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Journal articles on the topic 'Daytime running lights'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Al-Awar Smither, Janan, and Lorenzo I. Torrez. "Motorcycle Conspicuity: Effects of Age and Daytime Running Lights." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 52, no. 3 (June 2010): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720810374613.

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2

Cavallo, Viola, and Maria Pinto. "Are car daytime running lights detrimental to motorcycle conspicuity?" Accident Analysis & Prevention 49 (November 2012): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.013.

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3

Theeuwes, Jan, and Johan Riemersma. "Comment on williams and farmer's evaluation of daytime running lights." Accident Analysis & Prevention 28, no. 6 (November 1996): 799–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(96)00043-7.

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4

Henderson, Richard G. "Death on the roads: Should we advocate daytime running lights?" BMJ 333, no. 7560 (July 20, 2006): 199.5–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7560.199-d.

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5

Williams, Allan F., and Charles M. Farmer. "Comment on theeuwes and riemersma's revisit of daytime running lights." Accident Analysis & Prevention 28, no. 4 (July 1996): 541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(96)00024-3.

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6

Baker, Clifford C., Mark Kirkpatrick, and Christopher C. Heasly. "Experimental Studies of Daytime Running Light Design Factors." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (October 1988): 967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761965.

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Data from accident rate field tests have suggested that the use of Daytime Running Lights (DRL) on vehicles may have potential for reduction of collision likelihood and severity. With regard to the possible introduction of DRL in the United States, a number of research and design issues have arisen. These involve effects of design parameters on vehicle conspicuity under daylight conditions including central lamp intensity, beam distribution, lamp area, lamp color, number of lamps, and lamp/background contrast. Experiments were conducted to determine effects of DRL design parameters on peripheral detection of an oncoming vehicle under daylight conditions, detection of operating turn signals in the presence of a masking DRL, and degree of discomfort glare produced by DRL under twilight conditions.

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7

Pešić, Dalibor, Aleksandar Trifunović, Ivan Ivković, Svetlana Čičević, and Aleksandar Žunjić. "Evaluation of the effects of daytime running lights for passenger cars." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 66 (October 2019): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.09.008.

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8

ZHOU Jing, 周. 静., 吴雪强 WU Xue-qiang, and 龙兴明 LONG Xing-ming. "Optimization Design of LED Daytime Running Lights Based on Thermal Analysis." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 37, no. 3 (2016): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/fgxb20163703.0372.

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9

Theeuwes, Jan, and Johan Riemersma. "Daytime running lights as a vehicle collision countermeasure: The Swedish evidence reconsidered." Accident Analysis & Prevention 27, no. 5 (October 1995): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(95)00015-r.

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10

Zhang, Jain-Hong, Kuan-Yu Chen, Yao-Chien Cheng, and Alex Wang. "19.2: Asymmetrical TIR Lens Design for Compact and Coplanar Automotive Daytime Running Lights." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 43, no. 1 (June 2012): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2012.tb05761.x.

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11

Legierski, Marcin, and Piotr Michałek. "Assessment of blue light retinal hazard of lamps and lights used in automotive." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.131.

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The article contains results of the research on the assessment of the blue light retinal hazard by lighting devices used in the automotive with LED light sources. The study was subject to daytime running lights and work lamps available on the market for self-assembly in vehicles. The study method was presented using a matrix luminance meter and spectroradiometer. The necessary photometric and radiometric tests were carried out. Assessment of blue light hazard according to the PN-EN 62471: 2010 was made. Obtained results were referred to maximum luminous intensity, chromaticity coordinates and correlated colour temperature of tested devices.

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12

Farmer, Charles M., and Allan F. Williams. "Effects of daytime running lights on multiple-vehicle daylight crashes in the United States." Accident Analysis & Prevention 34, no. 2 (March 2002): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(01)00013-6.

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13

Sivak, Michael, Michael J. Flannagan, Eric C. Traube, and Toshio Miyokawa. "Conspicuity and Glare Properties of Daytime Running Lights: Effects of Lamp Separation and Intensity." Transportation Human Factors 1, no. 3 (July 1999): 247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/sthf0103_7.

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14

Tofflemire, Troy C., and Paul C. Whitehead. "An evaluation of the impact of daytime running lights on traffic safety in Canada." Journal of Safety Research 28, no. 4 (December 1997): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4375(97)00011-x.

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15

Krajicek, Michele E., and Raquel M. Schears. "Daytime running lights in the USA: what is the impact on vehicle crashes in Minnesota?" International Journal of Emergency Medicine 3, no. 1 (March 2010): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12245-009-0151-6.

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16

Elvik, Rune. "A meta-analysis of studies concerning the safety effects of daytime running lights on cars." Accident Analysis & Prevention 28, no. 6 (November 1996): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(96)00041-3.

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17

Elvik, Rune. "The effects on accidents of compulsory use of daytime running lights for cars in Norway." Accident Analysis & Prevention 25, no. 4 (August 1993): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(93)90068-8.

