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1
Tamari, Steve, and Leila Hudson. "Historical Research and Resources in Damascus." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 30, no. 1 (July 1996): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400032983.
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Damascus has a long and distinguished history as a center for scholars and scholarship. The Umayyad Mosque has been a hub for Muslim scholars since the first Islamic century. Under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, a flurry of madrasa-building brought professional scholars to Damascus from all corners of the Muslim world. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Damascus, many scattered manuscript collections were consolidated into the National Library, housed in the Mamluk-era Madrasa al-Zahiriyya, the pride of Syrian scholars in the age of Arab nationalism. With French rule in 1920 came an army of researchers and catalogers who established one of the region’s best library collections at the Institut Français des Études Arabes à Damas. And, in 1984, the Asad Library was established to serve as a national library and to house manuscript collections from around the country. The mid-1990s is an auspicious time for American researchers in Syria because of the establishment of the American Research Institute in Syria, Inc. (ARIS), a consortium of American universities that has been working for the past several years to establish an institute for research and residence in Damascus on par with the European facilities there. The Institute has yet to be officially approved by the Syrian government, and present efforts depend on the outcome of regional political discussions.
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Suchkov, M. A., and S. Tack. "Implications of COVID-19 for the Conflict in Syria." Journal of International Analytics 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2020-11-1-71-84.
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This paper aims to illustrate the nature in which the global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the dynamics of the Syrian conflict and the strategies of external powers engaged in it. By emphasizing separate levels of analysis, at both the domestic level where COVID-19 affects the capabilities of involved actors and the international level where regional and global powers compete for their positions in Syria, it seeks to provide a holistic view of the immediate impact the pandemic has had within this particular geographic focus. The paper finds that COVID-19 and its various global consequences have facilitated efforts by Damascus to extend its influence into regions of Syria beyond its immediate control, as well as granting opportunities for Russia to further consolidate its reach within Syria relative to others. The humanitarian context generated by the COVID-19 crisis has also given new impetus to diplomatic efforts to normalize Damascus within the international community, and for external actors to normalize relations with them.
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Al-Azmeh, J., G. Frösner, Z. Darwish, H. Bashour, and F. Monem. "Hepatitis E in Damascus, Syria." Infection 27, no. 3 (May 1999): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02561535.
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Salti, L., and E. J. Whaites. "Survey of dental radiographic services in private dental clinics in Damascus, Syria." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 31, no. 2 (March 2002): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600676.
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OBJECTIVES To perform a radiographic survey of private dental clinics in Damascus, Syria using a postal questionnaire to produce recommendations for improving the quality of dental radiographic services and education in Syria. METHODS Three hundred private dental clinics in Damascus were surveyed using a postal questionnaire (in English and Arabic) containing 27 questions on demographic information, equipment, techniques, selection criteria, frequency of examinations, and undergraduate/ postgraduate education. RESULTS Two hundred and two (67%) dentists responded of which 95% graduated in Syria. The results showed a general lack of knowledge and understanding of dental radiography. Sixty four per cent did not know the kVp setting of their equipment, 73% used D-speed film, 57% did not use film holders and beam aiming devices, 25% did not use a viewing box. In addition, 45% of known equipment operated at 50 kVp or less and 16% was over 20 years old. No meaningful selection criteria existed with a wide variation in type and frequency of radiographs used for different clinical conditions. Syrian undergraduate training in dental radiology was minimal and there was no postgraduate education in the speciality. CONCLUSIONS Several areas of the radiographic service in Damascus fall short of current recommendations on good practice. Recommendations are made to improve the service, the quality of undergraduate education and to establish postgraduate education.
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Khalil, M., and J. Satish Kumar. "THE USE OF AHP WITHIN GIS FOR DESTRUCTED AREAS IN DAMASCUS, SYRIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-103-2021.
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Abstract. War This is a word that everyone fears as a result of the violence and devastation it leaves, as there have been many wars around the world that have greatly affected the lives of civilians. Infrastructure, homes, hospitals, and other public facilities have been damaged and partially or largely destroyed. Syria is a country in south-western Asia, located near the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey. Syria is which suffered from war for more than 10 years and still. This is a study on the city of Damascus, the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic, many of its areas were destroyed by this war. throughout the war, more than 55% of the Syrian population in urban areas and rural areas were affected by the massive aerial bombardment and fighting inside towns, cities, and old neighbourhoods. This study aims to identify the most affected areas in the Syrian capital, Damascus, by analysing two satellite images from the satellite Sentinel using a program SNAP and determining the most appropriate areas for reconstruction in Damascus through the AHP analysis method using a program ArcGIS. Where 6 basic criteria were set to carry out the analysis it's elevation, slope, soil, water network, road network, and land use, land cover. The results were classified into five classes in terms of suitability for reconstruction, not suitability, low suitability, moderate suitability, high suitability, very high suitability, and to determine the percentage of each classification.
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Salman, Abdelrahman, Taym Darwish, Marwan Ghabra, Obeda Kailani, Yusra Haddeh, Mohammad Askar, Ammar Ali, Ali Ali, and Sara Alhassan. "Prevalence of Keratoconus in a Population-Based Study in Syria." Journal of Ophthalmology 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6064533.
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Aim. To determine the prevalence and associations of keratoconus (KC) in a university student population in Syria. Methods. A prospective multicentre cross-sectional cohort study was conducted at two universities in Syria. Student volunteers were recruited from Tishreen University (Latakia governorate) and Damascus University (Damascus governorate). All participants underwent a comprehensive ocular examination. Placido/Scheimpflug-based corneal imaging using the Sirius (CSO, Florence. Italy), and a questionnaire to evaluate the baseline characteristics and medical history, as well as to highlight possible risk factors of KC. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. Results. The estimated prevalence of KC among all subjects was 1.43% (n = 12). A strong association between eye rubbing and keratoconus was found (OR 9.33, 95% CI 2.94–29.63, P < 0.001 ). Damascus University participants had a higher prevalence of KC than Tishreen University. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion. The prevalence of keratoconus in this Syrian student population was 1.43%. The results of this study demonstrate a high prevalence of keratoconus in the study population. Early detection of keratoconus through screening may yield benefits in preventing devastating sequelae of KC in populations with a high prevalence.
