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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Data Protection Directive

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Academic literature on the topic 'Data Protection Directive'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

1

Dresner, Stewart, and Ian Walden. "The EC data protection directive." Computer Law & Security Review 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(90)90135-x.

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Bainbridge, David I. "Processing personal data and the data protection directive." Information & Communications Technology Law 6, no. 1 (March 1997): 17–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1997.9965752.

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Blume, Peter. "The Data Protection Directive and Danish Law." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1997): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869755820.

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Saxby, Stephen. "Data protection directive gets its first progress report." Computer Law & Security Review 19, no. 4 (July 2003): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0267-3649(03)00401-1.

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Woods, Lorna. "Data Protection: The Directive and the New Act." Utilities Law Review 10, no. 2 (March 1999): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1808(199903/04)10:2<45::aid-ulr1123>3.0.co;2-k.

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Allaert, F.-A., and B. Barber. "Some systems implications of EU Data Protection Directive." European Journal of Information Systems 7, no. 1 (1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejis.3000278.

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Allaert, F.-A., and B. Barber. "Some systems implications of EU Data Protection Directive." European Journal of Information Systems 7, no. 1 (March 1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000278.

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Millard, Christopher. "Impact of the EU data protection directive on transborder data flows." Information Security Technical Report 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 8–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1363-4127(97)80881-3.

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Hoeren, Thomas. "The new German Data Protection Act and its compatibility with the European Data Protection Directive." Computer Law & Security Review 25, no. 4 (July 2009): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2009.05.002.

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Smith, M. F. "Data protection, health care, and the new European directive." BMJ 312, no. 7025 (January 27, 1996): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7025.197.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

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Zeitlin, Martin. "Everything Counts in Large Amounts : Protection of big data under the Database Directive." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352009.

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Lonka, Anna. "Profiling through Ultrasound Technoogy, the Right to Privacy and the Right to Data Protection." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154902.

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The right to private and family life and the right to the protection of personal data are two fundamental rights of the EU. The protection of these rights is addressed in the new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications (ePrivacyDirective) and the upcoming new Regulation on Privacy and Electronic Communications (draft ePrivacy Regulation). In this thesis these three legal acts are evaluated in light of profiling through ultrasound tracking technology. Their technology neutrality and their functioning as safeguards of the two fundamental rights against the use of profiling through ultrasound tracking technology is tested. The GDPR is found to differentiate between profiling in the context of automatic decision-making and profiling in other contexts. The process of profiling is described in general terms. It is shown how tracking technologies in general and ultrasound tracking technology in particular have a central role in the profiling process.It is found that ultrasound tracking technology enables far wider tracking and data collection than the other tracking technologies. Differences and similarities between ultrasound tracking technology and other tracking technologies are described. According to the findings, the three legal instruments, the GDPR, the ePrivacy Directive and the draft ePrivacy Regulation, all live up to their aim of technology neutrality on theoretical level, since profiling through ultrasound tracking technology is within the material scope of all of them. An exemption is Article 8(2) of the draft ePrivacy Regulation that, unlike Article 9 of the ePrivacyDirective, does not stretch to cover location tracking through ultrasound technology. However, as will be shown, there are risks related to the practical implementation of these legal frameworks.

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Magnusson, Wilhelm. "The EU General Data Protection Regulations and their consequences on computer system design." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-213025.

