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Deb, Prahlad, Madhu Kumar, Pradipto Kumar Mukherjee, and Agniva Halder. "Genetic diversity and correlation analysis of Indian date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.): Insights into an underutilized native fruit crop." Journal of Applied Horticulture 26, no. 4 (2024): 480–86. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i04.90.
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Indian date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) is one of the important nutritious, naturally abundant, potentially underutilized rain-fed fruit of the western dry tract of West Bengal available in the natural vegetation. Considering the diversity of the crop under this region, the present study aimed to study genetic diversity using multivariate analysis based on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm accessions (P-1 to P-15) from natural vegetation of different locations from Bolpur Sriniketan Block under the Birbhum district during the year 2022 and 2023. The Indian date palm accessions exhibited wide ranges of variation in different fruit physico-chemical and antioxidative properties. The significant and high positive correlation of fruit weight with fruit size (length, diameter), pulp weight, seed weight, seed length and seed diameter were noted within Indian date palm accessions. A fairly positive correlation was observed between fruit weight, spadix girth, TSS, and total sugar. Similarly, fruit diameter was positively correlated with spadix girth, TSS, total sugar and reducing sugar. Pulp weight had a high positive correlation with TSS and total sugar. UPGMA clustering of date palm accessions has shown three major clusters. The eigenvalue and Eigenvector have exhibited five major principal components, of which the first principal component (PC1) contributed a maximum of 49.5% towards total variability. Bi-Plot also confirms the variability and the association of different characteristics within Indian date palm accessions.
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S., K. Ghosh, and Nag D. "Mechanical pulping for manufacture of hand made paper from Date-Palm leaves (Phoenix dactylifera - L)." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 87, Jun 2010 (2010): 761–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5792489.
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Division·of Transfer of Technology, National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology (ICAR), 12, Regent Park, Kolkata-700 040, India <em>E-mail :</em> nirjaft@rediffmail.com <em>Manuscript received 4 June 2009, revised 18 November 2009, accepted 26 November 2009</em> The present paper highlights the production of pulp from agro-residues by mechanical pulping for the benefit or Indian paper industry. Date-Palm leaf (DPL), a renewable agro-residue is an excellent raw material for making pulp and paper of different grades due to high alpha. cellulose (50-58%) and hemi cellulose contents (26-32%). These constituents play a stellar role In mechanical pulping I.e. In beating operation without using any chemical. Ultimate fibre length (1.25 mm to 2.50 mm) is also higher than fibres or other agro-residues, recycled cotton rag and paper. Yield and mechanical properties or the pulp of 100% DPL fibre obtained by mechanical pulping process attained higher values as compared to Its blends with recycled cotton rag. Chemo-mechanical process Is costly and not environment friendly. Moreover, yield and mechanical properties or the paper obtained in this process are poor. Hemi cellulose (more than 25%) and non-cellulosic polysaccharide which exist In cell wall of fibres contribute to efficient beating operation and fibre bonding. Hemi cellulose also contributes largely towards higher burst Index, tensile index and folding endurance to the pulp sheet specially produced without using any chemical In the entire process.
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Munir, Muhammad, Mohammed Refdan Alhajhoj, Abdel-Kader Mohammed Sallam, Hesham Sayed Ghazzawy, and Abdul Majeed Al-Bahigan. "Impact of pollination time of the day on the fruit, yield, and quality traits of date palm cultivar Khalas." Journal of Applied Horticulture 23, no. 03 (2021): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2021.v23i03.63.
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The present study was conducted during the 2017 and 2018 seasons on date palm cv. Khalas to determine the most effective daytime to pollinate female palms to obtain optimum fruit set, yield, and best fruit characteristics. Nine, twelve-year-old date palm trees were selected for the experiment, and five spathes from each palm were chosen for pollination. These palms were pollinated at three different daytimes, i.e., at 8am (morning), 11am (late morning), and 2pm (afternoon). The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates for each treatment. The outcome of the study indicated significant differences among three pollination times. Date palm cv. Khalas pollinated at 11am exhibited significantly promising results regarding fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit volume, pulp weight, pulp ratio, seed ratio, pulp:seed ratio, seed weight, seed length, and fruit moisture content; however, fruit drop percentage, seed width, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, and non-reducing sugar were not significantly affected by any pollination times. Pollination carried out at 2pm closely following to 11am pollens application time, and a number of attributes were non-significant between the two times such as fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruit percentage, biser fruit percentage, tamar fruit percentage, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit volume and seed length. Early pollination time (8am) showed poor results regarding most of the attributes studied. Therefore, it is concluded that pollination should be carried out around the middle of the day when the ambient temperature is optimum, which favours pollen germination and positively influence fruit yield and quality attributes.
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Fadhillah, Farid, Abdulrahman G. Alhamzani, Khaled Bin Bandar, et al. "Application of Anionic Hydrogels from Date Palm Waste for Dye Adsorption in Wastewater Treatment." Gels 10, no. 10 (2024): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10100617.
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This work aimed to develop an anionic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) bio-adsorbent from date palm tree waste and to investigate its removal efficiency compared to cationic methylene blue dye from contaminated water. Date palm pulp was first prepared from date palm leaves through acid hydrolysis using H2SO4, followed by hydrolysis in a basic medium using KOH, in which the process completely removed the components of hemicellulose, lignin, and silica. To obtain anionic CNF, the resulting pulp was further treated with H2SO4, followed by centrifugation. Biogel formation of the CNF suspension was promoted by sonication, where its removal efficiency of methylene blue dye was studied as a function of dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and pH value. In this work, we investigated two isotherms, i.e., Langmuir and Freundlich. The Langmuir model’s consistency with the experimental data suggests that the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto CNF is monolayer and surface-limited. The reported maximum removal efficiency of 5 mg/g at 60 °C indicates the optimal temperature for adsorption in this specific case. Additionally, a pseudo-second-order model and Elovich model were also utilized to obtain a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism, in which we found not just physical adsorption but also an indication of a chemical reaction occurring between methylene blue dye and CNF. According to the results, that pseudo-second-order model’s consistency with the experimental data suggests that the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) onto CNF is rate-limiting step involving chemisorption between the two. The study reveals that CNF adsorbents derived from renewable natural waste sources such as date palm leaves can be effective in removing cationic contaminants such as methylene blue dye.
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Saafi, Emna B., Maher Trigui, Raouf Thabet, Mohamed Hammami, and Lotfi Achour. "Common date palm in Tunisia: chemical composition of pulp and pits." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 43, no. 11 (2008): 2033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01817.x.
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Helen, Nonye Henry-Unaeze, Chidera Umeh Jessica, and Nkechi Eneobong Henrietta. "Evaluation of the Chemical Composition of Biscuits from Soybean (Glycine max), and Corn (Zea mays) Seeds Flour Blends Supplemented with Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Pulp." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research 11, no. 2 (2025): 01–08. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14936210.
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<strong>Background/Objective:</strong> Development of biscuits from soybeans, and corn flour blends supplemented with date palm pulp and their chemical evaluation was necessitated by consumers demand for varied nutrient-dense foods, and informed food choices.<strong>Methodology:</strong> The experimental study used standard methods to process flour from soybeans and corn; and pulp from date palm. The flour was formulated into three blends supplemented with the pulp in the ratios of 50:30:20, 40:40:20, 30:50:20. These were made into biscuits and evaluated for chemical compositions with standard procedures. IBM Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) software version 21 was used to analyze data and presented as mean +/-SD. The means were compared with Analysis of variance and separated with Duncan multiple test range. <strong>Result:</strong> The proximate composition ranged from 7.37% to 8.66% moisture, 8.74% to 12.05% crude protein, 18.96% to 20.23% fat, 1.16% to 19.4% fiber, 1.24% to 1.93% ash, 57.81% to 60.27% carbohydrates, and 450.74Kcal to 458.09Kcal energy. The vitamin contents ranged from 12.58µg to 14.871µg beta-carotene, 0.56mg to 0.92mg thiamin, 25.52mg to 26.09mg riboflavin, 0.78mg to 1.38mg niacin, 0.27µg/g to 0.84µg/g folate, 15.67mg to 0.84mg Vitamin C. The mineral composition range was 34.74mg to 45.66mg calcium, 15.82mg to 23.47mg magnesium, 19.77mg to 37.62mg sodium, 54.75mg to 65.34mg potassium, 0.57mg to 0.91mg iron, 0.48mg to 0.65mg zinc. The phytochemical content range was 0.26mg to 0.68mg tannin, 0.35mg to 0.92mg flavonoids, 0.16mg to 0.39mg saponin, 0.23mg to 0.78mg phytate, 0.12mg to 0.45mg oxalate, and 0.11mg to 0.66mg phenols. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The biscuits have varied nutrients, fiber, and phytochemical content and will improve food intake.
