skii, and N. V. Plotnikova. "Nature of Angular Carbides in Damascus Steel." Metallurgist 61, no. 1-2 (May 2017): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-017-0451-7.

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24

Verhoeven, John D. "Genuine Damascus steel: a type of banded microstructure in hypereutectoid steels." Steel Research 73, no. 8 (August 2002): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200200221.

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25

Kobasko, Nikolai I. "Transient Nucleate Boiling Process Used for Obtaining Super Strong Carbon Steels and Irons." European Journal of Applied Physics 4, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2022.4.1.150.

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Based on self–regulated thermal process, in the paper four types of thermomechanical treatments are considered. The first is a high temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTTMT) followed by complete martensitic transformation. The second is a low temperature thermomechanical treatment (LTTMT) plus martensitic transformation. The third is the high and low temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTTMT and LTTMT) plus martensitic transformation. And the last includes HTTMT and LTTMT plus bainitic transformation to obtain super strong and ductile materials. It is shown in the paper that listed technologies are enough intensive to obtain very strong and ductile materials using plain high carbon steels. A detailed consideration of all processes in the paper will motivate engineers to perform mentioned technologies in forging shops to receive super strong and ductile materials without costly alloying that saves energy and alloying elements. The paper discusses the opportunity of preventing martensite transformation to receive fine and nano–bainitic microstructure during intensive quenching. A hypothesis is forwarded that explains possible technology used in 8th and 9th centuries in the Middle East to manufacture Damascus steel. The secret of Damascus steel could be the duration of transient nucleate boiling process needed for preventing martensite transformation during forging of steel.

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26

Schastlivtsev, V. M., V. Yu Gerasimov, and D. P. Rodionov. "Structure of three Zlatoust bulats (Damascus-steel blades)." Physics of Metals and Metallography 106, no. 2 (August 2008): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031918x08080103.

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27

Verhoeven, J. D., H. H. Baker, D. T. Peterson, H. F. Clark, and W. M. Yater. "Damascus steel, part III: The Wadsworth-Sherby mechanism." Materials Characterization 24, no. 3 (April 1990): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(90)90052-l.

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28

Fedosov, S. A. "Investigation of modern fabricated pattern welded Damascus steel." Metallurgist 51, no. 11-12 (November 2007): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-007-0123-0.

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29

Martinez, M. A., J. Abenojar, J. M. Mota, and R. Calabrés. "Ultra High Carbon Steels Obtained by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.328.

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The objective of the present work is to study the manufacturing process of steels with high carbon content (1.5–2.1wt%) obtained by powder metallurgy. The reference material was the Damascus steel, which was employed to manufacture swords named after it and has been widely known due to its very good mechanical properties. The main reasons of the success of this product are: the high carbon content of the initial steel and the thermomechanical treatment (forge and quenching) that ancient iron forgers kept secretly during centuries. Different carbon contents (2 to3 wt%) were added to the same Fe powder matrix (ASC 300), and compacted and sintered steels are heat laminated (750°C) with a reduction of 20%. For 2% carbon content, the result is a steel with yield strength of 450 MPa, Young’s Modulus of 14.3 GPa and hardness of 109 HV(30).

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30

Balasubramanian, N. "A legend reborn: Additive manufacturing creates Wootz-Damascus steel." MRS Bulletin 45, no. 9 (September 2020): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2020.233.

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31

Kolchin, S. A., Yu V. Gorokhov, A. A. Kovaleva, D. A. Bazan, and D. N. Bozhko. "Damascus Steel Manufacturing Technology by Forging Multi-Layer Packages." Vestnik of Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University 20, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1995-2732-2022-20-1-42-49.

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32

Verhoeven, J. D., and A. H. Pendray. "Experiments to reproduce the pattern of Damascus steel blades." Materials Characterization 29, no. 2 (September 1992): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(92)90115-x.

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33

Verhoeven, J. D., and A. H. Pendray. "Origin of the Damask pattern in Damascus steel blades." Materials Characterization 47, no. 5 (December 2001): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1044-5803(02)00195-x.

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34

Pyasetskii, S. Ch, and Yu M. Belov. "Materials and examples of preparing damascus type blade steel." Metallurgist 55, no. 3-4 (July 2011): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-011-9415-5.

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35

Feuerbach, Ann. "Crucible damascus steel: A fascination for almost 2,000 years." JOM 58, no. 5 (May 2006): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0023-y.

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36

Verhoeven, J. D., and L. L. Jones. "Damascus steel, part II: Origin of the damask pattern." Metallography 20, no. 2 (May 1987): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-0800(87)90027-9.

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37

Strobl, Susanne, Wolfgang Scheiblechner, and Roland Haubner. "Forging of Copper and Iron Plates by the Damascus Technique." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.253.

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Forging of different steel grades is called Damascus technique and results in a layered composite material termed “Damascus steel”, but forging of different copper alloys is termed “mokume gane”. In this paper the joining of copper and iron plates by forging is described. Metallographic investigations showed well bonded interfaces of copper and iron. A very small diffusion zone was observed. To study the diffusion between copper and iron two heat treatments were performed in Ar atmosphere. After 30 minutes at 1000 °C a marginal Cu-Fe interaction took place. Above the melting point of Cu at 1100 °C an intense Cu-Fe interaction was observed, which significantly changes the interface of both metals. Cu penetrated Fe along the grain boundaries and Fe droplets were formed sporadically. This correlates with the typical morphologies of liquid metal embrittlement (LME). Moreover, Fe is dissolved in Cu at 1100 °C and after cooling fine Fe precipitates in the Cu phase were detected.

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38

Verhoeven, J. D., A. H. Pendray, and W. E. Dauksch. "The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades." JOM 50, no. 9 (September 1998): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-998-0419-y.