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As of writing this thesis, the EU’s new data protection laws (GDPR) will start to apply within one year. The new regulations are poorly understood by many and rumours of varying accuracy are circling the IT industry. This thesis takes a look at the parts of the GDPR concerning system design and architecture, clarifying what they mean and their consequences for system design. The new regulations are compared to the old data protection laws (Directive 95/46/EC), showing how companies must alter their computer systems in order to adapt. Using evaluations of the old data protection laws predictions are made for how the GDPR will affect the IT industry going forward. One of the more important questions are what tools are available for companies when adapting to privacy protection regulations and threats. This thesis aims to identify the most common processes for this kind of system modification and compare their effectiveness in relation to the GDPR.
Vid framställningen av denna avhandling är det mindre än ett år innan EUs nya dataskyddsförordning (GDPR) träder i kraft. Många har bristande förståelse av de nya förordningarna och rykten av varierande korrekthet cirkulerar inom IT industrin. Denna avhandling utför en kritisk undersökning utav de delar inom GDPR som berör system design och arkitektur och beskriver dess innebörd för system design. De nya lagarna jämförs med de föregående dataskyddslagarna (Direktiv 95/46/EC) för att påvisa de modifikationer som kommer krävas för att anpassa datorsystem till de nya förordningarna. Genom att undersöka de äldre dataskyddslagarnas effekt på industrin görs även förutsägelser kring hur GDPR kommer påverka IT industrin inom den närmaste framtiden. Än av de intressantare frågorna är vilka metoder som finns tillgängliga för att underlätta systemanpassningar relaterade till dataskyddsförordningar. Denna avhandling syftar att identifiera de mest etablerade av dessa typer av processer och jämföra deras lämplighet i förhållande till GDPR.

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Greenstein, Stanley. "Our Humanity Exposed : Predictive Modelling in a Legal Context." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141657.

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This thesis examines predictive modelling from the legal perspective. Predictive modelling is a technology based on applied statistics, mathematics, machine learning and artificial intelligence that uses algorithms to analyse big data collections, and identify patterns that are invisible to human beings. The accumulated knowledge is incorporated into computer models, which are then used to identify and predict human activity in new circumstances, allowing for the manipulation of human behaviour. Predictive models use big data to represent people. Big data is a term used to describe the large amounts of data produced in the digital environment. It is growing rapidly due mainly to the fact that individuals are spending an increasing portion of their lives within the on-line environment, spurred by the internet and social media. As individuals make use of the on-line environment, they part with information about themselves. This information may concern their actions but may also reveal their personality traits. Predictive modelling is a powerful tool, which private companies are increasingly using to identify business risks and opportunities. They are incorporated into on-line commercial decision-making systems, determining, among other things, the music people listen to, the news feeds they receive, the content people see and whether they will be granted credit. This results in a number of potential harms to the individual, especially in relation to personal autonomy. This thesis examines the harms resulting from predictive modelling, some of which are recognized by traditional law. Using the European legal context as a point of departure, this study ascertains to what extent legal regimes address the use of predictive models and the threats to personal autonomy. In particular, it analyses Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the forthcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) adopted by the European Union (EU). Considering the shortcomings of traditional legal instruments, a strategy entitled ‘empowerment’ is suggested. It comprises components of a legal and technical nature, aimed at levelling the playing field between companies and individuals in the commercial setting. Is there a way to strengthen humanity as predictive modelling continues to develop?

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Laroche, Benjamin. "Le big data à l’épreuve du règlement européen général sur la protection des données." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10041.

