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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dams'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Hatami, Kianoosh. "Effect of reservoir boundaries on the seismic response of gravity dams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq30090.pdf.

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2

Amirkolai, Mohsen Ghaemian. "Dam-reservoir interaction effect on the seismic response of concrete gravity dams /." *McMaster only, 1997.

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3

Fouhy, David, and Bayona Francisco Ríos. "Reliability-Based Analysis of Concrete Dams." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-176867.

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Dams are designed and assessed based on traditional factor of safety methodology. Several drawbacks of this approach exist; for example varying failure probability for structures where the factor of safety is the same. This traditional factor of safety methodology imposes conservative assumptions in terms of both design and analysis. A probability-based analysis has been suggested to account for the omission of uncertainties and provide a less conservative analysis (Westberg & Johansson, 2014). Through the stability analyses of three existing dam structures, a minimum level of reliability

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4

Wishart, Jeremy Scott. "Overtopping Breaching of Rock-Avalanche Dams." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1193.

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River blockages formed by rock avalanches appear to pose a higher hazard potential than other landslide dams, given the extreme run-out distances and volumes of rock avalanche deposits. Recent research has identified rock avalanche deposits to have internal sedimentology consisting of a coarse surficial material (carapace) and a finer fragmented interior (body) potentially of critical importance to rock-avalanche dam stability. Physical scale modelling of overtopping failure and breach development in rock avalanche dams was used to quantify the influence of this sedimentology on critical breac

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5

Chandrashaker, Rajagopalan Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil. "Seismic analysis of gravity dam-reservoir-foundation system using an effective hybrid technique." Ottawa, 1992.

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6

Nilsson, Isak, and Leonard Sandström. "Behavior prediction of concrete dams." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289385.

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As many dams were built around 1950, the expected life span of these dams are about tobe reached. With this, the need for monitoring and increased understanding of the damsstructural integrity increases. In order to prevent failures, two warning signals are defined;alert and alarm. The main difference being that the first indicates an unexpected changein behavior that needs to be addressed and evaluated in the near future, while the otherrequires that immediate action must be taken to ensure the safety of the dam.This report aims to evaluate the applicability of different models for designing

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7

Durieux, Johan Hendrik. "Development of a practical methodology for the analysis of gravity dams using the non-linear finite element method." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06232009-152815/.

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8

Xu, Yao. "Analysis of dam failures and diagnosis of distresses for dam rehabilitation /." View abstract or full-text, 2010. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202010%20XU.

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9

Cai, Qingbo. "Finite element modelling of cracking in concrete gravity dams." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302008-160623.

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10

Wu, Xiuyuan Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil. "Seismic behaviour of clay embankment dams." Ottawa, 1992.

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11

Kitapcigil, Sulen Nur. "A Study On The Reliability-based Safety Analysis Of Hardfill Dams." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612802/index.pdf.

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Dams are important large structures providing vital benefits to human life. These strategic structures are necessary in order to supply water and energy and to control floods. Moreover, dams have important roles in regional development and national economy. Thus, the design of dams deserves rigorous studies. Deterministic approach may be acceptable for design of dams and may satisfy safety requirements if large safety factors are used. However, such an approach will not be cost-effective in economic terms. High safety factors utilized in deterministic approaches necessitates large dimensions.

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12

Reynolds, Sonel. "Evaluating the decision criteria for the prioritisation of South African dams for rehabilitation in terms of risk to human lives." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80288.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa a large number of dams owned by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) need to be rehabilitated. This study investigated the decision process involved in the prioritisation of dams for rehabilitation. DWA developed a risk analysis methodology for defining the risks associated with dam safety, expressed as the combination of the probability and consequences of dam failure. These risks are evaluated usingmultiple acceptability criteria to assess risk to human life and the economic, social, socio-economic and

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13

Al, Maqbali Nasser. "Risk assessment of dams." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensa316.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 101-104. Explores risk assessment of dams, a fundamental approach for dam safety measurement, providing a base on which all safety assessment and any appropriate regulation should be developed. Includes an overview of the relevant literature; an example of the application of this method by the South Australia Water Corporation; and it is also applied to the Wadi Al Jizzi Recharge Dam in the Sultanate of Oman. Conclusions and recommendations are presented on the applicability of risk assessment of dams method in the Sultanate of Oman.