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R Meena, D Singh, KL Kumawat, and S Rawat. "Phenotypic diversity of date-palm genotypes (Phoenix dactylifera L.) collected from Mundra of Kutch region." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology 15 (June 30, 2023): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.58628/jae-2315-124.
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A wide range of variability with regard to fruit and pulp characters and taste was observed in date groves in Kutch region of Gujarat (India), which have been developed naturally from seeds. An exploration was undertaken to identify better genotypes of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) based on their fruit quality and yield-attributing characteristics. A total of 14 fruit samples were collected and data were analysed for fruit characters. Among the different genotypes MDR2 was identified and marked superior with respect to fruiting characteristics like fruit weight (29.86 g), fruit length (53.12 mm) and quality characteristics (TSS 35.17 ºB). In India, the coastal strip of the Kutch region contains the only remaining natural date palm groves, which should be utilised and maintained to be used in future genetic improvement programmes.
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Amar, Irekti, Oualit Mehena, and Siahmed Hamza. "Influence of date palm liquor on rheological behavior of cement-based mortars." Algerian Journal of Materials Chemistry 3, no. 2 (2021): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4485691.
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The cost of superplasticizer is increasing day by day because of high demand, scarcity of raw materials. From this, the extensive research and development works towards exploring new ingredients are required for producing sustainable and environment friendly construction materials. Date palm liquor is one such material that can be used as a chemical admixture which is obtained with Kraft process from the date-palm wood. In the present investigation black liquor is added to fresh concrete in different dosages, the concrete is then tested for rheological behavior, workability and compressive strength. From results it is shown that 1% replacement of water with black liquor increases the fresh properties of the concrete, 2% replacement of water with black pulp liquor increases the mechanical properties of the concrete and acts as a set retarder.
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Hadri, Kamel, Nawel Cheikh, Mebarka Ammar, Fatma Zohra Messaoudi, and Ahmed Boulal. "VALORIZATION OF BALANITES AEGYPTIACA FRUITS BY PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL: STUDY AND OPTIMIZATION." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 11, no. 21 (2022): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2022.v11i21.032.
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This work is part of the diversification of renewable energy sources such as biomass. The present research aims to concentrate on the valorization of desert date fruits, i.e. Balanites aegyptiaca. To the best of our knowledge, this plant has never been valorized in Algeria so far. For this, it was decided to choose one part of these fruits, namely the pulp, as a substrate for anaerobic fermentation for the production of bioethanol, which was shown to have a fairly significant added value. The results of the morphological analyses of the fruits of the desert palm indicated that the pulp represents 62.71% of the entire fruit, which is quite encouraging for the completion of the present work. It should be noted that the pulp is the most important ingredient in the fermentation process to produce alcohol. Moreover, the physicochemical characteristics of the raw material showed that the pulp of the fruits of the desert palm tree are rich in sugar, with 59.68% of total sugars and 34.18% of reducing sugars. Note also that these sugars are essential elements for alcoholic fermentation. The results obtained indicated that the optimal dilution of 1/4.4 (g / mL) gives 30% bioethanol (125 g of fruit gives 30 ml of bioethanol with 92° concentration).
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SUNUSI, Mustapha. "Effect of different methods of pollination on fruiting and yield of wet season date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in Jigawa State, Nigeria." Moroccan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 4 (2024): 177–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14232413.
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The study was carried out to determine the effect of pollination methods on fruiting and yield of wet season Date palm. The experiment was set up as a complete randomized block design with three treatments, each replicated four times. The three treatments are; T1 (unpollinated), T2 (Pollination twice without protection) and T3 (Pollination twice with protection). Data were collected on fruit set, fruit drop, percentage of seedless fruits, fruit weight, pulp weight, seed weight, fruit size and bunch weight. The results indicated that pollination methods significantly affected fruit set, fruit drop, fruit weight, percentage of seedless fruits, seed weight, fruit size and bunch weight. Maximum fruit set was observed from pollination twice without protection (T2). Bunch weight was also higher in pollination without protection (T2) but it is not significantly different with T3 (pollination with protection). On the other hand, pollination with protection gives high quality fruits in terms of fruit weight, pulp weight, and less number of seedless fruits. The significant lowest yield per bunch was achieved by natural pollination (T1). The results suggested that pollination with protection of wet season inflorescences can substitute for natural pollination thus improving the quality of the wet season fruit and also reducing the need for further fruit thinning.
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Kumar, Madhu, Prahlad Deb, and Pradipto Kumar Mukherjee. "Fruit physicochemical and antioxidant properties of wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) accessions under the western part of West Bengal." Journal of Applied Horticulture 26, no. 01 (2024): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37855/jah.2024.v26i01.03.
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The date palm is regarded as one of the most nutritious fruits of the arid zone. Fruits are eaten fresh as hard, ripe, or soft dates and are high in calories, iron, magnesium, vitamins, and antioxidants. There is a high potential for expanding the area, production, and processing of date palm as a rain-fed fruit crop in the Western dry tract of West Bengal, where wild types grow abundantly without human intervention. Thus, the current study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of fifteen wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.) genotypes (P-1 to P-15) from various locations in the Bolpur Sriniketan Block of the Birbhum district during the year 2022 in order to identify superior genotypes for commercial exploitation through a future breeding programme. The majority of the genotypes showed early-to-mid season fruiting with consistent fruit bearing. Date palm genotypes P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had larger fruit sizes, higher pulp content, and higher TSS. The P-1 accession had the highest fruit productivity value (27 bunches/tree). Notably, at the rutab stage, accessions P-1, P-6, P-2, P-15, and P-12 had significant sugar content, indicating excellent fruit quality and antioxidant richness. These genotypes are recommended as ideal candidates for propagation and subsequent cultivation due to their outstanding characteristics.
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Piombo, Edoardo, Ahmed Abdelfattah, Yaara Danino, et al. "Characterizing the Fungal Microbiome in Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Fruit Pulp and Peel from Early Development to Harvest." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (2020): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050641.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is considered to be a highly important food crop in several African and Middle Eastern countries due to its nutritional value and health-promoting properties. Microbial contamination of dates has been of concern to consumers, but very few works have analyzed in detail the microbial load of the different parts of date fruit. In the present work, we characterized the fungal communities of date fruit using a metagenomic approach, analyzing the data for differences between microbial populations residing in the pulp and peel of “Medjool” dates at the different stages of fruit development. The results revealed that Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera in both parts of the fruit, however, the distribution of taxa among the time points and tissue types (peel vs. pulp) was very diverse. Penicillium was more abundant in the pulp at the green developmental stage (Kimri), while Aspergillus was more frequent in the peel at the brown developmental stage (Tamer). The highest abundance of Alternaria was detected at the earliest sampled stage of fruit development (Hababauk stage). Cladosporium had a high level of abundance in peel tissues at the Hababauk and yellow (Khalal) stages. Regarding the yeast community, the abundance of Candida remained stable up until the Khalal stage, but exhibited a dramatic increase in abundance at the Tamer stage in peel tissues, while the level of Metschnikowia, a genus containing several species with postharvest biocontrol activity, exhibited no significant differences between the two tissue types or stages of fruit development. This work constitutes a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the fungal microbiome of date fruits, and has identified changes in the composition of the fungal microbiome in peel and pulp tissues at the different stages of fruit development. Notably, this study has also characterized the endophytic fungal microbiome present in pulp tissues of dates.
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Jangra, Mukesh R., KS Nehra, Poonam Sharma, et al. "Development, Characterization, and Culinary Potential of Wine from Dates Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and Some Spices." Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9, no. 2 (2024): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/ajmab/2024/v9i28854.
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The rising prevalence of health conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke, along with the high costs associated with conventional wine, have presented significant challenges for consumers. This study aimed to develop an affordable and health-conscious wine using date palm fruit, enabling home production. The process involved extracting pulp from healthy date fruits and fermenting it with Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC-1118 yeast and sugar. To enhance the wine’s flavor and medicinal value, various spices, including ginger and turmeric, were incorporated. Additionally, honey was added to certain samples to increase antioxidant activity. The fermentation process spanned approximately 10 days, during which key parameters such as Alcohol by Weight (AFD), volatile acidity (Vc), and fixed acidity (Fv) were measured. Post-fermentation, biochemical and enological analyses revealed ethanol content ranging from 9% to 11% and volatile acidity between 3 to 9 g/L. Both sensory and non-sensory evaluations were conducted to assess the organoleptic qualities of the wine, with findings indicating that the wine produced from fermented date fruit pulp was organoleptically superior. Furthermore, storage studies demonstrated that the wine could be refrigerated for up to one month without any significant loss in taste or flavor.
