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1
Bonde, M. R., S. E. Nester, and C. L. Palmer. "Longevity of Uromyces transversalis, Causal Agent of Gladiolus Rust, under Various Environmental Conditions." Plant Health Progress 16, no. 2 (January 2015): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-14-0036.
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To help determine if gladiolus rust may spread to new areas of the United States, we studied effects of different temperature and moisture conditions on longevity of Uromyces transversalis urediniospores. Treatments consisted of gladiolus leaf pieces, with actively sporulating uredinia, placed in mesh bags in a plastic beaker without soil (dry) or plastic bags covered in damp soil (damp). These treatments were either held in a greenhouse at 22–26°C (warm) or refrigerator at 4°C (cool). After 14 days, 59% of urediniospores maintained under warm, dry conditions were viable compared to only 1% under warm damp conditions. After 56 days, viability dropped to 3% and near 0%, respectively. Under cool conditions, by 91 days germination dropped to 0.7% and 0%, respectively. To determine the potential for corms or soilless mix from infected plants to harbor inoculum, infected gladiolus plants were maintained in a growth chamber progressively simulating fall and winter. Following foliage senescence, corms from infected plants were removed from the soilless mix, stored 11 months at 4°C, and planted in noninfested soilless mix in the greenhouse. The pots containing soilless mix in growth chambers, upon removal of corms present on infected plants, were maintained in the chambers until fall and then replanted with healthy corms. No pustules developed on either set of plants, indicating that corms from infected plants had not been infected, urediniospores had not survived in the soilless mix, and urediniospores on or in soil did not perpetuate the disease. Accepted by publication 15 January 2015. Published 6 April 2015.
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Wei, Gang, Min Xiao, Heng Yi Xia, Lin Yao, and Yue Lin Tang. "Mobile Maintenance Room of GIS Equipment at the Voltage Class of 220kV." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1360.
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According to data about GIS breakdown maintenance in Maintenance Branch of State Grid Chongqing Electric Power Company during recent years, GIS accident of Chongqing Electric Power Company that happens every year is internal fault of local air chambers (such as breaker, PT and bus) in most cases. Once accident happens, a high requirement will be proposed for water prevention and damp prevention at the site during either on-site inspection for the accident cause or replacement for the damaged equipment. In order to effectively cover the first hole of the opened GIS air chamber and make the operation environment meet rain-proof and damp-proof requirements during internal examination for GIS air chamber, a design scheme of mobile GIS maintenance room is proposed in this paper. SF6 detection equipment as well as temperature and humidity examination equipment is installed in the maintenance room, so as to measure multiple parameters and to guarantee light transmission, ventilation and fire resistance. It is convenient for installation and disassembly, and the space can be adjusted. It is suitable for GIS equipment maintenance at the voltage class of 220kV.
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Ananda, K., and K. R. Sridhar. "Diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots of mangrove species on the west coast of India." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-080.
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Because mangrove plant species are a valuable source of useful metabolites, their endophytes have gained more importance. Randomly sampled surface-sterilized whole root segments of four mangrove plant species, Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia caseolaris from the mangroves of Udyavara (Karnataka) on the west coast of India, were characterized for fungal communities by direct plating, damp chamber, and bubbling chamber incubation methods. The richness of endophytic fungal species from whole root segments after direct plating and damp chamber incubation was greatest for R. mucronata than for other plants (18 vs. 813). Incubation of whole root segments in bubbling chambers yielded conidia of two freshwater hyphomycetes: Mycocentrospora acerina (in Avicennia officinalis) and Triscelophorus acuminatus (in R. mucronata and in S. caseolaris). Surface-sterilized whole root and root bark segments of R. mucronata sampled from the mid-tide level on direct plating yielded more fungi than that of the root segments sampled from low-tide and high-tide levels. The greatest number of isolates, species richness, and diversity of fungi were shown by the whole root segments of R. mucronata from the mid-tide level. Rarefaction indices also revealed the highest expected number of species out of 150 random isolations from the mid-tide level samples of whole root and root bark segments of R. mucronata. The present study showed that fungi in mangrove roots are composed of a consortium of soil, marine, and freshwater fungi.Key words: mangroves, endophytes, fungi, diversity, India.
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Carey, H. V., X. Y. Tien, L. J. Wallace, and H. J. Cooke. "Muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating the mucosal response to neural stimulation of guinea pig ileum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 253, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): G323—G329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.3.g323.
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Muscarinic receptors involved in the secretory response evoked by electrical stimulation of submucosal neurons were investigated in muscle-stripped flat sheets of guinea pig ileum set up in flux chambers. Neural stimulation produced a biphasic increase in short-circuit current due to active chloride secretion. Atropine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperadine methiodide (4-DAMP) (10(-7) M) were more potent inhibitors of the cholinergic phase of the response than was pirenzepine. Dose-dependent increases in base-line short-circuit current were evoked by carbachol and bethanechol; 4-hydroxy-2-butynyl trimethylammonium chloride (McN A343) produced a much smaller effect. Tetrodotoxin abolished the effects of McN A343 but did not alter the responses of carbachol and bethanechol. McN A343 significantly reduced the cholinergic phase of the neurally evoked response and caused a rightward shift of the carbachol dose-response curve. All muscarinic compounds inhibited [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to membranes from mucosal scrapings, with a rank order of potency of 4-DAMP greater than pirenzepine greater than McN A343 greater than carbachol greater than bethanechol. These results suggest that acetylcholine released from submucosal neurons mediates chloride secretion by interacting with muscarinic cholinergic receptors that display a high binding affinity for 4-DAMP. Activation of neural muscarinic receptors makes a relatively small contribution to the overall secretory response.
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Lélu, Maud, Isabelle Villena, Marie-Laure Dardé, Dominique Aubert, Régine Geers, Emilie Dupuis, Francine Marnef, et al. "Quantitative Estimation of the Viability of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts in Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 15 (May 11, 2012): 5127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00246-12.
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ABSTRACTToxoplasma gondiioocysts spread in the environment are an important source of toxoplasmosis for humans and animal species. Although the life expectancy of oocysts has been studied through the infectivity of inoculated soil samples, the survival dynamics of oocysts in the environment are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to quantify oocyst viability in soil over time under two rain conditions. Oocysts were placed in 54 sentinel chambers containing soil and 18 sealed water tubes, all settled in two containers filled with soil. Containers were watered to simulate rain levels of arid and wet climates and kept at stable temperature for 21.5 months. At nine sampling dates during this period, we sampled six chambers and two water tubes. Three methods were used to measure oocyst viability: microscopic counting, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and mouse inoculation. In parallel, oocysts were kept refrigerated during the same period to analyze their detectability over time. Microscopic counting, qPCR, and mouse inoculation all showed decreasing values over time and highly significant differences between the decreases under dry and damp conditions. The proportion of oocysts surviving after 100 days was estimated to be 7.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 5.1, 10.8) under dry conditions and 43.7% (5% CI = 35.6, 53.5) under damp conditions. The detectability of oocysts by qPCR over time decreased by 0.5 cycle threshold per 100 days. Finally, a strong correlation between qPCR results and the dose infecting 50% of mice was found; thus, qPCR results may be used as an estimate of the infectivity of soil samples.
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Makkar, Sameer, Harpreet Kaur, Anurag Aggarwal, and Ruchi Vashisht. "A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Study Evaluating the Sealing Ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine and Anew Pulp Capping Agent-Theracal." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 03, no. 01 (April 2015): 020–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1672009.
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Abstract Aims and Objectives: Viability and health of the pulpal tissue after an exposure can be stimulated with biocompatible pulp capping materials. Mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA), though biocompatible with excellent sealing ability, has clinical disadvantages like poor handling properties and long setting time. New pulp capping agents- Biodentine and Theracal have proven to overcome MTA’s shortcomings. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate(Angelus), Biodentine (Septodont) and Theracal(Bisco) when used as pulp capping agents. Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities were prepared in extracted human third molars. The cavities were divided into 3 groups containing 12 samples each. Pulp capping in samples of group I, II and III was done with MTA, Biodentine and Theracal respectively. All samples were kept in a damp environment for 24 hrs. In each tooth, the root was cut just below the cementum-enamel junction. An aqueous 0.25% solution of Rhodamine-B was put in the open pulp chambers of all the samples and placed upside-down in a damp environment. The dye was left for 3 hrs to permeate toward the interface. After being stained, all samples were rinsed with distilled water and sectioned vertically. A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope was used to image the samples. Results: No significant difference was found in interfacial microleakage between MTA and Biodentine. Theracal exhibited less interfacial microleakage than the two. Conclusion: Biodentine and MTA exhibit an efficient and durable protection of pulp. Theracal exhibits better sealing ability as a pulp capping agent than MTA and Biodentine.
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Levy, Joseph, Andrew Fountain, W. Berry Lyons, and Kathy Welch. "Experimental formation of pore fluids in McMurdo Dry Valleys soils." Antarctic Science 27, no. 2 (September 23, 2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000479.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine if soil salt deliquescence and brine hydration can occur under laboratory conditions using natural McMurdo Dry Valleys soils. The experiment was a laboratory analogue for the formation of isolated patches of hypersaline, damp soil, referred to as ‘wet patches’. Soils were oven dried and then hydrated in one of two humidity chambers: one at 100% relative humidity and the second at 75% relative humidity. Soil hydration is highly variable, and over the course of 20 days of hydration, ranged from increases in water content by mass from 0–16% for 122 soil samples from Taylor Valley. The rate and absolute amount of soil hydration correlates well with the soluble salt content of the soils but not with grain size distribution. This suggests that the formation of bulk pore waters in these soils is a consequence of salt deliquescence and hydration of the brine from atmospheric water vapour.
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Cooke, H. J., Y. Z. Wang, R. Reddix, and N. Javed. "Cholinergic and VIP-ergic pathways mediate histamine H2 receptor-induced cyclical secretion in the guinea pig colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): G465—G470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.268.3.g465.
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Previous studies demonstrated neurally mediated recurrent increases in short-circuit current (Isc) suggestive of anion secretion in guinea pig distal colon. To determine the neural pathways involved, segments of distal colon from guinea pigs were mounted in flux chambers. In muscle-stripped or whole thickness preparations, serosal addition of the histamine H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit, caused cyclical increases in Isc, which were reduced by the chloride channel blocker, N-phenylanthranilic acid, but not by the sodium channel blocker amiloride. Dimaprit stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from submucosal/mucosal sheets. Dimaprit caused recurrent increases in Isc, which were significantly decreased by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, and nearly abolished by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine (M3 > M1 = M2). The muscarinic antagonist, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, M3 > M1), was more potent than pirenzepine (M1 > M3) in reducing recurrent increases in Isc. Dimaprit- and electrically evoked secretion were inhibited by the VIP antagonists [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP and VIP hybrid. The results suggest the involvement of VIP-ergic and cholinergic neurons utilizing nicotinic and muscarinic synapses in mediating secretion.
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Blumenthal, Jeffrey A., James J. Onorato, and Hannah V. Carey. "Muscarinic inhibition of substance P induced ion secretion in piglet jejunum." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y98-009.