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18

Rowsey, P. J., K. T. Borer, and M. J. Kluger. "Role of prostaglandins in exercise-induced core temperature elevation in female Sprague-Dawley rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): R1121—R1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1121.

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Female Sprague-Dawley rats (12:12-h photoperiod; body temperature, BT, measured with biotelemetry) with access to running wheels for 6 wk have an elevated BT (compared with rats with no access to exercise wheels, i.e, sedentary) both during the period of voluntary exercise (nighttime) (0.5 degree C, P = 0.0001) and the nonexercise period (daytime) (0.3 degree C, P = 0.002). To determine whether prostaglandin (PG) E was responsible for any portion of this daytime rise in BT, we injected a dose of sodium salicylate (300 mg/kg), which was shown to produce complete antipyresis in rats injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), into exercised and sedentary rats 4 h after the onset of the lights-on period. The injections of sodium salicylate led to a fall in body temperature in both the exercised and sedentary rats of similar amounts (-0.88 degree C vs. -0.61 degree C at 2 h postinjection, P = 0.59). We conclude that the increase in daytime BT of exercised female rats is not mediated by prostaglandins.

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19

Sparks, Gordon A., Russell D. Neudore, Anne E. Smith, Kenneth R. Wapman, and Paul L. Zador. "The effect of daytime running lights on crashes between two vehicles in Saskatchewan: A study of a government fleet." Accident Analysis & Prevention 25, no. 5 (October 1993): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(93)90013-m.

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20

Ahmed, Mohamed, Sherif Gaweesh, Khaled Ksaibati, and Md Hamidur Rahman. "Assessing the impact of the compliance rate and daytime running lights penetration on the safety effectiveness of regulatory headlight use signs." Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics 3, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2018.3-1.1.

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21

Holló, Péter. "Changes in the legislation on the use of daytime running lights by motor vehicles and their effect on road safety in Hungary." Accident Analysis & Prevention 30, no. 2 (March 1998): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(97)00087-0.

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22

Kępa, P., and W. Żagan. "The effects of using passing beams during the day in real traffic conditions." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 7 (November 28, 2018): 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153518816123.

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This paper presents a study on the implications for road safety of the use of passing beams during the day. The genesis of the problem and conditions that have led to the use of passing beams by vehicles during the day is presented first. Then, the photometric requirements for passing beams are evaluated in terms of their signal role, comparing them with the requirements for daytime running lights. The main part of this paper presents a report on field tests carried out under real road conditions. The tests were done in order to measure the impact of using passing beams by day on the distance at which the oncoming vehicle could be detected. Also, the correctness of the estimation of relative positions of oncoming vehicles at the same or different distances was examined with different combinations of passing beams on or off in the tested vehicles. The research confirms the effectiveness of using passing beams during the day and the need to harmonize the obligation to use passing beams.

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23

Elvik, Rune. "Can a road safety measure be both effective and ineffective at the same time? A game-theoretic model of the effects of daytime running lights." Accident Analysis & Prevention 59 (October 2013): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.039.

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24

Elvik, Rune. "Can We Trust the Results of Meta-Analyses?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, no. 1 (January 2005): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800127.

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Every meta-analysis involves a number of choices made by the analyst. These choices may refer to, for example, estimator of effect, model for analysis (fixed effects or random effects), or the treatment of varying study quality. The choices made can affect the results of the analysis. Every meta-analysis should therefore include a sensitivity analysis, designed to probe how choices made as part of the analysis affect its results. This paper describes a systematic approach to sensitivity analysis in meta-analyses. An index intended to summarize the results of a sensitivity analysis, the robustness score, is developed. The robustness score varies from 0 to 1. A value of 1 indicates that the results of a meta-analysis are robust; they are not at all affected by the choices made by the analyst. It is proposed that every meta-analysis include a sensitivity analysis for (a) the potential presence of publication bias, (b) the choice of estimator of effect (if relevant), (c) the possible presence of outlier bias (a single result having decisive influence on the summary estimate), (d) statistical weighting of individual estimates of effect, and (e) assessment of study quality. A recently reported meta-analysis of studies that have evaluated the effects on road safety of daytime running lights for cars is used as a case to explain the proposed approach to sensitivity analysis.

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25

Stone, Mervyn. "Questions of probability in daytime-running-light argument." Accident Analysis & Prevention 31, no. 5 (September 1999): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00002-0.

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26

Mohd Khairudin, Rahman, M. I. Mohd Hafzi, and Hamzan Azhar. "Amber Position Lamp as Daytime Running Light for Motorcycle." Advanced Engineering Forum 10 (December 2013): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.10.357.

