Academic literature on the topic 'Daylighting Control'

The main goal of energy conservation should be reducing the consumption of energy resources. Due to energy and environmental concerns in recent years, to reduce energy consumption in a lighting system, which has been one of the prime targets of energy saving, daylighting has been investigated and has become one of the energy-efficiency techniques widely applied in buildings. This paper presents an analysis of T5 fluorescent luminaire lighting control using daylight in a building. The study is conducted in two parts; simulation of a lecture room using the daylighting function of the DIALux program is performed to estimate the effect of daylighting on a task area (workplane). Another part is an experimental setup to evaluate the performance of a lighting control unit that is installed for a T5 fluorescent luminaire with a dimmable electronic ballast. The efficiency of the lighting control in term of illumination on the task area and energy consumption are also evaluated and compared with the standard case. The simulation results show that daylighting increases illuminance on a task area, especially on the window side, so the lighting system can significantly reduce its power consumption compared with a standard case (without lighting control). The experimental result shows that upon installing the lighting control with daylighting, both the average illuminance and the energy consumption in each time period are decreased compared with in the standard case. Lighting control with daylighting tries to set the average illuminance on a task area to less than 500 lux, corresponding to the amount of daylight passing through window shutters. The obtained results are useful for the design of a T5 fluorescent luminaire with lighting control using daylighting in a building lighting system for energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, including the average illuminance on the task area, according to a relevant standard.

A study on the building energy consumption analysis of daylighting-based lighting control strategy was carried out. A circle type of building was mainly simulated by using the eQUEST energy simulating software. By setting various window-wall ratios, we try to find the relationship between the energy saved by daylighting-based lighting control and the other main energy consumptions, such as the cooling and heating energies. The data shows that the energy saving potential of daylighting-based lighting control strategy can be 40% under the proper window-wall ratio, and in the meanwhile, the total energy saving of the whole building can be 8%. A formula is given to get the best window-wall ratio of various cities according to its geographical information and local climate factors.

This paper summarizes the results of a simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of daylighting in reducing electrical energy consumption for office buildings in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on daylighting performance is investigated of window size, building size, daylighting control, and glazing type for three geographical locations in Egypt. It was determined that a window to wall area ratio of 0.20 minimizes the total annual electricity use for office buildings in three Egyptian locations, Cairo, Alexandria, and Aswan. A simplified analysis method is developed based on the analysis results to estimate the annual electrical energy savings attributed to daylighting.

Energyplus is used to discuss the impact of double skin façade (DSF) on building lights, heating and cooling energy consumption in daylighting control mode by simulating the building lights, heating and cooling energy consumption with different height of double skin façade (DSF) and different air cavity width .Thus the influence rules on the lights, heating and cooling energy in daylighting control mode can be found.

Different daylight device systems and control strategies can be employed in different parts of a window system to perform different functions, particularly for fully glazed façades. A light-shelves with parametric control in both portions of the system were proposed in this study as an innovative daylighting device to improve daylighting distribution and glare probability. The aim of this article was to present a simulation study to investigate the influence of light shelves on daylighting performance improvements in buildings located in tropical climates. Multi-objective optimization method was proposed by classifying the results based on sky conditions. The metrics of Useful Daylight Illuminance and Daylight Glare Probability were used to evaluate the daylight performance and glare to compare the final solutions of the blight shelf parameters of the light shelf. The study concludes that daylight improvements by optimal solutions of light shelves can provide the best range of optimal daylighting for visual comfort in office spaces in the tropics. The idea of a light shelf system with parametric control in both portions (inner and outer) provides the most optimal options for achieving balanced daylighting levels in both the front and back of the room. This resulted in a glare-free environment with undetectable glare indices, and acceptable daylight is accomplished, as well as a high percentage coverage within UDI300-2000 lux between 63% and 73.8% at midday and no less than 55% during working hours.

Daylight is the most underutilized resource in modern buildings. Artificial light can be dispensed away in institutional buildings such as offices, banks, schools etc. having only daytime occupancy by proper architectural design of fenestrations The design of a day lighting space is both an art and a science. The biggest challenge facing the lighting designer is to admit only as much light as necessary and distribute it evenly throughout the space without introducing glare or heat. In hot / warm climates, it has become common practice in windows spaces to specify blinds and glazing with high shading coefficients to control glare and minimize heat gain. However, this practice reduces the effectiveness of lighting systems that dim automatically. Improved systems are needed to capture natural daylight and distribute it uniformly throughout a space while controlling heat gain and glare. One such system is the light shelf. Light shelves shade the space from direct sunlight and reflect this sunlight onto the ceiling for a deeper and more uniform distribution. Reflective blinds offer good control of glare and solar protection. Innovative day lighting systems are designed to redirect sunlight or sky light to areas where it is needed with excessive luminance and glare. These systems use optical devices that initiate reflections, refractions, and / or use total internal reflection of sunlight and sky light. Advanced day lighting systems can be designed to actively track the sun or passively control the direct sunlight and sky light. In this paper, we review the state of the art of several advanced day lighting systems which are designed to maximize the energy-saving potential of day lighting, while improving comfort and visual performance at an “affordable” cost.