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39

Bögershausen, H., and K. Angenendt. "Analysis of a Martensite Needle with Habit Plane in Damascus Steel." Practical Metallography 57, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.110620.

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40

Sullivan, AP, and MR Barnett. "Electron Basckscattering Diffraction Analysis of a Reconstructed Wootz Damascus Steel Blade." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S2 (July 2009): 1496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609097827.

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41

Sullivan, AP, and MR Barnett. "Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis of a Reconstructed Wootz Damascus Steel Blade." Microscopy and Microanalysis 16, S2 (July 2010): 1242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761006157x.

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42

Verhoeven, J. D., and A. H. Pendray. "Studies of Damascus steel blades: Part 1—Experiments on reconstructed blades." Materials Characterization 30, no. 3 (April 1993): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(93)90020-v.

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43

Sukhanov, D. A., L. B. Arkhangel’skii, and N. V. Plotnikova. "Mechanism of Fe2C Type Eutectic Carbide Formation Within Damascus Steel Structure." Metallurgist 62, no. 3-4 (July 2018): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-018-0654-6.

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44

Verhoeven, J. D., A. H. Pendray, and W. E. Dauksch. "The continuing study of damascus steel: Bars from the alwar armory." JOM 56, no. 9 (September 2004): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-004-0193-4.

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45

Khorasani, Manouchehr Moshtagh. "La imponente belleza de las armas blancas persas elaboradas con acero de Damasco." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 2, no. 4 (July 18, 2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v2i4.330.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The objective of this article is to give a short overview of different types of a product called “Persian watered steel” and show its beauty through examples of edged weaponry. I use the terms “watered steel,” “Damascus steel,” and “crucible steel” interchangeably throughout this article, and those terms are also explained. Watered steel is produced from steel made in crucibles, and the resulting differences in properties occurring during the process will be explained. The resulting quality is vital in producing edged weapons that are of praiseworthy significance. Another section of this article deals with the production centers of crucible steel and gives a short overview of this topic, including a discussion on watered steel in historical accounts. Lastly, the classification of properties of watered steel in early modern times is discussed.</span></span></span></p>

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46

Alkjk, Saeed, Rafee Jabra, and Salem Alkhater. "Preparation and characterization of glass fibers – polymers (epoxy) bars (GFRP) reinforced concrete for structural applications." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2016-0002.

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Abstract The paper presents some of the results from a large experimental program undertaken at the Department of Civil Engineering of Damascus University. The project aims to study the ability to reinforce and strengthen the concrete by bars from Epoxy polymer reinforced with glass fibers (GFRP) and compared with reinforce concrete by steel bars in terms of mechanical properties. Five diameters of GFRP bars, and steel bars (4mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm) tested on tensile strength tests. The test shown that GFRP bars need tensile strength more than steel bars. The concrete beams measuring (15cm wide × 15cm deep × and 70cm long) reinforced by GFRP with 0.5 vol.% ratio, then the concrete beams reinforced by steel with 0.89 vol.% ratio. The concrete beams tested on deflection test. The test shown that beams which reinforced by GFRP has higher deflection resistance, than beams which reinforced by steel. Which give more advantage to reinforced concrete by GFRP.

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47

Sukhanov, Dmitrii, Leonid Arkhangelskiy, and Natal'ya Plotnikova. "The morphology of the carbides in high-carbon alloys such as damascus steel." Metal Working and Material Science, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2016-4-43-51.

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48

Verhoeven, J. D., A. H. Pendray, and P. M. Berge. "Studies of Damascus steel blades: Part II—Destruction and reformation of the patterns." Materials Characterization 30, no. 3 (April 1993): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(93)90021-m.

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49

Becker, Bernard R., Eric D. Hintsala, Benjamin Stadnick, Ude D. Hangen, and Douglas D. Stauffer. "Automated analysis method for high throughput nanoindentation data with quantitative uncertainty." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 18 (November 14, 2022): 185101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0098493.

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High throughput nanoindentation techniques can provide rapid materials screening and property mapping and can span millimeter length scales and up to 106 data points. To facilitate rapid sorting of these data into similar groups, a necessary task for establishing structure–property relationships, use of an unsupervised machine learning analysis called clustering has grown in popularity. Here, a method is proposed and tested that evaluates the uncertainty associated with various clustering algorithms for an example high entropy alloy data set and explores the effect of the number of data points in a second Damascus steel data set. The proposed method utilizes the bootstrapping method of Efron to resample a modeled probability distribution function based upon the original data, which allows the uncertainty related to the clustering to be evaluated in contrast to the classical standard error on the mean calculations. For the Damascus, it was found that results data from a 104 point subsample are comparable to those from the full 106 set while representing a significant reduction in data acquisition.

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50

Martinez, M. A., R. Calabrés, J. Abenojar, and Francisco Velasco. "Preparation of Cutting Inserts with Binder of UHCS." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.399.

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From studies on the Damascus steel, the manufacturing of ultra-high carbon content steel (UHCS) by powder metallurgy has been carried out in previous works. UHCSs have been manufactured mixing iron and graphite powders, uniaxial compacting, and sintering in vacuum atmosphere. Finally, they have been hot-rolled at relatively low temperatures using their superplasticity to obtain optimum properties. High hardness particles of SiC (micro and nanometric size) and diamond (with and without coating) were added to UHCS to produce inserts for cutting discs. Their mechanical properties have been studied through bending tests and hardness measurements. SEM observations have shown how the structure of the steel and the particles has been modified depending on the performed thermo-mechanical treatment. This way, it is possible to justify the effect of the addition of high hardness particles in the reduction of plasticity and wear resistance of the material.

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