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Vedeneev, Ilia. "Prospects for the Invasion of Turkey and Iran against the Kurds of Syria and Iraq (before the End of 2022)." Oriental Courier, no. 4 (2022): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310023802-0.
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The paper focuses on the consideration of the prospects for a direct military invasion by Turkey and Iran against the national movement of the Kurds of Iran and Syria represented by the Syrian Democratic Forces (Syria), and Komala, the Kurdistan Free Life Party and the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (Iran). The position and role of Russia in resolving the conflict between Turkey and the Syrian Kurds without the use of armed force is also considered. It is concluded that Russia is striving to maintain a balance in relations, on the one hand, with Turkey, and, on the other hand, with the central government of Syria in Damascus. The issue of US interests in Syria is indirectly touched upon. It seems that the interests of Russia and the United States may conflict, and Turkey can take advantage of this. It is concluded that at this stage, a Turkish military invasion of Syrian Kurdistan seems more likely than an Iranian military invasion of Iraqi Kurdistan.
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White, Benjamin Thomas. "Addressing the State: The Syrian ʿUlamaʾ Protest Personal Status Law Reform, 1939." International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809990572.
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In February 1939, the Syrian government received two documents from ʿulamaʾ protesting two decrees of the French High Commission that were intended to reform personal status law in Syria: decree 60/L.R. of 13 March 1936 and decree 146/L.R. of 18 November 1938. The first was a petition signed by Muslims from Homs to the Syrian prime minister (pictured); the second was a letter from the Damascus Association of ʿUlamaʾ to the Syrian interior minister.
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Lamoreaux, P. E., Travis H. Hughes, Bashir A. Memon, and Neal Lineback. "Hydrogeologic assessment—Figeh Spring, Damascus, Syria." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 13, no. 2 (March 1989): 73–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01664696.
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Kazkaz, Rana. "The Hakawati’s Daughter: How the Syrian revolution inspired a rewrite." Journal of Screenwriting 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/josc_00035_1.
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In 2009, I was living in Damascus, Syria, writing The Hakawati’s Daughter. The film told the story of the last remaining hakawati, oral storyteller, in Damascus. Like many traditions in the Arab world, the hakawati profession is an inherited one, passed on through the generations since 600 AD from father to son and so on. But in my film, the last hakawati has only one child, a daughter, and rather than adapting/modernizing this tradition and passing it on to her, he allows it to die. Two years later, the Syrian revolution broke out and the story, along with the country, fell apart. I have spent the years since reimagining what the story could be instead. Prior to the revolution, what interested me was how the film would explore the battle between tradition and modernity. What interests me today is ‘who has the right to tell the narrative of what is happening in Syria?’ Sadly, it is mostly men. This is the theme The Hakawati’s Daughter now wishes to explore. This article is an account of how the Syrian revolution inspired the rewriting of The Hakawati’s Daughter.
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Harastani, Nour, and Edwar Hanna. "The Lateral Conflict of Urban Planning in Damascus." Open House International 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2019-b0003.
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With no fund in the horizon for large-scale reconstruction in Syria due to the absence of any political deal, the Syrian government has been designing and implementing neoliberal reconstruction policies that are socially unjust, economically exclusive and politically driven.The focus of this paper is on the latest urban policies that have been set regarding reconstruction since 2011, such as Decree 66/2012 and Law 10/2018. It also looks at the extent these legislations are negatively affecting Syrian citizens and cities. The paper explores the impact of the current reconstruction policies on the Syrian citizens starting from removing people from their home without adequately compensate them, dispossessing people of property rights, advancing the agenda of external ‘developers' and in many other ways showcasing the mentality of leveraging urban reconstruction as a powerful political tool in the conflict.
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STRINDBERG, ANDERS. "Syria under Pressure." Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 4 (2004): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.33.4.053.
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Syria's sharp criticism of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 opened a particularly tense phase in Syrian-American relations, culminating in the May 2004 imposition of U.S. economic sanctions under the Syria Accountability Act. While accusing Damascus of being on the ““wrong side”” in the wars against terror and Iraq, Washington has raised a number of other issues, including Syria's military presence in Lebanon, its support for Hizballah and various Palestinian factions, its alleged ““interference”” in Iraq, and its possible possession of weapons of mass destruction. This report, based on numerous interviews with government officials, analysts, opposition figures, and ordinary citizens, examines Syria's reactions to these allegations, gradual changes in Syrian political culture, and various domestic developments.
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Currey, Nancy E. "History in Contemporary Practice: Syria’s Music Canon." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 36, no. 1 (2002): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400044023.
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A consideration of the contemporary musical soundscape in Syria provides unique insights into how Syrians of multiple classes and generations discriminate between critical points in their own past, who they perceive they are today, and how they might think about their future. This review, based on fieldwork in Syria conducted between 1997 and 2001, suggests that people in Syria can use music to negotiate the following complex issues: 1) the struggle between an identity rooted in the modern nation-state of Syria and one rooted in the more traditional concept of ‘Bilad al-Sham’ (roughly ‘the lands governed from Damascus,’ a region that included all of modern Lebanon, as well as portions of Turkey, Palestine, and Jordan); 2) the struggle between a Syrian identity and an Arab identity; and 3) the maintenance of a strongly Arab and necessarily anti-Western canon.
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Bou Nassif, Hicham. "Turbulent from the Start: Revisiting Military Politics in Pre-Baʿth Syria." International Journal of Middle East Studies 52, no. 3 (May 27, 2020): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000276.