Daylighting is interpreted as natural sunlight allowed into an indoor space. Passive lighting strategies are considered fundamental in achieving a high performing sustainable building, which affects the visual and thermal comfort, and energy performance of a building. Many strategies in controlling daylighting are known, however, the wrong implementation can lead to a negative effect. The results obtained need to reach a balance between daylighting and thermal performance. This review is conducted to analyse the concept and factors that affect the balance through different research parameters. The performance factors include energy, comfort and perception or view. The different methods of achieving the balance are categorized into three, which are parameter relation, combination, and multi-objective optimization. Building shading devices are considered as one of the major solutions to reach thermal-daylighting balance. Through a comprehensive review, adjustable shading control is recommended as a better option for building shading device for buildings to achieve the optimum balance.

The latter half of the 20th century saw the development of lightweight tensioned translucent membranes as shading devices and their increasing use in providing daylight and daylight control. Buildings with high lighting consumption and long operation hours in particular are including translucent membranes in their daylighting strategies. For this reason, the use of reliable tools for the prediction of the lighting environment experienced in daylit spaces, which exploit translucent membranes, has become essential. To date most analytic efforts related to predicting daylighting performance has concentrated on the analysis of light penetration through glass openings. Little attention has been paid to the light transmission through fabric membranes. The membranes itself are normally in tensioned creating double curvature shapes. The simulation of light transmitted through membranes involves the modelling of complex geometries, which places significant demand to their modelling. This thesis explores the daylighting performance of sports buildings that include translucent membranes as part of their daylighting strategy. Performance of these buildings has been assessed by field illuminance measurements, physical scale modelling in artificial sky and three-dimensional modelling using Radiance software. The accuracy of the simulation tools is assessed against the lighting data recorded in the field study. Findings show that physical scale models tend to overestimate the illuminance levels and daylight factors of the sports halls. On the other hand, Radiance simulations proved to be accurate in terms of daylight factors and illuminance distribution in the playing areas. Finally, a questionnaire has been distributed among the occupants of the three case study buildings and one totally artificially illuminated sports centre. The purpose of this survey is to evaluate the users satisfaction towards the lighting environment of the enclosures. The ability to accurately predict the daylighting performance in membrane sports buildings is significant for the development of research in daylighting and sustainable architecture. In addition, the further use of translucent membranes for the control of natural light in all type of buildings relies on the possibility to confidently predict their daylighting performance.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11562号
工博第2508号
新制||工||1341(附属図書館)
23205
UT51-2005-D311
京都大学大学院工学研究科生活空間学専攻
(主査)教授 鉾井 修一, 教授 髙橋 大弐, 助教授 石田 泰一郎
学位規則第4条第1項該当

As a low concentration concentrator with a larger acceptance angle and without a tracking requirement, compound parabolic concentrator is regarded as an attractive solution to improve the system performance and reduce the cost of photovoltaic (PV) system, solar thermal system, daylighting and lighting systems, etc. As a typical type of three-dimensional compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), dielectric crossed compound parabolic concentrator (dCCPC) has drawn a significant research attention in these years to explore its angular characteristics in solar collection for concentrating photovoltaics and daylighting control in buildings. This thesis provides a comprehensive study on dCCPC in aspect of daylighting control. The work starts from a general review that provides a detailed introduction of the background of CPC applications in solar energy. Then the fundamental property of dCCPC when it is utilized as skylights for daylighting control is investigated, and the performance of dCCPC is also compared to other types of CPC. With the consideration of actual application, the dCCPC panel should be designed as small as possible to reduce its weight and maintain the optical characters simultaneously. Several criteria relating to the dimension of dCCPC panel are proposed and investigated about their effects on the optical performance of dCCPC, followed by the experiments that are taken for validation. As ray-tracing simulation is the most common way to determine the optical performance of dCCPC which provides accurate result but requires long time to run, the multiple nonlinear regression model and artificial neural network model are put forward in the beginning of the second half of this thesis. The coefficients of determination of these models could reach 0.99 which imply the high accuracy of them. The optical performance of dCCPC can be calculated rapidly by knowing the sun position and sky condition. Afterwards, because the performance of dCCPC can be calculated easily for any time and any location with the mathematical model, a case study was taken to investigate the dCCPC effects on building energy consumption, indoor visual environment and economic benefits. This research proves the potential of dCCPC in terms of daylighting control. As a stationary skylight, the transmittance of it is adjusted automatically depending the sky condition and sun position. It also provides outstanding performance in indoor illuminance distribution. The dCCPC is suggested to be used in the locations with long hot seasons for the purpose of energy saving, and it is suggested for all locations with a view to glare control. For further work, more related criteria are encouraged to be added into the prediction models. The method of manufacturing dCCPC is suggested to be improved. Finally, the asymmetric dCCPC is expected to have high potential in daylighting control as vertical building facade, which is worth to be investigated.