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The ability for motorcycle to be detected is an important aspect in preventing crash involving motorcycle which is the most dominant vehicle in emerging countries. Widely referred as conspicuity, the crash factor is appropriately addressed by the introduction of mandatory daytime running light (DRL) law and is usually a success story in many parts of the world. In 2011, there was a motion introduced in the 64thsession of the United Nations Working Party on Lighting and Light-Signalling (GRE) for amber position lamp (APL) to be made mandatory on motorcycle as additional measure to improve motorcycle conspicuity. An experiment was designed to evaluate conspicuity level of motorcycle headlamp and tail lamp equipped with APL over motorcycle with present DRL setting (baseline). 15 participants simultaneously rated both motorcycles which are placed in parallel, at different distances and times of day. Motorcycle with APL was noticeably better detected from rear than front at 50 meter and 100 meter distance, as well as during night time and twilight. Median conspicuity level between night time and daytime and between night time and twilight was also distinctly different for rear lamp. These findings suggest that APL introduction could enhance motorcycle conspicuity especially for rear lamp position.

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27

Zhang, Jain-Hong, Kuan-Yu Chen, Yao-Chien Cheng, and Alex Wang. "53.4: U-Shaped-Emitting-Surface Daytime Running Light Using Customized Light Pipe with Microstructure." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 44, no. 1 (June 2013): 740–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2168-0159.2013.tb06320.x.

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28

Gud, Adi Setya. "Evaluasi Pelaksanaan DRL (Daytime Running Light) Di Ruas Jalan Wonogiri-Ngadirojo Km +3 Bulusulur." MoDuluS: Media Komunikasi Dunia Ilmu Sipil 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/modulus.v2i1.1501.

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Pemerintah Kabupaten Wonogiri melakukan evaluasi dengan UU No. 22 Tahun 2009 tentang menyalakan lampu utama bagi sepeda motor pada siang hari DRL (Daytime Running Light) guna mengatasi tingginya angka kecelakaan lalu lintas di Kabupaten Wonogiri. Pada penelitian ini pengambilan data primer langsung pada lokasi penelitian di Jalan Raya Wonogiri-Ngadirojo Km +3 Bulusulur, dengan rentang waktu tertentu yang ditentukan yakni penelitian dilakukan pada siang hari seperti penerapan yang diberlakukan pada peraturan ini, penelitian dilakukan pada hari-hari atau jam sibuk; hari Senin-Sabtu, Jam 06.30 – 08.30 WIB, Jam 10.00-11.30 WIB, Jam 12.00-13.30 WIB, Jam 15.30-17.00 WIB. Hasil pengamatan survei kendaraan bermotor (roda dua) di Jalan Wonogiri-Ngadirojo Km +3 Bulusulur, Wonogiri, tingkat partisipasi UU No. 22 tahun 2009 yaitu kewajiban pengendara sepedamotor untuk menyalakan lampu pada siang hari DRL (Daytime Running Light) yakni sebesar 96,65% (12.927 dari 13.375 kendaraan), dan yang tidak menyalakan lampu sebesar 3,35% (448 dari 13.375 kendaraan). Kecelakaan di Jalan Wonogiri-Ngadirojo Km +3 Bulusulur, Wonogiri antara tahun 2010-2013 menunjukan kenaikan dan penurunan namun, setelah tahun 2013 mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan dari 61 menjadi 27 pada tahun 2017. Hal tersebut bisa diakibatkan oleh tingkat kesadaran pengguna kendaraan bermotor utamanya menyalakan lampu untuk meningkatkan kewaspadaan. Meningkatnya kesadaran DRL (Daytime Running Light) dari tahun 2010 sebesar 46,96% menjadi 96,65% tahun 2017, di ikuti penurunan angka kecelakaan di Jalan Wonogiri-Ngadirojo Km +3 Bulusulur, Wonogiri dari 64 kejadian pada tahun 2013 menjadi 27 kejadian pada tahun 2017.

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Hendricks, Eric A., Steve R. Diehl, Donald A. Burrows, and Robert Keith. "Evaluation of a Fast-Running Urban Dispersion Modeling System Using Joint Urban 2003 Field Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2006jamc1289.1.

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Abstract An urban dispersion modeling system was evaluated using the Joint Urban 2003 field data. The system consists of a fast-running urban airflow model (RUSTIC, for Realistic Urban Spread and Transport of Intrusive Contaminants) that is coupled with a Lagrangian particle transport and diffusion model (MESO) that uses random-walk tracer diffusion techniques. Surface measurements from fast-response and integrated bag samplers were used to evaluate model performance in predicting near-field (less than 1 km from the source) dispersion in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, central business district. Comparisons were made for six different intense operating periods (IOPs) composed of three different release locations and stable nighttime and unstable daytime meteorological conditions. Overall, the models were shown to have an underprediction bias of 47%. A possible influence to this underprediction is that the higher density of sulfur hexafluoride in comparison with air was not taken into account in the simulations. The models were capable of predicting 42% of the sampler data within a factor of 2 and 83% of the data within a factor of 10. When the effects of large-scale atmospheric turbulence were included, the models were shown to be capable of predicting 51% of the data within a factor of 2. The results were further broken down into performance for varying meteorological conditions. For daytime releases, the models performed reasonably well; for nighttime releases the models performed more poorly. Two possible causes of the poorer nighttime comparisons are (a) an inability to model the suppression of vertical turbulence because of the assumption of isotropy in RUSTIC’s k–ω turbulence model and (b) difficulty in modeling the light and variable inflow winds. The best comparisons were found for the three continuous daytime releases of IOP-4. It was hypothesized that these good comparisons were a result of steadier inflow conditions combined with the fact that the release site was more exposed and closer to the sodar used for the inflow meteorological conditions.