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Les usages quotidiens des citoyens d’une société numérique produisent des données de manière exponentielle, et ce, à une vitesse considérable. Dans un tel contexte, le développement de technologies de collecte massive de données apparait comme une évidence. De telles technologies impliquent le traitementde données à caractère personnel afin de créer une valeur économique ou encore d’optimiser des processus métiers ou décisionnels. Le règlement général sur la protection des données (UE) 2016/679 (RGPD) tend à encadrer ces pratiques en respectant des impératifs de souplesse et de neutralité technologique. Cependant, le big data s’avère d’une complexité inédite, ses caractéristiques propres allant à l’encontre même de plusieurs principes du règlement général sur la protection des données. Largement partagé, ce constat a peu à peu imposé une forme implicite de status quo ne permettant pas la résolution effective de l’incompatibilité entre la réalité du big data et son encadrement juridique opéré par le règlement général à son égard. Pour ce faire, une approche distributive, fondée sur les composantes du big data que sont sa structure, ses données ainsi que ses capacités algorithmiques, permettra ensuite d’étudier la qualification de cette notion afin d’en dégager un régime approprié. Résoudre une telle problématique passera tout d’abord par une actualisation de la qualification de données à caractère personnel afin de répondre à la complexification des traitements de données réalisés à l’aide de capacités algorithmiques avancées. De plus, la responsabilisation des différents acteurs impliqués, notamment au travers du régime de responsabilité conjointe de traitement, sera associée à la notion de risque afin d’apporter l’actualisation nécessaire à l’encadrement du big data. Pour finir, l’application d’une méthodologie d’analyse d’impact sur la protection des données viendra éprouver puis synthétiser l’indispensable renforcement de l’adéquation entre la théorie juridique et la réalité pratique du big data
Citizens’ daily uses of technologies in a digital society exponentially produce data. In this context, the development of massive data collection appears as inevitable. Such technologies involve the processing of personal data in order to create economic value or to optimize business or decision-making processes. The General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR) aims to regulate these practices while respecting the imperatives of flexibility and technological neutrality. However, big data is proving to be an unprecedentedly complex legal issue, as its specific characteristics oppose several principles of the General Data Protection Regulation. Widely shared, this observation has gradually imposed an implicit form of status quo that does not allow for the effective resolution of the incompatibility between the reality of big data and the legal framework provided by the GDPR. In order to solve this equation, a distributive approach, based on the components of the big data: its structure, its data and its algorithmic capabilities, will then make it possible to study the qualification of this notion in order to identify an appropriate regime. Overcoming such a problem will, first of all, involve updating the qualification of personal data in order to respond to the increasing complexity of data processing carried out using advanced algorithmic capabilities. In addition, the accountability of the various actors involved, in particular through joint responsibilities for processing, will be associated with the notion of risk in order to bring the necessary updating to the regulation of big data. Finally, the application of a data protection impact analysis methodology will test and then synthesize the indispensable strengthening of the adequacy between legal theory and the practical reality of big data

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Nilsson, Eric. "Informerat samtycke till behandling av personuppgifter på webbplatser : En analys av hur kraven i dataskyddsförordningen kommer att påverka den personliga integriteten i praktiken." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323168.

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Frågan om rätten till personlig integritet är aktuell på ett helt annat sätt idag än den var på 1990-talet. Sedan dataskyddsdirektivet trädde i kraft har behandlingen av personuppgifter ökat exponentiellt. Informationsteknik har möjliggjort en omfattande kartläggning av personers beteenden online. Idag använder många webbplatser funktioner för att samla in och på andra sätt behandla sina besökares personuppgifter. Samtidigt har informationen om personuppgiftsbehandlingen som ges till enskilda på webbplatser i många fall blivit omfattande och komplicerad. Ett av syftena med den nya dataskyddsförordningen är att bygga upp konsumenters förtroende för handel på internet. Förordningen syftar även till att stärka skyddet för enskildas personliga integritet. Bestämmelserna kan anses vara svårtydda, vilket kan leda till att skyddet som bäst blir oförändrat. I ett samhälle som blir alltmer digitaliserat tycks det önskvärt att de moderna reglerna håller vad de lovar, annars kan konsekvenserna bli stora. I denna uppsats diskuteras om dataskyddsförordningens krav på informerat samtycke förbättrar förutsättningarna för ett effektivt skydd för den personliga integriteten. De nya bestämmelserna är mer omfattande men har kritiserats för att vara otydliga, närmare principer i direktiv snarare än direkt tillämplig förordningstext. Bestämmelserna behöver också vägas mot andra rättigheter. Därför kan bestämmelserna om samtycke och informationsplikt leda till ett sämre skydd för enskilde om inte tydlig vägledning ges. Det är därför en risk som kommer behöva beaktas vid tillämpningen av förordningen. Om personuppgiftsansvariga saknar vägledning finns en risk att bestämmelserna i praktiken inte ger enskilda den kontroll över sina personuppgifter som var avsedd.

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Hriadeľ, Ondřej. "Návrh a implementace plánu zálohování dat společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399540.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the development of a new backup plan and its implementation. In introductory part of the thesis I explore the theorethical backround of data backup and data management. Next part is dedicated to analysis of current state and investor requierements. Last part is aimed to implementation of new backup plan with focusing on economic and quality point of view. Besides concept and realization of backup plan the concept of the backup directive is created .