Projetar sistemas de janela considerando a adequação climática envolve lidar com os efeitos do meio externo, que são dinâmicos, e com estratégias que podem ser conflitantes, tais como o controle do ganho de calor solar e aproveitamento da iluminação natural, ambos elementos provenientes da radiação do Sol. Parte-se do princípio de que isso é feito considerando o impacto de diferentes variáveis de projeto em diferentes indicadores de desempenho simultaneamente, para suporte a decisão. O estudo do efeito dessas variáveis de projeto da janela quando combinadas ainda não é consolidado, especialmente no caso de localidades de baixa latitude. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa de doutorado é avaliar sistemas de janela estáticos e dinâmicos para suporte a decisões de projeto arquitetônico, quanto a diferentes critérios de desempenho relacionados à iluminação natural e uso de energia, de forma integrada. São estudados sistemas de janela compostos por uma abertura envidraçada e proteções solares de aletas horizontais externas, fixas e móveis. O recorte engloba edificações com uso de escritório no contexto do clima quente e úmido da cidade de Maceió-AL. Para isso, simulações computacionais integradas utilizando os softwares Daysim e EnergyPlus foram realizadas, considerando o acionamento das lâmpadas apenas quando a luz natural não fosse suficiente para atender ao uso do ambiente. As variáveis de projeto analisadas foram: percentual de área de abertura, tipo de vidro, ângulo de sombreamento, quantidade de aletas, tipo de acionamento do sistema de proteção solar e orientação da abertura. As soluções arquitetônicas resultantes das combinações de todas as variáveis entre si foram avaliadas com relação à disponibilidade e distribuição da luz natural e demanda de energia elétrica para condicionamento do ar e iluminação artificial no ambiente interno, e classificadas segundo dois indicadores principais. Foram identificadas as variáveis de projeto dentre as analisadas com maior potencial de impacto no desempenho obtido em diferentes situações. Os resultados mostraram que é possível uma alternativa se encontrar em uma faixa de 10% melhores cenários nos dois indicadores ao mesmo tempo. Observou-se ainda que, apesar de a demanda de energia para condicionamento do ar ser frequentemente maior do que a demanda para iluminação, o desempenho da abertura quanto à iluminação pode ter um peso decisivo na escolha de projeto, pois este indicador de desempenho é mais sensível às variáveis da janela estudadas do que o primeiro. Por fim, observou-se que os protetores solares dinâmicos não são garantia de melhoria de desempenho em relação a sistemas estáticos.
Designing window systems in a climate responsive way involves dealing with the effects of the external environment, which are dynamic, and strategies that may conflict, such as daylight and control of solar heat gains, both elements related to the sun. This research assumes that this is done considering the impact of different design variables in different performance indicators simultaneously, for decision support. The study of the effect of window design variables when combined is not yet consolidated, especially in case of low latitude locations. The general objective of this doctoral research is to evaluate static and dynamic window systems to support architectural design decisions regarding different performance criteria related to daylight and energy use, in an integrated manner. The studied window system consists of a glazed opening and external horizontal slat-type shading devices, fixed and mobile, in offices in the hot and humid climate of the city of Maceió-AL. For this, computer integrated simulations using Daysim and EnergyPlus software were carried out, considering the activation of the lighting system only when daylight is not sufficient to meet the usage requirements. The design variables analyzed were window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, cut-off angle, number of slats, type of shading control and orientation. Architectural solutions resulting from combinations of all variables were evaluated regarding the availability and distribution of daylight and electricity demand for air conditioning and artificial lighting in the indoor environment. The solutions were then rated and ranked according to two main indicators. The design variables among the analyzed with potential of high impact in the obtained performance in different situations were identified. The results showed that it is possible an alternative be in a range of 10% best scenarios in the two criteria at the same time. It was also observed that, although the energy demand for conditioning air often be greater than the lighting energy demand, the performance of the window on daylight can have a decisive weight on the design choice, because this performance indicator is more sensitive to the window variables than the first. Finally, it was observed that the dynamic shading systems are not performance-enhancing guarantee compared to static systems.