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Ehlen, J. Christopher, and Ketema N. Paul. "Regulation of light's action in the mammalian circadian clock: role of the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 5 (May 2009): R1606—R1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90878.2008.

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GABAA receptor agonists act in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to reset circadian rhythms during the day but inhibit the ability of light to reset rhythms during the night. In the present study, we examined whether these paradoxical differences in the effect of GABAA receptor stimulation on the circadian system are mediated by separate GABAA receptor subtypes. 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4- c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP), a GABAA receptor agonist, preferentially activates GABAA receptors in extrasynaptic locations. THIP, muscimol (a GABAA agonist), or vehicle were microinjected into the SCN region of Syrian hamsters free-running in constant darkness during the mid-subjective day, early subjective night, or late subjective night. The subjective night injections were followed by a light pulse or sham control. Behavioral phase shifts of wheel running rhythms and both Period1 ( Per1) and Per2 mRNA levels in the SCN were assessed. Animals that received THIP during the subjective day did not exhibit significant phase alterations. During the early and late subjective night, however, THIP abolished the phase-shifting effects of light and the ability of light to increase Per1 and Per2 mRNA levels. The ability of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid to phase-shift wheel running rhythms was also attenuated by THIP. Together these data demonstrate that THIP does not produce phase shifts during the subjective day, but does inhibit the ability of light to produce phase shifts. Thus, extrasynaptic GABAA receptors appear to play a role in regulating light input to the SCN, while a different population of GABAA receptors appears to be responsible for daytime effects of GABA.

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Rowsey, P. J., K. T. Borer, and M. J. Kluger. "Tumor necrosis factor is not involved in exercise-induced elevation in core temperature." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): R1351—R1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.6.r1351.

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Female Sprague-Dawley rats (12:12-h light-dark photoperiod) with access to running wheels have an elevated body temperature (BT) both during exercise (nighttime) and nonexercise periods (daytime). We studied whether the exercise-induced increase in BT is modulated by the release of the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Two weeks after the onset of exercise, nighttime temperatures of exercising rats were elevated approximately 0.5 degree C compared with preexercise values (P = 0.006). By 3 wk after the onset of exercise, daytime temperatures had increased 0.3 degree C (P = 0.03) above control levels. To confirm that endogenously produced TNF can modulate fever in female rats, we injected six rats with antiserum to TNF (300 microliters/rat) and six rats with control serum 24 h before intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (50 micrograms/kg). As occurred in earlier studies on male rats, antiserum-treated female rats had significantly enhanced fevers (P = 0.017). To determine whether endogenously produced TNF was involved in modulating the daytime and nighttime increases in BT, antiserum to TNF (300 microliters/rat, n = 7) or control serum (300 microliters/rat, n = 5) was injected intraperitoneally in exercising rats. Neither injection of antiserum nor control serum had any effect on daytime or nighttime BTs. Because BTs of exercising female rats injected with antiserum against TNF were not affected, we conclude that TNF is not responsible for modulating their exercise-induced rise in BT.

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32

Vinterhalter, Dragan, and Branka Vinterhalter. "Diurnal photoperiods and rhythmicity of the phototropic bending response in hypocotyls of sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. seedlings." Archives of Biological Sciences 73, no. 2 (2021): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs210205018v.

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Research on phototropic (PT) bending in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Kondi (Syngenta)) seedling hypocotyls presented herein focused on a comparison of diurnal and free-running photoperiods with the aim of explaining the development of diurnal rhythmicity. PT bending magnitudes and lag phase duration exhibited strong daily rhythmicity in all diurnal photoperiods, contrasting with the uniform PT bending response to constant light (CL) conditions. Plants had a daytime maximum for PT bending magnitudes in experiments starting around midday and a minimum in the dark period in those starting 4 h after dusk. Plants could compensate for large differences in the daytime duration of diurnal photoperiods. They required the first 4 h of darkness to recover and synchronize the PT bending and to start increasing the magnitudes of PT bending. The daily pattern of lag phase duration changes was similar but inverted, showing that synchronization also occurred during nighttime. Darkness was not required for PT bending under CL conditions, however, during diurnal photoperiods it enabled the establishment of diurnal rhythmicity and synchronized changes in PT bending capacity to occur when needed, providing maximal values at midday and minimal during the nighttime. Under prolonged duration of daytime corresponding to the start of CL condition, plantlets rapidly abandoned circadian regulation, their PT bending response becoming arrhythmic.

