Academic literature on the topic 'Darden, Christopher A'

Rafaela Dancygier, Dilemmas of Inclusion: Muslims in European Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017) Reviewed by Hilary Silver, Sociology, George Washington University Thomas Großbölting, Losing Heaven: Religion in Germany since 1945; translated by Alex Skinner (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. Reviewed by Jeffrey Luppes, World Languages, Indiana University South Bend Hans Vorländer, Maik Herold, and Steven Schäller, PEGIDA and New Right-Wing Populism In Germany (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Reviewed by Joyce Mushaben, Political Science, University of Missouri St. Louis Kara L. Ritzheimer, “Trash,” Censorship, and National Identity in Early Twentieth-Century Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016) Reviewed by Ambika Natarajan, History, Philosophy, and Religion, Oregon State University Anna Saunders, Memorializing the GDR: Monuments and Memory After 1989 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2018) Reviewed by Jeffrey Luppes, World Languages, Indiana University South Bend Desmond Dinan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson, eds., The European Union in Crisis (London: Palgrave, 2017) Reviewed by Helge F. Jani, Hamburg, Germany Noah Benezra Strote, Lions and Lambs: Conflict in Weimar and the Creation of Post-Nazi Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017). Reviewed by Darren O’Byrne, History, University of Cambridge Chunjie Zhang, Transculturality and German Discourse in the Age of European Colonialism (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2017) Reviewed by Christopher Thomas Goodwin, History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Marcel Fratzscher, The Germany Illusion: Between Economic Euphoria and Despair (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). Reviewed by Stephen J. Silvia, International Relations, American University

Background:The Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score (SNAPS; range 0-40: scored one point each for the presence of pitting, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis and/or severe nail disease#in each fingernail) has been utilised to collect data regarding psoriatic nail dystrophy in the Bath Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Longitudinal cohort for many years. SNAPS has construct validity in PsA with the modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI) as a comparator instrument and appears to be more feasible than mNAPSI with excellent reliability1.Objectives:We aimed to determine if SNAPS could demonstrate longitudinal sensitivity to change in a cohort of patients treated with biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and therefore be utilized prospectively in observational and clinical trial settings.Methods:Patients enrolled in the Bath PsA longitudinal cohort routinely undergo clinical assessments including a 66/68 Swollen and Tender Joint Count (SJC/TJC), Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and Physician Global Assessment (PhGA), as well as complete patient-reported outcome measures such as the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Dermatology Quality of Life (Derm-QoL). All patients who commenced treatment with Etanercept and had available outcome data at baseline, 3 months and 6 months were included in this retrospective analysis. Baseline demographics were recorded and paired t-tests were utilized to assess the change in SNAPS at 3 and 6 months. The effect size and measurement error of SNAPS in this cohort were measured. Correlations between SNAPS and other outcome measures were assessed using Pearson’s r.Results:Fifty-seven patients (32 male and 25 female) with available data were retrospectively analysed. The mean (±SD) age of the cohort and duration of disease was 61.3 (±11.55) and 13.3 (±10.82) years respectively. The mean SNAPS at baseline was 3.7 (±6.13) and improved to 2.0 (3.74, p=0.018) at 3 months and 1.2 (2.40) at 6 months (p=0.001 for change from baseline and p=0.039 for change from month 3). The smallest detectable difference at 3 months for SNAPS in this cohort was 1.35, representing 3.37% of the range of the score (Table 2). The standardised response mean (SRM) was 0.32 at 3 months and 0.44 at 6 months. There was a modest correlation between the improvement in the SNAPS score and the improvement in PASI and Derm QOL at 3 months (r = 0.511 and 0.558 respectively, p=0.001) and 6 months (r= 0.672, p<0.001 and r=0.510, p=0.003 respectively).Conclusion:SNAPS demonstrates sensitivity to change in response to treatment with a bDMARD and could be a potential outcome measure for the assessment of treatment efficacy in prospective studies.References:[1]Antony A, Hart D, Cavill C, Korendowych E, McHugh N, Lovell C, Tillett W. The ‘Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score’ (SNAPS) Is Feasible, Reliable and Demonstrates Construct Validity Against the mNAPSI in an Observational Cohort of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis [abstract].Arthritis Rheumatol.2019; 71 (suppl 10).Table 1.Outcomes at Baseline, 3 months and 6 monthsMean (SD) or Median [IQR]Baseline3 Months(p for change from baseline)6 Months(p for change from baseline)PASI (0-72)3.0 (4.80)1.6 (2.12) p=0.011.3 (1.6) p=0.002SNAPS (0-40)3.7 (6.13)2.0 (3.73) p=0.0181.2 (2.39) p=0.001Derm-QoL (0-30)5.7 (7.07)1.95 (3.23) p=0.001 (n=33)1.9(4.72) p=0.037 (n=31)Table 2.Measurement Error for SNAPS in an Etanercept CohortTimeframeStandardised Response MeanStandard Error of MeanSmallest Detectable ChangeSmallest Detectable Change (% of total score)Smallest Detectable DifferenceSmallest Detectable Difference (% of total score)0-3 months0.320.691.914.771.353.370-6 months0.440.742.065.151.463.64Disclosure of Interests:Anna Antony: None declared, Sadaf Saeed: None declared, Darren Hart: None declared, Preeti Nair: None declared, Charlotte Cavill: None declared, Eleanor Korendowych: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Christopher Lovell: None declared, William Tillett Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, MSD, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB