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Talaie, A., and B. Panahi. "The Effect of Pollens of Five Different Male-palm Trees on the Physical Characteristics of Jiroft Mazafati Date C.V." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 887A—887. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.887a.
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The type of pollens of the date palm trees could affect on the outward and physical characteristics of date fruits, so far to determine its qualitative and quantitative aspects (15). Therefore careful selection of proper pollen for pollination of the date palms is considered of high importance. This research work was conducted to select the best pollinizers and to study the effects of pollens of five varieties of male trees, from Shahdad area, on the outward and physical characteristics of `Jiroft Mazafati'. For analyzing the results of this experiment, a completely randomized block statistical project was implemented for a period of 2 years from 1991 to 1993. The site of this experiment was in Jiroft area in Kerman Province. In this experiment, after pollination samples of fruit were collected during unripe (Kharak), ripe, and dry fruit stages and required information were recorded. Fruit length and diameter, seed length and diameter, weight of fruit, weight of seed, pulp weight, ration of fruit pulp to seed, ratio of fruit length to diameter, volume of fruit, weight of one full cluster of fruits, and finally the time of ripening were measured. Statistical calculations, analysis of compound variations and evaluation of treatments by Duncan's test indicate that different treatments of pollens will have no effect from statistical point of view on the ratio of fruit pulp to seed and the ratio of fruit length to diameter, and there are no significant differences. But there are significant effects on the other outward and physical characteristics of the fruit, and the differences from statistical point of view are considerable. The type of pollens are effective on the ripening time of the fruit and this difference ranges from 15 to 25 days for different treatments, which is important from early ripening point of view of the product.
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Elsayed, Maha, Alaa EL-Torky, and Ezz Eldin Gadalla. "Grafting of Dissolved Pulp from Date Palm Byproducts for Use in Industrial Water Purification." Egyptian International Journal of Palms 1, no. 1 (2021): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/esjp.2021.233543.
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Muñoz-Bas, Clara, Nuria Muñoz-Tebar, Laura Candela-Salvador, et al. "Quality Characteristics of Fresh Date Palm Fruits of “Medjoul” and “Confitera” cv. from the Southeast of Spain (Elche Palm Grove)." Foods 12, no. 14 (2023): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12142659.
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The quality characteristics (physical, techno-functional, and chemical) of date fruits (at the tamar stage) of two cultivars (“Confitera”, autochthonous and unknown vs. “Medjoul”, widely distributed and well-known), grown in the Southeast of Spain (Elche palm grove) were evaluated in order to reinforce decisions aimed at organizing the production of fresh dates from Elche by selecting the most profitable cultivar. Morphologically, Confitera dates were longer and with higher pulp yield than Medjoul dates (4.58 cm vs. 3.88 cm, and 84% vs. 78%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Nutritionally, both dates are a good source of carbohydrates (total sugars (43–48%) and dietary fiber (20–22%)), with small amounts of fat and proteins. The main free sugars in dates from both cultivars were glucose and fructose (reducing sugars). The most abundant mineral found in both date fruits were K, followed by Ca or Mg (depending on the cultivar; Ca in Medjoul and Mg in Confitera). Confitera dates showed a higher total antioxidant activity than Medjoul, corresponding with their higher (p < 0.05) content in polyphenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (catechin and epicatechin predominantly). Confitera dates should be promoted in this region not only for their contribution to sustainable agricultural development and biodiversity, but also for their higher overall quality.
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Bushnaq, Hooralain, Rambabu Krishnamoorthy, Mohammad Abu-Zahra, et al. "Supercritical Technology-Based Date Sugar Powder Production: Process Modeling and Simulation." Processes 10, no. 2 (2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020257.
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Date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) contain high levels of fructose and glucose sugars. These natural sugar forms are healthy, nutritional and easily assimilate into human metabolism. The successful production of soluble date sugar powder from nutritious date fruits would result in a new food product that could replace the commercial refined sugar. In this work, a novel process technology based on the supercritical extraction of sugar components from date pulp was modeled and simulated using Aspen Plus software. The process model consisted of three main steps that were individually simulated for their optimal working conditions as follows: (a) freeze-drying of the date pulp at −42 °C and 0.0001 bar; (b) supercritical extraction of the sugar components using a 6.77 wt.% water mixed CO2 solvent system at a pressure of 308 bar, temperature of 65 °C, and CO2 flow rate of 31,000 kg/h; and (c) spray-drying of the extract using 40 wt.% Gum Arabic as the carrier agent and air as drying medium at 150 °C. The overall production yield of the process showed an extraction efficiency of 99.1% for the recovery of total reducing sugars from the date fruit. The solubility of the as-produced date sugar powder was improved by the process selectivity, elimination of insoluble fiber contents, and the addition of Gum Arabic. The solubility of the final date sugar product was estimated as 0.89 g/g water.
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Fernández-López, Juana, Manuel Viuda-Martos, Estrella Sayas-Barberá, Casilda Navarro-Rodríguez de Vera, and José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez. "Biological, Nutritive, Functional and Healthy Potential of Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Current Research and Future Prospects." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (2022): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040876.
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Date palm cultivation is highly relevant, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, mainly due to the fact that it is considered an eco-efficient crop (based on its few growth requirements and the fact that it is economic and sustainable) that produces a nutritious fruit (date fruit). Recently, its implantation has rapidly spread to other areas of the world as a viable option to fight against the consequences of climate change, but also due to several health benefits associated with date fruit (pulp and seeds) which make them a potential source of functional food ingredients. This review provides detailed recent information on the nutrition, nutraceuticals and bioactive properties of date palm fruit (reinforced with in vitro and in vivo evidences) and their potential for developing novel and functional foods as a way to highlight the wide possibilities for this crop. Date fruits are rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics, anthocyanin, carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols and dietary fiber, which have been linked with their biological activities (antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, anticancer and antitoxic properties) and are responsible for their use in the prevention and control of current diseases such as diabetes, cancer and gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases in industrialized countries.
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Alshammari, Fanar, Md Badrul Alam, Marufa Naznin, Ahsan Javed, Sunghwan Kim, and Sang-Han Lee. "Profiling of Secondary Metabolites of Optimized Ripe Ajwa Date Pulp (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 2 (2023): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16020319.
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The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a popular edible fruit consumed all over the world and thought to cure several chronic diseases and afflictions. The profiling of the secondary metabolites of optimized ripe Ajwa date pulp (RADP) extracts is scarce. The aim of this study was to optimize the heat extraction (HE) of ripe Ajwa date pulp using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling to increase its polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity. A central composite design was used to optimize HE to achieve the maximum polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of target responses as a function of ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. From RSM estimates, 75.00% ethanol and 3.7 h (extraction time), and 67 °C (extraction temperature) were the optimum conditions for generating total phenolic content (4.49 ± 1.02 mgGAE/g), total flavonoid content (3.31 ± 0.65 mgCAE/g), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (11.10 ± 0.78 % of inhibition), and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (1.43 µM ascorbic acid equivalent). The good performance of the ANN was validated using statistical metrics. Seventy-one secondary metabolites, including thirteen new bioactive chemicals (hebitol II, 1,2-di-(syringoyl)-hexoside, naringin dihydrochalcone, erythron-guaiacylglycerol-β-syringaresinol ether hexoside, erythron-1-(4′-O-hexoside-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-syrngaresinoxyl-propane-1,3-diol, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, linustatin and 1-deoxynojirimycin galactoside), were detected using high-resolution mass spectroscopy. The results revealed a significant concentration of phytoconstituents, making it an excellent contender for the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Bedjaoui, H., MS Mehaoua, F. Guellai, and D. Aissaoui. "Impact of soil and water salinity on Deglet Noor dates quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1455, no. 1 (2025): 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1455/1/012012.