Дана робота присвячена питанню підвищення енергоефективності суміщеного освітлення будівель, за рахунок збільшення частки природного світла та використання систем керування штучним освітленням.. Було розглянуто варіант з боковим природним освітленням офісних приміщень. Визначено вплив світлотехнічних та теплотехнічних параметрів світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій на сумарний енергетичний баланс приміщення. Дослідження щодо ефективності використання природного освітлення було проведено на основі використання коефіцієнту природного освітлення, який характеризується відсотковим відношенням природної освітленості у будь-якій точці в середині приміщення до одночасно виміряної на тому ж рівні освітленості зовнішньої горизонтальної площини рівномірно розсіяним світлом усього небосхилу. В роботі розглянуто вплив геометричних параметрів приміщень та світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій на величину коефіцієнта природного освітлення в розрахунковій точці на робочій поверхні. Це важливо, тому що при використанні світлового коефіцієнту та коефіцієнту WWR (window-to-wall ratio), при сталому їх значенні, величина коефіцієнта природного освітлення відрізняється в декілька раз. Це пов’язано з тим, що площа СЗОК не відповідає площі за-склення, через яке денне світло проходить в приміщення. Площа приміщення не відповідає площі робочої поверхні, на якій необхідно забезпечити нормоване освітлення, а розміри приміщення і робочої поверхні взагалі не враховуються в СК та в WWR. Тому існують об’єктивні труднощі з уніфікацією результатів досліджень ефективності бокового природного освітлення, які обумовлені впливом розмірів приміщення на значення коефіцієнта природного освітлення в розрахунковій точці на робочій поверхні. В результаті аналізу залежностей величини коефіцієнта природного освітлення від розмірів приміщень та площі світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції запропоновано використовувати зведений індекс засклення приміщен-ня. Він враховує не тільки площу засклення світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, але й розміри та площу робочої поверхні. Це дає можливість використовувати результати досліджень ефективності природного освітлення без прив’язки до конкретних розмірів приміщення. В результаті апроксимації даної залежності отримано рівняння, яке описує взаємозв’язок між даними величинами. Для визначення площі світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, при якій забезпечується необхідне значення коефіцієнту природної освітленості в розрахунковій точці, розроблено алгоритм, який враховує як ширину непрозорої частини світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, так і її пропорції. Проведено аналіз залежності тривалості забезпечення нормованої освітленості денним світлом приміщень (автономність природного освітлення) від величини коефіцієнта природного освітлення. Визначено питому автономність природного освітлення офісних приміщень (год/(рік∙м2)) для м. Тернопіль. Доведено, що незалежно від розмірів приміщень, максимальна питома автономність природного освітлення (для нормованої освітленості 300 лк), при боковому природному освітленні досягається при коефіцієнті природного освітлення в межах від 1,7% до 1,9%, максимум при 1,8%. При нормованій освітленості 500 лк максимальна питома автономність природного освітлення має місце при величині від 2,6% до 3,0%, максимум – при 2,8%.В роботі розглянуто питання впливу орієнтації, термічного опору та коефіцієнт відносного проникнення сонячної радіації світлопрозорої зовнішньої огоро-джувальної конструкції на сумарні втрати тепла в опалювальний період та його надходження в охолоджувальний період. Це обумовлено тим, що на даний час відсутні рекомендації щодо значення параметрів світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій, при яких виникає зменшення сумарного споживання електроенергії при забезпеченні комфортних параметрів повітря в приміщенні. На даний час основним параметром, за яким обирають світлопрозорі зовнішні огоро-джувальні є термічний опір. Оскільки, термічний опір різних частин світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій має різну величину виникла необ-хідність в розробці аналітичних виразів для отримання відносних та абсолютних площ засклення, профілю та запінення світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій прямокутної конфігурації. В результаті досліджень отримані аналітичні вирази для визначення абсолютних і відносних площ засклення світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій найпоширеніших конфігурацій. Це дало можливість отримати залежності витрат електроенергії на опалення та охолодження офісного приміщення, від коефіцієнту відносного проникнення сонячної радіації і термічного опору при зміні орієнтації світлопрозорої зовніш-ньої огороджувальної конструкції для м. Тернопіль. Отримані результати дали можливість визначити теплотехнічні та світлотехнічні параметри СЗОК, при яких природне бокове освітлення призводить до зменшення сумарного споживання електроенергії для забезпечення комфортних параметрів повітря в приміщенні. Вирази для визначення автономності природного освітлення, втрат тепла та надходження сонячної радіації через світлопрозору зовнішню огороджувальну конструкцію в опалювальний період, та надлишкове надходження тепла в охоло-джувальний період для м. Тернопіль поєднано. В результаті отримано вирази які дозволяють визначити параметри, при яких встановлення світлопрозорої зовніш-ньої огороджувальної конструкції дозволяє зменшити сумарне споживання електроенергії приміщенням. Також представлено нерівності для визначення світлотехнічних та теплотехнічних параметрів світлопрозорих зовнішніх огороджувальних конструкцій, при яких зменшується сумарне споживання електроенергії в приміщенні для м. Тернопіль при різній їх площі та орієнтації. Крім того були проведені дослідження щодо економічної та енергетичної ефективності використання систем керування штучним освітленням сходів, маршів та поверхових коридорів. Визначено економічну та енергетичну ефективність використання систем керування штучним освітленням за допомогою астрономічного реле та датчиків руху з різними типами джерел світла для сходів (майданчиків та маршів) багатоповерхових житлових будинків. Для цього було проведено аналіз помісячної інтенсивності руху мешканців 9-ти поверхових житлових будинків через дверні прорізи вхідних дверей будинку. Встановлено, що незалежно від енергоефективності джерел світла використання астрономічного реле призводить до зниження споживання електроенергії на штучне освітлення на 49,31-50,58%. В той час, як використання датчиків руху призводить до більш суттєвого зменшення споживання електроенергії, а саме: при використанні ламп розжарення – на 97,92%, галогенних ламп – на 97,73%, компактних люмінесцентних ламп – на 95,27%, світлодіодних ламп – на 93,98%. Уперше отримані дані інтенсивності ру-ху мешканців 9-ти поверхових житлових будинків через дверний проріз першого поверху для м. Тернопіль. З точки зору економічної ефективності результати виявилися дещо інші. У зв’язку з необхідністю в встановленні дев’яти датчиків руху, економічний ефект від їх використання значно менший. Так, при встановленні астрономічного реле, вартість володіння за 10 років зменшується: з лампами розжарення – на 50,04%, галогенними лампами – на 50,05%, компактними люмінесцентними лампами – на 46,38%, світлодіодними лампами – 43,98%, тоді як при використання датчиків руху – з лампами розжарення – на 86,70%, галогенними лампами – на 84,40%, компакт-ними люмінесцентними лампами – на 46,62%, світлодіодними лампами – 15,70%. Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає в науковому обґрунтуванні та вирішенні важливої наукової задачі підвищення адекватності оцінки енергоефективності бокового природного освітлення на основі одночасного врахування множини факторів, які суттєво впливають на його якісні та кількісні параметри в процесі експлуатації. При цьому одержано такі наукові результати: 1. Отримано аналітичні вирази для визначення відносних та абсолютних значень площ засклення, профілю та запінення світлопрозорої зовнішньої огоро-джувальної конструкції прямокутної форми з будь-якою наперед заданою її відносною шириною, що дає можливість визначити оптимальні, з точки зору засклення, їх розміри. 2. Уперше отримано математичний вираз для зведеного індексу засклення приміщення, що дає можливість визначати площу світлопрозорої зовнішньої ого-роджувальної конструкції, при якій забезпечується нормоване значення КПО, без прив’язки до певних розмірів приміщення. Даний вираз враховує площу засклення світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, площу робочої поверхні та глибину і ширину приміщення. Розроблено алгоритм розрахунку площі світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції для забезпечення нормованого значення коефіцієнту природного освітлення в незатінених приміщеннях до-вільних розмірів. Даний алгоритм дозволяє визначати площу односекційної світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, при якій забезпечується нормоване значення коефіцієнту природної освітленості в розрахунковій точці і, відповідно, на всій робочій поверхні. 3. Розроблено методику для визначення площі світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, при якій забезпечується необхідна величина коефіцієнту природного освітлення. 4. Доведено, що при різних розмірах приміщення характер зміни коефіцієнту природного освітлення відносно пропорцій світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції не є синхронним. Як видно з отриманих результатів, на одних і тих же проміжках пропорцій при одних розмірах приміщення величина коефіцієнту природного освітлення зростає, а при інших – спадає. 5. Встановлено, що найбільша ефективність використання природного світла для освітлення приміщень, при нормованій освітленості 300 лк характерна для значень коефіцієнту природного освітлення в межах від 1,7% до 1,9%. Для значення 1,8% – вона максимальна при нормованій освітленості в 500 лк максимальна ефективність використання світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції спостерігається при величині коефіцієнту природного освітлення від 2,6% до 3,0% з екстремумом при 2,8%. 6. Отримано вирази для визначення автономності природної освітленості, для нормованої величини освітленості в 300 лк, для приміщень різних розмірів з різною площею світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції. 7. Встановлено, що використання на сходах та поверхових коридорах датчиків руху призводить до суттєвого зменшення споживання електроенергії: при використанні ламп розжарення – на 97,92%, галогенних ламп – на 97,73% компак-тних люмінесцентних ламп– на 95,27%, світлодіодних ламп – 93,98%. в той час, як в залежності від енергоефективності джерел світла використання астрономічного реле призводить до зниження споживання електроенергії на штучне освітлення на 49,41-50,58%. Практичне значення одержаних результатів: ґрунтуючись на результатах експериментальних досліджень, теоретичних узагальнень та розробок, вирішені проблеми, які мають важливе прикладне значення: 1. Отриманий вираз дозволяє розраховувати мінімальну площу засклення світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції для забезпечення нормованого значення коефіцієнту природної освітленості з стандартним відхиленням 0,894, спираючись виключно на розміри приміщення. Це складає передумови для використання отриманих результатів при розробці будівельних нормативних документів. 2. Отримано вирази для визначення автономності природного освітлення, для нормованої величини освітленості в 300 лк, для приміщень різних розмірів з різною площею світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції. Дані вирази дозволяють визначати тривалість забезпечення нормованої освітленості в офісних приміщеннях. Це дає можливість розрахувати енергоефективність використання бокового природного освітлення. 3. Отримано аналітичні вирази для визначення параметрів світлопрозорої зовнішньої огороджувальної конструкції, при яких виникає позитивний вплив на енергетичний баланс приміщення. 4. Експериментально досліджено інтенсивність руху мешканців 9-ти поверхових будинків через дверний проріз першого поверху для тригодинних проміжків часу з 7:00 до 22:00 і 9-ти годинного інтервалу з 22:00 до 07:00 протягом року. Отримані дані дозволяють визначати енергетичну та економічну ефективність використання системи керування штучним освітленням за допомогою датчиків руху.