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Maywood, E. S., M. H. Hastings, M. Max, E. Ampleford, M. Menaker, and A. S. I. Loudon. "Circadian and daily rhythms of melatonin in the blood and pineal gland of free-running and entrained Syrian hamsters." Journal of Endocrinology 136, no. 1 (January 1993): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1360065.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of endogenous circulating melatonin concentrations in the Syrian hamster, and then to determine the effect of various photic manipulations upon this endocrine signal. In experiment 1, pineal-intact or pinealectomized adult male Syrian hamsters, housed under a long photoperiod (LD; 16 h light:8 h darkness) for 2 weeks, were then either maintained on LD or transferred to a short photoperiod (SD; 8 h light:16 h darkness) for a further 8 weeks. The profile of serum melatonin concentrations was determined from blood samples taken by cardiac puncture at intervals over a 24-h period. Radioimmunoassay revealed that daytime concentrations were at or below the limit of sensitivity of the assay (≥ 50 pmol/l). Under both photoperiods, the concentration of melatonin in the serum of pineal-intact animals rose 4–5 h after the onset of darkness, and the peak amplitude of the melatonin rhythm was not significantly different between the SD- or LD-housed animals (200–250 pmol/l). Premature exposure of animals to light during the dark phase of LD caused a precipitous decline in circulating concentrations to daytime values within 15 min and they remained there for several hours. In animals which experienced an uninterrupted night on either LD or SD, the most striking difference in the rhythm of endogenous melatonin secretion was the duration. Animals housed under LD had high levels until the start of the light period, a peak duration of 3·7 h. In contrast, animals housed under SD exhibited a peak duration of 10 h, levels falling 1·5 h before the start of the light period. The nocturnal increase in serum melatonin concentration was abolished in pinealectomized animals. Serum levels in these animals were not significantly different from those observed in pineal-intact animals during the light phase, being at, or very close to, the limit of sensitivity of the assay. In experiment 2, animals were housed under LD prior to transfer to continuous darkness for 10 days, during which time their locomotor activity rhythms were recorded. Animals were then chronically cannulated and serial blood samples were removed from the jugular vein at hourly intervals, starting 48 h after surgery. A pronounced circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin concentrations was observed, with levels rising significantly 3 h after the onset of activity and falling 10 h later. During subjective day, levels were at or below the limit of sensitivity of the assay. At the end of the study, pineal melatonin was also measured at intervals across the circadian cycle. This revealed a very close correlation between the plasma and pineal concentrations of melatonin, the duration and phase of both nocturnal peaks being equivalent. These results confirm that the duration of the nocturnal secretion of melatonin varies in proportion to the length of the dark phase, that this rhythm is endogenously driven, and that peak physiological levels of melatonin in this species are of the order of 200 pmol/l. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 136, 65–73

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Zhao, P., and J. Lüers. "Improved determination of daytime net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide at croplands." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2012): 2883–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-2883-2012.

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Abstract. The eddy-covariance technique is applied worldwide to acquire information about carbon exchange between a variety of ecosystems and atmosphere, but the data acquisition only covers, on average, two-thirds of the whole year due to system failures and data rejection. Therefore, data must be corrected and data gaps must be filled to provide seasonal or annual budgets. The gap-filing strategies, however, are still under discussion within the research community. Presently the major gap-filling methods work quite well for long-time running sites over slow-developing biosphere surfaces such as long-living evergreen forests, but difficulties appear for short-living and fast-growing croplands. In this study we developed a new Multi-Step Error Filter procedure to gain good-quality data as input for different parameterizations of the light response function of plants for two cropland sites (rice and potatoes), and we could prove that the conventional temperature binning approach is inadequate. The presented time-window scheme showed best results with a four-day time window for the potato field and an eight-day time window for the rice field. The influence of vapor pressure deficit was tested as well, but in our case it plays a minor role at both the potato and the rice fields with the exception of the early growing stage of the potatoes. Completing our research, we suggest an innovative method by introducing a Leaf Area Index factor to capture the seasonal vegetation development. With this method we are now able to fill the large gaps between observation periods when conventional methods are invalid.

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Kim, Ho-Young, Jae moon Lee, Kyoung Mo Kang, Jong Woo Lee, Young Min moon, Jeong Tak Oh, Hwan-Hee Jeong, Kwang Ho Park, and Tae-Yeon Seong. "Using Ag Sinter Paste to Improve the Luminous Flux and Reliability of InGaN-Based LED Package for Commercial Vehicle Daytime Running Light." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 015004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abdc44.

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Watada, Junzo, Yung-Chin Hsiao, and Hanayuki Kitagawa. "Using Brainwaves and Eye Tracking to Determine Attention Levels for Auto-Lighting Systems." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, no. 5 (September 20, 2015): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0611.