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Almlöf, Frida. "The Right to be Forgotten : The Extraterritorial Reach of EU Data Protection Law with Special Regard to the Case of Google v CNIL." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-357205.

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Strindberg, Mona. "Protection of Personal Data, a Power Struggle between the EU and the US: What implications might be facing the transfer of personal data from the EU to the US after the CJEU’s Safe Harbour ruling?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-294790.

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Since the US National Security Agency’s former contractor Edward Snowden exposed the Agency’s mass surveillance, the EU has been making a series of attempts toward a more safeguarded and stricter path concerning its data privacy protection. On 8 April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the CJEU) invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive 2006/24/EC on the basis of incompatibility with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter). After this judgment, the CJEU examined the legality of the Safe Harbour Agreement, which had been the main legal basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the US under Decision 2000/520/EC. Subsequently, on 6 October 2015, in the case of Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner, the CJEU declared the Safe Harbour Decision invalid. The ground for the Court’s judgment was the fact that the Decision enabled interference, by US public authorities, with the fundamental rights to privacy and personal data protection under Article 7 and 8 of the Charter, when processing the personal data of EU citizens. According to the judgment, this interference has been beyond what is strictly necessary and proportionate to the protection of national security and the persons concerned were not offered any administrative or judicial means of redress enabling the data relating to them to be accessed, rectified or erased. The Court’s analysis of the Safe Harbour was borne out of the EU Commission’s own previous assessments. Consequently, since the transfers of personal data between the EU and the US can no longer be carried out through the Safe Harbour, the EU legislature is left with the task to create a safer option, which will guarantee that the fundamental rights to privacy and protection of personal data of the EU citizens will be respected. However, although the EU is the party dictating the terms for these transatlantic transfers of personal data, the current provisions of the US law are able to provide for derogations from every possible renewed agreement unless they become compatible with the EU data privacy law. Moreover, as much business is at stake and prominent US companies are involved in this battle, the pressure toward the US is not only coming from the EU, but some American companies are also taking the fight for EU citizens’ right to privacy and protection of their personal data.

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Koumpli, Christina. "Les données personnelles sensibles : contribution à l'évolution du droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles : étude comparée : Union Européenne, Allemagne, France, Grèce, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D003.

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La protection des données personnelles sensibles consistait, jusqu'au RGPD, en un contrôle préalable réalisé par une autorité indépendante, malgré l’obstacle posé à la libre circulation. Cette protection renforcée est aujourd'hui remplacée par l’obligation du responsable de traitement d’élaborer une étude d’impact. Une telle mutation implique un risque de pré-légitimation des traitements et peut être favorable au responsable de traitement. Or, est-elle conforme au droit fondamental à la protection des données personnelles ? La thèse interroge le contenu de ce droit et la validité du RGPD. À partir d'une étude comparative allant des années 1970 à nos jours, entre quatre pays et l’Union européenne, les données personnelles sensibles sont choisies comme moyen d'analyse en raison de la protection particulière dont elles font l’objet. Il est démontré qu’en termes juridiques, la conception préventive fait partie de l’histoire de la protection européenne des données et peut donner un sens à la protection et à son seul bénéficiaire, l’individu.Un tel sens serait d’ailleurs conforme aux Constitutions nationales qui garantissent aussi l’individu malgré leurs variations. Cependant, cette conception n’est pas forcement compatible avec l’art. 8 de la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE. La thèse explique que cette disposition contient la garantie d’une conciliation (entre les libertés de l’UE et celles des individus) qui peut impliquer une réduction de la protection de ces dernières. Or, il revient à la CJUE, désormais seule compétente pour son interprétation, de dégager le contenu essentiel de ce droit ; objectif auquel la thèse pourrait contribuer
Before the GDPR, protection of sensitive personal data consisted of a prior check by an independent authority despite limiting their free movement. This has been replaced by the obligation of the controller to prepare a privacy impact assessment. With this modification, one can assume a risk of pre-legitimization of data processing, putting the controller at an advantage. Is that compatible with the fundamental right to the protectionof personal data ? This thesis questions the content of this right and the validity of the GDPR. It is based on a comparative study from 1970s until present day between four European countries and the European Union, in which sensitive data are chosen as a meanto the analysis due to their particular protection. Research shows that in legal termsthe preventive conception is a part of the history of protection in the European Union. By limiting freedom of processing it gives meaning to protection and its only subject,the individual. Such an interpretation is compatible with National Constitutions despite their variations. However, the preventive conception of data protection is not so easily compatible with article 8 of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights. The thesis puts forward that this article contains the safeguard of a balancing, between EU liberties and individuals’ freedoms, which implicates reduced protection. It is up to the European Court of Justice to identify the essence of this right, an aim to which this thesis could contribute