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We examined the effects of the muscarinic agonist carbachol on ion secretion induced by substance P (SP) in piglet jejunal tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. Tetrodotoxin was present in all solutions to inhibit neural activity. Carbachol added 10 min prior to 0.75 µM SP dose dependently inhibited subsequent SP responses, with 90% inhibition at 10 µM carbachol. Addition of an equipotent dose of SP (7.5 µM) had no effect on subsequent carbachol-induced secretion. Carbachol's inhibition of SP-induced secretion was evident for at least 45 min and was abolished by prior addition of the M3 receptor antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), but remained intact in the presence of the M2 antagonist gallamine or the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. Atropine added 10 min after carbachol restored subsequent SP responses toward control levels. Carbachol also reduced secretory responses to histamine and, to a lesser extent, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). SP-induced secretion was not affected by prior addition of histamine and was reduced by PGE2 only at the highest PGE2 concentration. The results suggest that activation of the epithelial M3 receptor by carbachol inhibits subsequent secretory responses to the calcium-mediated agonists SP and histamine in piglet jejunum. This may reflect muscarinic activation of a negative messenger in epithelial cells that limits Cl- secretion.Key words: substance P, muscarinic receptor, carbachol, desensitization, piglet, jejunum, intestine, ion secretion.
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Mammarella, I., P. Werle, M. Pihlatie, W. Eugster, S. Haapanala, R. Kiese, T. Markkanen, Ü. Rannik, and T. Vesala. "A case study of eddy covariance flux of N<sub>2</sub>O measured within forest ecosystems: quality control and flux error analysis." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 2, 2010): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-427-2010.
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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of nitrous oxide (N2O) obtained by using a 3-D sonic anemometer and a tunable diode laser gas analyzer for N2O were investigated. Two datasets (Sorø, Denmark and Kalevansuo, Finland) from different measurement campaigns including sub-canopy flux measurements of energy and carbon dioxide are discussed with a focus on selected quality control aspects and flux error analysis. Although fast response trace gas analyzers based on spectroscopic techniques are increasingly used in ecosystem research, their suitability for reliable estimates of EC fluxes is still limited, and some assumptions have to be made for filtering and processing data. The N2O concentration signal was frequently dominated by offset drifts (fringe effect), which can give an artificial extra contribution to the fluxes when the resulting concentration fluctuations are correlated with the fluctuations of the vertical wind velocity. Based on Allan variance analysis of the N2O signal, we found that a recursive running mean filter with a time constant equal to 50 s was suitable to damp the influence of the periodic drift. Although the net N2O fluxes over the whole campaign periods were quite small at both sites (~5 μg N m−2 h−1 for Kalevansuo and ~10 μg N m−2 h−1 for Sorø), the calculated sub-canopy EC fluxes were in good agreement with those estimated by automatic soil chambers. However, EC N2O flux measurements show larger random uncertainty than the sensible heat fluxes, and classification according to statistical significance of single flux values indicates that downward N2O fluxes have larger random error.
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Mammarella, I., P. Werle, M. Pihlatie, W. Eugster, S. Haapanala, R. Kiese, T. Markkanen, Ü. Rannik, and T. Vesala. "A case study of eddy covariance flux of N<sub>2</sub>O measured within forest ecosystems: quality control and flux error analysis." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 14, 2009): 6949–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6949-2009.
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Abstract. Eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements of nitrous oxide obtained by using a 3-D sonic anemometer and a tunable diode laser gas analyzer for N2O were investigated. Two datasets (Sorø, Denmark and Kalevansuo, Finland) from different measurement campaigns including sub-canopy flux measurements of energy and carbon dioxide are discussed with a focus on selected quality control aspects and flux error analysis. Although fast response trace gas analyzers based on spectroscopic techniques are increasingly used in ecosystem research, their suitability for reliable estimates of eddy covariance fluxes is still limited, and some assumptions have to be made for filtering and processing data. The N2O concentration signal was frequently dominated by offset drifts (fringe effect), which can give an artificial extra contribution to the fluxes when the resulting concentration fluctuations are correlated with the fluctuations of the vertical wind velocity. Based on Allan variance analysis of the N2O signal, we found that a recursive running mean filter with a time constant equal to 50~s was suitable to damp the influence of the periodic drift. Although the net N2O fluxes over the whole campaign periods were quite small at both sites (~5 μg N m−2 h−1 for Kalevansuo and ~10 μg N m−2 h−1 for Sorø), the calculated sub-canopy EC fluxes were in good agreement with those estimated by automatic soil chambers. However EC N2O flux measurements show larger random uncertainty than the sensible heat fluxes, and classification according to statistical significance of single flux values indicates that downward N2O fluxes have larger random error.
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Vanner, S. "Myenteric neurons activate submucosal vasodilator neurons in guinea pig ileum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): G380—G387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.2.g380.
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This study examined whether myenteric neurons activate submucosal vasodilator pathways in in vitro combined submucosal-myenteric plexus preparations from guinea pig ileum. Exposed myenteric ganglia were electrically stimulated, and changes in the outside diameter of submucosal arterioles were monitored in adjoining tissue by videomicroscopy. Stimulation up to 18 mm from the recording site evoked large TTX-sensitive vasodilations in both orad and aborad directions. In double-chamber baths, which isolated the stimulating myenteric chamber from the recording submucosal chamber, hexamethonium or the muscarinic antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy- N-(2-chloroethyl)-piperdine hydrochloride (4-DAMP) almost completely blocked dilations when superfused in the submucosal chamber. When hexamethonium was placed in the myenteric chamber ∼50% of responses were hexamethonium sensitive in both orad and aborad orientations. The addition of 4-DAMP or substitution of Ca2+-free, 12 mM Mg2+ solution did not cause further inhibition. These results demonstrate that polysynaptic pathways in the myenteric plexus projecting orad and aborad can activate submucosal vasodilator neurons. These pathways could coordinate intestinal blood flow and motility.
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Vijayasai, Ashwin, Qianhuan Yu, Yan Du, and Bill Ovenstone. "Surface condensation sensor board for damp heat chamber." Review of Scientific Instruments 90, no. 9 (September 2019): 095102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5100745.
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Zhang, Q. T., M. He, X. Y. Zhang, Q. Lu, and J. Liang. "Canker on Bark of Populus spp. Caused by Cytospora tritici, a New Disease in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 10 (October 2012): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0040-pdn.
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Species of Cytospora Ehrenb. and associated teleomorphs cause dieback and canker on over 85 species of angiosperm and gymnosperm plants throughout the world (2). Cytospora tritici Punith. was first observed on Triticum asetivum in Germany in 1980 but may also affect many hardwoods (3). During a survey of landscape trees in 2007, Populus spp. with cankers were found in Fushun, Baoxing, and Luding counties and Chengdu city in Sichuan Province. In these trees, bark canker pathogens discolored the sapwood. During damp weather, conidia were pushed out and formed orange spore horns. Conidiomatal stromata were immersed in bark, prominent, and 1.53 ± 0.33 mm in diameter (n = 10). Discs were white to grey, circular, oval, and 0.59 ± 0.14 mm in diameter (n = 10), with one ostiole per disc. Ostioles were dark grey. Locules were multi-chambered, chambers irregular. Conidia were lelongate-allantoid shaped, hyaline, aseptate, 5.04 ± 0.65 μm long (n = 50), and 1.22 ± 0.13 μm wide (n = 50). Fragments (5 × 5 mm2) of the junction of diseased and healthy tissues were surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 30 s and then rinsed twice in sterile distilled water. The pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. The obtained isolates were cultured on PDA at 25°C in diffuse fluorescent light for 30 days. Upon isolation, the mycelium grew at a rate of 3 to 5 mm per day at 25°C, forming pale white-to-pure white flat colonies. Conidiomata never formed on PDA. ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences were amplified via PCR from genomic DNA obtained from mycelia using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The amplification products showed 100% sequence homology with C. tritici isolate DQ243812 from the GenBank database. The ITS sequences were submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JQ277333 to JQ277336). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating 20 disinfected (70% ethanol) Populus tomentosa cuttings. Cuttings were incubated at 25°C for 30 days. Another two cuttings were treated with water agar as controls. In 18 of the 20 cuttings, the cambium developed a brown color and appeared water soaked 15 days later, whereas controls did not develop any symptoms. C. tritici was reisolated from symptomatic tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. tritici in China causing canker on Populus spp. Cytospora canker is common in practically all countries where poplar are grown. Canker expansion increases when tree defenses are compromised, usually by seasonal dormancy but also by drought, cold injury of wood, sun scald of bark, flooding of root, hail, freezing, or other stress (1). Future spread of C. tritici to western China is considered highly likely. References: (1) G. C. Adams et al. Stud. Mycol. 52:1, 2005. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ March 25, 2012. (3) E. Punithalingam. Nova Hedwigia 32:585, 1980. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Shan, Chang-ji, Yi-duo Bian, Ting-ting Dai, Cai Yan, Guo-fang Du, and Hai-tao Yang. "The Design of Follow-up Hydraulic Muffler Based on Spring-Damp Regulating Device." E3S Web of Conferences 79 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197901006.
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The follow-up hydraulic muffler can make the natural frequency of the muffler equal to systematic pulsation frequency in time by changing the section area of the quality chamber so as to achieve the best attenuation effect. In this paper, a spring-damp regulator is installed on the basis of the hydraulic muffler, and the static and dynamic characteristics of the follow-up hydraulic muffler are analyzed by measuring the rotational speed of the pump with the sensor. The results show that the hydraulic muffler based on the spring-damp regulator can effectively attenuate the pulsation.
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Dunn, Julia L. M., Laurel B. Kartchner, Wesley H. Stepp, Lindsey I. Glenn, Madison M. Malfitano, Samuel W. Jones, Claire M. Doerschuk, Robert Maile, and Bruce A. Cairns. "Blocking CXCL1-dependent neutrophil recruitment prevents immune damage and reduces pulmonary bacterial infection after inhalation injury." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 314, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): L822—L834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00272.2017.
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Smoke inhalation associated with structural fires, wildfires, or explosions leads to lung injury, for which innovative and clinically relevant animal models are needed to develop effective therapeutics. We have previously reported that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and anti-inflammatory cytokines correlate with infectious complications in patients diagnosed with inhalational injury. In this study, we describe a novel and translational murine model of acute inhalational injury characterized by an accumulation of protein and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar space, as well as histological evidence of tissue damage. Mice were anesthetized, and a cannula was placed in the trachea and exposed to smoldering plywood smoke three times for 2-min intervals in a smoke chamber. Here we demonstrate that this model recapitulates clinically relevant phenotypes, including early release of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and CXCL1 along with neutrophilia early after injury, accompanied by subsequent susceptibility to opportunistic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further investigation of the model, and in turn a reanalysis of patient samples, revealed a late release of the DAMP hyaluronic acid (HA) from the lung. Using nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice, we found that Nos2 was required for increases in IL-10, MCP-1, and HA following injury but not release of dsDNA, CXCL1 expression, early neutrophilia, or susceptibility to opportunistic infection. Depletion of CXCL1 attenuated early neutrophil recruitment, leading to decreased histopathology scores and improved bacterial clearance in this model of smoke inhalation. Together, these data highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of attenuating neutrophil recruitment in the first 24 h after injury in patients.
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Mitchell, Brett M., Anne M. Dorrance, and R. Clinton Webb. "GTP cyclohydrolase 1 inhibition attenuates vasodilation and increases blood pressure in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 5 (November 2003): H2165—H2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00253.2003.