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14

Hellgren, Rikard. "Condition assessment of concrete dams in cold climate." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-259719.

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Dams in many countries are approaching their expected service life. Proper assessment of the aging dams structural health increase the knowledge of the current safety, and allow for better planning of renovation and rebuilding investments. The behavior of concrete dams is, to a great extent, governed by the ambient variation in temperature and water level. In cold regions, the ice sheet formed in the reservoir may subject a pressure load on the dams. Theoretically, this load has a significant impact on the structural behavior of dams. Despite this, the maximum magnitude, as well as the seasona

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15

Ersayın, Deniz Tayfur Gökmen. "Studying Seepage In A Body Of Earth-Fill Dam By (Artifical Neural Networks) Anns/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2006. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/insaatmuh/T000350.pdf.

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16

Durve, C. "Flow through tailings dams." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375642.

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This thesis deals with the study of flow through tailings dams. Examination of the current practices led to the construction of a valid experimental model. A unique system of instrumentation was developed, which was employed successfully to measure pore water pressures accurately and thus provide the necessary information to locate the position of the phreatic surface. Using the developed technique, models of tailings dams were constructed and monitored and it was discovered that a major deviation in the expected position of the phreatic surface occurred in a tailings dam. Further investigatio

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17

Mirghasemi, Seyedeh Soudeh. "Agriculture, Dams, and Weather." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579110.

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The first chapter investigates whether construction of the Bureau of Reclamation dams in the early twentieth century raise farm values and increase agricultural output? I construct a new county level panel data set from 1890 to 1920 with information on geography, climate, politics, agriculture, and major dams and then evaluate the effect of the Bureau of Reclamation dams on the value of farms and on crop productivity. Using fixed effect panel estimation, I find that new federal dam construction increased the average value of farm land by approximately 6.4 percent. When I apply an instrument to

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18

Piton, Guillaume. "Sediment transport control by check dams and open check dams in Alpine torrents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU041/document.

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Barrages de corrections torrentielles et plages de dépôts jouent un rôle clés dans la protection contre les crues des torrents. Leurs gestionnaires ont pour mission de réduire les risques d'inondations, mais doivent désormais aussi minimiser les impacts environnementaux liés aux ouvrages de protection. Ceci nécessite une meilleure compréhension des effets des barrages de corrections torrentielles et des plages de dépôts sur le transport sédimentaire des torrents. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cet objectif et se décompose en deux parties. Sa section sur l'état de l'art présente: i) les différents

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19

Hsieh, Jen-Chi. "Free vibrations of inflatable dams." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53533.

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This work deals with the linear two-dimensional free vibrations of an inflated cylindrical membrane. An air-inflated membrane is considered first. Vibration frequencies and modes are determined for various cases. The lowest mode shape is anti-symmetric. In the rest of the work, the membrane is inflated with water. In some cases there is a reservoir of water on one side of the membrane. The membrane equation of motion is solved using a finite difference method, and the hydrodynamic pressures on the membrane, caused by the motion of the internal and external water domains, are treated by the bou

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20

Atallah, Tony A. "A review on dams and breach parameters estimation." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37120.

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Nowadays, especially after the appearance of the global warming effects, water is becoming less and less available. Here appears the role of water resources engineering. That is; finding the mean through which we can collect water. One alternative for doing so is the storing of water behind dams. This is why this report will focus on damsâ issues. This report is divided in two sections. The first section deals with the most common types of dams, the forces applied on them, the modes of failure of these structures, the environmental effects on the stream, the decommissioning and other technic

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21

Bliss, Michael A. "Procedures to Perform Dam Rehabilitation Analysis in Aging Dams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33157.