The thesis deals with the economy of electric energy, which is spent on room lighting, because of increasing interests of daylight. Design decisions should be based on the cost-effectiveness of introducing light into the room. Light guide systems are useful for introducing light into rooms located deep in the building. The use of a clerestory and mansard translucent structures of external wall envelope (TSEWE) is possible only on the top floors of building, and side walls TSEWE can be installed in all rooms, located above the ground. From the above it follows that the building facades TSEWE is practically expedient, since they are durable, not labor-consuming to maintain and universal in terms of limitations on the place of their installation. As a result of the re-search, there has been obtained an analytical expression for determination of the absolute and relative glazed area of TSEWE of any configuration. Since the thermal resistance of TSEWE different parts has a different value, it became impossible to develop analytical expressions for obtaining the relative and absolute areas of glazing, profile and foam filling of the TSEWE of a rectangular configuration. The next parameter characterizing the energy efficiency of the daylight use is DF, that indicating the ratio of the illumination at the selected point in comparison with lighting from the outside. The effect of geometrical parameters of rooms and window openings on the value of the daylight factor (DF) in the reference point (RP) on the work surface (WS) is considered in the article. This is important, as while using a window to floor ratio (WFR) and a window to wall ratio (WWR), there is a significant error. Therefore, there are objective difficulties with the unification of the results of studies on the effectiveness of natural sidelight, which are due to the influence of the size of the room on the DF value in the RP on the WS. The use of the above-mentioned coefficients to evaluate the efficiency of lateral natural light results in the fact that, at constant value of the coefficient, the value of the DF may differ several times. This is because the area of the window opening does not correspond to the area of glazing through which daylight passes into the room. The area of the room does not correspond to the area of the work surface on which it is necessary to provide prescribed by regulations illumination level, and the dimensions of both the room and the work surface are not taken into account in the LF or in the WWR at all. As a result of the analysis of the DF value dependences on the rooms size and the TSEWE area, it is proposed to use a composite room glazing index (CRGI). It takes into account not only the glazing area of the TSEWE but also the dimensions and area of the work surface. This makes it possible to use the results of studies on the effectiveness of daylighting without binding them to the dimensions of a room. As a result of the approximation of this dependence, an equation describing the relationship between these quantities has been developed. An algorithm that takes into account both the width of the opaque portion of the TSEWE and its proportion has been developed to determine the area of the TSEWE at which the required DF value in the reference point is provided. The rational use of daylight can significantly reduce the cost of electricity for artificial lighting. The purpose of this research was to investigate the parameters of translucent structures of building envelope, and the value of daylight factor, for which maxi-mum efficiency of daylight usage is achieved in office rooms. The study analyzes the dependence of the office rooms daylight autonomy on the DF value for four European cities. The specific daylight autonomy (h/(year∙m2)) of office rooms was found. It was proved, that regardless of the rooms size, the maximum specific daylight autonomy (at illumination of 300 lx, that is prescribed by regulations), with lateral daylight, occurs when the DF is in the range of 1.7% to 1.9%. Maxima – at 1.8%. At illumination of 500 lx, the maximum specific daylight autonomy will occur at a daylight factor range of 2.6% to 3.0%. Maxima – at 2.8%. A study of the parameters affecting the efficiency of lateral daylight was made, especially against the background of the total use of modern energy-efficient windows, has not lost its relevance. Issues addressed of the influence of orientation, thermal resistance, and the coefficient of relative penetration of solar radiation (CRPSR) of the translucent structures of exterior wall envelope (TSEWE) on total heat loss during the heating period and its in-flow in the cooling period was studied. The aim of this study directed to determine the effect of both thermal resistance and CRPSR on the electricity consumption to compensate for heat losses and heat revenues through the TSEWE. As a result of research received the dependence of electricity consumption on the heating and cooling of the office space, from the CRPSR, the thermal resistance for different orientation of the TSEWE for the city of Ternopil. The obtained results made it possible to determine the conditions under which energy savings will be achieved, taking into account the reduction in its consumption for artificial lighting. Based on the obtained results of determination of the daylight autonomy of and existing expressions for determining heat loss and gain of the solar radiation through the TSEWE in the heating period, and excess heat supply in the cooling period for Ternopil, obtained expressions allowed one to determine the parameters for which the installation of the TSEWE allows to reduce the rooms total energy consumption. As a result of the above calculations, inequalities are obtained for determining the conditions for the positive effect of the TSEWE properties on the rooms total energy balance for Ternopol, for TSEWE of various orientations. The next stage of the work was the study of the economic and energy efficiency of the artificial lighting control systems, with the help of astronomical relays and motion sensors, by various types of light sources for the for stairwells (stair landings and staircases) of multistory residential buildings. The analysis of the residents’ monthly movement intensity of the 9-story residential buildings through the buildings entrance, doorways, and apartment doors was carried out. The economic and energy efficiency of use the artificial lighting control systems with an astronomical relays and motion sensors with different types of light sources was determined. Regardless of the light sources` type, the astronomical relay’s use leads to reduction in the electricity consumption of artificial lighting in 43.31% – 50.52%. Moreover, the motion sensors’ use on stairwells leads to a significant reduction in electrical energy consumption: in a case of halogen lamps – by 97.73%, compact fluorescent lamps – by 95.27%, light-emitting diodes lamps – by 93.98%. For the first time, the data of 9-story residential buildings inhabitants’ traffic intensity through the first-floor doorway for the Ternopil city, Ukraine has been carried out. From the economic efficiency point of view, the situation is somewhat different. For the considered need for the establishment of nine motion sensors, the economic effect of their use is significantly reduced. So, when the astronomical relay is installed, the cost of ownership decreases for 10 years: from IL – by 50.04%, HL – by 50.05%, CFL – by 46.38% and LED – by 43.98%, whereas when using motion sensors with IL – by 86.70%, HL – by 84.40%, CFL – by 46.62% and LED – by 15.70%. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the scientific substantiation and solution of an important scientific and technical problem of increasing the adequacy of energy efficiency assessment of lateral daylight based on an overnight account of many factors that significantly affect its qualitative and quantitative parameters during operation. The following scientific results were obtained: 1. It is obtained the analytical expressions for determining the relative and absolute values of the TSEWE glazing profile and foam filling area, of a rectangular shape TSEWE with any predetermined TSEWE coordination index, which makes it possible to determine the optimal, from the maximum glazing area point of view, their sizes. 2. The expression for the consolidated index of the glazing of a room is obtained, which makes it possible to determine the area of the TSEWE at which the prescribed by regulations value of the DF is provided without being tied to certain dimensions of the room. This expression takes into account the area of glazing the TSEWE, the WS area, as well as the depth and width of the room. An algorithm for calculating the window sill area has been developed to provide a prescribed by regulations DF value in non-shadowed rooms of arbitrary dimensions. This algorithm allows determining the area of a single-section TSEWE at which the prescribed by regulations value of the DF in the RP and, consequently, throughout the WS will be ensured 3. A technique for determining the TSEWE area at which the required DF value is provided has been developed. 4. It has been proven that for different sizes of rooms, the nature of the DF change relative to proportions is not synchronous. As can be seen from the obtained results, on the same intervals of proportions and with the same sizes of rooms, the DF increases, whereas in other cases it decreases. 5. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest efficiency of daylight usage in office rooms lighting, with prescribed by regulations illumination of 300 lx, will have a DF values range of 1.7% to 1.9%. For a value of 1.8% – it is maxima. At a illumination of 500 lx, maximum efficiency of TSBE usage is observed, with DF values of 2.6% to 3.0% and maxima at 2.8%. 6. The expression is obtained for determining the daylight autonomy, for a prescribed by regulations illumination value of 300 lx, for rooms of various sizes with different TSEWE areas. 7. It was found, that using of motion sensors on stairwells leads to a significant reduction in electricity consumption: when using IL – in 97.95, HL – in 97.73%, CFL – in 95.27%, LED – in 93.98%, while regardless of the type of the LS, using the astronomical relay leads to a reduction in the electricity consumption of artificial lighting in 49.31% - 50.58%. The practical significance of the results: based on the results of experimental re-search, theoretical generalizations and developments, decide whether there are problems that have important applied value: 1. Obtained results help calculate the minimum glazing area of the TSEWE to provide a prescribed by regulations DF value with a standard deviation of 0.894, based solely on the dimensions of the room. This is a prerequisite for using the obtained results in the development of buildings normative documents. 2. Expressions are obtained for determining the daylight autonomy, for 300 lx illumination value, for rooms of various sizes with different TSEWE areas. These expres sions make it possible to determine the duration of the provision of prescribed by regulations illumination in office rooms. It makes possible to calculate the energy efficiency of side daylighting using. 3. It was obtained the analytical expressions of determination of the parameters of the TSEWE, at which the positive effect on the energy balance of the room is blamed. 4. It has been conducted the experimentally determined the residents’ movement intensity through the doorway of the 9-story buildings first floor for three-hour time intervals from 7:00 to 22:00 and a 9-hour interval from 22:00 to 07:00 during the year. The obtained data make it possible to determine the energy and economic efficiency of using the artificial lighting control system with motion sensors.