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AbstractThis article reconsiders military politics in Syria prior to the 1963 Baʿthi power grab in light of new sources. I undermine the presumptions that Baʿthi tactics of sectarian favoritism in the armed forces were unprecedented in post-independence Syria. I make the following arguments: first, attempts by the Sunni power elite to tame Syrian minorities were part of a broad sequence of events that spanned several regimes and informed politics in the Syrian officer corps; second, the various military strongmen who ruled Damascus intermittently from 1949 until 1963 distrusted minority officers and relied mainly on fellow Sunnis to exert control in the armed forces; and third, the combination of minority marginalization in Syrian politics and Sunni preferentialism inside the armed forces bred enmity and polarized sectarian relations in the officer corps.
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Halabi, Nour. "The Ancient Walls of Damascus and the Siege of Mouaddamiyya: A Historical and Spatial Analysis of Bounded Place and Cultural Identity." Space and Culture 20, no. 4 (August 15, 2017): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217723538.
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Throughout the Syrian crisis, the presence of material and symbolic boundaries to culture became a particularly salient element of the continuously unfolding political turmoil. As one terrorist group, Daesh, or the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, seeks to unite the vast area of the Middle East under the political, religious, and cultural administration of a “Greater State of Syria,” or “al-Sham,” this article revisits the historical spatial organization of Damascus and the construction of city boundaries and walls as factors that contributed to the cultivation of spatially grounded cleavages within Syrian and Damascene identity. In the latter section of this article, I reflect on the impact of these cleavages on the Syrian crisis by focusing on the public response to the siege of the Mouaddamiyya neighborhood.
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Hoffmann, Sophia. "INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES AND IRAQI MIGRATION IN PRECONFLICT SYRIA." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000076.
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AbstractDuring the Iraqi refugee crisis of 2007–10, international humanitarian organizations appeared for the first time in the Syrian domestic arena. These aid providers interpreted the position of Iraqi refugees in Syria according to a liberal conception of state–citizen relations that did not accord with the Syrian government's actual approach to Iraqis. Guided by this liberal frame, humanitarian organizations introduced biopolitical programs into the Syrian domestic context. Through new forms of population management, they solicited forms of behavior from Iraqis that were different from those required by Syrian state authorities. Drawing on the concept of biopower and using ethnographic material drawn from long-term research in Damascus in 2009–10, this article sheds light on an important political development in Syria shortly before the outbreak of social unrest and on the social changes that international humanitarian aid may transport.
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Ahmed, Zubair Rasool, and Zhilia Sherzad Esmail. "Kurdistan Region and Syria: The Problem of Relations (1992-2020)." Twejer 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 845–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31918/twejer.2142.17.
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Abstract Despite the political, geographical, and security relations that links Syria and KRG, Damascus always have had an impact on the Kurdish political movements in other parts of Kurdistan. This research examines the foundation of Syria-KRG relations from 1992 onwards. In order to explore the extent of these relations, Regional Security Complex theory has been adopted which considers the Kurdistan Region as a security threat to Syria. Also the method applied by Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond A. Hinnebusch (1997), (Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System) is utilized to understand Syria’s interventionist behavior in the Kurdistan Region, which considers the Syrian insecure state system as a major drive behind Syrian state behavior. This study has concluded that the Syria-KRG relations could be classified into three stages. The first stage includes the pre 1992 era, which Syria viewed Iraqi Kurds as a political card against Saddam’s Ba’ath regime in Iraq. However, on the second stage (1992-2003) Syria was very careful and skeptical to make political relations with KRG, the relations at this stage were mostly focused on the trade sector. At this stage Syrian regime tried to benefit from Iraqi Kurds economically. While from 2003 onwards Syrian regime saw KRG as a security threat to Kurdish minority in Syria. It can be argued that from 2011 onwards there have been very limited relation with Syrian regime, because of the Syrian crisis which isolated Syrian regime from international community. However, in this stage KRG has focused on relations with the Syrian Kurds (Rojava), which so far is mostly a mere reflection of the KDP-PKK rivalry in the region.
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Tillo, Khoushnaw. "Lights on the emergence backgrounds of the de facto autonomy of North and East Syria (NES). Its features of quasi state and interdependence with roots of the Kurdish question in Syria." Review of Nationalities 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2022-0011.
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Abstract The research is presenting backgrounds to the sudden informal secession of the Kurdish regions in Syria from the central government of Damascus in 2012, to successively create a kind of de facto autonomy known as Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES). This research is trying to expose features of a quasi state demonstrated by AANES through analyses of its existence mechanisms and collaborations with the International Coalition in fights against ISIS, and also in the efforts by AANES to obtain international recognition for its autonomous project. Furthermore, to point the relations between indigenous secession attempts presented by AANES and roots of the Kurdish question in Syria, also the inter-engagements with micro- and macro-aspects and fluctuations of political transformation inside Syria and the existing severe ethnic and sectarian fragmentations of Syria’s society, considered as the main factors behind Syrian state failure and fragmentation, that also became very obvious after the outbreak of civil war in 2011, to finally present prognoses about the fate of AANES and Syrian state.
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Adigozelova, Meleyke. "US-Syria relations and specifics in the context of the second Iraq crisis." Scientific Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/vwdj8701.
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In this article the causes of the tensions, processes and consequences of the tensions between The United States and Syria will be explored. The second Iraqi crisis has sparked tensions between Syria and the United States-one of the leading countries in the Middle East. Although both sides try to relieve the current tensions, the development of the development of the cases has shown that it is impossible. In fact, it was expectable for Damascus that a superpower like the USA would be a continuation of the operations on the Syrian border. The decisive foreign policy course of the Assad government failed to prevent this interference.
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von Maltzahn, Nadia. "The Case of Iranian Cultural Diplomacy in Syria." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 2, no. 1 (2009): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187398609x430606.
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AbstractThe study of intra-regional use of soft power in the Middle East has received little attention to date. This article focuses on the case of revolutionary Iran's cultural diplomacy in Syria, to throw light on the Iranian government's efforts to promote its Islamic values and build relationships between the two peoples. After introducing the Islamic Republic's motivations in establishing cultural relations abroad, the article examines the goals and content of Iran's cultural diplomacy work in Syria, against the background of bilateral relations. It will become clear that Islamic Iran understands the importance of soft power in advancing its ideas and establishing lasting links. The government utilizes conventional methods of cultural diplomacy and tries to reach out to the Syrian population at large. Whilst the Syrian regime cooperates with its ally, the initiative comes from the Iranian side. The study is based on field work in Syria in 2008, drawing on interviews and publications from the Iranian Cultural Chancellery in Damascus.