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GTP cyclohydrolase 1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in production of tetrahydrobiopterin, a necessary cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation and increase blood pressure in rats. 2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP), a GTP cyclohydrolase 1 inhibitor, was given in drinking water (∼120 mg · kg–1 · day–1) to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 days. Systolic blood pressures were measured (tail-cuff procedure) for 3 days before and each day during DAHP treatment. Blood pressure was significantly increased after DAHP treatment (122 ± 2 vs. 154 ± 3 mmHg before and after DAHP, respectively; P < 0.05). Endothelium-intact aortic segments from pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats were isolated and hung in organ chambers for measurement of isometric force generation. Aortas from DAHP-treated rats exhibited a decreased maximal relaxation to ACh compared with controls [% relaxation from phenylephrine (10–7 M)-induced contraction: DAHP 57 ± 6% vs. control 79 ± 4%; P < 0.05]. Relaxation responses to A-23187 were also decreased in aortas from DAHP-treated rats compared with controls. Incubation with sepiapterin (10–4 M, 1 h), which produces tetrahydrobiopterin via a salvage pathway, restored relaxation to ACh in aortas from DAHP-treated rats. Superoxide dismutase significantly increased ACh-induced relaxation in aortas from DAHP-treated rats, whereas catalase had no effect. Endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside in aortas from DAHP-treated rats was not different from control rats; however, nitric oxide synthase inhibition increased sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside in aortas from DAHP-treated rats. These results support the hypothesis that GTP cyclohydrolase 1 inhibition decreases relaxation and increases blood pressure in rats.
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Varela, C. Pintos, B. González Penalta, J. P. Mansilla Vázquez, and O. Aguín Casal. "First Report of Cylindrocladium buxicola on Buxus sempervirens in Spain." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0670b.
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Cylindrocladium buxicola Henricot, included in the EPPO alert list until November 2008, causes a dangerous foliar disease on Buxus spp. that has been recorded in several European countries and New Zealand (3,4). Buxus sempervirens L. (common boxwood) is one of the oldest ornamental garden plants in Europe. In September 2008, we received 10 2- to 3-year-old potted plants of B. sempervirens cv. Suffruticosa from a nursery in Galicia (northwest Spain) where ≈60% of the plants were affected and had finally defoliated. Diseased plants showed dark brown-to-black spots on the leaves and black streaks on the stems (3,4). To induce sporulation, diseased leaves and stem pieces were incubated in damp chambers at 22°C. A Cylindrocladium sp. was obtained. Four single conidial isolates were plated onto carnation leaf agar under near-UV light at 25°C for 7 days (2,3). Only conidiophores of the isolates growing on the surface of the carnation leaves were examined microscopically (1,3). Macroconidiophores were comprised of a stipe, a stipe extension, a terminal vesicle, and a penicillate arrangement of fertile branches (2). The stipe extension was septate, hyaline, and 90 to 165 × 2 to 4.5 μm (from the highest primary branch to the vesicle tip) (1) terminating in an ellipsoidal vesicle (6 to 11 μm in diameter) with a papillate apex. The widest part of the vesicle was above the middle. Primary branches were mainly aseptate or one septate (12 to 35 × 3 to 6 μm), secondary branches were aseptate (11 to 21 × 3 to 6 μm), and tertiary branches were rare. Each terminal branch produced two to five phialides (9 to 20 × 2.5 to 5 μm) that were reniform and aseptate. Conidia were cylindrical, straight, and one septate (56 to 75 × 4 to 6 μm). Chlamydospores were dark brown and aggregated to form microsclerotia. Cardinal temperatures of Cylindrocladium isolates on 2% malt extract agar ranged from 7 to 28°C (optimum 25°C). The 5′ end of the β-tubulin gene was amplified using primers T1 and Bt2b (3), and PCR products were sequenced directly and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. FJ696535). Comparison of the sequence with others available in GenBank showed 100% homology with those previously identified as C. buxicola (Accession Nos. AY078123 and AY078118). Pathogenicity of one representative isolate was confirmed by inoculating stems and leaves of four 3- to 4-year–old plants of B. sempervirens cv. Suffruticosa. Leaves were inoculated by spraying a spore suspension of the fungus (1 × 106 conidia per ml). For the stems, agar pieces of 1-week-old cultures grown on malt extract agar were placed and sealed with Parafilm. As a control, four plants were inoculated with agar malt plugs and sterile distilled water. Plants were incubated at 22°C and 95% humidity. Symptoms identical to ones previously described appeared 4 days after inoculation. C. buxicola was reisolated from inoculated plants but not from the controls. On the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics, pathogenicity, and the DNA sequencing of the β-tubulin gene, the isolates obtained from B. sempervirens were identified as C. buxicola (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. buxicola on B. sempervirens in Spain. References: (1) P. W. Crous. Taxonomy and Pathology of Cylindrocladium (Calonectria) and Allied Genera. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2002. (2) P. W. Crous and M. J. Wingfield. Mycotaxon 51:341, 1994. (3) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (4) B. Henricot et al. Plant Pathol. 49:805, 2000.
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Valdez, Jorge G., and Ricardo J. Piccolo. "Use of spectrophotometry as a tool to quantify the sporulation of Penicillium allii in garlic lesions." Fitopatologia Brasileira 31, no. 6 (December 2006): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582006000600010.
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A technique to measure the concentration of Penicillium allii conidia in damp chamber experiments by spectrophotometry was developed. A negative linear correlation (R²=0.56) was observed between transmittance at 340 nm and the concentration of P. allii conidia in water agar 0.05%. The equation that relates transmittance (T) with concentration (conidia mL-1) (y) is: y = 9.3 10(6) - 86497 T. The method was assayed by inoculating 43 P. allii strains in two garlic cultivars. The method proved to be more rapid than the traditional use of a hemocytometer with an improved accuracy. The CV of the number of conidia per hemocytometer reticule was of 35.04%, while the transmittance CV was of 2.73%. The extreme values chosen for T were 40 and 80 because the sensitivity of the method decreased when concentrations of conidia were out of this range.
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Kirby CMG, Michael J. "APPELLATE ADVOCACY - NEW CHALLENGES. THE DAME ANN EBSWORTH MEMORIAL LECTURE." Denning Law Journal 18, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v18i1.307.
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This lecture honours Dame Ann Ebsworth who died in 2002 of cancer. She was but sixty-four years of age. As I am the inaugural lecturer, I will record some personal facts, although her memory will be green for her friends, many of whom have come to this lecture to remember her and to celebrate her life. Ann Ebsworth was born on 19 May 1937. Her father was an officer in the Royal Marines. She was raised a Roman Catholic and derived from her religion and her parents strong convictions and a sense of public service. She read history at the University of London where she was known as a formidable debater. In 1962 she was called to the Bar by Gray’s Inn. Her practice, which was in Liverpool, was predominantly criminal with some family work (which increased) and some civil work (which diminished). She rose to be head of her chambers. She was known as a considerable opponent, particularly in criminal cases. She was described as an “… effective and formidable advocate, thorough in preparation, lucid and courteous in style and entirely unflappable.
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Sridhar, Kandikere R., Kishore S. Karamchand, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Wood-inhabiting filamentous fungi in 12 high-altitude streams of the Western Ghats by damp incubation and bubble chamber incubation." Mycoscience 51, no. 2 (March 2010): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10267-009-0017-z.
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Khan, Firoz, and Jae Hyun Kim. "Performance Degradation Analysis of c-Si PV Modules Mounted on a Concrete Slab under Hot-Humid Conditions Using Electroluminescence Scanning Technique for Potential Utilization in Future Solar Roadways." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 5, 2019): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244047.
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The stability of the photovoltaic (PV) modules is critical when deployed in a non-ideal environment. Among the different factors, temperature and humidity are the two major factors affecting PV stability, making them significant causes of its degradation in terms of optoelectric and materials properties. Nowadays, with the increase in PV installation (here, we are only taking account of c-Si-based PV modules) to generate green electricity, effective space utilization is an important issue. Recently, people have been considering deploying PV modules on the road to utilize the space available on highways (roadways). This raises several new issues in the deployment of PV modules. However, issues related to temperature and humidity retain the same importance. Normally, these stability tests are performed in a damp-heat (DH) stress-testing chamber in an accelerated condition at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity (RH). In this work, c-Si PV modules were fixed over a concrete slab to prepare a PV interacted block, which can be used to build concrete-based roads. The performance of this PV on the concrete slab was tested in a DH stress-testing chamber in an accelerated condition at 85 °C and 85% RH for 4000 h. For the comparison, a PV module without concrete was also evaluated. The degradation of the PV modules was characterized using the electroluminescence scanning technique. After 2500 h of exposure to the DH conditions, the performance retention of the PV modules mounted on the concrete was 93.2%, which was nearly 5% higher than the module without the concrete slab.
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Ren, Hao Ling, Hai Bo Xie, and Hua Yong Yang. "Dynamic Analysis of the Single Piston Hydraulic Free Piston Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 48-49 (February 2011): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.48-49.455.
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The connection of the engine body and the base was simplified as a spring and a damper to analyze the body vibration of the single piston hydraulic free piston engine. It was demonstrated that the increasing of the connection spring rate can reduce the amplitude of the body vibration. But the reduced vibration amplitude was trivial after the spring rate was increased above 300KN/m. The damp ratio of the connection had little influence on the body vibration. The introduction of a pump chamber into the structure in the compression stroke can shorten the rebounding displacement of the free piston assembly (FPA) while it was settled at the right dead center working in pulse pause modulation (PPM) mode. Furthermore it can keep the FPA have an enough stroke to achieve a predetermined compression ratio and reduce the fluctuation of the pump flow. The compression ratio can be improved through increasing the pressure of the compression accumulator and decreasing the pressure of the high pressure accumulator. Also the compression ratio and the operation frequency of the engine can be improved by shortening the switch time of the control valve and prolonging the open time.
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Berardone, Irene, and Marco Paggi. "Nondestructive monitoring of damage caused by accelerated ageing in photovoltaic modules." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 23-24 (November 28, 2019): 7565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219889382.
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Accelerated ageing tests of photovoltaic laminates are requested by the IEC standards for quality control, which require the assessment of the electrical power losses after a prescribed amount of temperature and/or humidity cycles inside a climatic chamber (thermal cycling, humidity freeze, and damp heat tests). Since electric damage is measured only at the end of such tests, its kinetics induced by thermo-elastic stresses and the related degradation phenomena are reported in few cases. The aim of this study is to investigate the progress of damage, reporting the results of an unprecedented experimental campaign on a photovoltaic mini-module composed of nine multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, one of them containing a cracked cell, subject to a revised thermal cycling test including moisture. Every 40 cycles, and up to 460 (corresponding to 1840 h of testing), the progress of electric damage is assessed by monitoring the evolution of the overall electric resistance of the module. Moreover, electroluminescence images are taken with the same time interval, to assess local damage phenomena responsible for electric power-losses. Cracks are found to significantly accelerate the progress of damage as compared to what happens in intact solar cells, inducing progressive gridline failure and the spread of electrically inactive zones.
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Lavallée, Robert, Gaëtan Daoust, Yves Mauffette, Geneviève Audet, and Charles Coulombe. "Feeding, oviposition and emergence of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi (Peck)) under a pioneer broad-leaved forest canopy." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77885-5.