Heating, cooling and lighting are the dominant sectors of energy consumption in commercial buildings. Controlling solar radiation through windows will improve the illuminance distribution as well as energy efficiency of buildings. Advanced window systems with motorized shading controlled in conjunction with light dimming constitute a promising approach for improving energy efficiency of buildings. However, the performance of current controlled daylighting systems is neither sufficiently reliable nor accurate, thereby reducing their widespread adoption. The uncertainty of light dimming control system performance is largely due to prediction of workplane illuminance. This makes the system unreliable and sometimes more complex. To improve the performance of light dimming control systems, the prediction of the workplane illuminance must be considered first. Without thorough understanding of systems, their control may not be achieved efficiently. A new daylight prediction method, Illuminance Ratio Prediction (IRP) method, is proposed in this thesis for an integrated daylighting control system. The proposed method, which is theoretically developed based on radiosity theory, shows that the illuminance ratio of two arbitrary surfaces in a space in the presence of one initial light source with varying quantity at a fixed location is always constant. The proposed method was experimentally proved. With the IRP method, reliable and accurate predictions of daylighting parameters such as the workplane illuminance, the exterior vertical illuminance and the solar heat gains through the window systems, were obtained as the basis for development of an integrated daylighting control methodology. The methodology was validated in an outdoor test-room with dimmable electric lighting and a window with built-in motorized blinds. The algorithm was calibrated with a workplane sensor control. Then, an integrated daylighting control system using an interior front wall sensor for prediction was successfully tested. It was found that this system could maintain both the workplane illuminance level and the solar heat gains at the desirable level by simultaneous controls of light dimming and blind tilt angle. With active daylighting control, significant energy savings may be achieved in energy consumption for lighting and cooling. One important asset of the methodology developed is that motorized blinds are optimally tilted so as to admit just enough daylight to satisfy workplane illuminance requirements predicted with IRP method, thus reducing cooling loads due to potential excessive solar gains.