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Perra, Antonio. "From the Arab Spring to the Damascus Winter: The United States, Russia, and the New Cold War." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3, no. 4 (September 16, 2016): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798916664578.
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As the war in Syria tragically approaches its fifth anniversary, more and more concerns are emerging around questions surrounding the extent and the scope of military involvement of foreign powers, which are crystallizing the feeling that the real objectives and interests at stake in the current Syrian War extend well beyond the Middle East. Intertwining the story of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (The ISIS) rise to power with the US foreign policy toward the Assad government and the renewed tensions between Russia and the United States, this article examines the implications of the current regional conflict for the international balance of power and for the prospect of democracy in Syria.
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Shipley, A., and E. Ladik. "REGIONAL FEATURES AND CURRENT STATUS OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SYRIAN CITIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DAMASCUS)." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 8, no. 5 (May 15, 2023): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2023-8-5-92-104.
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. In the modern period, the cities of Syria are faced with unprecedented destruction of historical buildings due to military operations in the country. In this regard, the historical cities of Syria need to study the current state of the urban environment in order to determine the promising directions and principles for its restoration, considering regional characteristics. The article discusses the specifics of the planning structure of the historical cities of Syria and their modern urban planning problems on the example of the city of Damascus. The authors of the study carried out a retrospective analysis and identified the main stages of the historical development of the central part of the city of Damascus (Roman, Islamic, French and modern), conducted a comparative analysis of the development stages of the historical Syrian cities of Aleppo and Latakia. The planning structure of the historical city center, its current location in the city structure, the state of cultural heritage sites, as well as transport and pedestrian accessibility are analyzed. The analysis revealed a number of urban planning problems, including: the spread of destruction in the structure of the city, the destruction of cultural heritage sites, the formed illegal residential development, the insufficient number of green areas in the central part of the city, problems associated with transport infrastructure, etc., promising directions for their solutions
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Boullata, Issa J. "Textual Intentions: A Reading Of Adonis' Poem “Unintended Workship Ritual”." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 4 (November 1989): 541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800032918.
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In his long poem entitled “Quddās bi-lā qasd” (Unintended Worship Ritual), the well-known Syrian–Lebanese poet Adonis (Dr. 'Ali Ahmad Sa'īd) celebrates a love relationship with a young woman he came to know while he was a professor at the Syrian University in Damascus. He mentions two dates and two cities at the end of the poem, suggesting perhaps that he began writing the poem in Damascus in January of 1976 and that he finished it in Beirut in August of 1978. He had moved to Damascus from Beirut during the early years of the Lebanese Civil War and accepted a teaching position at the Syrian University, but he later returned to Beirut, where his home had been since he had left his native Syria to become a Lebanese citizen in 1956. The same young woman also inspired him to write a much shorter undated poem entitled “Awwal al-ijtiya” (The Beginning of Sweeping Annihilation) in which his passionate love is expressed in terms of a deep desire to be natural, to give vent to the powers within the self, and to remove what he considers to be the constraints of hypocritical, repressive sociocultural conventions in Arab society.
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Ahmedov, Vladimir M. "Inter-Arab Relations and Perspective of the Syrian Reconciliation: Historical and Political Dimensions." Oriental Courier, no. 1 (2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310021413-2.
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The article studies main developments in Inter-Arab relations and its eventual implications on the Syrian crisis. The author pays special attention to the historical preconditions of Arab’s interaction in the 20th century, focusing on its actual political, ethnic, ideological, regional dimensions that formed security and political environment for the Syrian Reconciliation. The author studies current situation in Syria in view of abilities to peacefully resolve the conflict by political instruments rather than military options. Main attention is paid to Arab’s politics towards Syrian conflict and its ability to emerge Damascus from political isolation and support Syrian reconciliation processes. Political steps and tendencies of major regional and international players in the Syrian crisis are analyzed with regards of some differences among Arab states. The author supposes and demonstrates that the further developments depend on the way Arab states interact with Russia, Turkey, and Iran in the field of Syrian crisis to provide transformation of their previous agreements on the security system in Syria. The author believes that despite all the complexity of this crisis and specific of Inter-Arab relations peace in Syria is quite possible. A lot depends on political will and the readiness for mutual compromises between key internal and external actors in the Syrian crisis.
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Withagen, Cees. "The climate change, migration and conflict nexus." Environment and Development Economics 19, no. 3 (June 2014): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x14000321.
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Early this year, Thomas Friedman (2014) reported on a (Wikileaks) cable sent in 2008 from the US Embassy in Damascus concerning the drought Syria had been suffering from since 2006 (and which was going to last for another couple of years). The Syrian UN food and agriculture representative was seeking assistance for among others 15,000 small-holding farmers, who might otherwise seek jobs in Syrian cities (leaving many women and children behind in poverty) and who could arguably add to already existing social and economic tensions in those cities.
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Kandel, Andrew W., Knut Bretzke, and Nicholas J. Conard. "Epipaleolithic shell beads from Damascus Province, Syria." Quaternary International 464 (January 2018): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.021.
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Stanton, Andrea L. "The Lion in Spring? Three Takes on Syria through the Presidential Lens." American Journal of Islam and Society 23, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i2.1618.