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The white pine weevil's (Pissodes strobi Peck) feeding, oviposition and emergence were studied in a 12-year-old (1998) white pine (Pinus strobus L.) progeny test established under a canopy of mature pioneer species in the Outaouais region (Notre-Dame-du-Laus, Québec, Canada). The basal area of the overstory centred on 63 white pines was used as an indicator of forest cover. With overstory basal area ranging from 0 to 16 m2/ha, some white pine weevil performance parameters such as feeding and oviposition were significantly correlated with forest cover. However, others like the number of pupal chambers, emergence holes, partial survival index (emergence holes/chip-cocoon punctures) and total survival index (oviposition punctures/emergence holes) were not. Results showed that with an increase of forest cover, tree height was not affected but tree bole diameter was reduced. No relation was observed between leader diameter and the number of oviposition punctures. Even under a canopy, natural enemies (Lonchaea corticis Taylor and hymenoptera parasitoids) were also noted to reduce larval and pupal white pine weevil populations. Key words: white pine weevil, white pine, undercover plantation, natural biological control, oviposition, feeding, emerging population, overstory basal area
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Thorspecken, Jana, Gisela Skopp, and Lucia Pötsch. "In Vitro Contamination of Hair by Marijuana Smoke." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.026120.
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Abstract Background: The deposition of cannabinoids on/into hair from environmental smoke can be considered as a potential source of drug findings in hair. We studied external uptake of cannabinoids from marijuana smoke, investigating possible influencing factors on drug uptake and the efficiency of decontamination procedures. Methods: Strands of a natural hair sample were moistened with water, greased with sebum or sebum/sweat, or bleached or permed. Treated and untreated samples were exposed to marijuana smoke for 60 min. Aliquots of each hair strand were either kept unwashed or were washed with methanol, dichloromethane, or 5 g/L dodecyl sulfate in water. Cannabinoid concentrations in unwashed and washed hair samples, as well as in air samples collected from the exposure chamber and in the marijuana sample being combusted, were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or gas chromatography. Results: Cannabinoids were deposited on the hair fibers from marijuana smoke. Cannabinoid concentrations were dependent on air concentration and hair pretreatment. Uptake was less in untreated than in pretreated hair. Concentrations were increased in damp hair, but were even higher in greased hair. There was no significant difference in concentration between bleached and permed strands. External contaminants were completely removed by washing with methanol and dichloromethane in untreated hair only. Washing with dodecyl sulfate in water was insufficient in all cases. Conclusions: Exposures of hair to marijuana smoke yields detectable cannabinoids depending on concentrations in the air, hair care habits, and cosmetic treatment. Environmental marijuana smoke exposure may produce false-positive or falsely increased test results in hair.
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Silva, R. M. da, A. V. M. de Aguiar, V. Mendonça, E. De A. Cardoso, and K. G. V. Garcia. "Produção de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo com diferentes tipos de enxertia e uso da câmara úmida." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 2 (November 24, 2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i4.3824.
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<p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a combinação de três formas de realização da enxertia pelo método de garfagem e uso da proteção da enxertia com câmara úmida na a produção de mudas de maracujazeiro. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial (3x2), com seis repetições, sendo cada parcela constituída de nove plantas, os fatores formaram as combinações de três formas de realização da enxertia pelo método de garfagem (fenda cheia, fenda lateral e fenda simples) e utilização e não do uso da proteção da enxertia com câmara úmida. Para produção das mudas dos portaenxertos e enxertos foram utilizadas sementes das cultivares FB 100 e redondo amarelo respectivamente. As enxertias foram realizadas aos 70 dias após a semeadura. Aos 21 dias após as enxertias foi avaliada a porcentagem de pegamento e a cada 14 dias após a enxertia avaliou-se a sobrevivência de plantas que permaneceram vivas, aos 56 dias avaliou-se o número de folhas, diâmetro do enxerto e portaenxerto, altura da planta e massa seca da parte aérea. Os tipos de enxertias por fenda cheia e fenda lateral, associadas ao uso da proteção com câmara úmida promoveram os melhores índices de pegamento e sobrevivência das mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo, porém o uso proteção promoveu um decréscimo no crescimento das plantas.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Seedling production of yellow passionfruit with different types of graft and use of humid chamber</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The objective at this search was to evaluate the combination of three forms of grafting by the grafting method and grafting using protection with damp in the production of passion fruit seedlings camera. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x2 factorial arrangement with six replications, each plot were nine plants, the factors formed the combinations of three embodiments by the grafting method (cleft, crack and lateral simple) and crack use and not use protection grafting with moist chamber. Seedlings rootstocks production and grafts seeds of cultivars were used respectively FB 100 and round yellow respectively. The grafts were performed at 70 days after sowing. At 21 days after grafting was evaluated the percentage of fruit set and every 14 days after grafting, we evaluated the plants survival that remained alive, at 56 days assessed the number of leaves, rootstock and graft diameter, plant height and dry weight of shoots. The types of grafts for full and side slit slit associated with the use of protective moist chamber provided better rates of survival and fixation of passion fruit seedlings, however, the use protection caused a decrease in plant growth.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p>
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Lee, M. C. J., L. W. Huang, R. Z. Wang, C. J. Lin, Y. L. Tsai, and M. L. Lin. "DAMAGE RISK ASSESSMENT OF PAINTING ON THE WOOD CONSTRUCTION IN TYPICAL TAIWANESE TEMPLE BY HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 23, 2019): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-653-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Most paintings were painted on the wood structure members for religion meaning and education to the prayers in the typical Taiwanese Temples. The damage of painting was induced by the micro-climate especially in the Relative humidity and Temperature various. Most typical Taiwanese temples were built by wood and brick structure with 1 open façade (semi-open space), outdoor air with different condition directly flows into indoor space to impact the material of paintings or structure members in subtropical Taiwan. When the materials absorb much damp or dry air, the volume will be expanded or shrink to damage the materials of painting layer or the basement layer. This study focuses on the damage risk assessment of painting on the wood structure members in the semi-open wooden historic temple. The test samples with painting were made by the cedar in the typical built method with wood protect oil, linen cloth, lime mortar, pigment, and surface protect oil. The test samples were put into the controlled chamber with temperature and relative humidity to test the peel off area by CNS 10757 to set up the safe range in different climate condition. The test results provide the risk assessment range in relative humidity with 55&thinsp;%&thinsp;±&thinsp;15&thinsp;% and in temperature with 25&thinsp;°C&thinsp;±&thinsp;10&thinsp;°C for safety range. The dangerous range may set ±10&thinsp;% and ±5&thinsp;°C from the safety range, and the very dangerous range should be destroyed the material from the boundary of EMC (Equilibrium Moisture Content), and phase change of materials. The risk assessment by benchmark in the temperature and relative humidity for easy announcing the managers to immediately trouble shooting.</p>
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Basic, Marijana, and André Bleich. "Gnotobiotics: Past, present and future." Laboratory Animals 53, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219836715.
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Gnotobiotics or gnotobiology is a research field exploring organisms with a known microbiological state. In animal research, the development of gnotobiotics started in the late 19th century with the rederivation of germ-free guinea pigs. Cutting-edge achievements were accomplished by scientists in the Laboratories of Bacteriology at the University of Notre Dame (LOBUND). The primary goals of gnotobiotics were not only the development of the equipment required for long-term husbandry but also phenotypic characterization of germ-free animals. The first isolators were designed by Reynolds and Gustafsson as rigid-wall stainless steel autoclave-like chambers, which were subsequently replaced by Trexler’s flexible-film polyvinyl plastic isolators. Flexible-film or semi-rigid isolators are commonly used today. The long-term maintenance of gnotobiotic rodents is performed in positive-pressure isolators. However, to facilitate gnotobiotic experimental procedures, short-term husbandry systems have been developed. Gnotobiotic animal husbandry is laborious and requires experienced staff. Germ-free animals can be rederived from existing rodent colonies by hysterectomy or embryo transfer. The physiology and anatomy of germ-free rodents are different from those of specified pathogen-free (SPF) rodents. Furthermore, to guarantee gnotobiotic status, the colonies need to be regularly microbiologically monitored. Today, gnotobiotics provides a powerful tool to analyse functional effects of host-microbe interactions, especially in complex disease models. Gnotobiotic models combined with ‘omics’ approaches will be indispensable for future advances in microbiome research. Furthermore, these approaches will contribute to the development of novel therapeutic targets. In addition, regional or national gnotobiotic core facilities should be established in the future to support further applications of gnotobiotic models.
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Valle, Amir. "Fiction: A Short Course in the Game of Russian Roulette, or: How Reinaldo Arenas Spun Round the Chamber of the Pistol in a Damp Cell While a Cockroach Missing a Foreleg Watched." Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas 44, no. 1 (May 2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905762.2011.564871.
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Scarsoglio, Stefania, Andrea Saglietto, Fiorenzo Gaita, Luca Ridolfi, and Matteo Anselmino. "Computational fluid dynamics modelling of left valvular heart diseases during atrial fibrillation." PeerJ 4 (July 26, 2016): e2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2240.
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Background:Although atrial fibrillation (AF), a common arrhythmia, frequently presents in patients with underlying valvular disease, its hemodynamic contributions are not fully understood. The present work aimed to computationally study how physical conditions imposed by pathologic valvular anatomy act on AF hemodynamics.Methods:We simulated AF with different severity grades of left-sided valvular diseases and compared the cardiovascular effects that they exert during AF, compared to lone AF. The fluid dynamics model used here has been recently validated for lone AF and relies on a lumped parameterization of the four heart chambers, together with the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The AF modelling involves: (i) irregular, uncorrelated and faster heart rate; (ii) atrial contractility dysfunction. Three different grades of severity (mild, moderate, severe) were analyzed for each of the four valvulopathies (AS, aortic stenosis, MS, mitral stenosis, AR, aortic regurgitation, MR, mitral regurgitation), by varying–through the valve opening angle–the valve area.Results:Regurgitation was hemodynamically more relevant than stenosis, as the latter led to inefficient cardiac flow, while the former introduced more drastic fluid dynamics variation. Moreover, mitral valvulopathies were more significant than aortic ones. In case of aortic valve diseases, proper mitral functioning damps out changes at atrial and pulmonary levels. In the case of mitral valvulopathy, the mitral valve lost its regulating capability, thus hemodynamic variations almost equally affected regions upstream and downstream of the valve. In particular, the present study revealed that both mitral and aortic regurgitation strongly affect hemodynamics, followed by mitral stenosis, while aortic stenosis has the least impact among the analyzed valvular diseases.Discussion:The proposed approach can provide new mechanistic insights as to which valvular pathologies merit more aggressive treatment of AF. Present findings, if clinically confirmed, hold the potential to impact AF management (e.g., adoption of a rhythm control strategy) in specific valvular diseases.
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Yang, Dengxing, Xufeng Mao, Xiaoyan Wei, Yaqing Tao, Zhifa Zhang, and Jianhai Ma. "Water–Air Interface Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) Emissions Were Amplified by Continuous Dams in an Urban River in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China." Water 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030759.
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Continuous dams may lead to great variation in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers, which contribute more uncertainty to regional carbon balance. This study is among the first to determine water–air interface GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2O) in a river with continuous dams in plateau city. Combined static-chamber gas and meteorological chromatography were utilized to monitor the GHGs emission flux at the water–air interface within four continuous dams in the Huoshaogou River in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. A variation coefficient (VC) and amplification coefficient (AC) were designed to detect the influence of continuous dams on GHG emissions. Results indicate that (1) cascade dams presented an amplifying effect on GHGs emissions from the water-air interface. The VCs of three types of GHGs are 3.7–6.7 times higher than those of the undammed area. The ACs of three types of GHGs are 2.7–4.1 times larger than environmental factors; (2) the average GHG emission fluxes in some dams are higher than that of the first dam, indicating that an amplifying effect may have been accumulated by some continuous dams; (3) EC, pH, Twater, Tair and TDS are found to be principle influencing factors of GHG emission and light intensity, Twater, TOC (plant), TN (sediment) and TOC (sediment) are found to be associated with accumulative changes in GHG emission.
