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1
Cornwell, D. J. "Criminal dangerousness and its punishment : Beyond the phenomenological illusion." Thesis, University of York, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234961.
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Nash, Michael. "The probation service and public protection : salvation or deconstruction?" Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390685.
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Irving, Joy. "Designating "dangerousness", implications of indeterminacy in Canada's dangerous offender provisions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60990.pdf.
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Slonowsky, Deborah. "Dangerousness and Difference: The Representation of Muslims within Canada's Security Discourses." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23529.
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This paper presents the results of a critical discourse analysis of a selection of Canada’s security texts and argues that the country’s security discourses construct Muslims as dangerous and different from the normative Canadian. The research relies on a social constructionist understanding of discourse and the recognition that our state’s representatives and agents, operating from positions of discursive power, wield disproportionate influence in directing the national conversation and managing the signals that shape our social attitudes and imaginaries. By persistently qualifying terrorism with Islam, portraying the terrorist figure as a religiously and ideologically-motivated actor opposed to ‘Western values’ and by casting suspicion on the ordinary behaviour of Muslims, Canada’s security discourses produce a mental model in which Islam and its followers are associated with a propensity for terrorist violence. The discourses also naturalize the idea that Muslims are in need of surveillance, not only by the state’s agents, but by the public itself. When examined alongside a body of research illustrating Canada’s ‘visible minority’ population continues to be negatively affected by dominant group discrimination, the results of the study raise questions about the culpability of state representatives in the reproduction of ideas of difference which continue to inform the country’s social imaginary and hinder the equality and inclusivity of minority groups within the national collective.
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Salekin, Randall T. (Randall Todd). "Juvenile Waiver to Adult Criminal Courts: a Prototypical Analysis of Dangerousness, Sophistication-Maturity, and Amenability to Treatment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278875/.
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Psychological assessment ofjuveniles being considered for waiver to adult criminal courts often requires systematic evaluation of dangerousness, maturity-sophistication, and amenability to treatment (ATX). Despite the importance of these constructs to the evaluation of juveniles, little is known about the criteria that constitute these three constructs. This study was designed to assist in clarifying the constructs of dangerousness, maturity-sophistication, and ATX that typically guide juvenile transfers. Generally, prototypicality ratings were aligned with the current literature on dangerousness, sophistication-maturity, and ATX.
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Snow, Nyssa L. "The Stigma of Homelessness as a Function of Mental Illness Comorbidity." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1366375004.
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Polvi, Natalie Heather. "The prediction of violence in pre-trial forensic patients, the relative efficacy of statistical versus clinical predictions of dangerousness." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0024/NQ51911.pdf.
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Laref, Laure. "La surveillance en droit pénal." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0043.
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La surveillance entretient avec le droit pénal des liens séculaires, leur combinaison permettant de satisfaire les objectifs poursuivis par la justice pénale, à savoir la prévention et la répression des infractions. Les nouvelles technologies, en facilitant la mise en oeuvre d’une surveillance distanciée mais néanmoins toujours plus précise, ont incontestablement conforté l’intérêt de leur accointance. Ce constat se vérifie au regard de la surveillance situationnelle qui permet une gestion pénale des espaces comme à l’endroit de la surveillance comportementale qui facilite la gestion pénale des conduites. La surveillance situationnelle, celle qui mobilise l’espace pour lui octroyer une fonction punitive ou qui, au contraire, se déploie afin de prévenir les menaces qu’il recèle, se manifeste en milieu fermé comme en milieu ouvert, la surveillance électronique estompant les limites - résiduelles - qui peuvent subsister entre ces deux espaces. La surveillance comportementale, celle qui permet aux autorités d’affiner la gestion pénale des conduites des citoyens, et plus encore des individus aux prises avec la justice, tend aujourd’hui à pénétrer tant leur corps que leur « être » afin de renforcer l’efficacité des dispositifs employés. La juxtaposition de ces deux formes de surveillance pénale - situationnelle et comportementale - appelle la vigilance des plus hautes instances et juridictions protectrices des Droits de l’homme en raison des craintes et des dérives qu’elle suscite. Pourtant, ces dernières peinent à trouver un équilibre satisfaisant dans l’équation qui se joue entre la préservation des droits et libertés de chacun et les finalités poursuivies par le droit pénal, d’autant que ces dernières, réévaluées à l’aune de la notion de dangerosité, postulent plus que jamais le développement de la surveillanceSurveillance has secular links with criminal law, their combination making it possible to meet the objectives pursued by criminal justice, namely the prevention and repression of offenses. New technologies, by facilitating the implementation of remote monitoring but nevertheless always more precise, have undoubtedly reinforced the interest of their acquaintance. This observation is confirmed with regard to situational surveillance which allows for penal management of spaces as well as for behavioral surveillance which facilitates penal management of conduct. Situational surveillance, that which mobilizes space to grant it a punitive function or which, on the contrary, deploys to prevent the threats it conceals, manifests itself in closed as well as in open environments, electronic surveillance blurring the limits - residual - which may exist between these two spaces. Behavioral surveillance, that which allows the authorities to refine the criminal management of the conduct of citizens, and even more so of individuals grappling with justice, today tends to penetrate both their body and their "being" in order to strengthen effectiveness of the devices used. The juxtaposition of these two forms of criminal surveillance - situational and behavioral - calls for the vigilance of the highest bodies and jurisdictions protecting human rights because of the fears and excesses that it arouses. However, the latter are struggling to find a satisfactory balance in the equation that is played out between the preservation of individual rights and freedoms and the purposes pursued by criminal law, especially since the latter, reassessed in the light of the concept of dangerousness, postulate more than ever the development of surveillance
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You, Jin. "Registering Dangerous Strangers: Psychology and Justice in the Politics of the Sex Offender Registry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54556.
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My dissertation addresses the phenomenon of stranger danger to children and tries to answer the question of how the category of sex offender has been produced to become the primary target in contemporary sex crime control. I examine the period from the 1960s through the 1990s, the period beginning with the rising awareness of child abuse and criminal and psychiatric patient rights challenges to preventive confinement and ending with institutionalizing the regime of sex offender risk management. I attend particularly to psychological techniques that were designed and used to produce sex offender categories, by focusing on three interconnected dimensions: first, the formation of a new discipline of forensic psychology in the crime control area; second, the methods of knowledge production about sex offenders; and third, the institutional aspects of crime control centered on repeat stranger offenders.
This dissertation examines the shaping of risk as a value-laden cultural product, involving the identification of risks to be managed, the selection of risk factors, and the decisions of "acceptable" levels of risk. In engaging in conversation about ongoing policy issues, my work intends to go beyond the opposition between civil rights and public safety to understand how the politics of crime control came to center on the dangerous stranger, a center around which the two political values of rights and safety have collided and been negotiated. I provide a genealogy of actuarial risk management and situate its origins in relation to the civil rights revolution. By examining the shift from psychiatric dangerousness prediction to psychological risk management, I argue that the risk management regime is an outgrowth of psychologists' attempts to
accommodate civil rights claims in a broader context where socio-cultural tensions over the changing family values have zeroed in on stranger danger.
While psychologists initially promoted actuarial justice as a rational method of balancing conflicting social values, its implementation was dictated by institutional demands for efficiency in regulating an increasing number of sex offenders. Risk management technologies led to the mutual reproduction of crime data and criminal populations at risk of reoffense, which contributed to the expansion of populations under criminal supervision.Ph. D.
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Meier, David Duane. "Perceived Dangerousness of the Job and Well-Being Among Correctional Officers: the Role of Perceived Stress and Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB)." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1032.
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Occupational stress has become a world-wide epidemic exacting severe tolls on both businesses and employees alike. Of all the workplace stressors, the perceived dangerousness of one's job is ever present within the occupation of corrections. The current study examined the mediating process of perceived stress on the relationship between perceived dangerousness of the job and the negative employee well-being outcomes of work-family conflict and symptoms of psychological distress, as well as the moderating effects of family supportive supervisor behaviors on this process. As part of a larger study, survey data were collected from 1,370 state correctional officers. It was hypothesized that perceived stress would fully mediate the relationship between perceived dangerousness of job and the negative well-being outcomes and that family supportive supervisor behaviors would moderate this mediation such that increased levels of family supportive supervisor behaviors would mitigate the negative well-being outcomes. The mediation hypotheses were not found to be supported. However, family supportive supervisor behaviors were found to moderate the relationship between perceived dangerousness of the job and work-to-family conflict. Additionally, family supportive supervisor behaviors were found to moderate the relationship between perceived stress and physical symptoms of psychological distress.
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Abraham, Glenn J. "PRISONERS SERVING SENTENCES OF LIFE WITHOUT PAROLE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY AND SURVEY." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/814.
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This mixed methods exploratory study examined how adult male prisoners serving sentences of life without parole adapt to the probability that they will be incarcerated for the remainder of their lives. As a second element, state prison wardens were surveyed about their support for the provision of certain amenities to those serving life without parole and the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 inmates serving sentences of life without parole at a high security prison in Ohio. Informants identified factors that made adjustment more difficult or which enhanced the ability to adapt. Some study participants expressed hope that a favorable court decision or a change in sentencing laws would lead to release from prison. A survey sent to 430 state prison wardens asked if they supported providing prisoners serving life without parole amenities involving access to academic and vocational education programs, special housing assignments, and special programs to enhance adaptation. Wardens were asked to rate the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Study hypotheses were tested to determine if factors related to wardens’ prior work experience as a correction officer or in a treatment position, opinions about the primary purpose of prison, experience as a warden of a facility that housed prisoners serving life without parole, level of educational attainment, and gender impacted support for amenities and perception of future dangerousness. Three different two-way ANOVA tests were conducted, each of which had a categorical predictor variable and moderating independent variables of educational attainment and gender. Several of the main effects did reach the level of statistical significance. A reported belief that rehabilitation was the primary purpose of prison and level of educational attainment were significant in predicting wardens’ support for amenities. Having served as the warden of a prison at which inmates serving life without parole were housed and being female were found to be related to a lower perception of future dangerousness.
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Matsuda, Fernanda Emy. "A medida da maldade: periculosidade e controle social no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8132/tde-23032010-110904/.
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O trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da periculosidade e das formas de controle social que são ativadas por essa noção na atualidade. A abordagem recupera o contexto de surgimento do conceito de periculosidade no âmbito da psiquiatria e sua cooptação pelo sistema jurídico, processo que foi facilitado pela natureza da penalidade moderna, que se desenvolve a partir da constituição de um saber sobre o indivíduo submetido à intervenção estatal. Procura-se demonstrar de que maneira a periculosidade é reinventada e instrumentalizada para justificar certas modalidades de controle social voltadas para aqueles que cometem crimes e que não são necessariamente remetidos ao aparato punitivo, operação que torna ainda mais insidiosa a atuação do Estado. Por intermédio da análise de um caso recente é possível verificar a mobilização do dispositivo da periculosidade, usado para constituir a exceção e legitimar medidas expressivas que restam por colocar em risco o Estado de direito.This work is devoted to the study of dangerousness and the ways of social control that are by this concept put in motion nowadays. This approach unveils the context in which the concept of dangerousness emerges within the psychiatric realm and its cooptation by the juridical system. This process was eased by the nature of modern penality, which development starts with the building of knowledge on the individual subject to state intervention. It aims to demonstrate in which ways dangerousness is reinvented and instrumentalized in order to justify certain types of social control directed to those who commit crimes and are not necessarily sent to punitive apparatus. This operation makes even more insidious the action perpetrated by the state. Through the analysis of a recent case it is possible to perceive how the dispositive of dangerousness is manipulated and used to constitute the exception and to legitimate expressive measures which endanger the state of law.
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Habbassi-Mebarkia, Samira. "La protection de la caution." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016VALE0003/document.