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Alan George, Syria: Neither Bread Nor Freedom. London and New York:Zed Books, 2003; Flynt Leverett, Inheriting Syria: Bashar’s Trial by Fire.Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2005; David Lesch, The NewLion of Damascus: Bashar al-Asad and Modern Syria. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 2005.Since Hafez al-Asad’s death in June 2000, Syria has spent more time in theinternational spotlight than perhaps ever before, due primarily to the Bushadministration’s interest in the country’s relations with four of its neighbors:Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Lebanon. This interest has spurred the publication ofseveral “contemporary issues” books analyzing the country’s political situationand aimed at English-speaking policymaking, analyst, diplomatic, andjournalistic communities in the United States and elsewhere. Three of themost talked-about analyses are Alan George’s Syria: Neither Bread NorFreedom, Flynt Leverett’s Inheriting Syria: Bashar’s Trial by Fire, andDavid Lesch’s The New Lion of Damascus: Bashar al-Asad and ModernSyria. These three books have become well-known “recommended reads”for policymakers working on Syria and have circulated around the Europeanand American diplomatic, non-governmental organization (NGO), and businesscircles in Damascus.Like most of the books published on Syria since the 1970s, these threefocus on the president, and for good reason: the intense presidential personalitycult that characterized Syria under Hafez al-Asad (reigned 1971-2000) has continued into his son Bashar’s presidency, albeit in a softened form(fewer photos in public places and less frenzied “great leader” rhetoric).Those looking to explain current Syrian policies and to forecast future developmentsdo so by concentrating their analyses on the president – in this case,the son of the legendary and much-scrutinized Hafez. The transition from aregime led by a man about whom decades of information and analysis hadbeen collected to one led by his relatively unknown son has produced asense of uncertainty and lack of knowledge among American policymakers,foreign service officials, and journalists. For many seeking to understandSyria’s present and likely future, the primary questions to answer are: Whois Bashar and what has influenced his development as a political leader?What are his objectives as regards ideological, domestic, and foreign relationsconcerns? How strong is he vis-à-vis other regime officials, and whatcapacity does he have to make his objectives prevail? ...
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Dzhygalyuk, Nataliya. "MAIN IMPACTS ON THE SYRIA’S CRISIS." Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, no. 2 (4) (October 25, 2018): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2018-02-99-107.
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The historical background that have influenced the Syria’s crisis is described, geographical position and demographic composition that makes Syria a convenient base for opposition forces, political contacts between France, Great Britain and Russia considering the situation in Syria are characterized. The attention is focused on the prerequisits that have lead to the crisis in Syria including both inner and external factors.
In the article is mentioned two unsolved territorial disputes: the Shebaa Farms and Hatay region. Another issue, that makes Syria more diverse is Kurdish question. Colonial powers divided Middle East by not existing boarders. It has led Egypt and Syria to unite and establish the United Arab Republic. One more important question is coup d’état, which was led by representatives of the military elite Salah Jadid, Hafez al-Assad, Salim Hatum, Mustafa Tlas.
The author mentioned that the civil war in Syria is mistakenly concidered to be a religious conflict. The origins of the Syrian vulnerability derive not from the sectarian divisions. In fact the deterioration of situation in Syria hugely depended on social and economic factors.
Another important issue discussed in the article is that Bashar’s rulling led to the so-called Damascus Spring, which represented the most important civil society mobilization preceding the 2011 uprising.
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Demchenko, Aleksandr. "JORDAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM SYRIA." Eastern Analytics 14, no. 4 (2023) (2023): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2023-04-078-101.
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Weak institutions, armed violence and economic crisis in Syria after the outbreak of war in 2011 contributed to the emergence of large-scale production of synthetic drugs (captagon). The Kingdom of Jordan became the main land route for its export to the Arabian Peninsula. Drug smuggling across the Jordanian Syrian border and armed clashes with Jordanian security forces have increased since the de-escalation in southern Syria in 2018, especially in 2022–2023 years. Jordan explains the increase in drug trafficking by the withdrawal of the Russian military police from southern Syria. According to Amman, pro-Iranian military groups are involved in illicit drug trafficking. If previously the biggest threat on the Syrian-Jordanian border was the influx of refugees and penetration of terrorist groups, now their place has been taken by drug smuggling. Syria has agreed to help end drug trafficking across its border with Jordan during discussing the normalization of ties of Arab states with Damascus. Nevertheless, the Jordanian effort to combat illegal drug can produce only a limited effect. Unlike the drug business, which is based on the cultivation of drugs, the production of synthetic drugs, on the contrary, does not engage many people. This could facilitate the war on drugs in the future, provided the regaining Syrian government control over the entire territory and successful the post-conflict reconstruction.
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Douwes, Dick, and Norman N. Lewis. "The Trials of Syrian Ismaʿilis in the First Decade of the 20th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 2 (May 1989): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800032293.
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In 1887 or 1888, a small group of Syrian Isma'ilis journeyed to Bombay to visit Sultan Muhammad Shah, the third Aga Khan, and on their return to Syria recognized him as their Imam. Unexpectedly in consequence, little more than a decade later, the religious leader of that section of the Isma'ili sect in Syria and a number of his followers found themselves arrested and imprisoned, accused of treason and other crimes. Their trials before criminal courts in Damascus lasted, intermittently, from 1901 until 1906, and before those trials were concluded, more men of their faith had been similarly accused, imprisoned, and put on trail. The persecution of the Isma'ilis only ended, and even then not completely, with the Ottoman constitutional revolution of 1908.
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Laurini, Eleonora, Kindah Mousli, and Sedrah Alayoubi. "Human Footprint on Natural Systems: Missing Post-war Scenario in the Urban Context of Damascus." International Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology 10 (December 27, 2023): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-9821.2023.10.12.
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All regions in Syria have witnessed a decline in green spaces due to the spread of illegal logging operations and a decline in interest in agricultural wealth due to the need for construction with the growing population during the past decade. In addition to the burning and destruction of many of them due to the war actions that took place during the period of the Syrian crisis, a war that affected the urban, architectural, and human fabric of the city alike, Damascus lacks sufficient green spaces compared to the cement blocks and its external facades considering global climate change. This unjust urban expansion, accompanied by the impact of the fires caused by the war, damaged humans and environment, extending from the heart of the city to its countryside and contributing to the erosion of its Ghouta in particular, the lung and living breath of Damascus, According to what we observe today, the dominance of the cement mass in the city plan of Damascus, with the lack of balance between it and the green space of gardens, public spaces, and public places.