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To prevent car accidents, it should be possible for pedestrians and other drivers to detect oncoming vehicles. Many car accidents are caused because persons are not aware of approaching traffic, and this applies especially to visual awareness. The daytime running light (DRL) and the third braking light (TBL) were developed to significantly increase the visibility of vehicles, and their effectiveness has been verified through numerous studies. Usage of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology has also become popular in auto-lighting systems because of its advantages of energy efficiency, long life, and stylish appearance. However, LED lighting technology is very different from conventional incandescent or high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting technology. In this paper, we determine the effectiveness of LEDs as DRLs and TBLs. We measure human attention levels by observing brainwaves and performing eye-tracking experiments that shows the relationship between the theory of attention, brainwaves, and eye tracking. The results obtained show that it is feasible to evaluate automotive exterior lighting using the attention levels of subjects.

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Wheaton, Kelin L., Katelin F. Hansen, Sydney Aten, Kyle A. Sullivan, Hyojung Yoon, Kari R. Hoyt, and Karl Obrietan. "The Phosphorylation of CREB at Serine 133 Is a Key Event for Circadian Clock Timing and Entrainment in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus." Journal of Biological Rhythms 33, no. 5 (September 3, 2018): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730418791713.

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Within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)—the locus of the master circadian clock— transcriptional regulation via the CREB/CRE pathway is implicated in the functioning of the molecular clock timing process, and is a key conduit through which photic input entrains the oscillator. One event driving CRE-mediated transcription is the phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133 (Ser133). Indeed, numerous reporter gene assays have shown that an alanine point mutation in Ser133 reduces CREB-mediated transcription. Here, we sought to examine the contribution of Ser133 phosphorylation to the functional role of CREB in SCN clock physiology in vivo. To this end, we used a CREB knock-in mouse strain, in which Ser133 was mutated to alanine (S/A CREB). Under a standard 12 h light-dark cycle, S/A CREB mice exhibited a marked alteration in clock-regulated wheel running activity. Relative to WT mice, S/A CREB mice had highly fragmented bouts of locomotor activity during the night phase, elevated daytime activity, and a delayed phase angle of entrainment. Further, under free-running conditions, S/A CREB mice had a significantly longer tau than WT mice and reduced activity amplitude. In S/A CREB mice, light-evoked clock entrainment, using both Aschoff type 1 and 6 h “jet lag” paradigms, was markedly reduced relative to WT mice. S/A CREB mice exhibited attenuated transcriptional drive, as assessed by examining both clock-gated and light-evoked gene expression. Finally, SCN slice culture imaging detected a marked disruption in cellular clock phase synchrony following a phase-resetting stimulus in S/A CREB mice. Together, these data indicate that signaling through CREB phosphorylation at Ser133 is critical for the functional fidelity of both SCN timing and entrainment.

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Spoelstra, Kamiel, Martin Wikelski, Serge Daan, Andrew S. I. Loudon, and Michaela Hau. "Natural selection against a circadian clock gene mutation in mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (December 29, 2015): 686–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516442113.

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Circadian rhythms with an endogenous period close to or equal to the natural light–dark cycle are considered evolutionarily adaptive (“circadian resonance hypothesis”). Despite remarkable insight into the molecular mechanisms driving circadian cycles, this hypothesis has not been tested under natural conditions for any eukaryotic organism. We tested this hypothesis in mice bearing a short-period mutation in the enzyme casein kinase 1ε (tau mutation), which accelerates free-running circadian cycles. We compared daily activity (feeding) rhythms, survivorship, and reproduction in six replicate populations in outdoor experimental enclosures, established with wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous mice in a Mendelian ratio. In the release cohort, survival was reduced in the homozygote mutant mice, revealing strong selection against short-period genotypes. Over the course of 14 mo, the relative frequency of the tau allele dropped from initial parity to 20%. Adult survival and recruitment of juveniles into the population contributed approximately equally to the selection for wild-type alleles. The expression of activity during daytime varied throughout the experiment and was significantly increased by the tau mutation. The strong selection against the short-period tau allele observed here contrasts with earlier studies showing absence of selection against a Period 2 (Per2) mutation, which disrupts internal clock function, but does not change period length. These findings are consistent with, and predicted by the theory that resonance of the circadian system plays an important role in individual fitness.

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Kelu, Jeffrey J., Tapan G. Pipalia, and Simon M. Hughes. "Circadian regulation of muscle growth independent of locomotor activity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 49 (November 23, 2020): 31208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012450117.

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Muscle tissue shows diurnal variations in function, physiology, and metabolism. Whether such variations are dependent on the circadian clock per se or are secondary to circadian differences in physical activity and feeding pattern is unclear. By measuring muscle growth over 12-h periods in live prefeeding larval zebrafish, we show that muscle grows more during day than night. Expression of dominant negative CLOCK (ΔCLK), which inhibits molecular clock function, ablates circadian differences and reduces muscle growth. Inhibition of muscle contraction reduces growth in both day and night, but does not ablate the day/night difference. The circadian clock and physical activity are both required to promote higher muscle protein synthesis during the day compared to night, whereas markers of protein degradation,murfmessenger RNAs, are higher at night. Proteasomal inhibitors increase muscle growth at night, irrespective of physical activity, but have no effect during the day. Although physical activity enhances TORC1 activity, and the TORC1 inhibitor rapamycin inhibits clock-driven daytime growth, no effect on muscle growth at night was detected. Importantly, day/night differences in 1) muscle growth, 2) protein synthesis, and 3)murfexpression all persist in entrained larvae under free-running constant conditions, indicating circadian drive. Removal of circadian input by exposure to either permanent darkness or light leads to suboptimal muscle growth. We conclude that diurnal variations in muscle growth and metabolism are a circadian property that is independent of, but augmented by, physical activity, at least during development.