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Books on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

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Bainbridge, David I. EC data protection directive. London: Butterworths, 1996.

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Law Library of Congress (U.S.). Global Legal Research Directorate. European Union: ECJ invalidated data retention directive. [Washington, D.C.]: Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center, 2014.

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Great Britain. Home Office. Liquor, Gambling & Data Protection Unit. Consultation paper on the EC Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC). London: Home Office, 1996.

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Registrar, Data Protection. Questions to answer: The Data Protection Act 1984 and the EU Directive 95/46/EC : papersfrom the Data Protection Registrar. Wilmslow: Data Protection Registrar, 1996.

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Edenborough, Michael. The EC data protection directive 95/46/EC and its consequences for higher education. London: Intellectual Property Institute, 1996.

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1950-, Litan Robert E., ed. None of your business: World data flows, electronic commerce, and the European privacy directive. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.

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commission, European. Report from the Commission: First report on the implementation of the Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2003.

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Bauchner, Joshua S. International regulatory devices: Legal research guides to the EU Data Protection Directive and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Buffalo, N.Y: W.S. Hein, 2001.

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author, Jong D. de, Bokhorst R. J. author, Poot, C. J. de, author, and Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek en Documentatiecentrum, eds. The Dutch implementation of the data retention directive: On the storage and use of telephone and Internet traffic data for crime investigation purposes. The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing, 2014.

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Estadella-Yuste, Olga. Law and practice on dataprotection with regard to mailing lists, credit reference and some other professional information services in the EC compared with the amended EC draft directive. [Amsterdam]: [University of Amsterdam, Institute for Information Law], 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

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Wong, Rebecca. "Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC." In Data Security Breaches and Privacy in Europe, 3–8. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5586-7_2.

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Poullet, Yves. "About the E-Privacy Directive: Towards a Third Generation of Data Protection Legislation?" In Data Protection in a Profiled World, 3–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8865-9_1.

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Barcelo, Rosa, and Peter Traung. "The Emerging European Union Security Breach Legal Framework: The 2002/58 ePrivacy Directive and Beyond." In Data Protection in a Profiled World, 77–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8865-9_5.

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Gutiérrez Zarza, Ángeles. "The European Investigation Order Draft Directive." In Exchange of Information and Data Protection in Cross-border Criminal Proceedings in Europe, 207–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40291-3_15.

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Viola De Azevedo Cunha, Mario. "Review of the Data Protection Directive: Is There Need (and Room) For a New Concept of Personal Data?" In European Data Protection: In Good Health?, 267–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2903-2_13.

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Heisenberg, Dorothee, and Marie-Hélène Fandel. "Projecting EU Regimes Abroad: The EU Data Protection Directive as Global Standard." In The Emergent Global Information Policy Regime, 109–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230377684_6.

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Boehmer, Robert G. "A Comparison of US Privacy Law with the European Union Data Protection Directive." In Electronic Business und Multimedia, 31–50. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85202-1_2.

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Siems, Jasper. "Protecting Deep Learning: Could the New EU-Trade Secrets Directive Be an Option for the Legal Protection of Artificial Neural Networks?" In Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law, 137–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50559-2_7.

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Hallinan, Dara. "Biobank Oversight and Sanctions Under the General Data Protection Regulation." In GDPR and Biobanking, 121–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49388-2_8.