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Abstract The Ziban region in southeast Algeria is known for its soils, which have varying degrees of salinity, and where the date palm is mainly cultivated. This study aims to highlight the impact of soil and irrigation water salinity on Deglet Noor date quality criteria. Following field surveys in 2022, sampling sites were selected according to the variable degree of salinity observed in ten date palm groves, where the date samples each were collected from adult palms. Various physicochemical analyses were carried out on soil: soil pH (SpH), soil electrical conductivity (SEC), total (TL) and active limestone (AL), on water: water pH (WpH) and water electrical conductivity (WEC), and on dates: date length (DL), date weight (DW); pulp weight (PW), date diameter (DD), water content (WC), date pH (DpH), date electrical conductivity (DEC), total sugar (TS), reducing sugars (RS) and sucrose (S). The quality assessment was made according to the international standards. Our results showed that for irrigation water, the pH was slightly acidic to basic (WpH= 6.83-7.9), and salinity varied from high to extremely saline (WEC= 1.5-8.5ms/cm). The soil was moderately acidic to neutral (SpH=5.96.61), saline to highly saline (SEC= 1.25-3.4ms/cm), and slightly to moderately calcareous with total and active limestone values ranging from 3.82 to 9% and 13.2 to 20% respectively. An important variation was observed in dates morphological (DL: 3.70-4.42cm; DW: 9.01-14.39g; PW: 8.30-13.32g and DD: 1.71-2.13cm) and physicochemical characteristics (DpH: 5.56-6.78; DEC: 1.4-2.4ms/cm; WC: 1338%; TS: 50.6-71.9%; RS: 17.1-48.6% and S: 6.4-46.3%). Also, very strong correlations were evidenced between the characteristics of dates, soil, and water, particularly those related to the morphological traits and sugar nature. Finally, our study linked water and soil quality to date quality, which helps the farmer better decide on the site and cultivation practices before setting up a palm grove.
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Alla, Fouzia, Kawtar Jdaini, Jamal Mimouni, and Mohammed Aziz Elhoumaizi. "Effects of irrigation systems on yield and physical characteristics of date (Phoenix dactylifera .L) cv. ‘Medjool’." E3S Web of Conferences 337 (2022): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233704009.
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The shortage of irrigation water pooled with the effect of climate change and inadequate management in oases; affects the sustainability of the oasis ecosystem. Irrigation, as practiced in these oases, is not conducted according to the real water requirements of the crops, this management can induce water stress which affects the physical characteristics of the dates cultivated and consequently yield production, or on the contrary a significant water intake and a waste of the resource. This study investigated two irrigation systems; drip-irrigation, which is currently applied under date palms in the Moroccan oases, and the newly introduced underground irrigation (Micro-porous irrigation) .The aim of this work, was to assess the effects of different types of irrigation system on yield and physical quality parameters of ‘Medjool’ dates. Fruit quality assessment including fruit weight, length, breadth, pulp thickness, stone weight, length, breadth, number and average weight of bunches fruit per tree were evaluated, to identify the most effective irrigation system for date palm.
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Obiegbuna, E. "Effect of substituting sugar with date palm pulp meal on the physicochemical, organoleptic and storage properties of bread." African Journal of Food Science 7, no. 6 (2013): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajfs2012.0605.
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Hassan, Khairy H. A., Salman Alamery, Mohamed Farouk El-Kholy, Shobhan Das, and Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit. "Effect of Some Soil Conditioners on Water-Use Efficacy, Growth, and Yield of Date Palm Siwi Grown in Sandy Soil under Different Irrigation Regimes to Mitigate Climate Change." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811421.
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A field experiment was carried out at Al-Bahariya Oasis, Giza, Egypt, during three successive seasons to find out the effect of application of bentonite (BN) as a natural clay deposit at either 6 or 12 kg/palm tree and humic substances (HS) as organic amendment at either 0.75 or 1.0 kg/palm tree incorporated with Bacillus polymyxa (BP) as a biofertilizers at 14 and 28 mL/L rates on growth, yield, and fruit weight of 10-year-old Siwi date palm cv. (Phoenix dectylifera L.). Siwi trees were cultivated in sandy texture soil at a distance of 8 × 8 m and were irrigated with 100%, 85%, and 70% of ET crop. Effects of the previous treatments on date palm crop, soil properties, water relations, water-use efficiency (WUE), and economic return were also studied. The obtained results showed that the mean values of leaf length, leaflet length and width, fruit set%, bunch weight, yield/palm, yield/fed, fruit weight, flesh weight, and fruit pulp weight were increased in response to the different individual and combined treatments used in this study with various significance levels compared to the control treatment means in the studied three seasons. However, the superiority was for combining between amending the sandy soil with either low concentrations of BN (6 kg/tree) + HS (0.75 Liter/tree) + BP (14 mL/L) or high concentrations of BN (12 kg/tree) + HS (1.0 L/tree) + BP (28 mL/L) and irrigation with 85% of ETc water level, as such combinations attained the highest values in most of the mentioned values over both the sole and combined treatments in the studied three seasons. Furthermore, the results indicated that the highest monthly ETc values occurred during June and July months, while the lowest values occurred during December and January months. Additionally, water productivity (WP) increased considerably by reduction of water quantity (70% ETc) associated with soil conditioner treatment (BN.12 kg +HS 1 L + BP. 28 mL/L), and values were 2.17, 2.25, and 2.27 kg fruit/m3 of water irrigation during the growing seasons, respectively. The highest net return was attributed to irrigation with 85% of ETc water level along with the application of soil conditioners at high rates. Accordingly, it is advisable to apply the soil conditioners of bentonite (at 6 or 12 kg/tree) and humic substances (at either 0.75 or 1.0 L/tree) with B. polymyxa (at either 14 or 28 mL/L) plus irrigation with either 85% or 70% of ETc water level to obtain the best growth, highest yield, (WP), and gross return from var. Siwi date palm grown under an oasis agro-system.
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Rastgoo, Sasan, Fatemeh Bemani, Hamidreza Nooryazdan, and Mahmood Izadi. "Improving fruit set and yield of tissue cultured date palm cv. Berhi by using a combined pollination technique." Advances in Horticultural Science 37, no. 2 (2023): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-13499.
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Tissue-cultured (TC) date palms produce no fruit or low yield due to abnormal fruit setting. To improve the yield of TC ‘Berhi’ palms, trees were pollinated using five pollen sources (Gantar, Ghannami, Mazafati, Zahedi, and Jarvis). The experiment was carried out in three replications for two successive years in a randomized complete blocks design. The fruit set, the fruit and seed physical traits at the Khalal stage, bunch weight at the Tamar and Khalal stages, ripeness of Tamar bunch, and the fruit quality at both Khalal and Tamar stages were measured and monitored. Year factor significantly affected the fruit set and the fruit and seed characteristics. Pollen sources affected fruit set and some seed characteristics significantly. Zahedi+Jarvis pollen treatment that induced 50% normal fruit set and the highest ratio of pulp to seed was found superior. It was also a top treatment in Khalal’s bunch weight (3.11 Kg). Zahedi+Gantar treatment was realized superior in Tamar’s bunch weight (6.00 Kg). Ghannami, Jarvis+Ghannami, and Zahedi+Jarvis treatments produced Khalal’s fruits with higher quality indices but Zahedi+Jarvis treatment was superior in fruit quality at the Tamar stage. Overall, the combined application of Zahedi and Jarvis pollens yielded the most desired outcomes.
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Belguedj, Naima, Ghayth Rigane, Ridha Ben Salem, and Khodir Madani. "Conventional and eco-friendly aqueous extraction methods of date palm fruit compounds: Optimization, comparison, characterization of the date pulp extract and value-added potential." AIMS Agriculture and Food 10, no. 1 (2025): 218–46. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2025012.
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Nasser, Ramadan A., Salim Hiziroglu, Mohamed A. Abdel-Aal, Hamad A. Al-Mefarrej, Nader D. Shetta, and Ibrahim M. Aref. "Measurement of some properties of pulp and paper made from date palm midribs and wheat straw by soda-AQ pulping process." Measurement 62 (February 2015): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2014.10.051.