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Mouton, Jean-Michel, Dominique Sourdel, and Janine Sourdel-Thomine. "Un exemple de lettre adressée à un soufi de Damas au XIIe siècle." Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 64, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apf-2018-0030.
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Abstract The letter published here was probably written during the reign of the Zankid Prince Nūr al-Dīn (1154-1174). It reveals the existence of close links between the ascetic communities of Syria and Iraq, but also between the various Sufi institutions in Damascus flourishing in the city at that time. The main figures of the letter, largely ignored from medieval sources, appear as charismatic characters who testify to the attraction then exerted by mystical circles on the Syrian population.
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Zavada, Yaryna. "Development of Syria-Iran Bilateral Relations in the 20-21st Centuries." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 44 (December 15, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.17-22.
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The article analyzes the evolution of Iranian-Syrian relations and describes their features. Iran and Syria are historically, politically and geographically related states, diplomatic relations between which were established in 1946. However, after the Islamic Revolution, in 1979 and the leadership of A. Khomeini, relations between the countries strengthened and began to develop rapidly. Because Syria was the first Arab country to diplomatically recognize the Islamic Republic of Iran and actively support Iran during the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-1988. It is worth to say that these two countries combine many factors, especially such as common interests and position on current regional issues and the presence of shared enemies. Оfficial Damascus and official Tehran consider themselves as part of the Middle East's "axis of resistance" of the defense alliance, thus responding to joint threats from Israel and the United States. The position and role of Iran in the civil war in Syria are highlighted. In fact, since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, Iran has provided political, economic and military support to Assad, and has since become a major player in the Syrian conflict. In the current context, Iranian leaders have described Syrian President Al-Assad as his main ally and are working hard to keep him in power. According to a study published by the Office of the US Special Envoy to Syria Staffan de Mistura, financial, military and economic assistance to Iran in Syria is estimated at about $ 6 billion USA per year. It is also investigated that Syria fully shares and supports the foreign policy of official Tehran and the active development of nuclear and missile programs. Syria strongly condemns the decision of former US President D. Trump to withdraw from the JCPOA and is in full solidarity with the leadership, government and people of Iran.
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Kantarelou, V., A. G. Karydas, D. Sokaras, L. Mahfouz, A. Qurdab, M. Al-Saadi, M. Giannoulaki, and V. Argyropoulos. "In situ scanning micro-XRF analyses of gilded bronze figurines at the National Museum of Damascus." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 8 (2015): 1787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00079c.
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Gevorgyan, Anna Garnukovna. "The Kurdish Issue in Turkish-Syrian Relations in the Context of the Syrian Crisis." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-615-624.
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The article is devoted to the Kurdish issue in the context of bilateral relations between Turkey and Syria after the start of the 2011 Syrian crisis. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Kurdish issue in the Turkish-Syrian relations. The author describes the Turkish policy on the Kurdish problem and its place in the context of Turkey’s national interests. The article covers gradual development of the Syrian-Kurdish policy of Turkey and dynamics of relations between Ankara and Damascus in the context of strengthening the Kurdish national movement in Syria. The activities of the Kurdish political parties and organizations in the northern and northeastern part and the development perspective of the Kurdish issue are especially analyzed. Turkey’s relations with Syria, Iran, Iraq, where Kurds live, have always been based on the Kurdish issue. Contrary to the differences and conflicts between Kurdish parties in the Middle East, the Kurdish issue is regional in nature. In addition to being a domestic political problem, Turkey considers the Kurdish issue as a foreign policy problem. Turkey presents its fight against the Kurdish PKK forces as a fight against terrorist forces, seeing the intensification of political and military activities of the Syrian Kurds as a direct threat to its national security. Over the past years, Turkish-Syrian relations have substantially changed and transformed from strategic partnership to militarypolitical confrontation. Despite the existing contradictions, Turkey and Syria have common interests, including the Kurdish issue, the stability of the region, the predictability of the development of political events in the Middle East region, and economic relations. However, regardless of the outcome of the Syrian war, Turkey needs a predictable Syria without a strong Kurdish element. The Syrian crisis has given new opportunities to the Kurds of Syria in terms of strengthening their positions, but clearly demonstrated the problems existing in the way of creating a Kurdish state. Currently, the preservation of the territorial integrity of Syria allows taking into account the interests of all parties involved in the conflict, including external players.
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Abdul-Wahed, Mohamad Khir. "New insights into the seismic activity of Damascus fault (Syria): a quantitative analysis." Geofísica Internacional 61, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2022.61.2.2054.
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Damascus fault is a remarkable reverse tectonic structure trending directly adjacent to Damascus city, and may possibly represent a significant seismic hazard to the city. In this respect, the present work examines the instrumental seismic activity and establishes an earthquake catalogue covering the period 1995-2012 for this important fault, aiming to identify its contribution to the regional seismic hazard. The quantitative analysis reveals the Damascus fault is characterized by low magnitude earthquakes, which implies that the fault could be considered in quiescence status. The analysis exhibit the b-value of Gutenberg-Richter relationship is estimated to be 0.90 using the least-squares method, which could be compatible with a thrust faulting, such as Damascus fault, regarding the published literature. Also, this value could be reasonable for further interpretations. In addition, the return periods of large earthquakes have been estimated to be very long by extrapolation of the established recurrence relationship. Moreover, the maximum regional earthquake magnitude has been estimated by Kijko's procedure as maximum likelihood estimator. This procedure has predicted the maximum possible earthquake magnitude to be 4.2. Consequently, the seismic quiescence, observed actually along Damascus fault, and the estimated long return period implies that a large earthquake could be still so far away.
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Commins, David. "Religious Reformers and Arabists in Damascus, 1885–1914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, no. 4 (November 1986): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800030762.
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The literature on the genesis of Arab nationalism in Syria often mentions a group of religious reformers who influenced the first generation of Arab nationalists. The relationship between reformers and nationalists, however, has not been explored, perhaps because sources mention the influence of liberal sheikhs without suggesting where the sheikhs came from or what they signified. This study traces the social origins and ideological import of the religious reform movement in Damascus, a hitherto neglected phenomenon. The relationship between reformers and Arabists is also discussed so as to shed new light on the beginnings of Arab nationalism and its significance in late Ottoman Syria.