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Hosington, Brenda M. "Translating Devotion: Mary Roper Basset’s English Rendering of Thomas More’s De tristitia … Christi." Renaissance and Reformation 35, no. 4 (June 5, 2013): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v35i4.19700.
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La dernière oeuvre de Thomas More, composée en 1534–1535 dans la Tour de Londres alors qu’il attendait son exécution, retrace l’agonie du Christ à Gethsémani dans les heures précédant son arrestation. Le De tristitia, tedio, pauore, et oratione Christi ante captionem eius, texte d’une grande intensité dévotionnelle et émotionnelle, n’en est pas moins marqué par les traits d’esprit et l’humour ironique caractéristiques de More. L’oeuvre est traduite en anglais quelque temps après le décès de More par sa petite-fille, Mary Roper, mais c’est seulement en 1557, après le mariage de cette dernière à James Basset, et alors qu’elle tient l’office de dame de compagnie (« lady of the privy chamber ») de la reine Marie Tudor, que la traduction est publiée. On la retrouve en effet dans l’édition des English Works de More par William Rastell (1557), qui présente Mary Basset comme une femme « tout à fait experte en latin et en anglais ». Bien que les notices biographiques et les ouvrages de référence sur l’écriture féminine anglaise à la Renaissance fassent mention de cette oeuvre — quoique parfois de manière erronée —, ainsi que des passages tirés de l’Histoire de l’Église d’Eusèbe que Basset avait précédemment traduits en latin et en anglais, ces textes n’ont jamais été étudiés. Afin de remédier à cette situation, cet article offre dans un premier temps une analyse détaillée de l’oeuvre remarquable que représente Of the sorowe, werinesse, feare, and prayer of Christ before hys taking. Il s’agit ici d’identifier les traits majeurs de cette traduction, mais aussi de les situer dans le contexte des pratiques traductologiques propres à l’humanisme européen et à l’Angleterre de l’ère Tudor.
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Veloso, Ana Maria Conceição, Fabíola Mendonça de Vasconcelos, and Laís Ferreira. "AS DUAS FACES DO SEXISMO NA MÍDIA: como Marcela Temer e Dilma Rousseff (PT) são retratadas pela Veja e IstoÉ." Revista Observatório 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2017v3n1p58.
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RESUMO
A forma como a mídia brasileira retrata a mulher no campo político é um dos aportes deste artigo, que analisa as reportagens de duas revistas semanais, a Veja e a IstoÉ: enquanto a primeira tenta mostrar uma vice-primeira-dama, Marcela Temer, como “bela, recatada e do lar”, a segunda traz uma presidenta da República, Dilma Rousseff, histérica, destemperada, cuja manchete de capa é “As explosões nervosas da presidente”. As duas edições são veiculadas no contexto da votação do impeachment da presidenta Dilma Rousseff (PT), votado na Câmara Federal em abril de 2016 e, no Senado, em maio e em agosto do mesmo ano. Utilizando como referenciais teóricos a Economia Política da Comunicação, o trabalho mostra o caráter patriarcal, misógino e preconceituoso das publicações, que reproduzem valores consoantes a formações ideológicas sexistas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mídia; Economia Política da Comunicação; Dilma Rousseff; Marcela Temer; Sexismo.
ABSTRACTThis paper aims to show how Brazilian media portrays women in politics. Articles about two public female figures published by Brazilian weekly news magazines, Veja and IstoÉ, were analyzed. While Veja tried to show the Second Lady Marcela Temer as a “beautiful, demure housewife”, IstoÉ portrayed the President of the Republic, Dilma Rousseff, as hysterical, intemperate, and published the headline “The nervous explosions of the President”. Both editions were published in the context of Dilma Rousseff (PT) impeachment trial. Between April and August 2016, the lower chamber voted for impeachment and the Senate voted to begin the trial, resulting in Rousseff’s suspension. Using the Political Economy of Communication as theoretical reference, this paper shows the patriarchal, misogynist and prejudiced character of the magazines, which reproduce sexist ideas.
KEYWORDS: Media; Political Economy of Communications; Dilma Rouseff; Marcela Temer; Sexism.
RESUMEN
La forma que los medios de comunicación brasileños retratan las mujeres en la política es una de las aportaciones de este artículo, que analiza los temas de portada de dos revistas semanales, Veja y IstoÉ: mientras la primera publicación intenta mostrar una vice-primera-dama como "hermosa, recatada y el hogar", el segundo periódico aporta una presidenta de la República, Dilma Rousseff, histérica, destemplada, cuyo titular de la capa es "Las explosiones nerviosas de la presidente ". Ambas ediciones datan de antes de la votación de destitución de la presidenta Dilma Rousseff (PT), votada en el Congreso en el més de abril de 2016 y el Senado en mayo y agosto del mismo año. Utilizando referentes teóricos de la economía política de la comunicación, este trabajo muestra el carácter patriarcal, misógino y de prejuicios de las revistas, reproduciendo los valores de formaciones ideológicas sexistas.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Media; Economía Política de la Comunicación; Dilma Rousseff; Marcela Temer; Sexismo.
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Mulligan, Catherine N., Bechara F. Safi, Jacques Meunier, and Jean Chebib. "Anaerobic Treatment of Cheese Dairy Wastewater Using the SNC Bioreactor." Water Quality Research Journal 28, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 597–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.031.
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Abstract The SNC multiplate reactor (1,200 L) has been developed and tested to determine chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, nutrient requirement, and gas production from the anaerobic treatment of effluents generated at the Agropur (Notre Dame-du-Bon-Conseil, Quebec) and Nutrinor cheese dairies (Chambord, Quebec). At the Agropur plant, wastewater (3,000 mg/L COD) was treated the best at a retention time of 12 h. Using this retention time, effluents containing whey with organic loads of 10.2 to 41.6 kg COD/m3/day could be treated at a 84% COD removal rate. When the reactor was subjected to shock by increasing the organic load suddenly from 8.9 to 31 kg COD/m3/day, the total COD removal decreased to 72% and then returned to 86% after 7 days. Hydrology tests indicated that the reactor functions as a series of completely mixed stirred tanks. At Nutrinor, using a 12-h retention time and diluted whey permeate (20,000 mg/L COD), total COD removal was 86% and gas production was 12.0 m3/m3/day for a loading of 36.5 kg COD/m3/day. Nutrient supplementation was not required. For experiments performed with different proportions of wastewater (2,000 mg/L COD) to whey permeate (70,000 mg/L COD) results of 89% total and 93% soluble COD removal with a gas production of 11 m3/m3/day for a loading of 25 kg COD/m3/day were obtained. Retention times were varied from 18 to 60 h to correspond to initial CODs of 20,000 to 70,000 mg/L. In conclusion, this reactor functions in a superior manner to other published anaerobic treatment systems.
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Vieira, W. A. S., S. J. Michereff, A. C. Oliveira, A. Santos, and M. P. S. Câmara. "First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum spaethianum on Hemerocallis flava in Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-13-1026-pdn.
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In January 2011, leaves of several daylily (Hemerocallis flava L.) plants in nurseries in Vitória da Conquista, northeastern Brazil, showed typical anthracnose symptoms. Reddish brown lesions with a yellow halo were first observed at the tip leaves. As the disease progressed, the lesions rapidly expanded down the leaves, resulting in severe blight. Small pieces up to 5 mm in diameter were removed from the lesion margins, surface sterilized for 1 min in 1.5% NaOCl, washed twice with sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.5 g liter−1 streptomycin sulfate. Macroscopic colony characters and microscopic morphology characteristics of two isolates were developed after growth on PDA for 7 days at 25°C under a 12-h light/dark cycle. Colonies presented effuse mycelium, initially white and becoming pale gray, with numerous black structures like sclerotia, setae, and acervuli absent in culture media. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, curved or slightly curved, round or somewhat acute apex, base truncate, 13.4 to 22.7 (18.2 ± 2.16) μm length, and 3.2 to 5.8 (4.24 ± 0.62) μm width, length/width ratio 4.37, and were typical of Colletotrichum spp. DNA sequencing of partial sequence of actin (ACT), chitin synthase (CHS-1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) genes and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rRNA gene cluster) were conducted to accurately identify the species. Sequences of two daylily isolates were highly similar to those of C. spaethianum (Allesch.) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. A phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference and including published ACT, CHS-1, GPDH, and ITS data for C. spaethianum and other Colletotrichum species associated with daylily anthracnose (1,3) showed that the isolated fungi belong to the C. spaethianum clade. Sequences of the isolates obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank (ACT Accession Nos. KC598114 and KC598115; CHS-1 Accession Nos. KC598116 and KC598117; GPDH Accession Nos. KC598118 and KC598119; ITS Accession Nos. KC598120 and KC598121). Cultures are deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil (CMM1224 and CMM1225). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with the two C. spaethianum strains on daylily leaves. Mycelial plugs taken from the margin of actively growing colonies (PDA) of each isolate were applied in shallow wounds near the tip leaves. Four detached leaves were inoculated for each isolate, and PDA discs without fungal growth were used as controls. The leaves were maintained in humid chamber for 2 days at 25°C under a 12-h photoperiod. Anthracnose symptoms that closely resembled those observed in the affected nurseries were developed up to 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on the control plants. C. spaethianum was successfully re-isolated from symptomatic plants to fulfill Koch's postulates. C. spaethianum was described from H. fulva and H. citrina in China, Hosta sielbodiana in Germany, and Lilium sp. in South Korea (3), and from Peucedanum praeruptorum in China (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. spaethianum in Brazil and the first report on H. flava. References: (1) U. Damm et al. Fungal Divers. 39:45, 2009. (2) M. Guo et al. Plant Dis. 97:1380, 2013. (3) Y. Yang et al. Trop. Plant Pathol. 37:165, 2012.
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Berner, D., C. Cavin, Z. Mukhina, and D. Kassanelly. "Leaf Anthracnose, a New Disease of Swallow-Worts Caused by Colletotrichum lineola from Russia." Plant Disease 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0318.