The intention of this thesis is to identify and analyze the cat woman archetype as a contemporary extension of the transgressive witch archetype, which rampantly appears over the course of cinema history, working as a signifier of a patriarchal society's fear of autonomous and subversive women. The character of Catwoman is the ultimate representation for this archetype on grounds of her visibility, longevity, and ability to return again and again. More importantly, Catwoman and her sisterhood of cat women work against male creators as a means of female empowerment through trickery. Within this thesis, key films of varying genres are drawn from throughout cinema history and analyzed in order to demonstrate the intertextual network of characters that make up the cat woman archetype, and the importance of the Catwoman character in her many forms.

In this chapter, Christopher Kilgore analyzes venomous and abusive masculinities as drawn-out temporal trauma in some of Gaiman and McKean's darker works, Violent Cases and The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch. The chapter goes on to argue that the strange temporalities in these two books portray and critique a hereditary culture of domestic and public masculine violence, putting Gaiman and McKean in line with other critical work of the 1980s and '90s graphic narrative renaissance and at odds with the traditional masculinities prevalent in mainstream comics.

Gout was once a common malady that immobilized many of the upper class males of ancient Rome and imperial Britain. Both societies blamed it on too much rich food and wine, and they may have been right. The Roman writers, Seneca, Virgil, Juvenal, and Ovid all poked fun at the sufferers of gout, as did the London cartoonists; the popular belief was that it was a just punishment for over-indulgence. Physicians knew of the pain it caused and discovered that it was due to sharp crystals of uric acid between the joints of the bones; but what caused these to form? Among those affected by gout were Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the United States of America, British Prime Minister William Pitt, poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, biologist Charles Darwin, and the founder of Methodism, John Wesley. It has been suggested that Alexander the Great, Kubla Khan, Christopher Columbus, Martin Luther, John Milton, and Isaac Newton also suffered its agonies. In the last century, it was found that more than a third of those suffering from gout had high levels of lead in their blood. It now seems likely that earlier generations had exposed themselves to gout by a fondness for port wine, which was invariably tainted with lead, and kept in lead crystal decanters. At various times in the 1700s, the British were at war with the French and no longer imported their wines or brandy, although quite a lot was smuggled into the country. Instead Englishmen turned to drinking the wines of their most faithful ally, Portugal. These, like port and Madeira, contained lead, and they became so popular that by the 1820s more than 20 million litres of port were being imported annually. Bottles of this age have been analysed for their lead content and shown to have in excess of 1 ppm suggesting that the risk of serious lead poisoning from such drink was relatively low, although it would have had an effect. Indeed the lead may have simply served as an irritant to the gut, which is why a glass of port at the end of a meal was reputed to have a laxative effect by the following morning.