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Le risque zéro n'existe pas ! Aussi, pour se protéger contre d'éventuels impayés, les créanciers n'hésitent pas à demander à leurs futurs débiteurs des garanties. Parmi ces dernières, le cautionnement tient une place de choix. Grâce à sa rapidité, sa simplicité, il séduit et devient au fil du temps « la reine des sûretés » mais dont le royaume cache bien des surprises, surtout pour les cautions qui ne se posent guère de questions lors de la formation du contrat. Prenant le risque d'autrui, les cautions disposent-elles des bonnes clés pour entrer en relations contractuelles ? Mesurent-elles la portée de leur engagement ? Il est permis d'en douter au regard de l'important contentieux qui agite la matière. Dans ce cas, comment les protéger efficacement sans mettre en péril le cautionnement ? Définit, ou plus exactement décrit à l'article 2288 du Code civil comme « celui qui se rend caution d'une obligation se soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation si le débiteur n'y satisfait pas lui-même », le cautionnement est soumis à de vives critiques. On s'interroge sur son efficacité, on doute de sa souplesse, de son aptitude à offrir la sécurité juridique attendue. On fustige également l'intrusion excessive du législateur et de la jurisprudence dans le contrat. Mais ces derniers se sont donnés pour mission de délivrer à la caution le fameux « mode d'emploi » qui doit l'avertir des menaces que dissimule cette sûreté. Mais la philosophie protectrice des cautions a poussé le raisonnement très loin, peut-être trop loin. Or, il faut un ajustement des règles du cautionnement à la mesure du droit des sûretés qui demeure une matière foisonnante où la vivacité, la créativité rythment les rapports contractuels. Le droit du cautionnement doit dès lors se garder d'être figé, immobile dans un monde qui est en perpétuelle mouvement et où le temps est à la révision, aux recherches pour être en adéquation avec les besoins économiques, sociaux et juridiques de notre société. De fait le cautionnement doit s'extraire de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel il est tombéThe zero risk does not exist! So, to protect itself against possible outstanding payments, the creditors do not hesitate to ask their future debtors of guarantees. Among the latter, the guarantee holds a special place.Thanks to it speed, its simplicity, its seduces and becomes over time “the queen of the safeties” but from whom the kingdom hides many surprises, especially for the guarantee which raise themselves not many questions during the training of the contract. Taking the risk of others, pledges do they arrange good keys to enter contractual relations? Do they measure the impact of their commitment? It is allowed to doubt it with regard to the important dispute which shakes the subject. In this cas, how protect them effectively without putting in danger the guarenty? Defines, or more exactly described in the article 2288 of the Civil code “as the one who goes pledge of an obligation submits itself to the creditor to satisfy this obligation if the debtor does not satisfy it himself”, the guarenty is subjected to deep criticisms.We wonder about his efficiency, we doubt his flexibility, its capacity to offer the expected legal security. We also castigate the excessive intrusion of the legislator and the jurisprudence in the contract. But the latter gave for mission to deliver to the pledge the famous “instructions for use” which has to warn it of threats which hides this safety. But the protective philosophy of pledges pushed the very far reasoning, maybe too far. Now, one needs that an adjustment of the rules of the guarenty for the measure of the law of the safeties which remains an abundant material where the liveliness, the creativity give rhythm to the contractual reports. The law of the guarenty has to be careful not from then on to be congealed, to motionless in a world which is in perpetual movement and where the time is for the revision, for the searches to be in adequacy with the economic, social and legal needs for our society. De facto the guarenty has to extract of vicious circle in which it fell
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Casciano, Martina. "Developing a ranking methodology for chemical industrial clusters: a multi-criteria decision making approach." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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The clustering process in the chemical industries is becoming more important due to economic, social and political issues. Clustering means agglomeration of companies in the same geographical area in order to increase the productivity and reduce costs. The birth of agreements between companies allows to arouse their interest in other disciplines different from the socio-economic aspect, as safety and security, to name but few.
The first step of the methodology is represented by the safety and security risk assessment, followed by the analysis of the relationships within firms in terms of strategic and operation alliances. In the present study, safety risk should be interpreted as an average dangerousness and, at the same time, security risk as average vulnerability of installations in the cluster’s area. Risk, for this evaluation, will not be a function of frequency and magnitude and it will represent an inclination to damage, the potential of chemical cluster to incur in accident(s)/incident(s).
The strong influence of the results obtained before can be analysed with the analytic network process that, with pairwise comparisons, is able to assess which parameters have a major influence among the others. In this tool, comparisons within more than one chemical cluster can be taken into account. The final outcome of this methodology is a ranking of chemical clusters, a classification depending on a large number of criteria covering many aspects of safety and security, but as well considering the existing management and relationship within companies. A simple case study has been built in order to investigate, inside the model of the ANP, benefits, costs and risks associated with the selected chemical clusters.
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Botton, Salimara Rampelotto. "DESTINAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS QUÍMICOS DE UM LABORATÓRIO DE ANÁLISES CLÍNICAS: UMA PROPOSTA DE MODELO DE GESTÃO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8203.
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The discussion about the question of appropriate management of chemical waste
has increased in recent years. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the Chemical
Waste Management System used in the Hematology Division health services of the
Santa Maria University Hospital Clinical Analysis Laboratory (CAL). From an in loco
observation of the chemical waste management conducted by the CAL Department
of Hematology, a diagnosis was made based on documental and photographic
assessment. This is an exploratory and descriptive study which used an approach
both qualitative and quantitative, and is characterized as a case study. It was found
that most of the chemical reagents in the composition of the solutions used by the
hematological analysis equipments present toxicity and are hazardous to the health
of those who manipulate them and to the environment. Thus, this study offered a
proposal for the destination and management of the chemical waste generated by
the CAL Division of Hematology. It is believed that such a proposal is fundamental to
minimize the impacts of the current practices on the environment and human health.As discussões sobre a questão do gerenciamento de resíduos químicos vêm crescendo nos últimos anos. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos usado pelos serviços de saúde do Setor de Hematologia do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas (LAC) do Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). A partir da observação in loco do gerenciamento de resíduos químicos realizado pelo Setor de Hematologia do LAC, foi feito um diagnóstico através de avaliação documental e fotográfica. Esta pesquisa insere-se numa abordagem tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, do tipo exploratório e descritivo,caracterizando-se como um estudo de caso. Observa-se que grande parte dos reagentes químicos presentes na composição de soluções utilizadas pelos aparelhos de análises hematológicas apresentam toxicidade e representam riscos à saúde de quem os manipula e ao meio ambiente. A partir dessa constatação, foi proposto um Modelo de Gestão para Destinação dos Resíduos Químicos gerados pelo Setor de Hematologia do LAC. Pode-se concluir que essa proposta é fundamental, pois tem a finalidade de viabilizar a destinação dos resíduos químicos de maneira a minimizar os impactos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana.
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Brasil, Rafaela Schneider. "Da maquinaria mortífera do manicômio judiciário à invenção da vida : saídas possíveis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/66658.
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A resposta penal para a junção entre crime e loucura é a medida de segurança contra o perigo. Forjado na costura entre os saberes médico e jurídico instituídos, a montagem ficcional do louco perigoso foi sendo criada a partir do século XIX e o seu destino acabou selado na maquinaria do manicômio judiciário como resposta normativa aos dispositivos de segregação na vigência da estratégia complexa de controle dos corpos na gestão biopolítica da nossa sociedade. Essa pesquisa parte da aposta e esperança na produção de uma outra saída e, para tanto, buscamos explicitar o que fez essa maquinaria se armar da forma com que se armou e quais as perspectivas de desarmá-la, fazendo uma genealogia sócio-histórica das bases epistêmicas que sustentam, ainda nos dias de hoje, a existência do manicômio judiciário. E, ao fazer esse caminho procuramos responder recorrendo a cenas-imagensmemórias, apresentando os efeitos no real da experiência, como as palavras afetam os corpos. Isto é, a forma pela qual essa ficção, que envolve os conceitos de crime e loucura juntos, incide sobre o sujeito. No desfazer a forma do manicômio judiciário trouxemos os movimentos da reforma psiquiátrica e a contribuição da psicanálise, quando o que se quer não é apontar a periculosidade, mas oferecer ao sujeito uma possibilidade de saída, colocando ele e suas respostas na centralidade da amarra discursiva que estão em jogo nessa engrenagem.The criminal law response to the junction between crime and insanity is the measure of security against danger. Forged on the seam between the instituted medical and legal knowledge, the fictional mounting of the dangerous madman started being created as from the nineteenth century and its fate ended up sealed in the machinery of the judiciary psychiatric hospital as normative response to the devices of segregation in the validity of complex strategy to control the bodies in the bio-political management of our society. This research emerges from the betting I make on the hope of a different way out and, to this end, I seek the answer to what made this machinery arm itself the way it did and what are the prospects for disarming it, doing a social-historical genealogy of epistemic bases that support, to this very day , the existence of the judiciary psychiatric hospital. And in walking this path we seek to answer, recurring to scenes/images/memories, and showing the effects of real experience how words affect bodies. That is, the way in which this fiction, that involves the concepts of crime and madness together, acts on the subject. On the undoing of the judiciary psychiatric hospital we brought the psychiatric reform movements and the contribution of psychoanalysis, when what we want is not to point out dangerousness but to give the subject the possibility of an exit, putting him and his answers on the core of the discursive ties that are at stake in this mechanism.
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Souza, Renata Macedo de. "Medidas de segurança como meio de tratamento ao não-imputável: proposta de adequação positiva ao ordenamento penal." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6673.
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Previous issue date: 2014-12-16Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Since the mankind appearance, insanity has been considered as a characteristic opposed to the social models and rules, to lead to the conclusion that someone, so called insane, is dangerous and inclined to commit crimes. Therefore, the institutionalisation of a mentally ill in a Judicial Madhouse has always been considered as a preventive treatment to guarantee social protection. During the evolution of Criminal Law, it was created an institute, known as Commitment, submitted to the existence of conditions such as occurrence of a criminal wrong, non-imputability and presumed danger, to its application. Commitment has been subjected to prolonged discussion and deliberation by Law, Criminology and Forensics Psychiatry. However, theses sciences have rarely proposed dialogues and multidisciplinary comprehension truly able to transform that institute in a worthy treatment solution to the insane. Hence, the purpose of this research is to analyse the legal conditions imposed for the application of Commitment, taking in consideration especially the presumed danger, as this institute has not always been efficient or congruent, when considered individual rights guaranties. Furthermore, this works intends also to analyse the History of the Deinstitutionalisation Movement and the influences and perspectives brought by the Act n. 10216/01, which enacts rights and guarantees for the mentally disables, to be considered by the Judiciary, when to decide about the application of Commitment
Desde os primórdios da humanidade, a loucura é inerente a todos os momentos da evolução do homem e constatada como característica a contrariar os modelos e regras condizentes ao Contrato Social, tornando o dito ―louco‖ indivíduo marginalizado, perigoso, propenso à probabilidade latente para prática delitiva. Logo, o modo de proteção da sociedade a tal perigo sempre foi, basicamente, a segregação de tal indivíduo do convívio social, sob a forma de tratamento. Desta forma, no decorrer da história do Direito Penal surge o instituto das Medidas de Segurança, atrelado aos pressupostos da prática delitiva, inimputabilidade e periculosidade para sua justificativa e execução. As formas de execução das medidas de segurança são muito debatidas e questionadas nos campos do Direito, Criminologia e Psiquiatria Forense em que tais ciências, muitas vezes, carecem de profundos diálogos e entendimentos interdisciplinares para garantia da eficácia e ampliação salutar do instituto, principalmente a propiciar soluções terapêuticas dignas ao portador de transtorno mental. O presente trabalho visa, portanto, a analisar os pressupostos legais das medidas de segurança, em especial a periculosidade, que por vezes demonstram a ineficácia e incongruência perante as garantias individuais. Ademais, a partir da análise histórica da chamada ―luta antimanicomial‖, constatar a influência e perspectivas da Lei nº 10.216 de 2001, que trata dos direitos e garantias aos portadores de transtorno mental, na escolha e execução das medidas de segurança perante o Poder Judiciário pátrio
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Buckingham, Judith Isabel. "Patterns of violence in intimate relationships: a critical examination of legal responses." University of Canterbury. Law, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/849.
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In this thesis, red flags for dangerousness/lethality established from domestic violence and homicide research provided the social framework for an examination of legal responses to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. The research investigated these gendered, structural patterns of violence and the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions in keeping victims safe. Agency interactions with offenders and victims prior to women's deaths were reviewed in selected cases. Criminal law constructions of violence in intimate relationships were evaluated for their recognition and understanding of primary risk factors for dangerousness/lethality. The research found major red flags remain invisible in criminal law stereotypes of violence between intimates. The significance of these risk factors for dangerousness/lethality is therefore overlooked, misunderstood and even misrepresented in defence of violent offenders. Although the aim of the Domestic Violence Act 1995 is to ensure effective protection for victims, the study found a significant number of women (and sometimes other family members and children) experience further sub-lethal and lethal violence following legal interventions with perpetrators. Lacking a principled policy foundation, central focus on victim safety and clear framework for interventions, legal responses are internally incoherent and inconsistent with New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy. The New Zealand government has committed to principled domestic violence intervention and consistency in law and policy. This will require: a) legislative reform; b) public and professional education on the dynamics of violent relationships, including the interrelationship between sublethal and lethal assaults; and c) monitoring of criminal justice interventions to improve accountability. Until this is accomplished, stories of abused women and their children, including informal attempts to seek help and contact with state and community agencies will continue to be dishonoured by a legal system which silences their voices and fails to learn lessons from their injuries and deaths.