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There are hundreds of existing dams within the State of Virginia, and even thousands more specifically within the United States. A large portion of these dams do not meet the current safety standard of passing the Probable Maximum Flood. Likewise, many of the dams have reached or surpassed the original design lives, and are in need of rehabilitation. A standard protocol will assist dam owners in completing a dam rehabilitation analysis. The protocol provides the methods to complete the hydrologic, hydraulic, and economic analysis. Additionally, alternative augmentation techniques are disc

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22

Lau, Tak Chi. "Fully-coupled earthquake response analysis of earth dam including anisotropic effect /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202008%20LAU.

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23

Wortmann, Heid. "Sedimentation and desiccation of gold mines." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11052007-152710.

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24

Liu, Xiaochen. "Reliability – based analysis of embankment dams." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257872.

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Embankment dams are widely used as water-retaining structures through the world. Two principal structural failure modes of embankment dams are internal erosion and slope instability. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of applying probabilistic methods in embankment dam assessment. Compared to deterministic methods, probabilistic methods considers the variability in material properties and the results are more assessable. Meanwhile, the derived sensitivity factors of the variables can be used to find the most influential one.Through a literature review, it is found t

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25

Johansson, Sam. "Seepage monitoring in embankment dams." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2477.

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<p>Internal erosion, which is one of the major reasons forembankment dam failure, causes an increased seepage flow due toloss of fines. A seepage measuring system is therefore a vitalpart of an embankment dams monitoring system. Manyexisting seepage monitoring systems are not however sensitiveenough to detect small changes in the seepage flow. Temperatureand resistivity measurements represent two methods for seepagemonitoring in embankment dams. They are able to detect effectscaused by time dependent processes such as internal erosion,where the relative accuracy is more important than the abs

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26

Kassa, Negede Abate. "Probabilistic safety analysis of dams." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-60843.

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Successful dam design endeavor involves generating technical solutions that can meet intended functional objectives and choosing the best one among the alternative technical solutions. The process of choosing the best among the alternative technical solutions depends on evaluation of design conformance with technical specifications and reliability standards (such as capacity, environmental, safety, social, political etc pecifications). The process also involves evaluation on whether an optimal balance is set between safety and economy. The process of evaluating alternative design solutions re

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27

Dounias, George Theodoros. "Progressive failure in embankment dams." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8350.

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28

Li, Bingjun. "Flowthrough and overtopped rockfill dams." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10420.

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The emphasis of this thesis is on the derivation of original results or improvement to the available results in order to obtain a practical design methodology for overtopped rockfill dams. The work comprised of experiments in a large hydraulic flume, and extensive theoretical development of design aspects. A non-linear finite element analysis for non-Darcy flow in dams has also been formulated. The important contributions of the thesis are listed as follows: I. Non-Darcy seepage flow. (1) Development of a general relationship between the Reynolds number and the friction coefficient for seepage

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29

Irhouma, Abdulhamid Mohamed. "Rehabilitation of cracked concrete dams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0026/NQ51639.pdf.

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30

Welch, Jonathan Paul. "Water flow through tailings dams." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5523/.

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Water levels in tailings dams are generally lower than those of standard earth dams. Previously, other authors have shown that embankment geometry and variation in permeability can be responsible for a concave upwards steady state seepage line. These factors are investigated in greater detail using a finite element program to model flow in the saturated portion of the embankment. It is shown that the angle of the upstream slope only has an appreciable effect on the form of the seepage line if the pond is close to the downstream face of the dam. An increasing permeability in the direction of fl

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31

Ding, Deping. "Consolidation analysis of embankment dams." Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281063.

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32

Chernoloz, Oleksiy, and Oleksiy Chernoloz. "Cataloging Tailings Dams in Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625329.

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Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and conventional water retaining dams are the largest manmade structures on Earth. Statistics show that TSFs are more likely to fail than water retaining dams.Recent catastrophic failures of TSFs have led to the loss of lives (Germano mine, Brazil), environmental damage (Mount Polley, Canada), contamination of drinking water (Baia Mare, Romania), and the destruction of property (Kingston Fossil Plant, USA). As the scale of mining increases, TSFs increase in height and volume, therefore increasing the consequence of failure. To help mitigate risk associated wi

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33

Park, Youngjin. "Investigation of the Ability of Filters to Stop Erosion through Cracks in Dams." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11086.