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Faulkner, Sophie, Penny Bee, Richard Drake, and Derk-Jan Dijk. "M85. LIGHT-DARK AND ACTIVITY RHYTHM THERAPY TO IMPROVE SLEEP IN SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS: EXPERT CONSENSUS, INTERVENTION DEVELOPMENT AND FEASIBILITY TESTING." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S166—S167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.397.

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Abstract Background Sleep problems are prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and include psychophysiological insomnia, and sleep disturbances caused predominantly by circadian dysregulation. Studies using motion sensing wearables (including actigraphy) have shown a diverse range of rest activity patterns, including mis-timed sleep, irregular sleep, or non-24hr (free-running) sleep patterns. Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances impact negatively on functioning and quality of life, and long term poor sleep is linked to weight gain, and other serious physical health conditions. Many of the factors supposed to cause or maintain poor sleep in this group are modifiable through behavioural and environmental alterations. Methods An expert consensus study (Delphi study) was conducted to examine and explore the views of relevant experts, regarding the appropriate contents and format of an occupational therapy intervention to improve sleep in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experts were recruited with expertise in: occupational therapy, sleep, insomnia, circadian rhythm, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Experts with clinical and/or research expertise were sought, as well as service users and carers. We conducted three rounds of online surveys, individual interviews, and a day of content presentation, comments and voting, and discussion groups with service users and carers. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and presented graphically for comparisons. Qualitative data (survey comments and interviews) was analysed using thematic analysis. Analysis and data collection was iterative; with later rounds exploring views raised during earlier rounds. The results informed the development of the intervention now being tested in a single group feasibility study recruiting twenty participants. Using mixed methods, this study will evaluate acceptability, homework adherence and trial related procedures, informing adjustments prior to larger scale testing. Results The Delphi study recruited and retained participants well (n=82 of target=85, 66% uptake from professionals approached, 97% completion), suggesting a high level of interest in this topic. Participants reached consensus regarding relevant content within the initial assessment, increasing daytime natural light exposure (when possible), approaches to evening routine, and the approach to activity and occupation. Views varied regarding the relative importance of sleep restriction and building ‘sleep drive’, versus reducing arousal such as through relaxation, mindfulness, or cognitive approaches to anxiety. Often service users’ and carers’ views reflected those of professionals, however on some areas views between these groups differed, such as acceptable levels of intervention burden, and regarding wearables. Overall views highlighted the importance of a tailored intervention, with adjustable and selectable elements. The tailoring of recommendations will be achieved through a thorough assessment, including longitudinal use of light and movement sensing wearables, and a detailed initial interview. Many intervention components are optional based on needs, and the homework recommendations from ‘core’ intervention elements will vary depending upon individual needs, preferences, and baseline problems and situation. Discussion The diversity of sleep disturbance presentations within this group poses a unique challenge when developing a brief first-line intervention. Individually tailored recommendations can be derived through the combination of wearable technology and self-report, and a growing body of work informing models of sleep disturbance in this group.

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"Street-lights with Automated Weather Updating System and IOT Control." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 3961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3468.1081219.

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Street lights are very essential towards the development of a city and are unknowingly one of the most crucial factors in our day-to-day life. The street lights largely used today are based on providing lighting to citizens but, over looks on environmental issues such as heat dissipation or the amount of electricity consumed. As energy-saving and cost reduction has become crucial right now, it is necessary that we improve standards of the street lights with upcoming technologies to make it efficient. The street lights that focus on saving electricity and providing environmentally friendly lights are based on solar energy. But this implementation does not manage the solar energy used by the street lights nor supervise the power stored in the solar cell to extend the same capacity of power being used in a longer period. This results in street light wasting power in unwanted situations such as being turned on during daytime and most times not working when required such as in times of rain and during days when fog collects hindering visibility. Also, manual work is required to manage the street lights along with repairs and maintenance. Therefore, human error cannot be avoided. To overcome these situations, our solution is to automate streetlights that turn on during night and poor visibility also automatically turn off when there is sufficient light in that particular region. Battery management and street light control as a backup in case of failure or equipment damage via the network are also essential for complete automation in our implementation. Thus, this implementation accepts weather patterns via network and manages the power stored in the solar bank used to provide longer battery life in case of rain or storm in a region. Finally, it reduces the watts consumed and by extension the running cost which from the working prototype gives a power savings of 50 – 60% in terms of cost

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Utary, Ishariaty Wika. "Efektifitas Undang - Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan Dalam Menyalakan Lampu di Siang Hari (Studi di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur)." SOLID 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.35200/solid.v9i1.305.