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Anjos, Elisa Maria dos. "A cidade dos Meninos: educação e política na Baixada Flulminense/RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4863.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns dos ideários sócio moralizantes que foram repercutidos na construção do pensamento social brasileiro, através das políticas pró-educação implementadas na década de 1940. O processo histórico que culminou com a edificação da Cidade dos Meninos, em Duque de Caxias no Rio Janeiro, surge, portanto, como um locus privilegiado para a investigação deste modelo educacional. Nesse contexto, as reflexões da intelectualidade à época, eram revestidas de uma expectativa moralizadora: "salvação pelo trabalho". Desta forma, surgiram espaços escolares que funcionavam em regime de internato e semi-internato, como a Cidade dos Meninos. Tratava-se de uma instituição destinada para essas populações "desvalidas", que seriam alvo de uma política educacional direcionada para a oferta do ensino "das letras" e do ensino profissionalizante de caráter elementar. Contudo, em 1950, ao ter uma fábrica de pesticidas instalada em seu interior, e com o posterior abandono desta, em virtude da mesma ter se tornado inviável economicamente em 1960, esse espaço foi alvo de uma contaminação ambiental e humana. Somente cerca de 30 anos depois, a referida contaminação foi trazida a público a partir de denúncias jornalísticas. A principal conseqüência foi o fechamento das escolas e a interrupção dos projetos de assistência social prejudicando muitos dos assistidos e antigos funcionários que assentaram residência na localidade, fazendo com que o problema social e de saúde pública se desdobrasse também numa questão fundiária. Todo esse movimento parece ter levado os atores sociais envolvidos no processo à uma elaboração pragmática sobre o papel da educação, do Estado, da pesquisa científica e do tipo de política que se destina a populações em situação de "periculosidade". A análise das memórias e das "trajetórias exemplares" de alguns moradores contribuíram para a compreensão da relação entre as políticas sociais e a perspectiva dos assistidos. Esse fato denota a possibilidade, na atualidade, de que os pressupostos que idealizaram tais políticas "sócio moralizantes" ainda apresentem vestígios no discurso e na ação tanto das autoridades, quanto dos próprios pesquisadores, desqualificando seus interlocutores e obscurecendo a solução do problema no referido local
The present work aims to analyze some of the ideologies "social moralizing" that were passed in the construction of the Brazilian social thought, through the pro-education policies implemented in the 1940s. The historical process which culminated in the construction of Cidade dos Meninos, in Duque de Caxias in Rio Janeiro, appears therefore as a locus for privilege research of this educational model. In this context, the reflections of intellectuals at the time, were coated with a moralizing forward: "salvation through work." Thus, there were school spaces that worked in a boarding and semi-boarding school, as Cidade dos Meninos. It was an institution designed for these populations "helpless", which would be the target of an educational policy directed towards the provision of education "letters" of vocational education and elementary character. However, in 1950, having a pesticide factory installed inside, and the subsequent abandonment of this, because the same have become uneconomical in 1960, this space was a target of environmental and human contamination. Only about 30 years later, this contamination was brought to the public from news reports. The main consequence was the closure of schools and disruption of social assistance projects assisted and damaging many of the former employees who became resident in the locality, making the social problem and public health to unfold also a land issue. All this movement seems to have led the social actors involved in the process of drafting a practical understanding of the role of education, the state of scientific research and the type of policy aimed at people in a situation of "dangerousness." The analysis of memories and "outstanding examples" of some residents contributed to the understanding of the relationship between social policies and the prospects of those assisted. This fact indicates the possibility, at present, that the idealized assumptions hat "such policies" "social moralizing" still showing traces in both speech and action of the authorities, as the researchers themselves, disqualifying her audience and obscuring the solution of the problem in said site
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Delattre, Sabrina. "Les peines préventives : étude comparée de leurs dynamiques en France, en Angleterre et au pays de Galles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D046.
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Si toutes les peines ont une fonction préventive, les peines préventives sont celles pour lesquelles la fonction de prévention devient prépondérante. La notion de peine préventive vise à comparer, en droit français et anglais, ainsi qu'au sein de chaque droit interne, diverses atteintes à la liberté, qu'elles soient ou non qualifiées de peines, qu'elles soient de nature pénale, civile ou administrative. Les peines préventives ont deux critères. La protection du public en est le critère-fin, tandis que la dangerosité en est le critère-moyen. L'étude des peines préventives est structurée autour de deux dynamiques. La première partie de l'étude est consacrée à la dynamique de construction du champ de ces peines. D'abord, cette construction est le fait d'une lente émergence, commençant par une élaboration théorique à partir de la fin du XVIIIe siècle et se poursuivant par des expérimentations dès la fin du XIXe. Ensuite, cette construction semble aboutir actuellement à la consécration des peines préventives en droit positif, bien que le modèle traditionnel et initial, celui de la privation de liberté, décline au profit d'un modèle complémentaire, en plein essor, celui de la restriction de liberté. À cette dynamique de construction s'ajoute une autre dynamique, celle du déploiement et de l'expansion des peines préventives hors de leur champ. D'une part, les peines préventives dénaturent certaines longues peines et les peines de réintégration dans la société. D'autre part, les peines préventives s'étendent en bouleversant les rapports entre la peine et l'infraction, en imprégnant de leur esprit le régime des atteintes à la liberté avant le jugement et avant l'infractionIf every sentence has a preventive function, preventive sentences are those where prevention became predominant. The notion of preventive sentence is helpful to compare French and English law, as well as, in each system, numerous forms of restrictions and deprivation of liberty, whether or not they can be considered as penalties and whether or not they are of criminal, civil or administrative nature. Preventive sentences have two criteria : public protection and dangerousness. The study of preventive sentences is structured around two main dynamics. The first part of the study focuses on the dynamic of construction of the preventive sentences' field. Firstly, this construction is the result of a slow emergence, starting with the theoretical foundations of preventive sentences, elaborated since the end of the 18th century, continuing in their first experimentations since the end of the 19th century. Then, this construction seems to result nowadays in the recognition of preventive sentences in law, although the first and traditional model of those sentences, centered on deprivation of liberty, is falling behind the second and additional model of restriction of liberty. This construction tends to be joined by another dynamic, leading to the expansion of preventive sentences outside their borders. On one hand, preventive sentences denature long retributive sentences and sentences of rehabilitation. On the other band, preventive sentences are expanding, turning upside down the relation between the offence and the sentence; and changing the legal regime of limitations of liberty before the judgment and even before an offence is committed
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Rowlands, Michael T. "Dangerous sex offenders: Recidivism and risk factors associated with serious sexual offending." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116343/2/Michael_Rowlands_Thesis.pdf.
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There is limited research on dangerous sex offenders in Australia. The current PhD study examined reoffending rates of offenders classified as dangerous in Queensland Supreme Courts. A review of the literature noted that sex offenders generally have low recidivism rates. Offenders considered high-risk are more likely to re-offend with general offences, but the overall level of sexual and nonsexual violent recidivism was low. Further, early onset of offending, diverse criminal careers, diverse victimologies, ecological change, and substance misuse were factors for recidivism. Last, the project identified that conceptualising dangerousness is complex and fraught with ethical and legal concerns.
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Fabre, Caroline. "Peines perpétuelles et exigences européennes." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0040.
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Depuis l’abolition de la peine de mort en 1981, la peine perpétuelle s’est imposée comme une peine de substitution étant devenue la peine la plus sévère dans l’échelle des peines. Les questions relatives au sens de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, de sa compatibilité avec le principe de la dignité humaine, ont intéressé la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme qui n’a de cesse de mettre l'accent sur la nécessaire effectivité des droits garantis par la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. La problématique repose sur la finalité de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, entre un droit ouvert à l'aménagement et une durée effective accrue par l'effet de très longues périodes de sûreté. Cette étude aura donc pour objet l'examen des directives d'interprétation mobilisées par le juge européen dans le contentieux de la privation de liberté perpétuelle afin d'identifier les différents paramètres pris en compte par ce dernier afin d'élaborer au regard des dispositions conventionnelles ses exigences en matière de protection des droits de l'homme des personnes privées de liberté à perpétuité. La nouveauté s’identifie dans le positionnement de la problématique au centre du contexte de la jurisprudence européenne. Tant par les tendances politiques que les garde-fous juridiques, le thème de la perpétuité permet de confronter les systèmes de droit étalonnés par le juge européen. Les analyses du droit pénal général, de la procédure pénale ainsi que du droit pénal post-sentenciel s’avèrent être rassemblées autour de la thématique de la réclusion à perpétuité, s’attardant en effet sur les nouveaux critères donnés par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en matière d’atteinte, et subséquemment, de préservation des droits fondamentauxSince the death penalty was abolished in 1981, life imprisonment has established itself as an alternative sentence, thus becoming the most severe punishment in the spectrum of penalties. The questions of whether life imprisonment is useful and whether it is compatible with the notion of human dignity have interested the European Court of human rights which has indeed laid great emphasis on the necessity to preserve the rights enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights. The issue lies in the very purpose of life imprisonment and the discrepancy between laws offering reduced sentences and the increase of established durations caused by the lengthening of unconditional imprisonment periods. This study will thus provide a review of the interpretative guidelines followed by European judges on the issue of life imprisonment so as to identify the various parameters taken into account by Judges when they set - in compliance with conventional dispositions - their requirements on the protection of the human rights of persons sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. This thesis will address the topic from a new standpoint in the context of European jurisprudence. Since it involves various political tendencies and juridical bulwarks, this topic allows us to confront perpetuity with the law systems calibrated by European Court of Human Rights. The issue of life imprisonment combines analysis of general criminal law, criminal procedure law as well as post sentence law which are indeed focused on the new criteria given by the European Court of Human Rights pertaining to the violation - and subsequently- preservation of basic rights
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Zouhal, Adra. "Le risque en droit pénal." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G025.
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La notion de risque est doublement incertaine : elle contient une part irréductible d’aléa quant à sa concrétisation en dommage d’une part, elle n’est pas définie par la loi d’autre part. Pourtant, cette lacune est en contradiction, tant avec le recours exponentiel à la notion de risque en droit pénal, qu’il soit de fond ou de forme, qu’avec le principe de légalité des délits et des peines, qui implique que le législateur définisse avec clarté et précision les notions et concepts auxquels il fait appel, de sorte que la légitimité de son usage en droit pénal peut être mise en doute. La présence d’une notion aussi incertaine dans une matière qui met en cause les droits fondamentaux de la personne est susceptible de mettre en péril les impératifs de l’État de droit. Au demeurant, ce droit pénal de l’anticipation, qui vise à prévenir la survenance d’une atteinte possible mais incertaine à une valeur protégée, essuie de nombreuses critiques. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir si le législateur emploie à bon escient ou non la notion de risque en droit pénal. La réponse à cette problématique nécessitera au préalable, de s’assurer que le droit pénal est effectivement légitime à s’intéresser à la notion de risque. Ce n’est pas parce que le législateur consacre une notion que sa prise en compte est forcément légitime. Plus encore, il faut garder à l’esprit que risque et droit pénal sont par nature contradictoires : le risque est incertain, immatériel et relève de la prévention tandis que le droit pénal est le droit de la répression, de la matérialité et de la certitude. Une étude approfondie de leurs natures respectives permettra néanmoins de dépasser la contradiction, attestant alors de ce que le droit pénal est théoriquement légitime à réceptionner la notion de risque. Cette légitimité n’en reste pas moins précaire. Pour la garantir, il ne pourra s’agir que d’un certain risque, c’est-à-dire un risque pourvu d’une certaine qualité, car le législateur, s’il prétend recourir à la notion de risque en droit pénal pour assurer à la société une protection pénale anticipée, ne peut se départir des principes qui y sont applicables. À partir de l’étude des principes fondamentaux du droit pénal, de ses concepts juridiques et de ses sources supralégislatives, cette recherche se proposera alors d’élaborer une définition pénale de la notion de risque, contenant les critères théoriques d’un risque pénalement saisissable en toute légitimité. Leur confrontation, ensuite, avec le droit positif, permettra de révéler si l’exploitation de la notion de risque par le législateur en droit pénal, fait perdre ou non à ce dernier sa légitimitéThe notion of risk is doubly uncertain: it contains an irreducible part of hazard as its realization in damage on the one hand, and its lack of definition by the law on the other. However, this gap is at odds, both with the exponential use of the notion of risk in criminal law, whether substantive or form, and with the principle of legality of offences and sentences, which implies that the legislator defines clearly and precisely the notions and concepts to which it refers. That is the reason why the legitimacy of the use of the notion of risk in criminal law can be questionable. The presence of such an uncertain notion in a field involving the fundamental rights of the person is likely to jeopardize the imperatives of the State of laws. Moreover, the criminal law of anticipation, which aims to prevent the occurrence of possible but uncertain interference with a protected right, is criticized. The purpose of this demonstration is therefore to know whether or not the legislature uses wisely the notion of risk in criminal law. The answer to this issue will previously require to ensure that criminal law is actually legitimate to focus on the notion of risk. This is not because the legislature takes into account a notion that its account is necessarily legitimate. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that risk and the criminal law are inherently contradictory: the risk is uncertain, immaterial and is linked to the concept of prevention while the criminal law is the right of repression, the materiality and the certainty. A deep study of their respective natures will nevertheless make it possible to overcome the contradiction, stating that the criminal law is theoretically legitimate to accept the notion of risk. This legitimacy stays nonetheless quite precarious. To secure this legitimacy, only a certain kind of risk, a risk with a managed level can be taken into account. If the legislator claims using the notion of risk in criminal law for anticipated criminal protection of society, he still cannot ignore the principles that are applicable in criminal law. From the study of the fundamental principles of criminal law, its legal concepts and its supralegislatives sources, this research will then offer a definition of the notion of risk in criminal law, containing the theoretical criteria of a legitimate criminally detectable risk. Its comparison with positive law, will emphasize whether the use of the notion of risk by the legislator in criminal law, makes him lose or not its legitimacy
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Pelletier, Laure. "Le rôle du juge répressif dans les mesures pénales d'enfermement." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA0003.