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Al-Faham, Zaid, Ghaith Habboub, and Farah Takriti. "The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Damascus, Syria." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 05 (March 4, 2011): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1248.
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Introduction: Overuse of antibiotics has contributed to the development of organism resistance. The acquisition of antibiotics without prescription by the general population seems to be common practice in pharmacies of Damascus, Syria. This study aimed to determine the proportion of pharmacies dispensing antibiotics without medical prescription and without seeing the patient. Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 224 pharmacies was conducted in Damascus. To obtain antibiotics without medical prescription, the investigators posed as individuals who had a sister with symptoms of sinusitis.. Results: From 200 pharmacies visited, 87% agreed without insistence from the investigator to sell antibiotics without prescription. This figure increased to 97% when the investigators who were at first denied antibiotics insisted on having the antibiotics. Conclusion: Dispensing of antibiotics is high in Damascus despite federal regulations. Health education programs should be directed to pharmacies and also to the population.
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Milana, Elias, and Issa Maldaon. "Managerial Characteristics and its Impact on Organizational Performance: Evidence from Syria." Verslas: Teorija ir Praktika 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2015.486.
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This study aims to explore impact of managerial human capital in performance of a Syrian public organization, Directorate of Finance of province of Damascus, through use some of managerial characteristics are age, level of education, tenure and functional track. This study applied on a sample of 12 managers and 138 employees. The study reveals that there are no significant effect of age, level of education and functional track in performance of Directorate of Finance of province of Damascus, while there is a positive, strong and significant effect of tenure manager in organizational performance, which indicates that managerial characteristics almost irrelevant with performance of Directorate of Finance of the province of Damascus, and the public sector in general. Such results appear a need for efforts are invested in the formulation and implementation of human resource procedures and policies which can bring about effective change in behaviours and roles of the public managers and employees.
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Almasri, Obaida, S. Abou-Bakr, Maya Faisal, Othman Kahil, Ziad ALasad, and M. . Ibrahim. "PRE-WEANING GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SYRIA DAMASCUS GOATS." Egyptian Journal of Animal Production 59, no. 5 (June 1, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejap.2022.245068.
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Adorni, Elisa, and Giampiero Venturelli. "Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria)." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 4, no. 4 (March 17, 2010): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583050903121851.
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Ismail, Mohammad taher, Abeer Alkafri, and Mazen Ismail. "Otomycosis in Damascus, Syria: Etiology and clinical features." Current Medical Mycology 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/cmm.3.3.27.
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Tamari, Steve. "KHAIRIEH KASMIEH (1936–2014)." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 3 (July 28, 2015): 655–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000884.
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The international community of scholars of modern Arab and Palestinian history lost one of its most prominent and beloved members with the passing of Khairieh Kasmieh on 5 August 2014 in Damascus, Syria.
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Mohammed Yousef Al-Haql, Hoda Yasein Habbal, Wafaa Asaad Yak, Mohammed Yousef Al-Haql, Hoda Yasein Habbal, Wafaa Asaad Yak. "Comparison of antioxidant activity and some bioactive compounds between Anise and citrus Syrian honey: مقارنة النشاط المضاد للأكسدة وبعض المركبات الفعالة حيوياً بين عسلي اليانسون والحمضيات السوري." Journal of agricultural, environmental and veterinary sciences 5, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 14–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.g250421.
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The aim of this research was to estimate and compare the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, amino acid proline, diastase activity and Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in both Anise and citrus Syrian honey. 24 honey samples were collected directly from beekeepers during the harvest season of 2019. There were 12 samples of anise honey from Hama, Aleppo and Damascus countryside governorates. Moreover, another 12 citrus honey samples from Lattakia and Tartous governorates. Chemical tests were performed on samples directly after the collection. The analysis achieved in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - Faculty of Agriculture - Damascus University, Damascus, Syria. The results demonstrate that the means of anti-oxidant activity were (45.58 & 24.05), total phenolic content (98.28 & 37.14 mg GAE/100g), total flavonoids (23.77 & 24.66 mg QE/100g), proline (876.74 & 396.38mg/kg), diastase activity (32.38 & 12.51 Gothe), and HMF contents (10.11&2.06 mg/kg) in both anise and citrus honey, respectively. The statistical study showed that there were significant differences (P <0.05) in all the studied Parameters between one type of honey samples as well as between the two types of honey. Anise Syrian honey shows better antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoids, proline and diastase activity than citrus honey. However, citrus honey is distinguished by its low content of HMF and its high content of total flavonoids.
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Mohamad, Alaa, Abdelnabi Basheer, and Salam Lawand. "Study of Genetic Diversity of the Aphid Predator Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) in Different Areas of Syria Using SRAP markers." Arab Journal of Plant Protection 39, no. 3 (September 2021): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.3.189196.
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This study was conducted in 2020 at the Laboratory of Biotechnology, Agronomy Department and Research Center for Biological Control Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity of the variegated ladybug aphid predator Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from different regions in Syria using the SRAP technique (Sequence-related Amplified polymorphism). The number of amplified fragments was 101 bands, 99 of which were polymorphic with a polymorphism rate of 97.99%. The number of polymorphic fragments ranged between two bands by using the primers pair SRAP-12 and 13 bands by using the primers pair SRAP-1, with an average of 6.6 bands for each primers pair. The lowest polymorphism rate was 83.33% for primers pairs SRAP-4 and SRAP-9, whereas the highest polymorphism rate was 100% for the rest of the primers pairs. The results obtained on the degree of genetic diversity of the predator's individuals H. variegata showed that the highest value for percent disagreement values was 0.904 between samples from Damascus and Latakia (Fedio) and Homs and Latakia (Fedio), whereas the lowest value for percent disagreement values was 0.271 between samples from Damascus and Sweida. The phylogenetic tree showed that the studied populations were divided according to their geographical distribution into two main groups; the first group included samples collected from the regions of Damascus, Sweida, and Homs with a genetic distance of 15.51, whereas the second group included samples collected from the regions of Tartous, Jabla (Beit Yashout), and Lattakia (Fedio) with a genetic distance of 11.08. This is the first study to determine genetic diversity of H. variegata in Syria. Keywords: Genetic diversity, predator, Hippodamia variegata, SRAP, Syria
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Al-Kubaisy, Waqar, Nik Nairan Abdullah, Sabzali Musa Kahn, and Maram Zia. "Sociodemographic Characteristics of Acne among University Students in Damascus, Syria." Epidemiology Research International 2014 (January 2, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974019.