In perimeter building zones with glass façades, controllable fenestration (daylighting/shading) and electric lighting systems are used as comfort delivery systems under dynamic weather conditions, and their operation affects daylight provision, outside view, lighting energy use, as well as overall occupant satisfaction with the visual environment. A well-designed daylighting and lighting control should be able to achieve high level of satisfaction while minimizing lighting energy consumption. Existing daylighting control studies focus on minimizing energy use with general visual comfort constraints, when adaptive and personalized controls are needed in high performance office buildings. Therefore, reliable and efficient models and methods for learning occupants’ personalized visual preference or satisfaction are required, and the development of optimal daylighting controls requires integrated considerations of visual preference/satisfaction and energy use.

In this Dissertation, a novel method is presented first for developing personalized visual satisfaction profiles in daylit offices using Bayesian inference. Unlike previous studies based on action data, a set of experiments with human subjects was designed and conducted to collect comparative visual preference data (by changing visual conditions) in private offices. A probit model structure was adopted to connect the comparative preference with a latent satisfaction utility model, assumed in the form of a parametrized Gaussian bell function. The distinct visual satisfaction models were then inferred using Bayesian approach with preference data. The posterior estimations of model parameters, and inferred satisfaction utility functions were investigated and compared, with results reflecting the different overall visual preference characteristics discovered for each person.