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La thèse se propose d’aborder l’enfermement strictement pénal sous l’angle des pouvoirs du juge répressif. À partir du choix d’une classification binaire des mesures pénales d’enfermement, articulée autour du critère de culpabilité, deux mouvements distincts ont pu être identifiés. Tout d’abord, la première évolution porte sur le rôle du juge répressif dans l’enfermement qui se fonde sur le critère de culpabilité, autrement dit qui se justifie par la commission certaine de l’infraction pénale et qui vise principalement à punir son auteur. L’étude s’emploie à déterminer le degré de liberté qui est accordé au juge dans le processus de la peine d’enfermement. Sa souveraineté est sujette à une double mutation. Tandis qu’elle se trouve limitée dans le processus de recours à la peine d’enfermement, tantôt par le parquet, tantôt par le législateur, elle est au contraire pleinement consacrée lorsqu’il s’agit pour le juge d’adapter son exécution, de manière prépondérante au stade post-sentenciel et de manière plus ponctuelle au stade sentenciel. Ensuite, la seconde partie de la thèse tend à démontrer que le rôle du juge, dans le cadre de l’enfermement qui n’est pas la conséquence directe de la culpabilité, car ne remplissant pas une fonction essentiellement punitive, est en construction. L’étude distingue alors les mesures privatives de liberté pré-sentencielles, destinées au bon déroulement d’une procédure pénale, qualifiées d’ « enfermement procédural », de celles qui se fondent essentiellement sur la dangerosité de l’individu auquel elles s’appliquent, qualifiées d’« enfermement-sûreté ». Pour les premières, le rôle du juge semble être en quête d’équilibre, eu égard à l’impérieuse nécessité de concilier le respect de la présomption d’innocence et les nécessités de la détention comme ultima ratio, à travers la recherche permanente de la garantie judiciaire idéale. S’agissant des secondes, on assiste à l’émergence d’un rôle original, inédit, dépassant les frontières classiques du droit de punir. Pour preuve, depuis 2008, le juge peut, d’une part, tirer les conséquences juridiques de l’irresponsabilité pénale de l’auteur de l’infraction atteint d’un trouble mental et d’autre part, prononcer un nouvel enfermement à l’encontre d’une personne ayant déjà exécuté une première condamnation. Dans ces deux situations, le fondement de la dangerosité vient se substituer à la responsabilité pénale classique. En conclusion, à la charnière du droit de la peine et de la procédure pénale, cette étude se présente comme un essai de théorisation de l’évolution du rôle du juge répressif en matière d’enfermement et s’inscrit dans une réflexion plus globale sur l’office du juge au XXIème siècleThe thesis proposes to apprehend the criminal confinement strictly in terms of the role of criminal court. From a binary classification of criminal confinement measures, centered around the culpability test, two separate movements could be identified. The first change concerns the role of the criminal court in confinement which is based on the criterion of guilt. The study then examines the freedom granted to it in the process of the sentence of imprisonment. It appears that the sovereignty of the judge is subject to a double mutation. While sovereignty appears weakened in the process of recourse to the death of confinement, due to authorities that exercise some influence on him, it is fully devoted to the contrary when it comes to the judge to adapt the execution of that sentence. This development questions more broadly about the meaning and the future of the office sanctioning the criminal courts.The second change concerns the judge's role in the custodial measures that stand in contrast to the foundation of guilt. The judge appears here under construction. The study then distinguishes the deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing, for the proper conduct of criminal proceedings, described as "entrapment-procedural ', those are mainly based on the dangerousness of the individual to whom they s'apply, described as "confinement-security". For the former, the role of the judge appears in search of balance, given the need to balance respect for the presumption of innocence and the needs of investigations. Regarding the second, we are seeing the emergence of an original role, unique, transcending the boundaries traditionally assigned
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Saetta, Sébastien. "L'intervention de l'expert psychiatre dans les affaires criminelles : de la production d'un discours à sa participation au jugement : Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et France." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00710892.
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L'expert psychiatre, initialement convoqué dans les tribunaux afin d'évaluer la responsabilité pénale des auteurs d'infractions, s'est progressivement trouvé en charge de mesurer leur dangerosité. L'expertise de dangerosité tendrait-elle à remplacer celle de responsabilité ? Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié au Luxembourg et en France le rôle qu'est aujourd'hui amené à jouer l'expert dans des juridictions criminelles. Son intervention, désormais systématique dans ce type de juridiction, se matérialise par la production d'un discours écrit et oral. Prenant acte de ce fait, ainsi que de l'importance du langage dans les champs judiciaire et psychiatrique, nous avons ancré ce travail dans le champ de l'analyse du discours, et avons étudié l'expertise et la justice en train de se dire. Une première partie se concentre sur la production et le contenu du discours que les experts soumettent à l'institution judiciaire, et une seconde sur la façon dont l'expertise est intégrée au jugement. Les experts, dont le discours est sous la surveillance de l'institution judiciaire, ne participent finalement à évaluer ni la responsabilité strictement pénale, ni la dangerosité. Leur discours, enchevêtré aux discours des autres acteurs de la procédure, alimente l'ensemble des débats ; il participe à l'évaluation de la responsabilité subjective et morale de l'accusé, tant pour déterminer le quantum de la peine que pour décider d'une mesure appropriée. Initialement extérieur à l'institution, et chargé de soustraire à la justice des personnes estimées irresponsables pénalement, l'expert participe désormais à la punition et au traitement de l'ensemble des auteurs de crime.
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Devita, Marie. "Mesure et dangerosité des métaux nobles pour les photodétecteurs à avalanche à photon unique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD029/document.
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Les métaux nobles (Au, Ag, Pt, Ir, Pd et Ru) sont utilisés en salle blanche pour la réalisation de dispositifs électroniques ou peuvent être apportés par les équipements de fabrication (composants d’alliage par exemple). Il a été montré qu’ils pouvaient impacter fortement les dispositifs. Il est alors nécessaire de procéder au contrôle des équipements pour diagnostiquer au plus tôt une contamination. Or, il n’existe pas de technique industrielle pour leur suivi et ce à des niveaux d’au moins 5.109 at.cm-2 - recommandation ITRS. Il se pose la question de la pertinence de ces recommandations en fonction des types de dispositifs (SPAD notamment). Dans un premier temps, les travaux ont consisté à développer une technique physico-chimique pour l’analyse des métaux nobles sur silicium par VPD-DC-ICPMS. Enfin, leur dangerosité vis-à-vis des équipements et des dispositifs a été évaluée d’après leur comportement en température et le DCR généré sur SPADNoble metals (Au, Ag, Pt, Ir, Pd and Ru) are used for the fabrication of microelectronics devices or can be brought by manufacturing tools (alloy components for example). It is well known that these impurities are detrimental to the efficiency of the devices. This implies a real and present need for control of their introduction in clean rooms to diagnose as soon as possible a contamination. Yet, there are no industrial technique for their follow-up at levels about 5.109 at.cm-2 - ITRS recommendations. The relevance of these recommendations according to the electronic device (SPAD in particular) could be questioned. At first, this study consisted in developing a physicochemical technique for the analysis of noble metals on Si wafers by VPD-DC-ICPMS. Then, their dangerousness towards tools and devices was established according to their behavior in temperature and the DCR generated on SPAD devices
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Annison, Harry. "Dangerous politics : an interpretive political analysis of the imprisonment for public protection sentence, 2003-2008." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:73c4f0dc-b86f-4d02-a380-0ae97d3974b4.
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The thesis constitutes a detailed historical reconstruction of the creation, contestation and subsequent amendment of the Imprisonment for Public Protection sentence, the principal ‘dangerous offender’ measure of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Underpinned by an interpretive political analysis of penal politics, the thesis draws on a detailed analysis of relevant documents and 53 interviews with national level, policy-oriented actors. The thesis explores how actors’ conceptions of ‘risk’ and ‘the public’ interwove with the political beliefs and political traditions relied upon by the relevant actors. It is argued that while there was general recognition of a ‘real problem’ existing in relation to dangerous offenders, the central actors in the creation of the IPP sentence crucially lacked a detailed understanding of the state of the art of risk assessment and management (Kemshall, 2003) and failed to appreciate the systemic risks posed by the IPP sentence. The creation of the IPP sentence, as with its subsequent amendment, is argued to highlight the extreme vulnerability felt by many government actors. The efforts of interest groups and other pressure participants to have their concerns addressed regarding the systemic and human damage subsequently caused by the under-resourcing of the IPP sentence is explored, and the challenge of stridently arguing for substantial change while maintaining ‘insider’ status is discussed. As regards senior courts’ efforts to rein in the IPP sentence, it is argued that the increasingly conservative nature of the judgments demonstrate that the judiciary are not immune from the creep of a ‘precautionary logic’ into British penal politics. Regarding the amendment of the IPP sentence, the Ministry of Justice’s navigation between the twin dangers of a systemic crisis and a political crisis are explored. In conclusion, the IPP story is argued to demonstrate a troubling ‘thoughtlessness’ by many of the key policymakers, revealing what is termed the ‘banality of punitiveness.’ The potential for a reliance on political beliefs and traditions to slip into this thoughtless state, and possible ways of ensuring that such policy issues are engaged with in a more inclusive and expansive manner, are discussed.
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Gomez, Elisabeth. "L'imputabilité en droit pénal." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROD008/document.