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Black swallow-wort, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench (= Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi), and pale swallow-wort, V. rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi (= Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi), are invasive plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae and are the targets of biological control efforts to control their spread in the United States. In 2010, a disease on a related species, V. scandens Sommier & Levier, was observed in the Krasnodar area of Russia. Disease symptoms were many small, dark red-to-purple leaf spots, approximately 2 to 5 mm in diameter, with white centers. Leaf spots were found on the upper leaf surface. Leaf tips and margins of leaves bearing many of these spots were necrotic. Symptomatic leaves were collected and sent to the BSL-3 containment facility at the Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU) of the USDA, ARS in Frederick MD. Surface-disinfested symptomatic leaves were incubated at 20 to 25°C in sterile moist chambers. After several days, acervuli and brown setae were observed inside the leaf spots. Pure cultures, designated FDWSRU 10-002, were obtained by transferring spore masses with sterile glass needles onto 20% V8 juice agar. Seeds of V. scandens, collected in Russia, were placed in a freezer at –20°C for 6 weeks and then germinated in sterile petri plates on moist filter paper. The seedlings were then transplanted and grown in a 20°C greenhouse under 12 h of light. Koch's postulates were fulfilled as follows: 2-month-old plants each of V. scandens, V. nigrum, and V. rossicum were inoculated with spores from 2-week-old cultures of isolate 10-002. Plants were inoculated by spraying an aqueous suspension of 106 spores per ml onto each plant until all leaves were wet. Plants were placed in 20 to 24°C dew chambers for 18 h and then placed in a 20°C greenhouse. Two weeks later, diseased leaves with the same symptoms observed in the field were harvested from each species, and the fungus was reisolated from seven of seven inoculated V. scandens plants, one of two V. nigrum plants, and four of four V. rossicum plants. Measurements of fungus fruiting structures were taken from cultures grown on synthetic nutrient-poor agar (SNA) (1). Conidiophores were brown, septate, and branched. Conidia were one-celled, hyaline, smooth walled, ovoid to oblong, falcate, and 20.1 to 26.2 × 1.7 to 3.6 μm (mean ± s.d. = 23.5 ± 1.3 × 2.6 ± 0.4 μm). Lengths of the conidia conformed to the description of Colletotrichum lineola Corda (1), but the conidia were slightly narrower than described. To induce appressoria formation, approximately 104 conidia were placed on sterile dialysis membranes on top of SNA in petri dishes that were wrapped in foil and incubated at 24°C for 24 h. After this time, appressoria were observed with a microscope at ×400 magnification. The appressoria were dark brown, smooth walled, ellipsoidal, and 5.5 to 25.5 × 3.6 to 12.1 μm (mean ± s.d. = 13.4 ± 4.0 × 7.3 ± 2.1 μm), which conformed to the description of appressoria of C. lineola Corda (1). DNA sequences of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 were submitted to GenBank (No. HQ731491), and after BLAST analysis, aligned 100% to 15 previously identified isolates of C. lineola in GenBank. Voucher specimens of the fungus have been deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collection and were designated as BPI 881105 and BPI 881106. Host range and efficacy tests are planned to determine the suitability of C. lineola for biological control of swallow-worts in the United States. Reference: (1) U. Damm et al. Fungal Divers. 39:45, 2009.
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Kwon, J. H., and J. Kim. "First Report of Anthracnose on Rohdea japonica Caused by Colletotrichum liriopes in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 4 (April 2013): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-12-0801-pdn.
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Lily of China (Rohdea japonica Roth) is a flowering plant native to eastern Asia. In the summers of 2010 and 2011, suspected anthracnose disease was observed on R. japonica plants in the exhibition field of Jinju Agriculture Technology Center, Jinju, South Korea. Symptoms began as yellow to brown spots on leaves and darkened as the spots expanded. The lesions subsequently became dark brown, and bristled acervuli were observed on the dark brown areas. Leaf spots led to leaf shriveling and eventual death. Fresh leaf specimens were collected from infected plants and the putative causal pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungus formed a dark brown colony, irregularly shaped black sclerotia, and abundant setae in PDA cultures. Conidia were colorless, falcate, fusiform, and 21 to 26 × 2 to 3 μm. Appressoria were clavate to circular and 8 to 12 × 6 to 8 μm. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer was conducted as described previously (2) and generated a 577-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. JQ677042) with 99% identity to sequences of C. liriopes strain CBS 119444 (GU227804), identified previously as C. dematium from Agavaceae (1). In the phylogenetic tree, the representative strain was placed within a clade comprising a reference strain of C. liriopes (data not shown). A representative isolate of the pathogen was used to inoculate R. japonica leaves for pathogenicity testing. Five 4-month-old R. japonica plants were sprayed to runoff with a conidial suspension (104 conidia/ml) and 0.025% Tween. Three plants were sprayed with sterilized distilled water and 0.025% Tween as a control. The plants were kept in a moist chamber with >90% relative humidity at 25°C for 48 h and then moved to a greenhouse. After 7 days of incubation, necrotic spot symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on the inoculated leaves. Control plants remained asymptomatic. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice with similar results and the causal fungus was reisolated from the lesions of inoculated plants to satisfy Koch's postulates in each test. On the basis of observed symptoms, morphology, pathogenicity, and molecular characterization, this fungus was identified as Colletotrichum liriopes. The recent outbreak of leaf spot on R. japonica plants suggests that C. liriopes is spreading and poses a serious threat to these plants in Korea. References: (1) U. Damm et al. Fungal Diversity 39:45, 2009. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, M. A. Innis et al., eds., Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1990.
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Caires, N. P., D. B. Pinho, J. S. C. Souza, M. A. Silva, D. O. Lisboa, O. L. Pereira, and G. Q. Furtado. "First Report of Anthracnose on Pepper Fruit Caused by Colletotrichum scovillei in Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-14-0426-pdn.
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Anthracnose is major disease of pepper (Capsicum annum) in the tropics and causes severe damage both in the field and postharvest. In Brazil, this disease is caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, C. boninense, C. capsici, C. coccodes, and C. gloeosporioides, where the first species is responsible for 70% of all occurrences (3). Recently, C. acutatum has been considered a species complex (1); thus, the aim of this study was to verify the etiology of anthracnose on peppers using a morphological and molecular approaches. In 2011, pepper fruits with typical symptoms of anthracnose (dark, sunken spots with concentric rings of orange conidial masses) were collected in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A single spore isolate was obtained on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and the derived culture was deposited in the Coleção de Culturas de Fungos Fitopatogênicos “Prof. Maria Menezes” (code CMM-4200). The upper side colonies on PDA were gray, cotton-like, and pale gray to pale orange. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, smooth, straight, cylindrical with round ends or occasionally with end ± acute, 12.5 to 17 μm long and 3.5 to 4 μm wide on synthetic nutrient deficient agar. The isolate was morphologically typical of species belonging to the C. acutatum complex. Molecular identification of the pathogen was carried out and sequences of the regions internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and β-tubulin (βt) were obtained and deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KJ541821 to KJ541823). A search in the Q-bank fungi database using the ITS, βt, and GAPDH sequences retrieved C. scovillei with 100% identity for all three genes. This pathogen was previously reported in Capsicum spp. only in Thailand, Indonesia, and Japan (1,2). To confirm pathogenicity, drops with 105 spores/ml were deposited in 10 artificially wounded fruits (cv. Itapuã 501 and Melina). In control fruits, drops of sterilized water were deposited onto wounds. The fruits were covered for one day with a transparent plastic bag with moisture supplied by a wet filter paper. The fruits were detached and mature. The bags were removed, and the fruits were incubated for 10 days in a growth chamber at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12 h. After 4 days, gray-brown to black sunken spots with concentric rings were observed on 100% of the wounded fruits that had been inoculated. No disease was observed on the control fruits. The fungus C. scovillei was successfully re-isolated from symptomatic fruits to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on pepper fruit caused by C. scovillei in Brazil. Due to the diversity of species that cause anthracnose in Capsicum, future studies using morphological and molecular tools are essential for the correct identification of Colletotrichum spp. on pepper in Brazil. References: (1) U. Damm et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:37, 2012. (2) T. Kanto et al. J. Gen. Plant. Pathol. 80:73, 2014. (3) M. J. Z. Pereira et al. Hortic. Bras. 29:569, 2011.
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Velho, A. C., M. J. Stadnik, L. Casanova, P. Mondino, and S. Alaniz. "First Report of Colletotrichum karstii Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot on Apple in Santa Catarina State, Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (January 2014): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0498-pdn.
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Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an emerging disease of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) that has been reported in regions with a humid subtropical climate, such as southern Brazil, the southeastern United States, and more recently eastern China. GLS is favored by high humidity and temperatures between 23 and 28°C and can result in extensive defoliation when the severity is high. The disease was first reported 1988 in Brazil on cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in orchards in Paraná State (3), but now is widespread in the country's producing areas. Two Colletotrichum species of different complexes have been associated with GLS, C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. and its sexual stage Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & Scherenk, and C. acutatum J. H. Simmonds, although GLS is more commonly associated with the former. In the summer of 2012, necrotic spots were observed on apple leaves (cv. Gala) in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The first symptoms were reddish-brown spots, evolving to small necrotic lesions 1 to 10 mm long at 7 to 10 days after symptoms were first noted. Pure cultures were obtained by monosporic isolation and grown on PDA at 25°C and with a 12-h photoperiod under fluorescent light. The color of the upper surface of the colony varied from white to gray and the reverse was pink. The conidia length and width ranged from 9.1 to 17.1 μm ([Formula: see text] = 12.8) and from 2.9 to 6.8 μm ([Formula: see text] = 4.9), respectively, and were cylindrical, hyaline, and straight. After germination, conidia formed oval or circular appressoria measuring between 4.0 and 10.0 ([Formula: see text] = 6.3) × 3.0 and 9.0 ([Formula: see text] = 5.7). To confirm pathogenicity, susceptible apple seedlings (cv. Gala) were inoculated with a suspension of 1 × 106 conidia.mL–1. Seedlings sprayed with sterile distilled water served as controls. Seedlings were incubated in a moist chamber at 25°C and 100% RH for 48 h. First symptoms appeared 4 days after inoculation and were similar to those observed in the field. The control treatment remained symptomless. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. Fungus was molecularly characterized by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and the nucleotide sequence was deposited in the GenBank database (KC876638 and KC875408). C. karstii, considered as part of the C. boninense species complex (1), was identified with 100% sequence homology. This species was previously reported in China (4), Thailand, and the United States, affecting Orchidaceae plants (2), and in Brazil it has been reported affecting Carica papaya, Eugenia uniflora, and Bombax aquaticum (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. karstii causing GLS on apple in Brazil. The development of pre-harvest management practices may be warranted to manage this disease. References: (1) U. Damm et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:1, 2012. (2) I. Jadrane. Plant Dis. 96:1227, 2012. (3) T. B. Sutton. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998. (4) Y. Yang. Cryptogamie Mycologie 32:229, 2011.
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Diao, Y. Z., C. Zhang, D. Lin, and X. L. Liu. "First Report of Colletotrichum truncatum Causing Anthracnose of Tomato in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 5 (May 2014): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0491-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Colletotrichum truncatum (syn. C. capsici) is an important plant pathogen that has a wide host range including pepper, eggplant, muskmelon, chickpea, grapes, and many other species of plants (1,2). Anthracnose fruit rot incited by C. coccodes is a prevalent disease in some major tomato (Solanum esculentum) producing regions in China. In October 2012, anthracnose symptoms (circular, sunken lesions with spore masses produced in black acervuli) were observed on ripe tomato fruit in Fuzhou City of Fujian Province, China. Three single-spore isolates (FZ-1, FZ-2, and FZ-3) were derived from fungal cultures isolated from different infected fruits from the same farm. A mycelial plug (5 mm in diameter) from the growing edge of an active colony of each isolate was transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28°C. Colonies grown on PDA changed from grayish to dark grey with an average colony diameter of 71.8 mm after 7 days. Conidia were falcate and 17.6 to 21.6 × 2.57 to 3.31 μm. Growth rate measured by colony diameter was greater at 25 to 30°C than at other temperatures tested (12, 18, 20, and 37°C). Based upon these morphological and cultural characteristics, the causal agent was identified as C. truncatum (3). To test the three isolates for pathogenicity, detached ripe tomato fruits were each inoculated with 1 μl of a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) using either injection or applying a droplet of the spore suspension on the surface of each fruit; the control treatment consisted of fruit that was treated with 1 μl of sterilized water using the two methods of inoculation mentioned above. Five replicate ripe fruits were inoculated with each of the three isolates using each method described above, and incubated in a moist chamber at 25°C. Five ripe fruits were used the negative control treatment for each inoculation method. After 7 days, typical anthracnose symptoms had developed on the inoculated fruit but not on control fruit. To confirm identity of the three isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, a partial sequence of the actin (ACT) gene, and partial histone 3 (HIS3) gene were amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers, GDF1 and GDR1 primers, ACT-512F and ACT-783R primers, and CYLH3F and CYLH3R primers, respectively (1). The ITS consensus sequence (Accession No. KC460308) of these isolates shared 99% homology with the ITS sequence of C. truncatum in GenBank (AJ301945), and the three other consensus sequences were all 100% homologous with the corresponding sequences of C. truncatum in Genbank (GU228254, GU227960, and GU228058, respectively). The pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated fruit but not from the control fruit, and the identity of the re-isolates was confirmed to be C. truncatum by morphological features and based on the ITS, GAPDH, ACT, and HIS3 sequences as described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. truncatum causing anthracnose on tomato in China. References: (1) U. Damm et al. Fungal Divers. 39:45, 2009. (2) K. K. Pandey. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 36:104, 2006. (3) I. S. Sawant et al. New Dis. Rep. 25:2, 2012.