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The ability of a filter to stop erosion through cracks in the core of a embankment dam requires that the filter be graded so that it will restrain movement of particles from the core, and that the filter be truly cohesionless, so that it will not crack even when subjected to the same types of deformations that cause cracks in the core. To achieve resistance to cracking, most current filter criteria require that the filter should contain no more than 5% of material finer than the #200 sieve, and that this fine material should be non-plastic. This research study was conducted to investigate whet

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34

Economides, Thoukidides A. "Experimental investigation on the dynamics of inflatable dams." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-172109/.

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35

Mysore, Guruprasad Jr. "Vibration Analysis of Single - Anchor Inflatable Dams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36846.

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<p> Inflatable dams are flexible, cylindrical structures anchored to a foundation. They are used for a variety of purposes, e.g. diverting water for irrigation or groundwater recharging, impounding water for recreational purposes, and raising the height of existing dams or spillways. <p> The vibration behavior of such dams is analyzed. Single-anchor inflatable dams with fins are considered. First, a static analysis is performed which yields the equilibrium shapes of the dam, both in the presence and absence of water. Then, a dynamic analysis is undertaken which analyzes the small vibrations

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36

Boughoufalah, Mohamed. "Earthquake input mechanisms for dam-foundation interaction." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63932.

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37

Svensen, Daniel. "Numerical analyses of concrete buttress dams to design dam monitoring." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189250.

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Old concrete buttress dams are sensitive to cracking if exposed to large temperature variations. The cracks can make dams sensitive to failure, depending on the size and location of the cracks. These problems can be overcome by lowering the temperature variations and stabilizing the dams. Insulation walls can be built to lower the temperature variations, and the area inside the insulation wall can be climate controlled to ensure a constant temperature. Stabilizing measures could be installing tendons, anchoring monoliths to the foundation or to keep parts of the monolith together. However, the

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38

McIntosh, Bruce John. "A SIMPLIFIED PROBABILITY APPROACH TO THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF URANIUM TAILINGS IMPOUNDMENTS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276414.

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39

Leeuwrik, Maarten James. "Nonlinear vibration analysis of inflatable dams." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45786.

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<p>In recent years the use of inflatable dams has become more widespread throughout the world. Various people have done studies on the shape and membrane tension of these structures; however, only a few authors have considered dynamic behavior. Due to the nature of the applications and the material composition of these structures, a study considering the dynamic response of an inflatable dam is warranted.</p> <p>In this study, the equation of motion for an air-inflated dam is derived, then solved using the Galerkin approximation method. The solution is performed for a one-term approximat

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40

Vos, Adele. "Unsteady flow conditions at dam bottom outlet works due to air entrainment during gate closure : Berg River dam model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71850.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A trial closure of the emergency gate of the Berg River Dam was undertaken by the Trans- Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) on 12 June 2008. The air vent downstream of the emergency gate was designed to introduce air to mitigate the negative pressures that were expected in the conduit during emergency gate operations. The emergency gate has to close when the radial gate at the downstream end of the outlet conduit fails. Contrary to the theoretical design, the measured air vent velocities in the field indicated that, while the

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41

Yilmaz, Metin. "Control Of Groundwater By Underground Dams." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1259621/index.pdf.

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In this study underground dams are briefly described and detailed information about the design and construction aspects is provided. Since the material, of which dam wall is composed, is the main variable influencing the groundwater behavior, various types of dam wall are discussed. The use and usefulness of the underground dams as a means of sustainable development, and their performance in the management of groundwater resources are analyzed with the help of two example studies. In the first example a hypothetical idealized aquifer is considered, while in the second one, a real aquifer is se

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42

Boberg, Björn, and David Holm. "FEM modeling of concrete gravity dams." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-99351.

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43

Hansen, David. "The behaviour of flowthrough rockfill dams." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7658.