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Après une intrusion chaotique dans la théorie de la responsabilité pénale, l’imputabilité peut aujourd’hui apparaître comme une donnée d’essence classique. Elle répond à une définition subjective faisant consensus en doctrine et supposant l’addition du discernement et d’une volonté libre de l’agent. Dans le prolongement, elle est unanimement entendue comme constituant le fondement de la responsabilité pénale. Cependant, la cohabitation entre les différentes conditions de la responsabilité pénale, en particulier entre les concepts de culpabilité et d’imputabilité, n’est peut-être pas aussi pacifiée qu’il n’y paraît. En réalité, la question de l’indépendance des notions n’a jamais été clairement résolue, car leurs composantes respectives participent des conditions subjectives à l’engagement de la responsabilité pénale. Pourtant, la question est loin d’être anecdotique, en particulier si l’on considère certaines institutions fondamentales du droit pénal, au rang desquelles figurent les notions d’infraction et de complicité. Il apparaît ainsi, à l’analyse, que la définition traditionnelle de l’imputabilité mérite quelques ajustements, conduisant à une reconfiguration du champ de la condition de liberté relevant de l’imputabilité. Cette recherche vise aussi à établir que l’imputabilité est une donnée étrangère à l’infraction concrètement commise. Cette place spécifique au sein de la responsabilité pénale, mettant en évidence le lien entre l’imputabilité et la sanction infligée en rétribution de l’infraction commise, permet d’adopter une vision plus large du concept, susceptible d’affronter le bouleversement consécutif à l’entrée du droit pénal dans l’ère de la post-modernité. Cette dernière, que l’on pourrait associer au néopositivisme pénal du début du siècle, s’est accompagnée d’une résurgence des concepts de risque et de dangerosité. L’impact de cette évolution sur l’imputabilité peut apparaître radical : rupture du caractère unitaire de la notion, émergence du concept d’imputation à l’égard des personnes morales, voire même effacement pur et simple de l’imputabilité à l’égard des personnes physiques. Pourtant, des modalités de restauration de l’exigence d’imputabilité seront envisagées sur les terrains substantiel, par le truchement de l’imputabilité comprise comme capacité pénale, et processuel – par des propositions concernant les procédures pensées en considération de la psychologie de l’agent. Au bout du compte, il apparaît que l’imputabilité est de nature à jouer un rôle décisif dans l’organisation d’une cohabitation raisonnée avec le concept de dangerosité, en condamnant la prise en compte de la dangerosité seulement hypothétique sans exclure la possibilité d’une rétention après la peineAfter a chaotic intrusion in the theory of penal liability, imputability can today appear as a classical notion. The general doctrinal consensus is that it depends on a subjective definition, implying the offender’s discernment and free will. Moreover, the notion of imputability is unanimously considered as the basis of penal liability. However, cohabitation between the various conditions of penal liability, particularly between the concepts of guilt and imputability, may not be as steady as it seems. Indeed, the independence of these notions has actually never been clearly demonstrated, for their respective components represent the subjective conditions creating penal liability. Nevertheless, this topic is far from being anecdotal, specifically among several fundamental institutions of criminal Law, in which the notions of infraction and complicity are involved. Thus, the definition of imputability may deserve some adjustments, and imply, consequently, a reworking of the release condition coming under imputability. This study also aims at proving that imputability is an irrelevant element to the concretely committed offence. This specific part in penal liability, highlighting the link between imputability and the penalty imposed in response to the committed offence, enables a wider vision of the concept that could help facing the upheaval resulting from the entry of criminal Law in the post-modernity era. The latter, that one could associate with the beginning of the century’s penal neopositivism, also implied the resurgence of the concepts of risk and dangerousness. The impact of this evolution about imputability may seem radical : end of the unitary aspect of the notion, emergence of the concept of imputation towards legal entities, and even total erasure of imputability towards natural persons. And yet, some solutions to the reconstitution of the exigence of imputability will be developed, not only in a substantial approach, where imputability will be understood as penal capacity, but also in a procedural approach – thanks to suggestions of procedures taking the offender’s psyche into account. In the end, imputability seems to play a major part in the organization of a balanced cohabitation with the concept of dangerousness, by condemning a strictly hypothetical consideration of dangerousness, without excluding a potential reservation after the penalty
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Grégoire, Ludivine. "Les mesures de sûreté : essai sur l'autonomie d'une notion." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1056.
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À l'heure actuelle, deux formes de sanctions pénales s'opposent et se complètent : une forme classique et rétributive, la peine, et une forme plus moderne et essentiellement préventive, la mesure de sûreté. Ces deux sanctions pénales, si elles ne possèdent ni les mêmes fondements, ni les mêmes objectifs, sont pourtant parfois difficiles à différencier. La question des rapports qu'elles entretiennent est récurrente mais au regard de l'augmentation constante du nombre de mesures de sûreté dans la loi pénale depuis ces dernières années, elle mérite désormais une réponse. Cette dernière sera apportée à l'aune de la notion d'autonomie qui permettra d'une part d'identifier clairement les mesures de sûreté et d'autre part de dégager un ensemble de règles plus ou moins spécifiques destinées à clarifier leur régime juridique. De cette manière, la légitimité de l'existence des mesures de sûreté pourra être confirméeAt the moment, two forms of penalties oppose and complement each other: a classic shape and rétributive, the sentences, and a more modern and essentially preventive shape, the safety measures. These two criminal punishments, if they do not possess either the same foundations, or the same objectives, are nevertheless sometimes difficult to differentiate. The question of the relationships which they maintain is recurring but with regard to the constant increase of the number of safety measures in the penal law for these last years, it deserves from now on an answer. The latter will be brought in the form of the notion of autonomy which will on one hand allow to identify clearly safety measures and on the other hand to clear a set of more or less specific rules intended to clarify their legal regime. In this way, the legitimacy of the existence of safety measures can be confirmed
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Lécu, Anne. "L'épreuve : La « prison-pharmakon » : remède et poison." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST2014.
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Ce qui arrive à l’homme du XXIe siècle en prison est en partie analogue à ce qui arrive àl’homme tout court. Nous avons perdu l’innocence (seuls les enfants ne l’ont pas encore perdue), ettentons de la récupérer en nous revendiquant victimes. Présumés coupables, isolés, observés, voilà ceque nous sommes devenus. L’homo carceralus est une sorte de type qui hante notre cultureoccidentale. Fruit du nihilisme et de la gnose. C’est pourquoi il est pertinent de chercher à penser sonépreuve, non de l’extérieur, mais comme ce qui peut nous arriver à chacun, et d’en repérer ce quil’empoisonne ou ce qui la libère. Car la gnose, qui est peut-être sophisme ou nihilisme, est menteuselorsqu’elle fait croire que l’on sort de l’épreuve par “en haut”, par la fuite hors des conditions de viehumaines, dans le scientisme naturaliste, le savoir statistique ou la technique. La résignation et la fuiteen avant ont le même visage, celui de la fatalité : ni l’une et ni l’autre n’aiment ce monde, ni ce temps.Or, ce n’est pas ailleurs que du sens peut advenir. Si la prison est un pharmakon, remède etpoison, c’est qu’elle reste une institution humaine. La grandeur de l’homme est d’être puissance descontraires, capacité de surmonter tout déterminisme, capacité de ne pas se résigner à la fatalité, aucoeur même de sa misère. Encore faut-il ne pas être abandonné seul dans l’épreuve, tant il est vrai quec’est l’autre, et particulièrement l’autre ébranlé, grâce à qui la traversée est possible, par “en bas”. Lesoin en prison s’enracine dans cette « solidarité des ébranlés ». Pour naviguer entre les différentsdispositifs pénitentiaires et sanitaires qui visent à contrôler et à prévoir le comportement des captifs, lemédecin doit faire preuve de mêtis, cette intelligence des interstices, au service de son patient. Et enmême temps, il doit garder de façon catégorique le secret médical, au nom de ce que l’homme restetoujours opaque à toutes les sciences et les techniques, plus grand que lui-même, en sa fragilité. Cesavoir « de nuit » n’est autre que le savoir socratique : « je sais que je ne sais pas »That which is happening to XXIst century man in prison is, in part, similar to what ishappening to all of us. Our innocence lost, (innocence is retained only by the child), we try to regain itby claiming to be the victim. We are presumed guilty, isolated, observed. Homo carceralus hauntsour Western culture; fruit of nihilism and gnosis. It is the reason we should reflect on his ordeal, notfrom the outside, but as something that could happen to each and every one of us, and in which todiscover where the poison lies and what the remedy could be. For gnosis, (either sophism ornihilism), is false when we are led to believe that we exit an ordeal by escaping our human conditionin the ‘upward’ direction of the natural sciences, statistical knowledge or technique. Resignation andheadlong pursuit share a characteristic, that of a predestined tendency towards disaster. Neither theone nor the other sits comfortably in this world or our times.But meaning does not have to come from elsewhere. If prison is pharmakon, both remedy andpoison, it is because it is a human institution. Man’s greatness is his conflicting authority : having thecapacity to overcome determinism, the ability not to resign himself to his fate, even at his lowestpoint. But it is imperative not to be left alone through this ordeal, for it is true that it is the other,particularly the ‘weakened other’, thanks to whom the crossing is possible from ‘below’. Care inprison is rooted in this ‘solidarity of the weak’. To navigate the different penitentiary and healthsystems, which seek to control and foresee the captives’ behaviour, the medical doctor must exertmêtis, become complicit with the patient in order to serve the patient. And at the same timecategorical medical confidentiality must be maintained, in the name of which the patient in his or herfragility, remains invisible to all sciences and techniques which are yet greater than he or she is. This‘secret’ knowledge is none other than Socratic knowledge: ‘I know that I do not know’
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Pujadas, Tortosa Virginia. "Para una teoría general de las medidas cautelares penales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129639.
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In criminal proceedings are held before the final judgment, limitations of rights for preventive purposes. These restrictive measures are called precautionary measures. This thesis proposes a general theory for these acts: Based on the principle of necessity and the object of criminal proceedings, submits that those measures are justified by the existence of one or more risks for the valid performance of the process and the dangerousness of the defendant. The theory includes determining the basis for punitive preventive measures, materials and formal adoption requirements and the requirement of proportionality. It also proposes a methodology for practical application of theory and criteria to limit the use of remand. It addresses the analysis of the presumption of innocence as a rule of treatment, deriving their theoretical and practical virtuality in criminal proceedingsEn el proceso penal se dictan, antes de la sentencia definitiva, limitaciones de derechos con fines preventivos. Estas medidas limitativas son denominadas medidas cautelares. La presente tesis propone una teoría general para estos actos: A partir del principio de necesidad y del objeto del proceso penal, sostiene que aquellas medidas se justifican por la existencia de uno o varios riesgos para la válida realización del proceso y la peligrosidad del imputado. La teoría incluye la determinación del fundamento de las medidas cautelares penales, sus presupuestos materiales y formales de adopción y la exigencia de proporcionalidad. Se propone además una metodología de aplicación práctica de la teoría y unos criterios para limitar el uso de la prisión provisional. Además, aborda el análisis de la presunción de inocencia como regla de trato, derivando su virtualidad teórica y práctica en el proceso penal
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Almeida, Francis Moraes de. "Fronteiras da sanidade : da "periculosidade" ao "risco" na articulação dos discursos psiquiátrico forense e jurídico no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Maurício Cardoso de 1925 a 2003." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18411.
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Esta tese descreve a articulação entre as práticas discursivas jurídicas e psiquiátrico forenses através da análise dos laudos psiquiátrico legais arquivados no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Maurício Cardoso, localizado em Porto Alegre, no período de 1925 a 2003. Adotando uma abordagem arqueogenealógica de pesquisa, inspirada na obra de Michel Foucault, busca descrever o modo como ocorre, ao longo do período pesquisado, a relação entre diversos regimes de verdade jurídico-legais e médico-científicos que permitem a emergência da "periculosidade" e do "risco" como problematizações específicas. Inicialmente, verificou-se o predomínio da noção médico-jurídica de "periculosidade", abarcando o período de 1925 a 1973, no qual os determinantes hereditários e os traços de personalidade tendiam a ser associados aos comportamentos criminosos de caráter violento, remontando a uma natureza ou condição individual. A noção de risco começa a se esboçar entre 1974 e 2003, abarcando a noção e "periculosidade" e a amplificando, pois está centrada na descrição de comportamentos criminosos visando determinar os indivíduos potencialmente reincidentes, enfatizando mais a classificação psiquiátrica do indivíduo periciado do que a gravidade do crime cometido.This thesis describes the articulation between the juridical and psychiatric discursive practices using the forensic psychiatrical assessments archived in the Forensic Psychiatrical Institute Mauricio Cardoso, located at Porto Alegre, from 1925 to 1973. Adopting an archeogenealogical approach of research, inspired on the Michel Foucault's work, this enquire search to describe how along the researched period the different juridical-legal and medicalscientific problematizations and politics of truth permit the emergency of problematizations around "dangerousness" and "risk". Initially, it was verified the predominance of the medicaljuridical notion or "dangerousness", from 1925 to 1973, in which the hereditary determinants and the personality traits tend to be associated to criminal behaviors of violent nature, remembering an individual condition. The notion of "risk" begins to be stretch between 1974 and 2003, comprehending the notion of "dangerousness" and amplifying it, for it is centered in the description of violent behaviors aiming to determine the potentially recidivist individuals, focusing more the psychiatrical classification of the individual than the gravity of the crime.
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El, Mouden Yatrib. "La réaction sociale à l’égard du criminel dans la pensée d’Enrico Ferri." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020025.