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Velho, A. C., M. J. Stadnik, L. Casanova, P. Mondino, and S. Alaniz. "First Report of Colletotrichum nymphaeae Causing Apple Bitter Rot in Southern Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 4 (April 2014): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0671-pdn.
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Bitter rot (BR) is a common disease on apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) worldwide. Fruit infection often occurs in warmer weather (25 to 32°C) where high temperatures and humidity strongly favor disease development. Three species causing BR have been reported: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. and its sexual stage Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spaulding & Schrenk, C. acutatum J. H. Simmonds, and recently C. fragariae in Uruguay (1). In February 2012, typical BR symptoms were observed on apple fruits (cv. Gala) in two orchards located in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Initial symptoms were light brown, slightly sunken lesions that enlarged over time, becoming dark brown and forming sunken or saucer-shaped depressions that extended toward the fruit core in a V-shaped pattern. Acervuli were sparse and the conidia masses varied from dark gray to pale orange in color. To attempt to identify the causal organism, isolations were made from lesions on fully ripened fruits. Pure cultures were obtained following monosporic isolation and grown on PDA at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod under fluorescent light for 7 to 15 days. The color of the upper surface of the colony varied from white to gray and was orange on the underside. One hundred conidia for each isolate were measured and each was one-celled, hyaline, fusiform, and with a length and width ranging between 8.0 and 25.9 μm (avg. 14.7), and between 2.4 and 9.9 μm (avg. 5.6), respectively. After germination, conidia formed oval appressoria between 5.1 and 9.9 μm (avg. 7.3) × 3.4 and 7.8 μm (avg. 5.2). These morphological characters are consistent with the description of C. nymphaeae (Pass.) Aa (2). To examine pathogenicity, eight ‘Pink Lady’ apples were inoculated with isolates MANE 25, 137, 143, and 144. A isolate treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Fruits were inoculated with two drops of 10 μl (1 × 106 conidia per ml) using wounded and non-wounded sterile fruit surfaces. Sterile distilled water drops served as controls. Fruit were incubated in a moist chamber at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 10 days. Symptoms were observed at the inoculation site 3 to 4 days after inoculation (DAI) on wounded and 5 to 6 DAI on non-wounded fruits. All of the isolates produced symptoms identical to those observed in Santa Catarina, and each isolate was re-isolated from the apple lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. Fungal isolates were also characterized by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA using ITS1/IT4 primers and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) using GDF/GDR primers. Isolate sequences had 100% homology to C. nymphaeae. The nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank (KC840351, KC840352, KC840353, KC840354, KC875404, KC875405, KC875406, and KC875407). Species identified as C. nymphaeae are considered as part of the C. acutatum species complex and have been reported to occur on water lilies (Nymphaea alba) (3) and causing bitter rot on apples in Korea (2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. nymphaeae causing bitter rot of apples in southern Brazil. References: (1) S. Alaniz et al. Plant Dis 96:458, 2012 (2) U. Damm et al. Stud. Mycol. 73:37, 2012. (3) D. A. Johnson et al. Mycol. Res. 101:641, 1997. (4) D. H. Lee et al. Plant Pathol. J. 23:37, 2007.
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Novella, Ricardo, Benjamín Pla, Pau Bares, and Irina Jiménez. "Acoustic characterization of combustion chambers in reciprocating engines: An application for low knocking cycles recognition." International Journal of Engine Research, December 22, 2020, 146808742098056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087420980565.
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In this paper the acoustic response of a combustion chamber is studied by assuming different pressure field excitation. The viscous effects on the combustion chamber and the finite impedance of the walls have been modeled with a first order system, which damps the resonance oscillation created by combustion. The characterization of the acoustic response of the combustion chamber has been used to identify the source of the excitation in order to distinguish normal combustion from knock. Two engines, a conventional spark ignited (SI) and a turbulent jet ignition (TJI) engine, were used, fueled with gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG), respectively. The pressure fluctuations in the combustion chambers are analyzed and a pattern recognition system identifies the most likely source of excitation. This new criteria for knock identification permits a more consistent differentiation between knocking and no-knocking cycles, independent on the amplitude of the phenomenon, thus allowing the improvement for knock control algorithms, specially with combustion modes which heavily excite resonance, such as turbulent jet ignition or homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI).
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Frederick, Reid, Craig Cavin, Jami L. Thomas, William L. Bruckart, and Matthew A. Tancos. "Colletotrichum fioriniae infecting invasive Japanese hop (Humulus scandens) in the United States." Plant Disease, July 19, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-21-1191-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Japanese hop (Humulus scandens) is a non-native, invasive plant that colonizes disturbed riparian areas throughout the eastern United States and Canada, forming dense, monocultural stands that displace native plant communities due to a high reproductive rate, rapid growth, climbing bines, and dense shading (Balogh and Dancza 2008). It is capable of serving as a reservoir for agronomically important plant pathogens, such as the Tomato spotted wilt virus and powdery mildew species that infect commercial hemp and hop fields (Yoon et al. 2018; Weldon et al. 2020). In the spring of 2016, diseased populations of H. scandens were observed along the Monocacy River in Frederick County, Maryland with severe chlorotic and necrotic leaf lesions. Symptomatic leaves were surface sterilized and placed in moist chambers at 25°C for sporulation. Sporulating acervuli, lacking setae, developed on irregular, tan necrotic leaf lesions following 7 to 12 days in a moist chamber (Figure 1). Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, fusiform to cylindrical with both ends acute (Figure 1B). Conidia measured (n = 100) [L x W; Average (+ Std. Err), range]: 12.42 µm (± 0.10), 8.41 – 14.48 µm; x 3.91 µm (±0.03), 3.03 – 4.91 µm. Monoconidial fungal cultures were obtained by transferring conidia with a sterile glass needle to acidified potato dextrose agar and incubated at 25°C for 2 to 3 days. Based on phenotypic characteristics and conidial morphology and size, the pathogen appeared to belong to the Colletotrichum acutatum complex (Damm et al. 2012). Therefore, six loci (ITS, GADPH, CHS1, HIS3, ACT, and TUB2) were amplified and sequenced from a representative isolate, 16-008, for species characterization (GenBank accessions MW023070 to MW023075) (Damm et al. 2012). For the ITS region and ACT, GADPH, and CHS1 loci, isolate 16-008 was 100% identical to C. fioriniae and shared 99% similarity to TUB2 and HIS3 for multiple accessions of C. fioriniae in GenBank. Gene sequences were aligned, trimmed, concatenated, and analyzed against 32 reference strains, within the C. acutatum complex (Damm et al. 2012). Concatenated loci were used to generate a maximum likelihood phylogeny using W-IQ-TREE (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016). Results from the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that isolate 16-008 was most genetically similar to C. fioriniae with a bootstrap support of 100% (Figure 2). Based on phenotypic and sequence analyses, isolate 16-008 was identified as C. fioriniae. Humulus scandens seedlings from Maryland (n = 3) were inoculated with a conidia suspension (107 conidia mL-1) with 0.125% Tween 20® and applied with an atomizer until runoff. Inoculated plants were placed in a dew chamber at 25°C for 2 days. Experimental plants were distributed in a mist tent at 25°C with 14 h of light and monitored for 2 weeks. Negative control plants (n = 2) were sprayed with a sterile 0.125% Tween 20® water solution. All inoculated plants were symptomatic by 12 days post inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the mock-inoculated plants. Symptoms were identical to disease field samples. Inoculations were repeated with the same results. Colletotrichum fioriniae was reisolated and confirmed from excised leaf lesions via ITS and ACT sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fioriniae naturally infecting H. scandens within the United States (Farr and Rossman 2020). Future studies will evaluate the host range of this isolate due to the species broad host range and the weed’s extensive distribution.
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Jensen, Lisbeth Ahlgren. "“En komponerende Dame”. Modtagelsen af Nancy Dalbergs musik i samtiden." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 45 (May 15, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v45i0.41185.
Full textAbstract:
The article takes the form of an examination of the newspaper reviews of the first performances of Nancy Dalberg’s compositions in the years 1915 to 1937. In doing so, the aim was to find out why on the one hand she was considered one of her time’s foremost female composers but on the other hand has almost completely vanished from view in subsequent musical life. Newspaper reviewers generally devoted her great attention and in the beginning offered constructive criticism, considering her both talented and skilled in composition. But when in 1918 she offered herself as a symphonic composer, the critical tone became sharper, even though there was amazement that a woman should try her strength with such a prestigious musical genre as the symphony. However, lack of performance opportunities meant that she ceased to express herself in large-scale orchestral works but concentrated on composing chamber music and songs. The criticism of the songs in particular reveals an expectation that as a woman she should be expressing herself in a particularly feminine musical language, with an emphasis on the emotional and singable, but as she did nothing to meet these expectations, she was subjected to a rough ride. Close reading of newspaper critics shows that it was acceptable in society for a woman to manifest herself as an artist but that she was expected to express herself in a particular way which would not assail the prevailing conception of femininity. In other words, music criticism was characterised by a sexual ideology which prevented it from evaluating Nancy Dalberg’s compositions objectively. As a result her creative efforts were not taken seriously and gradually she lost the confidence to present herself as a composer. Apparently value-neutral criticism thus proves to be both a communicator of sexual ideology and responsible for maintaining a particular view of women artists.
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Mohammad, B. S., J. Cai, and San-Mou Jeng. "Gas Turbine Combustor Flow Structure Control Through Modification of the Chamber Geometry." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 133, no. 9 (April 19, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4002881.
Full textAbstract:
As combustors are put in service, problems such as erosion, hot spots, and liner oxidation occur, and a solution based on lessons learned is essential to avoid similar problems in future combustor generations. In the present paper, a combustor flow structure control via combustor geometry alteration is investigated using laser Doppler velocimetry. Mainly, three configurations are studied. The first configuration is that of a swirl cup feeding a dump (rectangular cross section) combustor. The rectangular chamber is configured with a width to breadth (w/b) ratio of 85%. The second configuration is similar to the first one, but a combustion dome is installed. The dome is configured with a 9 deg difference in the expansion angle on both sides (asymmetric dome). The third configuration is that of a swirl cup and a combustion dome installed in a prototype combustor (single annular combustor (SAC) sector), with both primary and secondary dilution jets blocked. The SAC is configured with a cross sectional area that decreases toward the exit through the tilting of the inner combustor liner. The results show that the combustion dome eliminates the corner recirculation zone and the low velocity region close to the combustor walls. The combustion dome asymmetry results in a significant asymmetry in the velocity magnitude, as well as the turbulence activities and the tilting of the central recirculation zone (CRZ) toward the surface with the higher expansion angle. The liner tilting results in a 40% reduction in the length of the CRZ. However, once the primary jets are open, they define the termination point of the CRZ. The chamber w/b ratio results in a CRZ with the same diameter ratio (85%) in all configurations. Interestingly, the maximum reverse flow velocity is roughly constant in all measurement plans and configurations up to a downstream distance of 1R (R is the flare radius). However, with open primary jets, the CRZ strength increases appreciably. It appears that the confinement dictates both the flow field outside the CRZ and the size of the CRZ, while the swirl cup configuration mainly influences the strength of the CRZ. Regarding turbulence activities, the presence of the dome damps the fluctuations in the expanding swirling jet region. On the other hand, the primary jets increase the turbulence activities appreciably in the jet impingement region, as well as the upper portion of the CRZ (60% increase).