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AbstractThis contribution offers an insight into the function and problems of the oversight and sanctions mechanisms outlined in the General Data Protection Regulation as they relate to the biobanking context. These mechanisms might be considered as meta-mechanisms—mechanisms relating to, but not consisting of, substantive legal principles—functioning in tandem to ensure biobank compliance with data protection principles. Each of the mechanisms outlines, on paper at least, comprehensive and impressive compliance architecture—both expanding on their capacity in relation to Directive 95/46. Accordingly, each mechanism looks likely to have a significant and lasting impact on biobanks and biobanking. Despite this comprehensiveness, however, the mechanisms are not immune from critique. Problems appear regarding the standard of protection provided for research subject rights, regarding the disproportionate impact on legitimate interests tied up with the biobanking process—particularly genomic research interests—and regarding their practical implementability in biobanking.

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Falcone, Anna. "Directive 95/46/EC and Protection of Personal Data in CBRNE Events: Limits and Perspectives." In The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, 163–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11977-5_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

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Hoanca, Bogdan, Christina McDowell Marinchak, and Edward Forrest. "Ethical Implications of the General Data Protection Directive for Virtual Personal Marketing Assistants." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2018.8622608.

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Pavli, Kristina, and Miha Dvojmoč. "General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Data Protection Police Directive, and the Changes to National Legislation in the Republic of Slovenia." In Twelfth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: From Common Sense to Evidence-based Policy–making. University of Maribor Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-174-2.46.

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Fatema, Kaniz, Christophe Debruyne, Dave Lewis, Declan OSullivan, John P. Morrison, and Abdullah-Al Mazed. "A Semi-Automated Methodology for Extracting Access Control Rules from the European Data Protection Directive." In 2016 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spw.2016.16.

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Thiel, Florian, and Jan Wetzlich. "The European Metrology Cloud: Impact of European Regulations on Data Protection and the Free Flow of Non-Personal Data." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201901001.

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New digital technologies, such as cloud computing, big data, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) are designed to maximize efficiency, enable economies of scale and develop new services. They offer benefits to users, such as agility, productivity, speed of deployment and autonomy. In the sector of Legal Metrology, it must be ensured that digital system architectures, digital services, and digital infrastructures are legally compatible. To benefit the stakeholders in this sector, the industry, the notified bodies and the market surveillance/verification authorities alike, the digital transformation of Legal Metrology shall remove barriers to innovation within the legal processes and reduce costs and time to market for new digital products. To this end a European consortium has formed to establish a digital quality infrastructure; the “European Metrology Cloud”, designed to support the processes of conformity assessment and market surveillance/verification and the development of reference architectures and new technology- and data-driven services for this infrastructure. With this approach, the digital single market that the European Commission envisions will be fostered. This article analyzes how recent regulations within the digital single market strategy of the commission - the Data Protection Police Directive (2016/679/EU) and the Regulation on a framework for the free flow of non-personal data in the European Union (Regulation (EU) 2018/1807) – may be integrated into the European Metrology Cloud initiative to, e.g. guaranty that its underlying Blockchain approach complies to these norms and exploit their benefits.

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Zdravkova, Katerina. "Compliance of MOOCs and OERs with the new privacy and security EU regulations." In Fifth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head19.2019.9063.

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Since their appearance in the early 2000s, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and Open Educational Resources (OERs) arose among the most important educational priorities. Many top universities worldwide have been involved in the research and direct implementation of this innovative pedagogical approach. Simultaneously with the development and massive deployment of the new learning and teaching method, European regulations responsible for data privacy and protection, and information security have significantly evolved. This paper assesses the compliance of the ten most popular MOOCs and OERs with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Directive on security of network and information systems (NIS Directive). In order to systematically examine their online platforms, a few privacy indicators were outlined and thoroughly observed. Alongside this, the involvement of the open education providers in the NIS Directive was examined. Research findings are presented and elaborated in a way that it makes easy to generate recommendations on how to anticipate the future of open education as a reasonable reaction to global change in the era of rapid technological growth, and at the same time to obey the crucial ethical principles defined by this development.