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Dans l'histoire de la pensée criminologique, l'école positiviste s'est distinguée par ses idées quelque peu révolutionnaires sur le crime, le criminel et également sur la manière de s'en défendre. Enrico Ferri, illustre représentant de cette école, est celui qui a le mieux synthétisé et diffusé ces idées dans le champ juridique international. C'est lui qui le plus contribué à donner à cette école son caractère de politique criminelle et de doctrine de droit pénal. mais malgré tout, il reste très peu étudié. Contrairement à d'autres criminologues, il n' pas eu la chance de voir ses idées répandues et mises en relief dans les sphères de la littérature criminologique, bien que sa pensée ait exercé une influence importante sur les transformations du droit pénal et que certaines de ses idées connaissent aujourd'hui un regain d'actualité. La pensée de Ferri se distingue particulièrement par la réaction sociale qu’il préconise à l’égard du criminel. Celle-ci découle de sa nouvelle approche scientifique du phénomène criminel et des transformations qu’il voulait opérer dans le droit pénal, pour l’adapter aux données de la criminologie. Ferri propose un système positiviste préventif et répressif de défense sociale. La prévention s’effectuera par des substitutifs pénaux. La répression sera assurée par des mesures réparatrices, des mesures neutralisatrices et des mesures éliminatrices, adaptées à la dangerosité de chaque délinquant. Cette pensée de Ferri connaît un certain renouveau dans l’actuel système pénal, à travers la résurgence des deux notions fondamentales de sa réaction sociale, en l’occurrence, la notion de dangerosité et la notion de mesures de sûretéIn the history of criminological thought, the positivist school has been to some extent distinguished by its revolutionary ideas about crime, the criminal, and also about how to defend oneself against it. Enrico Ferri, the illustrious representative of this school, is the person who has best synthesized and disseminated these ideas in the international legal field. It is he who most contributed to giving this school its character of criminal policy and criminal law doctrine. Nevertheless, Ferri remains very little studied. Unlike other criminologists, he has not had the chance to see his ideas spread and brought to the fore in the spheres of criminological literature, notwithstanding that his thinking has had a significant influence on the transformations of criminal law and some of his ideas are now gaining new relevance. Ferri's thinking is distinguished in particular by the social reaction he advocates towards the criminal, which stems from his new scientific approach to the criminal phenomenon and the transformations he wanted to make in criminal law, to adapt it to the data of criminology. Ferri proposes a positivist preventive and repressive system of social defence. Prevention will be carried out by criminal substitutes. Repression will be ensured by restorative measures, neutralizing measures and elimination measures, adapted to the dangerousness of each offender. Ferri's thinking is undergoing a certain renewal in the current penal system, through the resurgence of the two fundamental notions of his social reaction, in this case, the notion of dangerousness and the notion of security measures
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Mallein, Elise. "La rétention de sûreté : la première mesure de sûreté privative de liberté depuis le nouveau Code pénal." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOD003/document.
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Le droit pénal français est marqué par une volonté de prévenir la récidive. Ce souhait se concrétise par l’introduction de mesures de sûreté dont la rétention de sûreté. Toutefois, la rétention de sûreté n’est pas une mesure de sûreté comme les autres, ce qui a conduit à de nombreux débats qui, en réalité, reprennent d’anciennes et récurrentes controverses. Cette mesure part en effet du postulat que les criminels sexuels et/ou violents présentent une maladie, maladie qui laisse présumer un risque de récidive. En les traitants comme des malades, le législateur considère ainsi qu’ils sont curables. En conséquence, il convient de mettre en œuvre des soins, seule solution pour prévenir une récidive. Cependant, cette même maladie conduit souvent le patient à refuser les soins pourtant nécessaires au regard de cette maladie. Dans ces circonstances, le soin est contraint, mais non imposé, par la menace, puis la mise en œuvre effective, d’une mesure privative de liberté qu’est la rétention de sûreté, ce qui constitue une menace pour les libertés individuelles. Le mécanisme même de la rétention de sûreté fait ainsi apparaître de nombreux problèmes criminologiques, psychologiques, constitutionnels, conventionnels que le droit français ne peut ignorer. Il est nécessaire de les prendre en compte pour éviter que la rétention de sûreté ne devienne une mesure purement éliminatrice au détriment de son principal objectif, qui reflète le fondement même du droit pénal français, à savoir prévenir la récidive tout en permettant à terme la réinsertion des criminels dans la sociétéThe French criminal law is characterised by a willingness to prevent recidivism. To give concrete expression to this will, security measures are implemented among which the secure detention. However, the secure detention is not an ordinary measure and gives rises to many debates which, in fact, take up old and recurrent controversies. This measure is based on the assumption that sexual and/or violent criminals show a disease which may suggest a risk of a second offence. As a result, by considering them as sick persons, the legislator asserts that they can be treated. Accordingly, medical care is advised as the only solution to prevent a second offence. However, this disease itself often induces the patient to refuse cares even if it is required for this disease. Under these circumstances, care is constrained by law but not imposed by threat. Yet, if the attempt fails, a measure which deprives of liberties will be effective, such as the secure detention, what threatens individual freedoms. The secure detention process raises many criminological, psychological, constitutional and conventional problems than the French law can’t ignore. It’s necessary to take them into account to prevent the secure detention turning into a phase-out measure to the detriment of its mains objective, which reflects the cause itself of the criminal French law, i. e. to prevent the second offence while helping criminals in the long run to become reintegrated in society
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Salat, Paisal Marc. "La respuesta jurídico-penal a los delincuentes imputables peligrosos: especial referencia a la libertad vigilada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285865.
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En la present tesi doctoral s'analitza la mesura de seguretat de llibertat vigilada introduïda en el Codi Penal a través de la LO 5/2010. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'aborda un estudi de les principals causes que han motivat amb caràcter general la introducció de mesures penals tendents a contrarestar la perillositat dels delinqüents imputables perillosos. Atès que Espanya no ha estat un país pioner en la implementació d'aquest tipus de mesures, és igualment necessari conèixer la realitat jurídica comparada en alguns dels països del nostre entorn cultural. Complerts els anteriors subobjectius es realitza una anàlisi jurídica de la mesura de llibertat vigilada tant en relació amb la seva vigent regulació com en relació amb la que pretén efectuar-se mitjançant el Projecte de reforma del CP. Finalment, es proposen aquelles reformes legislatives que es consideren necessàries amb l'objectiu de millorar l'actual regulació del dret de sancions aplicables a delinqüents imputables perillosos.En la presente tesis doctoral se analiza la medida de seguridad de libertad vigilada introducida en el Código Penal a través de la LO 5/2010. Con este fin, se aborda un estudio de las principales causas que han motivado con carácter general la introducción de medidas penales tendentes a contrarrestar la peligrosidad de los delincuentes imputables peligrosos. Dado que España no ha sido un país pionero en la implementación de este tipo de medidas, es igualmente necesario conocer la realidad jurídica comparada en algunos de los países de nuestro entorno cultural. Cumplidos los anteriores subobjetivos se realiza un análisis jurídico de la medida de libertad vigilada tanto en relación con su vigente regulación como en relación con la que pretende efectuarse mediante el Proyecto de reforma del CP. Finalmente, se proponen aquellas reformas legislativas que se consideren necesarias con el objetivo de mejorar la actual regulación del derecho de sanciones aplicables a delincuentes imputables peligrosos.
In this Ph.D. I analyze the Spanish supervised release introduced by the LO 5/2010. To this objective, a study of the major causes that have led to the introduction of a general nature aimed at counteracting the danger of dangerous criminal offenders measures is addressed. Since Spain has not been a pioneer in the implementation of such measures, it is also necessary to know the legal situation compared to some of the countries in our cultural environment. Once the above subgoals a legal analysis of the supervised release both in relation to its current regulations and in relation to the intended affected by CP Reform Project is done. Finally, those legislative reforms deemed necessary in order to improve the current regulation of the right of penalties to dangerous offenders are proposed.
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Kazanchi, Caroline. "La médicalisation de la sanction pénale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1023.
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La pathologisation du criminel n’est pas un fait nouveau, pas plus que ne l’est la tendance latente à considérer le délinquant comme un malade. Pourtant, la sanction pénale semble avoir dépassé progressivement l’association symbolique en distillant progressivement au cœur de son fonctionnement le principe d’une réponse médicale à l’acte infractionnel. Ce faisant elle s’inscrit progressivement dans un mouvement plus vaste, celui décrit par les sociologues du milieu du XXème siècle : le processus de médicalisation. L’étude de la médicalisation de la sanction pénale démontre d’une mutation inédite prenant appui sur une catégorie à définir, celle des soins pénalement ordonnés. Elle tend alors à mesurer les différentes mutations opérées par une série de législations marquée par l’accélération et l’expansion d’un processus longtemps associé à des problématiques addictives. Le soin a t-il vocation à se substituer à la sanction, à devenir sanction ? Telles sont désormais les nouvelles problématiques qui innervent la matière. Dans ce qui se profile comme une redéfinition de l’architecture de la sanction pénale, pour les responsables comme les irresponsables pénaux le système pénal n’admet plus de culpabilité sans sanction, ni de sanction sans traitement. La tangibilité du processus de médicalisation de la sanction pénale naît alors du déplacement progressif et à dessein des fondements traditionnels de la sanction pénale tandis que, dans un mouvement inverse, ses finalités se resserrent, depuis leur réception théorique jusque dans leur mise en œuvre, autour d’un objectif thérapeutiquePathologising the criminal is nothing new, no more than is the latent trend to consider the offender as a patient. Yet criminal sanction appears to have gradually exceeded this symbolic association, progressively distilling the principle of a medical response to the unlawful act into the core of its operation. In doing so it gradually falls within a broader movement, that described by sociologists from the middle of the twentieth century: the medicalisation process.The study of the medicalisation of criminal punishments demonstrates an unprecedented mutation based on taking a class yet to be defined, that of care as a criminal punishment. It tends to measure different mutations carried by a series of laws marked by the acceleration and expansion of a process long associated with addictive problems. Has care become a substitute for punishment, or even a punishment in itself ? These are now the new problems that are stirring things up. In what is emerging as a redefinition of the architecture of punishment, for those responsible just like those who are criminally irresponsible, the penal system no longer recognises guilt without punishment, nor punishment without treatment. The tangibility of the process of medicalisation of criminal punishment was born of the progressive and intentional movement away from the traditional foundations of criminal punishment while, in a reverse movement, tightening its purposes, hence their theoretical reception right through to its implementation, around a therapeutic target
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Frinchaboy, Jenny. "Les mesures de sûreté : étude comparative des droits pénaux français et allemand." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA030.
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Les mesures de sûreté sont au cœur de la politique pénale actuelle, bien qu’elles soulèvent un grand nombre d’interrogations. Leur place est très incertaine en droit français qui, dans un souci de simplification, a opté pour un système de sanctions pénales à voie unique ne comportant que des peines. Pour autant, aux côtés des peines, il est un certain nombre de mesures de sûreté qui ne sont pas toujours reconnues comme telles, au détriment de la cohérence du droit positif. Le droit allemand, au contraire, a adopté le système « de la double voie », faisant coexister les peines et les mesures de sûreté au sein du code pénal. Ce système présente l’avantage de reconnaître la spécificité des mesures de sûreté, lesquelles reposent non sur la culpabilité du délinquant mais sur sa dangerosité. Bien que la distinction entre les deux catégories de sanctions pénales ne soit pas aisée en raison des nombreux points de convergence, une assimilation pure et simple entre les deux concepts s’avère impossible. Cette étude comparative de l’émergence et de l’autonomie des mesures de sûreté permet de conclure à la nécessité d’introduire un dualisme des sanctions pénales au sein du Code pénal français, avec un régime juridique complet et propre aux mesures de sûreté, distinct de celui des peines, mais s’inscrivant dans le respect des principes fondamentaux du droit pénalSecurity measures are at the heart of the current criminal policy, even though they raise a number of questions. Their place is very uncertain in French law, which has opted for a "single-track system", comprising only penalties, in the interest of simplification. Though, alongside the penalties, there are some security measures that are not always recognised as such, to the detriment of the coherence of the positive law. German law, on the contrary, has adopted a “dual-track system”, where penalties and security measures coexist within the criminal code. This system offers the advantage of recognizing the specificities of the security measures, which are not based on the guilt of the offender, but on his degree of danger. Although the distinction between the two categories of criminal sanctions is not an easy one, because of the areas of convergence, the two concepts cannot simply be treated as being the same. This comparative study of the emergence and the autonomy of the security measures concludes that a dualism of criminal sanctions should be introduced to the French criminal code with a complete own legal regime for the security measures, separate from the penalties’ regime, but in accordance with the basic principles of the criminal law
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Costa, Maria Izabel Sanches. "Política de saúde mental política de segurança: manicômio judiciário, entre o hospital psiquiátrico e a prisão." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. http://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/2915.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-22Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
This dissertation aims to genealogically analyze the approach of legal and psychiatric discourses in defense of the insane criminal restraint in regard to security measure issues and they internment in Manicômios Judiciários (a Judiciary Mental Health Hospital), currently known as the Hospitals of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment (HCPT). Since the appearance of the psychiatrist in court, the figure of the insane criminal emerged as a freak that needs to be studied, treated and normalized. Thus, the knowledge of criminal psychiatry led health policies to approach the security policies as a way to suppress these dangerous individuals, removing them from the social living, legitimized by the concept of social dangerousness. Indeed, they were taken to the State custody, for the maintenance of order and the social welfare through the execution of the security measure. This work tried to investigate the technical procedures of power that produces a disciplinary control over the body, in regard to gestures, attitudes and behavior of insane criminals. From a study of the different historical phases of Manicômio Judiciário de Franco da Rocha, it was shown that the notion of dangerous individuals, and its proposal for the model of treatment / custody, changes in each current socio-political discourse
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar genealogicamente a aproximação dos discursos jurídico e psiquiátrico, em defesa da contenção do louco criminoso, no que tange à problemática da medida de segurança e à internação nos Manicômios Judiciários, atualmente conhecidos como Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico (HCTP). A partir do aparecimento do psiquiatra nos tribunais, a figura do louco criminoso emergiu como um anormal que necessita ser estudado, tratado e normalizado. Desse modo, o saber da psiquiatria penal levou as políticas de saúde, legitimadas pelo conceito de periculosidade a aproximarem-se das políticas de segurança, como uma forma de reprimir esses indivíduos perigosos, retirando-os do convívio social. Com efeito, eles passam à custódia do Estado, em prol da manutenção da ordem e do bem-estar da sociedade através da imputação da medida de segurança. Neste trabalho, procurou-se investigar os procedimentos técnicos de poder que realizam um controle disciplinar do corpo, em relação aos gestos, atitudes, comportamento dos loucos criminosos. A partir de um estudo das diferentes fases históricas do Manicômio Judiciário de Franco da Rocha, demonstrou-se que tanto a noção de indivíduo perigoso, bem como o modelo tratamento/custódia, modificam-se em cada discurso sócio-político vigente
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Gazelix, Jean. "La prise en compte des éléments de personnalité du délinquant par le droit pénal." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0288.