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Sunday, Abraham Musa, Dike Edobor Hope, Emmanuel Umana Uduak, et al. "Histological Assessment of the Effect of Phoenix Dactylifera (Date Palm) on Cortico-ponto-cerebellar Structures in Paraquat Model of Neurotoxicity." J Med & Bas Sci Res 3, no. 2 (2022): 105–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7066892.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> <strong>Background</strong>: Herbicides like paraquat (PRQ) are widely used as weed control, predisposing humans to a variety of altered neurological functions. The integrity of brain regions, including structures of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar (CPC) pathway, are involved in the homeostasis of motor activities and coordination. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the health benefits of <em>Phoenix dactylifera</em>. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of <em>P. dactylifera</em> fruit pulp extract against PRQ-triggered CPC changes in Wistar rats using histological assessments. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Twenty-five rats were categorized into five groups (n=5); control was administered 2ml/kg distilled H<sub>2</sub>O, another group received 11.35mg/kg PRQ, another received 11.35mg/kg PRQ+10mg/kg L-dopa as reference drug, while two other groups received 11.35mg/kg PRQ+500mg/kg aqueous fruit extract of P. dactylifera (AFPD) and 11.35mg/kg PRQ+1,000mg/kg AFPD, respectively for twenty-eight days. Histological examination was conducted using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains to assess the ameliorative effect of AFPD following PRQ-induced CPC changes. <strong>Results</strong>: Relative to the control, sections of the PRQ (11.35mg/kg)-treated group revealed neurodegenerative changes as cytoarchitectural distortions in CPC structures manifesting as pyknotic nuclei and neuronal necrosis, chromatolysis, perineuronal vacuolations and satelliotosis, and shrunken Purkinje cells and gliosis. However,<em> L-dopa</em> (10mg/kg)- and AFPD (500 and 1,000mg/kg) treatments ameliorated PRQ-induced changes by preserving the CPC cytoarchitecture manifesting as mild distortions to relatively normal cytoarchitecture when compared to the control. AFPD revealed neuroprotection comparable to the reference drug, L-dopa. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: AFPD has potential ameliorative properties against PRQ-induced CPC neurodegenerative changes in Wistar rats. AFPD neuroprotective properties could be attributed to constituent bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant activities against oxidative stress-related PRQ neuropathological changes.
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Laurindo, Lucas Fornari, Sandra Maria Barbalho, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, et al. "Açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) in Health and Disease: A Critical Review." Nutrients 15, no. 4 (2023): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15040989.
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The açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a species belonging to the Arecaceae family, has been cultivated for thousands of years in tropical Central and South America as a multipurpose dietary plant. The recent introduction of açaí fruit and its nutritional and healing qualities to regions outside its origin has rapidly expanded global demand for açaí berry. The health-promoting and disease-preventing properties of this plant are attributed to numerous bioactive phenolic compounds present in the leaf, pulp, fruit, skin, and seeds. The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date, comprehensive, and critical evaluation of the health benefits of açaí and its phytochemicals with a special focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that açaí possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and exerts cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, renoprotective, antilipidemic, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic activities. Moreover, clinical trials have suggested that açaí can protect against metabolic stress induced by oxidation, inflammation, vascular abnormalities, and physical exertion. Due to its medicinal properties and the absence of undesirable effects, açaí shows a promising future in health promotion and disease prevention, in addition to a vast economic potential in the food and cosmetic industries.
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Agbon, A. N., Z. S. Sambo, H. S. Tukura, et al. "Chloroform fruit extract of <i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L. (Date Palm) has neuroprotective effect against lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats." Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy 22, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.4314/jeca.v22i1.1.
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Background and aim: Environmental and health hazards posed by lead, a heavy metal contaminant, in water and other media are rising. Different solvent-extract forms of the Phoenix dactylifera plant are of vast medicinal benefits. The neuroprotective effect of chloroform fruit pulp extract of P. dactylifera (CFPD) was assessed on lead acetate-induced cerebellar and cerebral toxicity in Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into six groups: (A – F; n= 4): the control (group A) was administered distilled water (2 ml/kg p.o); group B received lead acetate (LA, 120 mg/kg body weight p.o) only; group C, received vitamin C (100 mg/kg body weight p.o) as reference drug concomitantly followed by LA (120 mg/kg body weight p.o); groups (D, E, F) received CFPD (125 mg/kg body weight, 250 mg/kg body weight and 500 mg/kg body weight p.o, respectively) concomitantly followed by LA (120 mg/kg body weight). Administrations lasted for 14 days. The neuroprotective effect of CFPD was evaluated using histological (H&E) stained sections of cortical cerebellar and cerebral– (layers III and V) regions as well as biochemical (oxidative stress markers; serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) assessments. Results: Results revealed neurodegenerative changes in the LA-treated group's cerebellar and cerebral cortices, including perineuronal vacuolation and gliosis. However, the administration of CFPD remarkably ameliorated LA-induced cerebellar and cerebral changes. Relative to the control, the LA-treated group showed altered serum oxidative stress markers, which were ameliorated (p<0.05) with CFPD treatment. Conclusion: Results suggest that CFPD, especially at a dose of 250 mg/kg, has neuroprotective potential against LA-induced cerebellar and cerebral toxicity in rats which could be attributed to antioxidant properties.
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Al-Jassani, Ihsan Farhan, Adeeb Jasim Al-Ahbabi, and Mustafa Rashid Al-Qaisi. "EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH SALICYLIC ACID AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ON SOME QUALITY PROPERTIES OF FRUITS OF THREE VARIETIES OF DATE PALM TREES Phoenix dactylifera L. PROPAGATED VIA TISSUE CULTURE." Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal 12, special (2020): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52951/dasj.20121044.
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The experiment was conducted at the AL-Kut Date Palms Station of Horticulture Department and the Ministry of Agriculture for 2019 season with the aim of studying the effect of spraying with salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (Control 0%, SA 250 and 500 mg L-1, H2O2 at a concentration of 3% and 6%) on three cultivars (Barhi, Hilali and Majhool) of propagated via tissue culture and the interaction between them in some qualities properties of the fruits, the research was carried out as a factorial experiment with the design of complete random sectors (RCBD) and with three replicates. The results showed when using the SA 500 and 250 mg.L-1led To increase the percentage of total sugars amounted to 60.58% and 59.22 respectively, outperforming the rest of the coefficients Spraying and reducing sugars decreased when using spray transactions compared to control treatment, while the percentage rose sucrose in most transactions spray. When using H2O2, 6% increase the percentage of total soluble solids by 64.32% and decreased the percentage of fruit fall to 4.78%. The cultivars did not differ significantly in their content of total and reducing sugars and sucrose, while the Majhool and the Barhee significantly 65.56 and 64.61 compared to Hilaly 49.08 in the percentage percentage of the total soluble solids, whereas the Majhool significantly outperformed in the weight of the pulp of the soft fruit 22.43 g. Fruit -1
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Al-Masri, Mohamad. "Nutritional and anti-nutritional components of some unconventional feeds." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 69, no. 3 (2024): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2403287a.
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Animal feeding in the arid and semi-arid regions during the dry season is largely dependent on cereal crop by-products and herbaceous plants, which provide poor feed and have low nutritive value. Research is directed towards the possibility of using on-farm produced feeds as feed supplements to meet some nutrient requirements of ruminants. Nutritive and anti-nutrient contents in leaves of some tree species (Melia azesarach, Pinus halepansis, Eucaliptus camaldulensis, Acacia ampliceps, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Casuarina equisetifolia, Sesbania aculeate, Schinus molle, Olea europea) and agricultural by-products were determined. The crude protein values ranged from 43 to 234 g/kg DM, with the leaves of E. angustifolia having the highest value and sunflower seed shells having the lowest value. Crushed date palm kernels had high (P < 0.05) contents (g/kg DM) of total carbohydrates (878), cellulose (441) and hemicellulose (280) and low contents of lignin (25), and could therefore be used as an energy-rich feed supplement for ruminants. The highest values (41-84 g/kg DM) of tannins were noted in the tree leaves of C. equistifolia, A. ambiceps, E. camaldulensis, S. molle, S. aculeate and P. halepansis. Nitrogen solubility in the leaves of the studied tree species was negatively correlated with total phenols and tannins. The leaves of the studied tree species (with the exception of P. halepansis), olive cake pulp, olive tree pruning branches and leaves of olive oil extraction are suitable as protein feed supplements for ruminants in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Oliveira, André Henrique Moreira de, Valdejane da Silva Menezes, Lucas Vades Rodrigues, Elizalane Moura de Araújo Marques, Rosane Souza Cavalcante, and Lúcia Schuch Boeira. "Comparison of physical-chemical parameters of fresh and dehydrated amazonian fruits pulps from different regions." OBSERVATÓRIO DE LA ECONOMÍA LATINOAMERICANA 22, no. 12 (2024): e8059. https://doi.org/10.55905/oelv22n12-032.