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Wijaksono, Aji Nur, Bima Agung Setyawan, and Miftah Rosyida Fitri. "Direct Filament Dryer With Moisture And Dust Absorbent For 3D Printing Plastic Filaments." Khazanah: Jurnal Mahasiswa 12, no. 2 (December 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/khazanah.vol12.iss2.art29.
Full textAbstract:
Industrial Revolution 4.0 requires every line of life to apply technology, especially in the field of prototyping. 3D PrintingFDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology is used for the needs of rapid prototyping. The plastic filament material is the main requirement in printing FDM or FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication). However, there are poor print quality problems in this storage process because all types of plastic filaments used in this 3D printing technology are affected by moisture and dust. The moisture of the plastic filament can be seen if there is a hiss in the printing process and the surface of the printing result becomes rough. At the same time, the dust on the filament will clog the hot end nozzle. Current 3D printing technology is used to reduce this problem by storing filaments in the filament box dryer. However, this storage has several drawbacks. It is less efficient and practical because the filament box can only hold one of the plastic filament rolls. From this problem, we tried to create "Direct Filament Dryer with Moisture and Dust Absorbent for 3D Printing Plastic Filaments". The principle of this tool is to put the filament into the heating chamber. This room contains silica gel as a damper for moisture and a sponge to clean the dust on the filament's surface. The heating room temperature is controlled by a thermostat, which will keep the temperature between 40-50 °C. This research uses R&D techniques with the 4D method, namely, Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. Meanwhile, to test the results of this research by comparing the printing results between plastic filaments that are allowed to become damp and dusty with technology. Therefore, it was concluded that using made the filament surface smooth without any rough parts.
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Wang, Shuangxi, Jian Xu, Ping Song, Yong Wu, Junhua Zhang, Hyoung C. Choi, and Ming-hui Zou. "Abstract 322: Acute Inhibition of GTP Cyclohydrolase 1 Uncouples Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Elevates Blood Pressure." Circulation 118, suppl_18 (October 28, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.118.suppl_18.s_285.
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Objective: GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) dictating at least partly, the balance of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O 2 .− ) produced by this enzyme. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of acute inhibition of GTPCH1 on BH4, eNOS function, and blood pressure. Methods: The biopterin content was detected by HPLC. O 2 .− and NO productions were assayed by using DHE and DAF fluorescence respectively. The vessel relaxation was assayed by organ chamber. The blood pressure in wild-type (WT) or eNOS −/− mice was determined by a carotid catheter method. Results: Exposure of bovine or mouse aortic endothelial cells to GTPCH1 inhibitors (10 mM DAHP or 1 mM NAS) for 24 hours or GTPCH1 siRNA transfection significantly reduced both BH4 and NO levels, but increased O 2 .− levels. This increase was abolished by 10 μM L-sepiapterin (BH4 precursor) or 1 mM L-NAME (non-selective NOS inhibitor). Incubation of isolated WT mice aortas with DAHP or NAS for 24 hours impaired acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, but not endothelium-independent relaxation. Aortas from GTPCH1 siRNA-injected mice, but not their control-siRNA injected mice, also exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation. Furthermore, GT-PCH1 siRNA injection in mice reduced BH4 levels in aortas, associated with increased aortic levels of O 2 .− , 3-nitrotyrosine, and adhesion molecules (ICAM1 and VCAM1). In addition, an elevated mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure was induced by GTPCH1 siRNA injection in vivo , but not control siRNA (mean blood pressure: 114.28±4.48 vs . 136.81±2.45 mmHg) in WT mice. GTPCH1 siRNA was unable to elicit the similar effects in eNOS −/− mice, including increased oxidative stress (O 2 .− , 3-nitrotyrosine, ICAM1, VCAM1) and blood pressure. Finally, sepiapterin supplementation, which had no effect on high blood pressure in eNOS −/− mice, partially reversed GTPCH1 siRNA-induced elevation of systemic blood pressure in WT mice. Conclusion: GTPCH1 via BH4 maintains normal blood pressure and endothelial function by preserving eNOS-dependent NO biosynthesis. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, AHA South Central Affiliate (Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma & Texas).
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Brown, Lara, Miranda Harrington, Mackade R. Murdock, James Warwick Woodhall, Susan Bell, and Jean Spinazola. "Phytophthora cactorum causing bleeding canker of Acer x freemanii in southern Idaho." Plant Disease, September 13, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-20-2629-pdn.
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Since 2018, bleeding cankers have been observed on maple trees in multiple home gardens in southwest Idaho. The cankers ooze a dark sap and and are approximately 10 cm to 35 cm in diameter. Cankers typically occur on the main trunk but are also present on scaffold branches in severe infecrions. Symptoms of foliar chlorois, branch dieback, and premature autumn senescence were also associated with the disease. Phytophthora DNA was detected in symptomatic material from five trees using real-time PCR (Miles et al., 2017). In July 2019 recovery of a causal agent from a symptomatic Acer x freemanii tree was attempted. Excisions were made from the interface of healthy and diseased tissue around the cankers using a chisel. The tissue was then placed in sealed plastic ziplock bags at 4°C for 7 days. Hyphae were then removed with forceps and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with penicillin G (0.2 g/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (0.8 g/liter). Colonies resembling Phytophthora cactorum were consistently observed after 5 days at 21°C. Tentative P. cactorum identification was based on the presence of abundant papillate and caducous sporangia on a short pedicel; sporangia were approximately 30 μm long and 26 μm wide (Bush et al., 2006; Hudler, 2013). Individual hyphal tips were transferred to fresh PDA plates and sequencing of both the rDNA ITS region and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was completed for a representative isolate (D19-130). DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing were as previously described (Woodhall et al. 2013; Robideau et al., 2011). The resulting DNA sequences for rDNA ITS (MW315449) and COI (MW881040) were both 100% identical (723/723 bp and 728/728 bp) with sequences from cultures previously identified as P. cactorum (MH171627 and MH136858). To determine pathogenicity, 14 month-old maple (A. x freemanii) trees in individual containers with potting mix were wounded 15 mm above the soil line with a single 10 mm incision using a sterile razor blade and inoculated by placing a 10 mm2 fully colonized PDA plug of isolate D19-130 on the wound. The inoculum and wound were then covered with a damp cotton ball that was secured loosely with parafilm. Control plants consisted of uninoculated plants and wounded plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. Each treatment was replicated five times and placed in a controlled environment chamber set at 24ºC and 90% relative humidity. All treatments were sprayed with water daily to ensure the cotton balls remained damp. After 8 weeks, black lesions, up to approximately 25 mm above the soil line, were observed on the stem base of all P. cactorum-inoculated plants. No black lesions were observed on non-inoculated plants or plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. P. cactorum was isolated from lesions, as described above, except polystyrene foam boxes containing moist paper towels were used instead of bags. This report confirms P. cactorum as a causal agent of bleeding canker of maple in Idaho for the first time. It has been shown that several Phytophthora species can infect maple (Jung and Burgess, 2009; Huddler, 2013). P. cactorum has a wide host range but certain strains have been associated with lethal bleeding stem cankers in maple and other deciduous trees worldwide (Huddler, 2013). Knowledge of the causal agent of bleeding canker on maple will help determine appropriate disease management practices.
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Toporek, Sean M., and Anthony P. Keinath. "First Report of Colletotrichum scovillei Causing Anthracnose Fruit Rot on Pepper in South Carolina, United States." Plant Disease, November 23, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-20-1656-pdn.
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Anthracnose fruit rot caused by various Colletotrichum spp. is a serious disease for pepper (Capsicum annuum) growers, resulting in extensive fruit loss (Harp et al. 2008). Samples of five pepper fruits were obtained from two commercial farms in Lexington and Pickens counties, South Carolina, in August and September 2019, respectively. All fruits had two or more soft, sunken lesions covered with salmon-colored spore masses. Pieces of diseased tissue cut from the margins of lesions were surface disinfested in 0.6% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile deionized water, blotted dry, and placed on one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar (PDA/4) amended with 100 mg chloramphenicol, 100 mg streptomycin sulfate, and 60.5 mg mefenoxam (0.25 ml Ridomil Gold EC) per liter. Two isolates of Colletotrichum sp. per fruit were preserved on dried filter paper and stored at 10º C. One additional isolate of Colletotrichum sp. had been collected from a jalapeño pepper fruit on a farm in Charleston County, South Carolina, in 1997. Colony morphology of three isolates, one per county, on Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) was pale grey with a faint orange tint. All isolates readily produced conidia on SNA with an average length of 16.4 μm (std. dev. = 1.8 μm) and a width of 2.2 μm (std. dev. = 0.2 μm). Conidia were hyaline, smooth, straight, aseptate, cylindrical to fusiform with one or both ends slightly acute or round, matching the description of C. scovillei (Damm et al. 2012). The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes from three isolates were amplified and sequenced with the primer pairs GDF1/GDR1 and T1/Bt2b, respectively. Species within the C. acutatum clade can be readily distinguished with GAPDH or TUB2 (Cannon et al. 2012). The GAPDH and TUB2 sequences for all three isolates were 100% similar to each other and strain CBS 126529 (GAPDH accession number JQ948597; TUB2 accession number JQ949918) of C. scovillei (Damm et al. 2012). GAPDH and TUB2 sequences for each isolate were deposited in GenBank under the accessions MT826948–MT826950 and MT826951-MT826953, respectively. A pathogenicity test was conducted on jalapeño pepper fruits by placing a 10-ul droplet of a 5 x 105 conidial suspension of each isolate onto a wound made with a sterile toothpick. Control peppers were mock inoculated with 10 ul sterile distilled water. A humid chamber was prepared by placing moist paper towels on the bottom of a sealed crisper box. Inoculated peppers were placed on upside-down 60 ml plastic condiment cups. Three replicate boxes each containing all four treatments were prepared. The experiment was repeated once. After 7 days in the humid chamber at 26ºC, disease did not develop on control fruits, whereas soft, sunken lesions covered with salmon-colored spores developed on inoculated fruits. Lesions were measured and C. scovillei was re-isolated onto amended PDA/4 as previously described. Lesion length averaged 15.6 mm (std dev. = 4.1 mm) by 11.5 mm (std dev. = 2.0 mm). Colletotrichum sp. resembling the original isolate were recovered from all inoculated fruit, but not from non-inoculated fruit. C. scovillei has been reported in Brazil in South America and in China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand in Asia (Farr and Rossman 2020). This is the first report of C. scovillei as the casual organism of anthracnose fruit rot on pepper in South Carolina and the United States.