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L’étude des éléments de personnalité du délinquant relève avant tout du domaine des sciences comportementales telles que la psychologie, la psychiatrie, la criminologie ou encore la philosophie. Cependant, sous l’impulsion de la défense sociale, le droit pénal s’y est progressivement intéressé. Ce dernier ne considère plus le délinquant de manière abstraite mais le place au même rang que la gravité de l’infraction constatée. Pour ce faire, une connaissance approfondie de la personnalité était nécessaire, ce qui a conduit à une étroite collaboration entre le droit pénal et les sciences comportementales. Cette étude sur la personnalité du délinquant démontre que le droit pénal contemporain est axé sur les éléments de personnalité. Celui-ci en fait des éléments déterminants dans l’engagement de la responsabilité pénale et de la réaction pénale à la commission de l’infraction. En pratique, l’utilisation faite correspond à l’importance que leur accorde le législateur. Par exemple, au stade de l’instruction un dossier de personnalité est constitué. Ce dernier est souvent utilisé lors du jugement et au moment de la détermination de la peine. Cependant, le doute persiste toujours sur les moyens accordés par la justice pour évaluer la personnalité du délinquant. Quant aux éléments de personnalité pris en compte, ils diffèrent tout au long de la procédure. Ces derniers sont appréhendés différemment et par des personnes distinctes. Force est de constater que les éléments de personnalité affectent autant l’engagement de la responsabilité que la réaction pénale. Il est tout d’abord apparu que les conditions d’engagement de la responsabilité sont affectées par les éléments de personnalité du délinquant dont le dossier de personnalité en est un élément déterminant. Les conditions d’engagement de la responsabilité pénale ont été revues. Cela a permis de redéfinir les notions de culpabilité et d’imputabilité à l’aune des éléments de personnalité du délinquant. Si ces notions sont également dévolues à la personne morale, il est établi que la personnalité du délinquant telle que nous la concevons ne peut le lui être appliquée. Il a ensuite été question de s’intéresser à la réaction du droit pénal en réponse aux infractions commises. Cette phase est très importante au regard de la prise en compte de la personnalité du délinquant car la réaction pénale doit s’adapter tantôt à la gravité de l’infraction tantôt à la personnalité du délinquant. C’est aux magistrats du parquet et du siège qu’il revient la charge d’appliquer ce principe d’individualisation de la réponse pénaleThe study of the offender’s personality falls first within the field of behavioral sciences, such as psychology, psychiatry, criminology or even philosophy. However, through the social defense movement, the criminal law field got more and more interested in the study. In criminal law, the offender is not seen as an abstract object anymore but is placed at the same level as the gravity of the offense considered. To do so, an in-depth knowledge of the personality is necessary, which has led to a close collaboration between criminal law and behavioral sciences. This study on the offender’s personality shows that contemporary criminal law is based on components of the personality. They are decisive to determine criminal responsibility and the criminal justice response to the offense. In practice, the use of the offender’s personality reflects the importance attached to it by lawmakers. For instance, at the instruction stage, a file on personality is made. This file is often used for the judgment and the determination of the sentence. However, some doubt remains regarding the means granted by the justice system to assess the offender’s personality. Regarding the components of the personality taken into account, they change throughout the criminal proceedings. They are grasped differently and by different people. It is clear that the components of the personality affect both the determination of criminal responsibility and the criminal justice response. First, it appears that the conditions governing criminal liability are affected by the offender’s personality whose file on personality is decisive. Those conditions governing criminal liability have been reviewed, which helped redefine the notion of guilt and the notion of imputability using the components of the offender’s personality. The two notions are also used for the legal entity, but it is established that the offender’s personality, as understood here, cannot be applied to it. Second, the study focuses on the criminal justice response to the offence committed. This stage is really important regarding the offender’s personality because the criminal justice response must adapt either to the gravity of the offense or to the offender’s personality. It is for the prosecutors and the judges to apply this principle of the individualization of the criminal justice response
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Lochon, Annie. "L'évolution de la réaction sociale aux violences et crimes sexuels entre 1989 et 2012 dans la presse française." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC018.
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À partir d’une analyse de 1472 articles, issus de deux quotidiens français, portant sur la violence et la délinquance sexuelle, réalisée à l’aide du logiciel Prospéro, cette thèse relève des mécanismes de présentation du crime déjà connus : place du fait-divers, dramatisation, présentation antagoniste des auteurs et des victimes. Or, ces procédés peuvent nourrir des représentations sociales faussées concernant les infractions sexuelles, entraîner un sentiment d’insécurité et des politiques pénales populistes. Entre 1989 et 2012, la manière de nommer ces crimes et délits a évolué : l’expression « abus sexuel », utilisée en début de période, fait place à celle de « délinquant sexuel », avant que les expressions « violence sexuelle » puis « violences sexistes et sexuelles » ne s’imposent. Cette succession d’expressions apparaît comme un des signes de l’évolution de la réaction sociale face à ses violences et infractions. Ces deux dernières expressions plus généralistes attestent de la présence d’un continuum dans la manière de penser les différentes violences sexuelles. Toutefois, la dichotomie des représentations entre auteurs et victimes de violences sexuelles empêcher de penser sereinement ce problème publicBased on the analysis of 1472 articles in two French newspapers on violence and sexual delinquency, carried out using the software Prospero, this thesis highlights the mechanisms of crime presentation already known within a newspaper: the place of miscellaneous facts, the dramatization, the antagonistic presentation of perpetrators and victims. Still, this kind of processing can nourish a biased social representation of sexual offences, lead to insecurity and to populist criminal policies. Between 1989 and 2012, the way these crimes and offences were named, changed from "sexual abuse", the first expression used at the beginning of the period, followed by that of "sex offender", before the expressions "sexual violence" and finally "gender and sexual violence" became the two most popular expressions used. This succession of expressions appears as one of the signs of the evolution of the social reaction towards its violence and offences. These last two generalized expressions confirm the presence of a continuum in the way we think about various forms of sexual violence. However, the dichotomy between the representations of perpetrators and victims of sexual violence prevents us from taking this public problem under serious consideration
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Maxera, Pavel. "Analýza chování řidiče při řešení situací spojených s přecházením chodců přes vozovku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445182.
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The doctoral thesis analyses driver’s conduct while solving situations associated with crossing of pedestrians across the road in cases of various design of pedestrian crossings and at different conditions. The thesis deepens the knowledge of the human factor impact on the occurrence of a traffic accident involved vehicle and pedestrian and thesis also complements knowledge for the needs of the analysis of traffic accidents, especially in solving the pre collision phase and at assessment of possibilities for collision prevention by involved participants. The thesis deals with driver’s conduct, various models of the conduct as well as the thesis focuses on the visual perception, the process of information processing, the driver’s conduct and the reaction time. In terms of the solution suitable types of experiments were designed and implemented. Based on performed measurements a method of processing and evaluating data on drivers’ conduct was found as well as more significant data set was obtained for a detailed analysis of drivers' conduct in different driving situations. The assessed quantities of drivers' conduct were analysed with respect to the dangerousness of driving situations. For these purposes, the categories of the dangerousness of driving situations were defined (situations completely safe, with increased danger, dangerous and critical), into which the analysed driving situations were subsequently included. To enable the quantification of this classification of situations into the categories of the dangerousness, the coefficient of the dangerousness (so called K) was defined. From the detailed analysis of the obtained data, the limit values of this coefficient were determined, and these were subsequently verified using data from the solution of real traffic accidents. Concurrently the analysis verified the suitability of using this hazard coefficient in the analysis of traffic accidents, especially for a detailed assessment of the possibilities of collision prevention.
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Borges, Guilherme Martins Teixeira. "O saber penal como instrumento legitimador do processo de criminalização dos trabalhadores rurais sem-terra: apontamentos acerca da Comissão Parlamentar Mista de Inquérito da Reforma Agrária e Urbana (CPMI da Terra)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4163.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation aims to analyze the relationship between the action of landless rural workers, especially the activities of members of the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST), and the criminalization process of his conducts by Criminal Law. Therefore, this study aims to verify scientifically know as the criminal knowledge can be a legitimate instrument to promote the criminalization and stigmatization of these landless workers. Thus, the work takes as its starting point the characterization of their research subject, namely, the landless rural workers in its meaning of agrarian social movement, why it held an approach to the construction of social inequality and its correlation with the emergence and structuring of social movements, for, in the end, weave important considerations about what is meant by social Movement and Agrarian MST. Following aimed to explain how the criminal know contemporary Brazilian still shows a strong influence of the positivist criminological thought inaugurated by the Italian school centuries ago. It is shown how positivist criminology was responsible for creating a conception of social dangerousness and embrace a segregationist and selective criminological project, such that those individuals who were "classified" as a threat, should be removed from social interaction. We report how this discourse entered " the back door " of the criminal laws homelands and enabled the creation of an ideology of social defense and the criminalization of minorities (poor, landless ruais, black and so on). Finally, aiming to demonstrate the hypothesis elected, held a review of the work conducted by the Joint Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry ( CPMI ) and Urban Land Reform, known as "CPMI of Land ", specially her Final Report , highlighting Project Senate n . 264/2006 ( PLS No. 264 /06 ) and Project of House of Representatives n . 7485/2006 ( PL No. 7485 / 06 ), whose proposals are, appropriately, intended to spearhead a process of criminalization of landless legitimized by criminal law.
A presente dissertação objetiva analisar a relação entre a atuação dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra, em especial a atuação dos integrantes do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), e o processo de criminalização de suas condutas por parte dos operadores do direito. Para tanto, este estudo se propõe a verificar cientificamente como o saber penal pode ser um instrumento legítimo para promover a criminalização e estigmatização penal destes trabalhadores. Desta forma, o trabalho toma como ponto de partida a caracterização do seu sujeito de pesquisa, qual seja, os trabalhadores rurais sem terra em sua acepção de movimento social agrário, razão por que se realizou uma abordagem da construção das desigualdades sociais e a sua correlação com o surgimento e estruturação dos movimentos sociais, para, ao final, tecer importantes considerações sobre o que se entende por Movimento Social Agrário e MST. Na sequência, objetivou-se explanar como o saber penal brasileiro contemporâneo ainda ilustra uma forte influência do pensamento criminológico positivista inaugurado pela Escola Italiana séculos atrás. Demonstra-se como a criminologia positivista foi responsável por criar uma concepção de periculosidade social e abraçar um projeto criminológico segregacionista e seletivo, de tal forma que aqueles indivíduos os quais fossem “classificados” como uma ameaça, deviam ser afastados do convívio social. Relata-se como esse discurso adentrou “pelas portas dos fundos” das legislações penais pátrias e possibilitou a criação de uma ideologia da defesa social e da criminalização das minorias (pobres, trabalhadores ruais sem terra, negros e etc.). Ao final, objetivando demonstrar factivelmente a hipótese de trabalho eleita, realizou-se uma análise dos trabalhos realizados pela Comissão Parlamentar Mista de Inquérito (CPMI) da Reforma Agrária e Urbana, conhecida como “CPMI da Terra”, em especial os encaminhamentos por ela declarados em seu Relatório Final, com destaque para o Projeto de Lei do Senado n. 264, de 2006 (PLS N. 264/06) e o Projeto de Lei da Câmara dos Deputados n. 7485/2006 (PL N. 7485/06), cujas propostas revelam, com propriedade, a intenção de encabeçar um processo de criminalização dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra legitimado pelo próprio Direito Penal.