Second, we present an online visual preference elicitation learning framework for efficiently learning and eliciting occupants’ visual preference profiles and hidden satisfaction utilities. Another set of experiments with human subjects was conducted to implement the proposed learning algorithm in order to validate the feasibility of the method. A combination of Thompson sampling and pure exploration (uncertainty learning) methods was used to balance exploration and exploitation when targeting the near-maximum area of utility during the learning process. Distinctive visual preference profiles of 13 subjects were learned under different weather conditions, demonstrating the feasibility of the learning framework. Entropy of the distribution of the most preferred visual condition is computed for each learned preference profile to quantify the certainty. Learning speed varies with subjects, but using a single variable model (vertical illuminance on the eye), most subjects could be learned to an acceptable certainty level within one day of stable weather, which shows the efficiency of the method (learning outcomes).

Finally, a personalized shading control framework is developed to maximize occupant satisfaction while minimizing lighting energy use in daylit offices with roller shades. An integrated lighting-daylighting simulation model is used to predict lighting energy use while it also provides inputs for computing personalized visual preference profiles, previously developed using Bayesian inference from comparative preference data. The satisfaction utility and the predicted lighting energy use are then used to form an optimization framework. We demonstrate the results of: (i) a single objective formulation, where the satisfaction utility is simply used as a constraint to when minimizing lighting energy use and (ii) a multi-objective optimization scheme, where the satisfaction utility and predicted lighting energy use are formulated as parallel objectives. Unlike previous studies, we present a novel way to apply the MOO without assigning arbitrary weights to objectives: allowing occupants to be the final decision makers in real-time balancing between their personalized visual satisfaction and energy use considerations, within dynamic hidden optimal bounds – through a simple interface.

In summary, we present the first method to incorporate personalized visual preferences in optimal daylighting control, with energy use considerations, without using generic occupant behavior models or discomfort-based assumptions.

The façades design should be considered a major issue in the design of energy-efficient buildings. Manually controlled shades aren’t often adjusted properly by the office occupants. This situation leads to an increasing in the electrical lighting as well as heating and cooling loads. That is why the use of dynamic façade components is increasing amongst building designs, being able to adapt to interior and exterior impacts, and thus increasing the occupant comfort and reducing the energy consumption. The study presented in this document evaluates the daylight and energy performance of two automated shading control strategies for interior roller shades in the case of an existing office building. Both strategies were applied to three types of interior roller shade fabrics combined with three glass types. Computer simulations were conducted using Radiance to calculate the illuminance at work-plane values and EnergyPlus for energy consumption. The results showed that automated shading control strategies have the potential to minimize the total annual energy demand and significantly improve the daylight performance. Also, the optical properties of the glass and roller shades fabric have a big impact on the overall performance.

The paper provides the results of a simulation-based analysis to estimate the potential savings in electrical lighting energy use associated with daylighting controls using skylights for open space warehouses. First, the effectiveness of daylighting controls is investigated for several skylight opening areas, glazing types, control strategies, and several locations in Tunisia. A simplified calculation method is then developed to estimate the annual savings in electrical lighting energy use due to daylighting controls in warehouses. The simplified method has been developed and validated for several locations throughout the world.

This paper describes a daylighting control strategy suitable to operate the electrical lighting fixtures in order to maintain a desired illuminance level for one or several specific working locations. The control is based on genetic algorithm to minimize energy use of electrical lighting systems. The algorithm has been developped using experimental data obtained for an office space in Boulder, Colorado. The GA-based control can be coupled with any switching settings to operate the electrical lighting systems such as on-off, stepped, and dimming. The analysis indicated that the GA-based control can save up to 70% of total electrical lighting energy use for the case study of the office building in Boulder, Colorado.

This paper summarizes the results of a simulation analysis to determine the effectiveness of daylighting in reducing electrical energy consumption for office buildings in Egypt. Specifically, the impact on daylighting performance is investigated of window size, building size, daylighting control, and glazing type for three geographical locations in Egypt. It was determined that a window to wall area ratio of 0.20 minimizes the total annual electricity use for office buildings in three Egyptian locations, Cairo, Alexandria, and Aswan. A simplified analysis method is developed based on the analysis results to estimate the annual electrical energy savings attributed to daylighting.

This paper provides a simplified analysis tool to assess the energy saving potential of daylighting for commercial buildings through skylights. Specifically, the impact of daylighting is investigated for various fenestration opening sizes, glazing types, control strategies, and geographic locations. A top floor of a prototypical office building has been considered in the analysis. The results obtained for the office building can be applied to other types of buildings such as retails stores, schools, and warehouses. Based on the simulation analysis results, it was determined that skylight to floor ratio more than 0.3 does not affect significantly the lighting energy savings. An optimum value of skylight to floor area ratio was found to be 0.2 to minimize the annual total building energy use.

There is a large number of control systems proposed either by lighting manufacturers or motor manufacturers for shading systems. In addition there are many other solutions proposed by specific manufacturers of Building Management Systems (BMS) or manufacturers of components to be installed in luminaires and switches, as well as in the electric lighting architecture (transformers, gateways to the internet, sensors, etc.). For many consumers -i.e.-the installer, the facility manager, or the final user (building occupant) – this forms a complex and dynamic market environment with high frequent changes, every year or even every month or day. In this report we aim to provide some basic strategic information, showing the status of the supply at the time this report was written (2019-2021). Although the market develops very fast, there are principles of controls which are rather independent of the progress of technology.

Even though there are existing codes and standards regarding daylighting and electric lighting controls, they have to be constantly reviewed and updated, as the technology is growing rapidly - and so do the users’ expectations. That is, in both efficiency of buildings in terms of sustainability and energy usage (utilizing advanced sensor-based systems), and also in the need for high quality of lighting at the workplaces.