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The Amazon forest has several native species of fruit plants that have economic, technological and functional potential. The fruits tucumã, buriti and peach palm, although well known regionally, are economically underutilized. For prospecting the fruits valorization in the Amazon and its industrialization, it is necessary to address the variation in the chemical composition of the fruits which contribute to many desirable qualities of foods, including attributes of texture, structure, mouthfeel, flavor, and color. This work contributes with data on the physicochemical characterization, including the proximate composition, pH, acidity, water activity, and colorimetric parameters, in the pulp and flour of tucuma, buritit and pupunha fruits collected in three regions of the state of Amazonas. The results obtained demonstrated significant differences between the same fruits from different regions mainly in relation to macronutrients lipids, protein and carbohydrates and also to color parameters, which contribute to many desirable quality attributes of foods. Considering the lipid content, in the tucumã pulp it varied from 22 % to 32.91%, in the buriti pulp from 20.31% to 27.72% and in the peach palm pulp from 2.12% to 5.55%. For the other parameters analyzed, significant differences were also observed in the fruits collected in different regions. To use these fruits in new business opportunities related to food production, the variability in the chemical composition on pulps and flours reported here should be taken into account and mitigated for production of standardized food on an enlarged scale.
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Khiari, Ramzi, Evelyne Mauret, Mohamed Naceur Belgacem, and Farouk Mhemmi. "Tunisian date palm rachis used as an alternative source of fibres for papermaking applications." BioResources 6, no. 1 (2010): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.265-281.
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Every year, significant amounts of date palm rachises are accumulated in Tunisia. The rational valorisation of this renewable resource is therefore imperative, in order to fulfil the sustainability approach. In this context, this work aims to study the potential use of date palm rachises as a raw material for papermaking and to compare it with other sources of lignocellulosic fibres, such as wood, non-wood species, and agricultural wastes. For this purpose, soda-anthraquinone pulping of date palm rachis was performed giving rise to a yield of 45% (w/w). This value is similar to that obtained by pulping non-wood materials and is higher than that corresponding to the pulping of agricultural residues. The resulting pulps were subsequently refined using a PFI mill refiner at 0, 500, 1500, and 3000 revolutions, screened through a 0.15 mm mesh size sieve and used to produce conventional handsheets. Both pulps and papers were fully characterized in terms of morphological, chemical and physical properties, according to commonly used standards. The physical properties of the prepared handsheets were very similar to those displayed by other papers made of common lignocellulosic fibres. Furthermore, the pulps exhibited a good drainability together with excellent mechanical properties of the ensuing papers. For these reasons, date palm rachises could be considered as a potential source of fibres for papermaking applications.
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Faustino Pereira, Yara, Maria do Socorro Costa, Saulo Relison Tintino, et al. "Modulation of the Antibiotic Activity by the Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) Fixed Oil against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Other Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacterial Strains." Pathogens 7, no. 4 (2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7040098.
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Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) is a typical Brazilian palm tree found in swampy regions with many plant forms. The fruit has various purposes with the pulps to the seeds being used for ice creams, sweets, creams, jellies, liqueurs, and vitamin production. A physicochemical characterization of the fixed pulp oil and its antibacterial and aminoglycoside antibiotic modifying activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multiresistant bacterial strains were performed using broth microdilution assays. Physical properties, such as moisture, pH, acidity, peroxide index, relative density, and refractive index, indicated oil stability and chemical quality. In the GC/MS chemical composition analysis, a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (89.81%) in relation to saturated fatty acids (10.19%) was observed. Oleic acid (89.81%) was the main fatty acid identified. In the antibacterial test, the fixed oil obtained the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ≥ 1024 μg/mL for all standard and multiresistant bacterial strains. The synergic effect of fixed pulp oil combined was observed only in Staphylococcus aureus SA–10, with an MIC reduction of the gentamicin and amikacin by 40.00% and 60.55%, respectively. The data indicates the M. flexuosa fixed oil as a valuable source of oleic acid and modulator of aminoglycoside activity.
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Puspita, F., D. K. Aqita, and P. A. Yuda. "Effectiveness of Bio Fungicide with Active Ingredients Consortium of Trichoderma virens to Control Ganoderma boninense in Palm Oil Nursery." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1188, no. 1 (2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1188/1/012005.
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Abstract Ganoderma boninensa is a main pathogen causes basal stem rot in palm oil plant. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of bio fungicide plus with active ingredients from the consortium of Trichoderma virens and get the best formula of bio fungicide plus in controlling Ganoderma boninense on oil palm tree nurseries. This research was carried out at the UPT Experimental Garden and Laboratory of Plant Disease Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University also at the researcher’s home garden in Pekanbaru. This study was conducted from October 2020 to February 2021. This study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design consisted of five treatments and four replications. Each replication consisted of four oil palm trees seedling. The treatments were a different formula (the nutrition) of the bio fungicide plus from the T. virens consortium (root, stem, midrib) which are with no treatment (B1), palm fronds (B2), dry sago pulp (B3), sago starch (B4), and dry tofu pulp (B5). Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and continued with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% level to compare the mean of each treatment. The results showed bio fungicide plus from palm fronds as the formula is the most effective and the best formula for bio fungicide plus with 56,66% effectiveness.
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Firdaus, Firdaus, Reni Desmiarti, Erti Praputri, and Amelia Amir. "Production of Cocoa Pulp Syrup by Utilizing Local Sugar Sources." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (2022): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i2.70.
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The pulp of the cocoa fruit still has not economically viable yet. Its potency to be processed into fruit syrup is expected to increase its value added. Local sugar from palm and canes is still traditionally utilized to produce brown sugar. This study aimed to make fruit syrup by utilizing cocoa pulp and local sugar sources in West Sumatra with several variants (palm sugar, sugarcane, and market white sugar). The effects of sugar concentration on the quality of the syrup were also studied. Sensory evaluation by the hedonic method was performed and statistical analysis data were carried out using SPSS. Microbiological analysis and shelf-life testing also have been done. The results of this study showed that respondents preferred syrup with palm sugar to sugarcane because of its light brown color and distinctive sweetness. The microbiological test reported that the syrup could only be consumed for less than the 5th day in a sealed glass bottle if it was placed at room temperature. Meanwhile, the syrup placed in the refrigerator (5 0C) could keep until the 5th day
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Hasibuan, Fauzatu Arabica Yatasya, Sari Farah Dina, Krissandarta Tarigan, and Lies Indriati. "Rancang Bangun Mesin Digesting Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Brown Paper." REACTOR: Journal of Research on Chemistry and Engineering 5, no. 1 (2024): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/reactor.v5i1.120.
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Indonesia's pulp and paper production capacity was 5.5% of global production capacity in 2021. As an effort to support the development of the pulp and paper industry in Indonesia, pulp from empty oil palm fruit bunches (EFB) waste which are currently abundant is being tried to develope as raw material for brown paper. To simplify the process of developing pulp quality from EFB, the authors tried to design a rotary digester on a laboratory scale as a EFB digesting machine. The steps used in this research are assembling digester, making pulp, and finally analyzing the data. The digester machine was successfully designed to carry out the pulping process with operating conditions at a pressure of 7 bar, a temperature of 160°C, and a stirrer speed of 80 rpm with a maximum capacity of 1.3 L. The designed rotary digester is capable of producing pulp with an optimal yield level (43%) under reaction conditions, a temperature of 100°C and a NaOH concentration of 5%.
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Putra, Agusta Samodra, and Yulia Anita. "Sustainability Assessment through Emergy Evaluation Analysis: Agricultural Waste Utilization for Pulp Production Case Study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1165, no. 1 (2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1165/1/012004.
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Abstract The concern for reducing environmental impacts in pulp and paper industries can be supported with the tools to measure the environmental impacts quantitatively, such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and Emergy Evaluation Analysis (EMA). The sources of potential agricultural wastes for pulp production in Indonesia include oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), sugarcane bagasse, bamboo, rice straw, and banana stem. In this study, the first attempt at EFB-based pulp production’s EMA has been done. The main tool for conducting this study was based on EMA and was supported by the LCA framework. The foreground data and model used in this study were based on literature related to pulp production from EFB. In addition, the background data was obtained from the life cycle inventory database. The EMA of EFB-based pulp production was based on emergy yield ratio (EYR), environmental loading ratio (ELR) and emergy sustainability index (ESI). The result shows that EFB-based pulp production has 1.23, 4.43 and 0.28 of EYR, ELR and ESI, respectively.
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Michael, Chris, Posman Marpaung, and Fandri Siburian. "ANALISIS HUBUNGAN BIAYA PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI DI DESA PULO BAYU KECAMATAN HUTABAYU RAJA, KABUPATEN SIMALUNGUN ORGANIK." JURNAL AGROTEKNOSAINS 4, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36764/ja.v4i1.306.