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Panteleeva, Vanya. "Transposition of Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 in Personal Data Protection Act in Republic of Bulgaria." In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.17.

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Matanovac Vučković, Romana, Ivana Kanceljak, and Marko Jurić. "CULTURAL HERITAGE INSTITUTIONS DURING AND AFTER THE PANDEMIC: THE COPYRIGHT PERSPECTIVE." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18312.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has imploded the traditional ways in which creative, cultural and artistic content are presented and consumed. Museums, libraries, archives, and other cultural institutions have been closed in lockdowns all around the European Union, and their content presented and consumed online. This paper will analyse how copyright rules affect cultural heritage institutions (publicly accessible libraries or museums, archives or film or audio heritage institutions) in the digital age. Four recent legal documents at the European level refer to the digitalisation of their collections and the digitised content’s exposure to the public in the Digital Single Market. These are Directive 2001/29/EC, Directive 2012/28/EU, Directive (EU) 2019/790 and Directive (EU) 2019/1024. This paper willfirst analyse how exclusive rights are regulated for authors, other creators, publishers, and producers in the digital age. Those rights need to be respected and exercised effectively by their owners. On the other hand, there is also a public interest, in that digitisation and access to digitised content should be free in cultural heritage institutions. To resolve the tension inherent in this relationship is not easy. The recent rapid change in consumption of creative, cultural and artistic content in the Single Digital Market (due to the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus) has triggered the need for swifter digitisation of cultural heritage institutions’ collections. The European legal framework offers some solutions to this need, which will be presented here. It does not resolve the situation generally, but refers to particular issues, such as orphan works, out-of-commerce works, text and data mining and the re-use of public sector information. In general, copyright protection prevails. Nevertheless, the tendencies towards free access grow stronger every day. This paper will analyse how these four directives interact with each other in the effort to resolve the tension between copyright, digitisation and free access to digitised content in cultural heritage institutions. At the end, two ideas for a new balance are presented.

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Magdziarczyk, Malgorzata. "RIGHT TO BE FORGOTTEN IN LIGHT OF REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL OF 27 APRIL 2016 ON THE PROTECTION OF NATURAL PERSONS WITH REGARD TO THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA AND ON THE FREE MOVEMENT OF SUCH DATA, AND REPEALING DIRECTIVE 95/46/EC." In 6th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2019v/1.1/s02.022.

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LADYCHENKO, Viktor. "INFORMATION POLICY IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPHERE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE AND THE EU." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.218.

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The purpose of this research is to develop a legal mechanism for ensuring the right to access environmental information to ensure sustainable development of society. In the context of our study we developed an understanding of information human rights - the right to collect, disseminate, use and preserve environmental information is fundamental and natural. We understand information human rights as a group of rights with a center around freedom of information, the right to environmental information, the right to communication in environmental sphere, the right to access to environmental information that is public or socially significant, the right to privacy, and the protection of personal data. In the EU, access to environmental information is regulated by Directive 2003/4/EC (Aarhus Convention, 1998). Citizens of the EU have the right to receive this information within one month from the moment they ask and not to mention why they need it. In addition, public authorities are required to actively disseminate information on environmental information at their disposal. In Ukraine defined system of a jurisdiction whose collection includes different types of environmental information and formation of information on environmental policy. But the issue of public administration in the field of environmental protection is currently split between different executive bodies; there is no united information policy and the body responsible for it. There is no obligation for the authorities to inform the population even in crisis situations. This study will form the legal framework to ensure the right of access to environmental information in Ukraine by introducing the position of Information Commissioner - an official, the competence of which includes monitoring of compliance of information law with information policy in the environmental field.

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Zhang, Yu, Jia-qing Chen, Jun Liu, Yang-jun Wang, Zaihui Wang, and Fumeng Zhu. "Judgment about thunderstorms position, moving direction and the path based on networking atmosphere electric-field monitors data." In 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp.2014.6973130.

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Reports on the topic "Data Protection Directive"

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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