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This thesis deals with the hydraulics and stability of "flowthrough" rockfill embankments. This thesis provides new information in the following seven areas: (1) A multi-disciplinary consideration of most of the available equations describing one-dimensional non-Darcy flow. Such flow is characterized by a non-linear dependence of velocity on the hydraulic gradient. New data is presented to assist in the evaluation of the effect of particle irregularity, as compared to perfect spheres. (2) A new computational method to estimate the quantity of flow moving through a rockfill embankment, as a fun

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44

Maranha, J. R. M. "Analysis of embankment dams : computational aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638000.

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Aspects of the numerical simulation of the static behaviour of embankment dams were investigated in this thesis. Different stress updated algorithms were compared and the implicit backward Euler scheme was found to be the most accurate and robust. Particular emphasis was given to the use of a tangent modulus matrix consistent with the backward Euler scheme in the context of the Newton-Raphson method of solution of the nonlinear finite element equations. This combination was found to provide a robust algorithm. A closed form solution and a numerical procedure to evaluate the consistent tangent

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45

Schrader, Ernest K. "Roller compacted concrete (RCC) for dams." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284794.

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46

CHUQUIMUNI, ROBERTH APOLINAR AGUILAR. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RAISING EARTH DAMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8624@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>Uma das atividades relacionadas à recuperação de barragens envolve o alteamento de barragens existentes, normalmente com o objetivo de aumentar a capacidade de armazenamento dos reservatórios, melhorar o fator de segurança dos taludes ou a proteção da estrutura contra possíveis cheias. O alteamento pode estar previsto no projeto original da barragem, mas na maioria dos casos trata-se de um novo estudo, com a barragem em operação, devendo-se verificar as novas condições de fluxo, efeitos na estabilidade de taludes e na resposta da bar

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47

Al, Baghdady Shayma, and Linnea Khan. "Designing Roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231473.

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Concrete is the most common building material in the world and it consists of aggregates,cement and water that harden over time, it is also known as a composite material. The use ofconcrete is very versatile due to its resistance to wind and water and its ability to withstandhigh temperature. These qualities make concrete a suitable building material for largestructures such as dams.A dam is a huge construction that needs massive amount of concrete to build it with and thatleads to high cost, so alternative methods should be considered to minimize the cost ofconstructing the dams. One method i

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48

Fekadu, Robel Tekeste, and Sujata Kayastha. "Safety Assessment of Cracked Buttress Dams." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284527.

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Most of the concrete buttress dams in Sweden were built from the 1950s till the1980s based on the traditional method of analyses. Those structures are reinforced and heavy in structure. Their height to thickness ratio being large makes them prone to crack during their lifespan. The presence of these cracks make the reinforcements used in the buttress dam susceptible to corrosion due to the water entering through the cracked areas. Therefore, studying the effect of cracks and corrosion regarding the safety of dams is important and should be carried out before the dams fail to function. However,

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49

Bukenya, Patrick. "Ambient vibration testing of concrete dams." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10178.

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In this thesis, seven techniques namely; rational fractional polynomial, complex exponential, frequency domain decomposition (FDD) based techniques which include; frequency domain decomposition (FDD), enhanced frequency domain decomposition (EFDD), curve fitting frequency domain decomposition (CFDD) and stochastic subspace identification (SSI) methods namely; unweighted principal component (UPC), principal component (PC) and canonical variant analysis (CVA)) have been applied to data from ambient vibration testing of two concrete dams namely; Roode Elsberg and Kouga dams.

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50

Morris, Mark William. "Breaching of earth embankments and dams." Thesis, Open University, 2011. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54530/.

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Despite 'modern' construction and management techniques, flood embankment and embankment dam failures occur almost routinely around the world. The need to understand, predict and prevent the breaching process remains a high priority for owners and flood risk managers alike. This research provides new understanding and improved methods for predicting breach initiation and growth through earth flood embankments or dams. The improvement of breach model accuracy has made slow progress over the past 20 years, with confusion around breaching processes arising from a lack of appreciation of soil mech

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