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The aim of study is to 1) determine the productivity of oil palm in the study area, 2) determine the income of oil palm farming in the study area and 3) determine the relationship of the cost of oil palm production with the income of oil palm farmers in the study area. This research was conducted in Pulo Bayu village, Hutabayu Raja district, Simalungun regency. The population in this study were farmers who worked on oil palm plants in Pulo Bayu village with a field area ranging from 0.5-10 Ha and the age of the plants between 3.5-18 years. The number of samples in this study were 30 oil palm farmers. Data analysis was performed descriptively and using simple linear regression analysis. The result showed that the productivity of oil palm plants in the study area was classified as low. The production of oil palm farming in the study area is 82,342.80 kg/year or 1,744.76 kg/ ha (1.75 tons/ha/month). This is lower than the average CPO productivity of smallholder estates 2.5 tons/ ha/month. Net income of oil palm farmer in the study area is Rp 1,308,973.06/ha/month is classified as low because it is lower than the UMR of Simalungun regency (Rp 2,224,036.00/ month). Farming production costs significantly have a positive linear effect on the income of oil palm farmers in the study area.
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Riley, Erin P., Barbara Tolbert, and Wartika R. Farida. "Nutritional content explains the attractiveness of cacao to crop raiding Tonkean macaques." Current Zoology 59, no. 2 (2013): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.2.160.
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Abstract Nutritional ecology has been linked to crop raiding behavior in a number of wildlife taxa. Here our goal is to explore the role nutrition plays in cacao crop raiding by Tonkean macaques Macaca tonkeana in Sulawesi, Indonesia. From June – Sept. 2008 we collected fruit samples from 13 species known to be important Tonkean macaque foods and compared their nutritional value to that of cacao Theobroma cacao, an important cash crop in Sulawesi. Cacao pulp was significantly lower in protein, but lower in dietary fiber, and higher in digestible carbohydrates and energy content compared to forest fruits. These findings, combined with the fact that cacao fruits are spatially concentrated and available throughout the year, likely explain why Tonkean macaques are attracted to this cultivated resource. We use these data along with published feeding ecology data to propose strategies to minimize human-macaque conflict. Namely, we recommend the deliberate protection of Elmerillila tsiampaccca, Ficus spp. and Arenga pinnata, fruit species known to be regularly consumed and of considerable nutritional value. We also identify the A. pinnata palm as a potential buffer resource to curb cacao crop raiding by macaques. Cacao is a hard-to-process food because the pods have a thick outer skin that encases the seeds and pulp. Aren palm fruit, although lower in digestibility, is easier-to-process, higher in protein, and also available year round. In addition, because the palm has considerable cultural and economic significance for local people, the strategy of planting Aren palm in a buffer corridor is likely to garner local community support.
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Sh. Al-Otaibi, Mohammed, Othman Y. Alothman, Maher M. Alrashed, Arfat Anis, Jesuarockiam Naveen, and Mohammad Jawaid. "Characterization of Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Different Polypropylene Matrices." Polymers 12, no. 3 (2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030597.
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In this study, the effect of different polypropylene (PP) matrices (homopolymer (HPP), impact copolymer (ICP), and recycled polypropylene (rPP)) on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of date palm fiber (DPF)-reinforced PP composites was investigated. The DPFs were treated with an alkali solution, and composites were fabricated with different DPF loadings (5, 10, and 15 wt %) and lengths (less than 2 mm and 8–12 mm). It was found that the tensile properties of the DPF/ICP and DPF/rPP composites were similar to those of the DPF/HPP composites. The addition of fiber to the matrix reduced its tensile strength but increased the modulus. The alkali treatment improved the compatibility between the fibers and the matrix by removing hemicellulose and other impurities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed hemicellulose removal. The morphology of the alkali-treated fractured tensile specimen revealed improved adhesion and less fiber pull out. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the alkali treatment enhanced the crystallinity index. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the addition of DPFs into the PP matrix reduced the thermal stability of the composite. However, the thermal stability of the treated fiber-reinforced rPP and ICP composites was similar to that of the DPF/HPP composite. Hence, rPP can be used as an alternative to HPP with DPFs.
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Arpinaini, Arpinaini, Sumpono Sumpono, and Ridwan Yahya. "Studi Komponen Kimia Pelepah Sawit Varietas Tenera Dan Pengembangannya Sebagai Modul Pembelajaran Kimia." PENDIPA Journal of Science Education 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.1.1.1-11.
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This study aims to (1) determine the levels of the components of the Tenera variety of palm oil compounds including extractives, holocellulose, ? - cellulose, and lignin. (2) Analyze the utilization of the pulp of Tenera varieties as pulp raw materials based on their chemical components; (3) application of chemistry learning module to improving student learning outcomes. Determination of extractive substance content with TAPPI test methods Q: 204; lignin content T: 222; holocellulose Q: 9 levels and ?-cellulose content with TAPPI test methods T: 204. then lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose produced from the procedure were characterized by an IR spectrophotometer. The results of the study were module and implemented in ICHO students in SMAN 2 Kota Bengkulu. The data of the research results were analyzed by ANOVA test at 5% level. The results of the characterization of lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose with FTIR obtained a distinctive peak of the respective functional groups of the macromolecules. From the research also obtained the average value of chemical component content on the palm velvet varieties of tenera according to their part of base, middle, ends with mean for extractive substance 8.49%, 7,87%, 6,74%, lignin 20,7 %, 18.95%, 16.69%. holocellulose 81.57%, 80.33%, 79.24% and ?- cellulose 44.57%, 43.56%, 43.26%. Based on the results of the variance analysis, the difference in position (base, center, tip) on the palm oil of the tenera varieties on extractive, lignin, holocellulose and ?-cellulose substances has significant differences. Based on the chemical component classification of Indonesian wide wood leaf, sheep betera varieties of tenera in all three positions are used as pulp raw materials because they have moderate lignin content, high levels of Holocellulose and moderate levels of ?-cellulose. The result of module implementation in students there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest value. The use of modules in learning in science groups can improve student learning outcomes.
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Alshammari, Basheer A., Naheed Saba, Majed D. Alotaibi, Mohammed F. Alotibi, Mohammad Jawaid, and Othman Y. Alothman. "Evaluation of Mechanical, Physical, and Morphological Properties of Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Different Date Palm Fillers." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132145.
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The present study deals with the fabrication of epoxy composites reinforced with 50 wt% of date palm leaf sheath (G), palm tree trunk (L), fruit bunch stalk (AA), and leaf stalk (A) as filler by the hand lay-up technique. The developed composites were characterized and compared in terms of mechanical, physical and morphological properties. Mechanical tests revealed that the addition of AA improves tensile (20.60–40.12 MPa), impact strength (45.71–99.45 J/m), flexural strength (32.11–110.16 MPa) and density (1.13–1.90 g/cm3). The water absorption and thickness swelling values observed in this study were higher for AA/epoxy composite, revealing its higher cellulosic content, compared to the other composite materials. The examination of fiber pull-out, matrix cracks, and fiber dislocations in the microstructure and fractured surface morphology of the developed materials confirmed the trends for mechanical properties. Overall, from results analysis it can be concluded that reinforcing epoxy matrix with AA filler effectively improves the properties of the developed composite materials. Thus, date palm fruit bunch stalk filler might be considered as a sustainable and green promising reinforcing material similarly to other natural fibers and can be used for diverse commercial, structural, and nonstructural applications requiring high mechanical resistance.
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Permata, D. A., A. Kasim, A. Asben, and Yusniwati. "Characteristics of liquid waste from biopulping of oil palm empty fruit bunches using black liquor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (2022): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012046.
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Abstract Biopulping is a process that is carried out before fiber ripening using chemicals in the pulp ripening process. The use of black liquor in the biopulping process can reduce pollution due to chemicals. This study aims to determine the effect of black liquor on the characteristics of liquid waste biopulping oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Observations made include BOD5, COD, TSS, and pH. This study used a completely randomized research design with three replications. The research data were analyzed using the F test. If different, it was continued with Duncan’s test at 5%. The results showed that black liquor in the OPEFB biopulping process significantly affected BOD5, COD, and pH but had no significant impact on TSS. The resulting waste still needs to be processed because it exceeds the maximum waste generated from the pulp mill based on the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment (KEP 51-/MENLH/10/1995).