Ilya M. Lyapkalo of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, showed (Synlett 2009, 558) that a ketone 1 reacted with the inexpensive nonafluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride in the presence of a phosphazene base to give first the enol sulfonate, and then the alkyne 2. The method worked well for aldehydes also. Christophe Darcel of the Université de Rennes I developed (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 367) an inexpensive Fe catalyst for the hydration of a terminal alkyne 3 to the ketone 4. Carlos Alonso-Moreno and Antonio Otero of the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha devised (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 881) a Rh catalyst for the complementary hydration of a terminal alkyne 5 to the aldehyde, by way of the imine 7. Internal alkynes often give mixtures of ketones on hydration, but Bo Xu and Gerald B. Hammond of the University of Louisville found (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 1640) a gold catalyst that converted an alkynyl ester 8 into the γ-keto ester 9. Jonathan M. J. Williams of the University of Bath developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 1766; Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3374) a Ru-catalyzed protocol for the alkylation of an amine 11 with an alcohol 10 . The reaction proceeded by oxi dation of the alcohol to the aldehyde, imine formation, and reduction using the hydride generated by the initial oxidation. José Luis García Ruano of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid uncovered (Chem. Commun. 2009, 404) a similar conversion mediated by Raney Ni. There has been a great deal of work recently on the preparation and reaction of amides. Susumu Saito of Nagoya University prepared (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 8748) a diaryl boronic acid that catalyzed the methanolysis of an imide 13 to the methyl ester 14 and the oxazolidinone 15. Jaume Vilarrasa of the Universitat de Barcelona reported (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 2203) the catalyzed condensation of an acid 16 with an azide 17 to give the amide 18 . Both aryl and aliphatic azides participated in the reaction, and the enantiomeric integrity of the amide was maintained.

Christophe Darcel and Jean- Baptiste Sortais of the CNRS-Université Rennes 1 reduced (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10010) an acid 1 to the aldehyde 2 with a Mn catalyst under photostimulation. The same authors also used (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 8045) an Fe catalyst to reduce an ester (not illustrated) to the corresponding aldehyde. Yasushi Tsuji of Kyoto University employed (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 3420) a Pd catalyst to reduce acid to the aldehydes. Chao-Jun Li of McGill University found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 11871) that a Ag catalyst in water would reduce an aldehyde 3 to the alcohol 4. Ketones were not reduced under these conditions. David Milstein of the Weizmann Institute of Science devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 14131) an Fe catalyst for the E-selective reduction of an alkyne 5 to the alkene 6. Debabrata Maiti of IIT Bombay effected (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 8362) reductive cleavage of a nitrile 7 to the alkane 8. Aryl nitriles were also reduced. Professor Li used (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 6496) an Ir catalyst and hydrazine under H-transfer conditions to reduce an alcohol 9 to the hydrocarbon 10. Kenneth M. Nicholas of the University of Oklahoma reduced (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 8199) the diol 11 to the alkene 12 with a V catalyst. Qiang Liu of Lanzhou University and Li- Zhu Wu of the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry showed (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 7528) that irradiation in the presence of a photoredox catalyst and a Hantzsch ester removed the sulfonyl group of 13. Selective oxidation is a powerful tool for organic synthesis. Eike B. Bauer of the University of Missouri St. Louis oxidized (Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 5889) the diol 15 to the ketone 16 with an Fe catalyst and 30% hydrogen peroxide. Yan- qin Yuan of Lishui University and Jiannan Xiang of Hunan University selectively (Org. Lett. 2013, 15, 4654) thiolated the ether 17 to 18, that has the aldehyde oxidation state. Chengjian Zhu of Nanjing University converted (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 3558) the aldehyde 19 to the thioester 20 by oxidation in the presence of diphenyl disulfide.