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To estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors that may be associated with acne among university students in Syria, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Syrian International University for Science and Technology in December 2009. A sample of 500 students was chosen. Each participant was subjected to an interview and clinical examination of acne in addition to height and weight measurements. Acne prevalence was 34.7% (172/496). Male students had higher rate of acne compared to females (42.9% versus 23.6%, P<0.0001) and their acne started significantly at a younger age (18.13 versus 19.04 years old, P<0.0001). Face was the commonest site for acne in both males and females. Washing face frequently per day in both sexes has a significant relation with a decreased prevalence of acne. Moreover, psychological stress particularly when the students were away from family was associated with a significant higher rate of acne. We found that the prevalence of acne steadily increased with increasing body mass index. Acne is a health and psychological problem among university students particularly when affecting the face. Several factors such as gender, body mass index, and stress were found to be associated with acne formation.
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Aliquot, Julien. "Dans les pas de Damascius et des néoplatoniciens au Proche-Orient : cultes et légendes de la Damascène." Revue des Études Anciennes 112, no. 2 (2010): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rea.2010.6673.
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Damascius’s Life of Isidoros or Philosophical History tells the journey to the Near East of the famous neoplatonist and his teacher Isidoros at the end of the fifth century of the Christian era. In his Paysages reliques, Michel Tardieu has dealt with both men’s tour of Southern Syria. The study is extended here to Damascene, according to the fragments which concern the worship of Theandrios and the foundation of Damascus , where Damascius originally came from. Underestimated or imperfectly commented testimonies ensure that these extracts keep the memory of pagan cults practised in the region under the Roman Empire. Some of them enlighten the exegesis of the philosopher. Damascius was also inspired by the tradition which, ever since the Hellenistic period, placed his city either in the middle of an unspecified Arabia or a little Arcadia of the Near East.
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Mavrogenis, A. P., N. Y. Antoniades, and R. W. Hooper. "The Damascus (Shami) goat of Cyprus." Animal Genetic Resources Information 38 (April 2006): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900002054.
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The Damascus goat, also known as the Shami, is a native breed of Syria and other Near East countries. It was imported into Cyprus some 70 years ago to upgrade the local Cypriot goat population. For over 40 years it has been improved through genetic selection for milk and meat. The Damascus goat was one of the breeds that the Technical Consultation of FAO/UNEB on Animal Genetic Resources, Conservation and Management agreed should be given a high priority due to its qualities.
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Zhantiev, Dmitry. "Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi and the legacy of Ibn Arabi in Ottoman Damascus." ISTORIYA 14, no. 10 (132) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840028762-7.
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The article analyzes the late period of the life of the hero of the anti-French struggle in Algeria, Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi (1808—1883) in Ottoman Damascus in 1855—1883. Refusing to continue the fight against the French colonialists after being released from captivity and moving to Ottoman possessions, Abd al-Qadir devoted his later life to charity and teaching the mystical teachings of Muhyi al-Din Ibn Arabi (1165—1240). The activities of Abd al-Qadir in Ottoman Damascus were inscribed in the moral, religious and political context of his era, when the Ottoman Empire was subjected to increasing pressure from the European powers. Abd al-Qadir sought to find an Islamic response to this external challenge through spiritual perfection based on the teachings of Ibn Arabi. Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi from a young age belonged to the followers of Ibn Arabi and therefore perceived his life in Damascus not as an exile, but as a way of approaching the comprehension of the mystical insights of Ibn Arabi, who at one time also lived for many years in Damascus where he was buried. In Damascus, Abd al-Qadir enjoyed great spiritual authority and provided patronage to his countrymen — immigrants from Algeria and other countries of the Maghreb. The circle of his chosen disciples was also replenished with local Syrian ulama. Under the influence of Abd al-Qadir, close relations were established between immigrants from Algeria and local Sufis on the basis of Islamic mysticism. The intellectual activity of the circle of followers of Abd al-Qadir in Damascus contributed to the strengthening of the position of Sufism in Ottoman Syria on the basis of the spiritual convergence of the beliefs of the followers of various Islamic mystical teachings.
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Baklanov, Andrey G. "What game is Turkey playing in Syria?" Asia and Africa Today, no. 12 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750023558-5.
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The article draws attention to the serious intensification of Turkey’s foreign policy, which seeks to become the most influential state in the Middle East region and to receive the status of one of the world’s leading powers in the foreseeable future. Ankara’s area of special attention is neighboring Syria. Turkey raises the question of the need to conduct military operations in northern Syria areas under the pretext of creating conditions for protecting its territory from Kurdish paramilitaries. The various directions of activities of the Turkish authorities aimed at expanding their presence in these regions are also considered. Syrian leadership believes that Ankara is leading the matter to the absorption of these territories, changing their ethnic composition. It is emphasized that Russia consistently stands for ensuring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Syria. In pursuing this line, Moscow naturally takes into account the realities of the region and the situation in Syria. It is in Russia’s interests to refrain from aggravating relations with the current leaders of Turkey and to use the potential of the Astana negotiation format. At the same time, the Russian Federation considers the return of all Syrian territories under the control of the legitimate government in Damascus as a condition for achieving a lasting settlement of the crisis in the SAR and around it. From the point of view of creating a predictable, stable situation in the region, such a development of events also corresponds to the national interests of Turkey itself.