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MONTORSI, MATTEO. "Passato, presente e futuro della confisca di prevenzione." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/314916.
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Il presente lavoro si propone di analizzare la complessa evoluzione della confisca di prevenzione ed evidenziare le problematiche più rilevanti che caratterizzano questo strumento per come attualmente concepito ed applicato. A tal fine l’analisi muove dalla ricostruzione storica e normativa della nascita e dell’affermazione del sistema preventivo, in origine composto da misure solamente di carattere personale che, tuttavia, ancora oggi condividono con le misure patrimoniali il presupposto “identitario” costituito dalla possibilità di inquadrare il prevenuto in una fattispecie di pericolosità sociale. L’analisi è poi estesa alla giurisprudenza convenzionale più rilevante in tema di misure preventive e forme di confisca allargata dei proventi, nonché ai principali atti normativi che delineano la politica dell’Unione Europea in quest’ultima materia. L’ascesa di strumenti patrimoniali “moderni”, e in parte simili alla confisca di prevenzione, anche nelle altre legislazioni dell’Unione Europea ha peraltro suggerito l’opportunità di una breve comparazione con i modelli più interessanti del panorama europeo, ed in particolare con la corrispondente disciplina spagnola in tema di misure preventive e confisca dei proventi. Il lavoro si conclude con la formulazione di alcune osservazioni che, muovendo dalle ultime pronunce della Corte Costituzionale in tema di natura cd “ripristinatoria” della confisca di prevenzione (e della confisca allargata), si propongono di mettere a fuoco la perdurante problematicità -anche- della nuova impostazione prospettata, formulando comunque qualche spunto per un suo parziale superamentoThesis aims to analyze the complex evolution of preventive italian confiscation and highlight the most relevant problems that characterize this tool as it is currently conceived and applied. The analysis starts from historical and normative reconstruction of birth and development of the preventive system, originally composed by personal measures that still today share with the preventive confiscation the presupposition constituted by the possibility to place the person whom it is addressed into a (more or less specific) cases of social dangerousness. The analysis is then extended to the most relevant ECHR jurisprudence about preventive measures and extended confiscation of proceeds of crime, as well as to the main regulatory acts that outline the policy of the European Union in the latter matter. The rise of "modern" type of tools in many other European Union legislations (which often share some aspects of the Italian preventive confiscation structure) has also suggested the opportunity of a brief comparison with the most interesting European models, especially regarding the corresponding Spanish legislation on preventive measures and confiscation of proceeds and assets of crime, Starting from the latest rulings of the Constitutional Court about the so-called "restorative" nature of the preventive confiscation (and of the extended confiscation), this work concludes with some observations that aim to focus on the main persisting problems of this tool (concern also the recent perspective mentioned before), however formulating some ideas for its partial overcoming
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Margaine, Clément. "La capacité pénale." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40036/document.
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Définie à l’origine comme l’aptitude à la sanction, la capacité pénale peut s’entendre plus largement comme résumant l’ensemble des aptitudes subjectives, c’est-à-dire propres au délinquant, indispensables à l’engagement et à la sanction de sa responsabilité pénale. Ces aptitudes sont de deux ordres. L’aptitude à l’infraction et l’aptitude à l’imputation de cette infraction conditionnent le jugement de responsabilité et contribuent à en assurer la dimension morale. L’aptitude à la sanction ou capacité pénitentiaire joue un rôle plus original puisqu’elle apparaît comme le fondement de la personnalisation de la peine, permettant d’adapter la sanction pénale à la personnalité et aux besoins de celui qui doit la subirOriginally defined as the capacity to be punished, criminal capacity can be understood more widely as summarizing mental abilities that are required for criminal responsibility. Some are needed to commit the offense, others for criminal responsibility but both ensure the moral meaning of criminal law. Applied to the penalty, criminal capacity can be used to adapt the sentence to the personality and needs of those who must endure it
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Gervier, Pauline. "La limitation des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels par l’ordre public." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40058/document.
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La dialectique de l’ordre public et des libertés sillonne la pensée juridique depuis le XVIIIème siècle. Généré par de nouvelles formes de délinquance et de criminalité, le renforcement des exigences de l’ordre public impose de s’interroger sur la limitation des droits fondamentaux constitutionnels. En dépit de la place névralgique qu’il occupe entre ordre public et libertés, le processus de limitation demeure indéterminé en droit français. Cette recherche, organisée autour de la détermination des limites aux droits garantis, de l’identification des « limites aux limites » aux droits fondamentaux, puis de la redéfinition des droits fondamentaux par les limites, permet de préciser ce mécanisme, mais aussi de cerner les restrictions apportées à l’exercice des droits et libertés. L’autolimitation du Conseil constitutionnel marque un infléchissement progressif de la protection des droits fondamentaux. Ce constat invite à réfléchir sur l’encadrement supra-législatif de la limitation des droits garantis, et conduit à se positionner en faveur de l’insertion d’une clause de limitation des droits fondamentaux dans la ConstitutionThe dialectics of public order and freedoms has been traveling throughout legal thought since the 18th century. Sparked by new forms of delinquency and criminality, the strengthening of public order requirements leads to questioning the limitation of fundamental constitutional rights. Despite its crucible place between public order and freedoms, the limitation process remains undetermined in French law. This research, which aims at determining the limitations to protected rights, identifying the limitations to those limitations themselves, and then redefining fundamental rights through those limitations, not only helps to specify this mechanism, but also to identify the restrictions brought to the enjoyment of rights and freedoms. The Conseil constitutionnel self-restraint reveals a gradual shift in the protection of fundamental rights. Acknowledging the former leads to considering a supra legislative framework to the limitations to protected rights, and advocating in favor of the constitutional entrenchment of such a clause
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Lagoutte, Julien. "Les conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé : éléments pour une théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40032.
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Alors que l’on enseigne classiquement la distinction radicale du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile, une étude approfondie du droit positif révèle une tendance générale et profonde à la confusion des deux disciplines. Face à ce paradoxe, le juriste s’interroge : comment articuler le droit civil et le droit pénal de la responsabilité ? Pour y répondre, cette thèse suggère d’abandonner l’approche traditionnelle de la matière, consistant à la tenir pour une simple catégorie de classement des différentes branches, civile et pénale, du droit de la responsabilité. La responsabilité juridique est présentée comme une institution autonome et générale organisant la réaction du système à la perturbation anormale de l’équilibre social. Quant au droit de la responsabilité civile et au droit criminel, ils ne sont plus conçus que comme les applications techniques de cette institution en droit positif.Sur le fondement de cette approche renouvelée et par le prisme de l’étude des conditions de la responsabilité en droit privé, la thèse propose un ordonnancement technique et rationnel du droit pénal et de la responsabilité civile susceptible de fournir les principes directeurs d’une véritable théorie générale de la responsabilité juridique. En tant qu’institution générale, celle-ci engendre à la fois un concept de responsabilité, composé des exigences de dégradation d’un intérêt juridiquement protégé, d’anormalité et de causalité juridique et qui fonde la convergence du droit pénal et du droit civil, et un système de responsabilité, qui en commande les divergences et pousse le premier vers la protection de l’intérêt général et le second vers celle des victimesWhile the radical distinction between criminal law and civil liability is classically taught, a thorough survey of positive law reveals a general and profound trend towards a confusion of these two disciplines. Faced with this paradox, the jurist wonders : how to articulate the civil and criminal laws of responsibility ? To answer this question, the thesis suggests abandoning the traditional approach of the subject, which consists in treating it as a mere category of classification of the different branches, civil and criminal, of responsibility/liability. Legal responsibility is presented as an autonomous and general institution organizing the response from the system to abnormal disturbance of social equilibrium. Civil liability law and criminal law are, as far as they are concerned, henceforth conceived as the mere technical applications of this institution in positive law.On the basis of this new approach and through the prism of the study of liability conditions in private law, the thesis proposes a technical and rational organization of criminal law and civil liability that may provide the guiding principles of a real general theory of legal responsibility. As a general institution, it gives not only a concept of responsibility, requiring degradation of a legally protected interest, abnormality and legal causation, and establishing the convergence of criminal law and civil law, but also a system of responsibility, determining the divergences of them and steering the first towards the protection of general interest and the second towards the protection of victims
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Wang, Teng-hau, and 王珽顥. "The Dangerousness and the Social Security Measures（Maßregeln der Besserung und Sicherung）." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79257216874030876854.
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Watson, Amy C. "Mental illness stigma : ideology, causal attributions, perceptions of dangerousness, and behavioral response /." 2001. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3029547.
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Robinson, Keith Liam Hamilton. "The ’dangerousness’ provisions of the criminal justice act 1991: a risk discourse?" Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5784.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines in detail the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1991
which allow for the incapacitation of the 'dangerous' offender. Incapacitation has
been used as an example of a growing trend in criminal justice towards viewing
crime in terms of risk. This risk discourse points to the use of actuarial practices
and insurance techniques in this field, with a resultant 'abstraction' of the
traditional view of crime as a moral wrong. The technologies of risk assessment
are central to the very power of the discourse, it has been argued that these
techniques further increase the effectiveness of control and that they are a
response to a growing preoccupation in society with security. It is argued that risk
is, in a sense, pre-political in that as risk takes hold, overtly political responses to
crime become more difficult.
Given that incapacitation has been used as an example of crime as risk, this
thesis takes the form of a micro-study of the above incapacitatory legislation. It
assesses the degree to which this legislation can be seen to be a part of the risk
discourse. It is argued that on a general level the legislation does fit within the
risk model, seeking to incapacitate 'bad risks'. However, it is argued that as the
legislation has been conceived, formulated and employed, it does not make use
of the actuarial techniques of risk assessment - seen as so central to 'internal
dynamic' of the risk discourse - to a significant extent. Rather, it is argued that the
legislation embodies a politically motivated appeal to the idea of risk rather than
to risk assessment itself. It is concluded that this use of risk - once shed of its
attendant technologies - far from making political responses more difficult, sits
well with punitive responses demanded by a government of the right.
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Chou, Chih-Yu, and 周志玉. "The Stigma of Depressive Disorder：The Influences of Controllability, Perceived Dangerousness, and Perceived Dependency on Public Discrimination." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12327508451732958854.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
心理學研究所
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to set up a suitable model of the formulation of stigma towards persons with Depressive Disorder, which is helpful for people to know how depression is stigmatized in the modern society. According to the stigma theory and the attribution theory, the present study wants to examine if, through the cognitive appraisal process involving Controllability, Perceived Dangerous, Perceived Dependency, and Judgment of Responsibility variables, affect responses, and discriminative behaviors(social distance), the model which contains people’s understanding about Depressive Disorder can be applied to explain the formulation of the social stigma toward persons with Depressive Disorder. The sample consists of 703 adults recruited from several counties in Taiwan. Every participant was administered several inventories including the Questionnaire on the Degree of Understanding of Depressive Disorder, the Inventory on Attitudes to Depressive Disorder, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results reveal that：（1）the variables such as ”Dangerousness to Others”, “Dangerousness to Themselves”, “External Responsibility”, “Fear”, and “Angry” significantly correlate with “Social Distance”. （2）After using Structural Equation Modeling to carry out a path analysis for the model of the formulation of social stigma toward persons with Depressive Disorder and with several modifications, we could get an optimum model. This optimum model reveals that ”Dangerousness to others” will influence “Social Distance” by means of the affect variable, that ”Perceived Dependency” will influence “Social Distance” by means of Judgment of Responsibility and the affect variable, and that, in most cases, ”Personal Controllability” and “External Controllability” will influence “Social Distance” by means of Judgment of Responsibility and the affect variable. The variables mostly depend on the stigma theory and the attribution theory to predict discriminative behaviors. The present study discovers that we should pay much more attention to Perceived Dangerousness, Perceived Dependency, and Controllability than to the degree of understanding of Depressive Disorder. It is because the model of the formulation of the social stigma toward persons with Depressive Disorder which is made up of Controllability, Perceived Dangerous, Perceived Dependency, and Judgment of Responsibility variables, affect responses, and discriminative behaviors has been established. Besides, though “Dangerousness to Themselves” can not predict discriminative behaviors effectively, this idea exists generally. This partially incorrect stereotype should be corrected.