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Tanjung, Fiqri Arif Anugrah, Fadly Ahmad Kurniawan Nasution, and Ade Irwan. "ANALISIS PENERAPAN PERAWATAN PADA MESIN DIGESTER DENGAN METODE OVERALL EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS (OEE) PT. XYZ." JiTEKH 9, no. 2 (2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35447/jitekh.v9i2.428.
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 XYZ is a company engaged in the processing of palm oil into crude palm oil (CPO). In processing oil palm fruit, the digester machine is one of the machines that crush the loose fruit so that the pulp of the palm fruit can be separated from the nuts / seeds and this will facilitate the pressing process of the oil palm fruit in a screw press. Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a system that is useful in increasing factory productivity and the efficiency of company production by using machines / equipment effectively used to produce a product. The main purpose of implementing TPM is carried out through the overall equipment effectiveness analysis method to identify and types of damage to critical components that are the object of research and to increase the overall equipment effectiveness value as a performance measure of the results of this study. To determine the comparison of the overall equipment effectiveness value, the calculation of the effectiveness value of the digester machine is carried out using the overall equipment effectiveness method. Based on the results of data processing, it can be concluded that the overall equipment effectiveness value of the digester machine is 3.95%, which is obtained from the availability ratio of 41.24%, the performance efficiency ratio of 157.57 and the rate of quality product of 100%.
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Hassan, Mohammad L., Shaimaa M. Fadel, Wafaa S. Abou Elseoud, and Enas A. Hassan. "Nanofibers isolated from unbleached date palm residues pulps and their use for paper coating." Industrial Crops and Products 208 (February 2024): 117866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117866.
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VAN CARLEN, Martin, Agata PLONCZAK, Jonathan VAN, Anuj MISHRA, and Anca N. BREAHNA. "A Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Flexor Tenolysis in Zones 2–5." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 27, no. 04 (2022): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835522500576.
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Background: Although numerous surgical techniques have been described and deployed, flexor tenolysis remains one of the most challenging procedures in hand surgery and there is no standardised way of recording the outcomes. The aim of this study is to systematically review the evidence supporting current concepts and outcomes in flexor tenolysis. Methods: The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Medline and EMBASE databases were searched for articles published in English using the keyword search terms ‘flexor’ or ‘tendon’ and ‘tenolysis’ or ‘tenoarthrolysis’. A total of 555 articles were listed and further screening provided fourteen studies remaining for final inclusion. The parameters for data extraction included number of digits operated on, age of the patients, initial injury mechanism requiring flexor tenolysis, outcome assessment method, follow-up period, results and complications. The primary outcome was postoperative active range of motion. Results: 556 digits were included across all studies and the age of patients ranged between 1 and 75 years. Eleven out of fourteen of the articles used the Strickland criteria to report their outcomes. Other outcome measures used were total active motion (TAM), Buck-Gramcko and pulp-to-palm distance. In the studies which used the Strickland criteria, the average percentage of outcomes reported as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ was 68% with a range between 45% and 91%. Three other studies used Buck-Gramcko, TAM and pulp-to-palm distance outcome reporting and achieved 72% ‘good’ or ‘excellent’, 84% improvement and 30% able to touch distal palm crease respectively. Conclusions: Although the literature contains a limited number of observational studies, the current evidence shows that 68% of well-selected patients who undergo flexor tenolysis achieve a good or excellent outcome as measured by the Strickland criteria. Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)
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Effiong, OO, VN Ebegbulem, A. Halilu, and TN Kperun. "Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Feeding Value of Sweet Orange Pulp and Pineapple Peel Meals as Fibre Sources in Pigs’ Rations." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, no. 11 (2024): 25005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.136.24765.
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The piggery industry in Nigeria is on the verge of collapsing due to the high cost of conventional feed resources including wheat offal and palm kernel cake that usually form bulk in the diets of pigs. This study was, therefore, designed to compare the chemical composition of orange pulp meal, pineapple peel meal, and wheat offal and evaluate their feeding value in pig rations. The orange pulp and pineapple peels were dried on a concrete floor and analyzed for chemical composition. Three experimental diets were formulated with orange pulp and pineapple peel meals replacing wheat offal as a fibre source. Thirty crossbred (Chester white x Landrace) growing pigs with an average initial weight of 8.20 -- 8.75kg were distributed into three groups, with ten animals per group, and assigned to the three experimental diets. The average daily feed intake and weight gain were monitored throughout the 56-day duration of the experiment. Seven days to the end of the experiment, three pigs randomly selected for the digestibility trial were individually housed in metabolism crates and allowed 5 days of adaptation to the crates and feed before faecal collection commenced. Animals were fed the experimental diets at approximately 4% of their body weight, and the faeces of the animals were collected for 5 days. The determination of the nutrient composition of feed and faecal samples was performed. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using a completely randomized design. The result indicated that samples were significantly (P<0.05) different in crude protein composition, with the wheat offal having the highest value corresponding to 9.21 ± 0.12%. Orange pulp had the highest content of ash (6.72 ± 0.12%). The gross energy values were 15.23MJ/kg, 15.31MJ/kg and 16.15MJ/kg for pineapple peel, orange pulp and wheat offal, respectively. The highest manganese concentration was observed in wheat offal (5.19± 0.11mg/l), while orange pulp and wheat offal were higher in sodium and phosphorus concentrations. The pigs fed an orange pulp meal diet recorded the highest average daily weight gain (0.31 kg) and a superior feed conversion ratio (4.19) relative to others. Digestibility values were similar across the three treatment groups. It was, therefore, concluded that orange pulp and pineapple peal meal could serve as alternative fibre sources in growing pigs' rations. Key words: Wheat offal, pineapple peel, orange pulp, growing pigs, digestibility
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Ramadhan, Rangga Yanuarestu, Yuyun Estriyanto, and Budi Harjanto. "Studi Penelitian Panjang Kritis Serat Alam Dengan Perlakuan Perendaman Natrium Hidroksida." NOZEL Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Mesin 3, no. 4 (2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/nozel.v3i4.63009.
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<em>The purpose of this study was to determine the critical length of palm fiber, kenaf fiber, pineapple fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with NaOH immersion treatment. This study was determine the effect of NaOH immersion treatment on the critical length of fiber. This research is an experimental exploratory research. The independent variables in this study were palm fiber, kenaf fiber, pineapple fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with the dependent variable is the critical fiber length. To find the critical length of fiber using single fiber tensile test and single fiber pull out test. The data obtainde from the test results are then analyzed using formula equation to determine the critical length of each fiber. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that the critical length of palm fiber, kenaf fiber, agave fiber, and coconut fiber with NaOH immersion treatment was shorter than the critical length of fiber without NaOH immersion treatment. Agave fiber has the shortest critical fiber length. The critical length of the fiber with NaOH immersion treatment are palm fiber 4.6 mm, kenaf fiber 5.4 mm, pineapple fiber 3.6 mm, agave fiber 2.2 mm, and coconut fiber 3.0 mm. </em>
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Paraiba, Lourival C., Joana M. S. Ferreira, Vera L. Ferracini, et al. "Modeling pesticide translocation injected by endotherapy into the stem of coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.)." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 20, no. 2 (2022): e1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022202-18326.
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Aim of study: To present a mathematical model to simulate the translocation of pesticides injected into coconut trees. Pesticide residues in water and coconut pulp were also evaluated.
 Area of study: The data were obtained in coconut plants of the Itaporanga Experimental Field, located in the Municipality of Itaporanga d'Ajuda, Sergipe State, Brazil.
 Material and methods: To estimate the effect of pesticide site-sap coefficients and retardation factors on translocation and its phytosanitary behavior and risk of contamination of coconut fruits, the stipe was modeled by a classic dispersion-advection equation. The pesticides cyproconazole, azoxystrobin, dimethoate, imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxam were injected into the coconut palm stipe. The method used to extract pesticide residues from pulp, water and coconut sap samples was based on the QuEChERS methodology with modifications.
 Main results: Simulations showed that (i) the pesticides dimethoate, metalaxyl, and thiamethoxan were the active ingredients showing the greatest potential for translocation in the sap of the coconut tree stem; (ii) the pesticides imidacloprid and metalaxyl translocated upward in the stipe, and more rapidly than pesticides abamectin and cyproconazole, which moved slower to the aerial part of coconut plants. In chromatography analysis, no pesticide residues were quantified in water and coconut fruit pulp samples of coconut trees injected with pesticides, after the evaluated intervals.
 Research highlights: The proposed model allowed us to observe that the translocation is inversely proportional to the sorption of the pesticide in the stem of coconut trees.