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Peraturan untuk menyalakan lampu utama sepeda motor di siang hari ditetapkan untuk menjaga keselamatan para pengguna jalan raya. Sebenarnya aturan menyalakan lampu di siang hari atau light on ini sudah dikenalkan lebih dari satu tahun, untuk menyalakan lampu pada siang hari, namun hingga saat ini tingkat kesadaran masyarakat terhadap program light on atau menyalakan lampu pada siang hari yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi angka kecelakaan lalu lintas, sepertinya masih lemah. Hal tersebut terlihat di beberapa titik ruas jalan serta perempatan lalu lintas di daerah Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur, banyak pengendara yang belum mematuhi kewajiban menyalakan lampu pada siang hari. Berdasarkan uraian dalam latar belakang di atas maka penyusun merumuskan permasalahan sebagai berikut :1.Bagaimana pengaturan Undang – Undang No. 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan dalam menyalakan lampu di siang hari?2.Bagaimanakah efektifitas penerapan light on di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur ?.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris. metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah : Pendekatan perundang - undangan, Pendekatan Konseptual, Pendekatan sosiologis. Undang–Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 tentang Lalu lintas dan Angkutan Jalan 1. Terdiri dari 22 BAB dan 326 Pasal.Baru dijabarkan dengan 4 Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) dari yang seharusnya 25 PP antara lain:1) PP Nomor 32 Tahun 2011, tentang Manajemen dan Rekayasa, Analisis Dampak serta Manajemen Kebutuhan lalu lintas.2) PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2011, tentang Forum Lalu Lintas dan Angutan Jalan.3) PP Nomor 80 Tahun 2012, tentang Tata Cara Pemeriksaan Kendaraan Bermotor di Jalan.4) PP Nomor 55. Tahun 2012, tentang Kendaraan. Kepolisian Resort Lombok Timur khususnya Satuan Lalu Lintas telah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk memperkenalkan Undang-Undang Lalu Lintas Nomor 22 tahun 2009 tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan khususnya dalam penerapan light on. Kesimpulan, Dasar hukum light on atau DRL (Daytime Running Lights) adalah Pasal 107 dan sanksinya pada Pasal 293 Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, yang disahkan pada tanggal 22 juni 2009. Undang-undang ini tidak berjalan semestinya di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur, karena penerapan sanksi yang seharusnya tercantum pada Pasal 293 Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 belum diberlakukan secara merata dan efektif, Untuk penerapan Light on di Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur SATLANTAS Polres Lombok Timur telah melakukan berbagai macam cara untuk mensosialisasikan Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu lintas dan Angkutan Jalan, khususnya dalam mensosialisasikan light on. Namun sampai saat ini respon masyarakat sangat kurang terhadap program POLRI. Oleh karena itu, sampai saat ini program light on masih berupa himbauan dan belum ada sanksi tegas terhadap pengendara yang belum melaksanakannya. Belum ada kesadaran dari masyarakat untuk mematuhi program light on ini.Kata Kunci: efektifitas, lalu lintas, angkutan jalan

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ABDUL KHALID, Muhamad Syukri, Nor Kamaliana KHAMIS, Mohd Radzi ABU MANSOR, and Azhar HAMZAH. "Motorcycle Conspicuity Issues and Intervention: A Systematic Review." Iranian Journal of Public Health, January 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i1.5069.

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Background: Conspicuity has been one of the key factors in motorcycle road crashes around the world. The inability and difficulty of other road users in detecting motorcycles either at day or at night have contributed to conspicuity related motorcycle crashes. This literature review attempts to understand the motorcycle conspicuity issues in road traffic. The review also analyses relevant types of conspicuity intervention in terms of its effectiveness in enhancing motorcycle conspicuity that had been discussed in past studies. Methods: Using specific keywords and search terms, relevant articles were screened, identified and analyzed systematically using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Twenty-seven final articles were reviewed and found that almost every part of motorcycle and motorcyclist’s conspicuity intervention have been covered in past studies. In terms of conspicuity aids, the majority of past studies discussed conspicuity enhancement in the frontal area, particularly on motorcycle daytime running headlight (DRH) color and configurations. Few other studies have discussed in other areas, particularly on rear running and brake light and motorcycle color. There were also numerous studies looking at motorcyclists’ appearances in terms of their attire and helmet color. Conclusion: Motorcycle and motorcyclist’s appearances are highly associated with the risk of motorcycle crashes. The most important part of enhancing motorcycle conspicuity is to ensure motorcycle appearance is always in contrast with the road traffic environment.

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Tomiyama, Yasuaki, Tsugumichi Shinohara, Mirai Matsuka, Tetsuya Bando, Taro Mito, and Kenji Tomioka. "The role of clockwork orange in the circadian clock of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus." Zoological Letters 6, no. 1 (November 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40851-020-00166-4.

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Abstract The circadian clock generates rhythms of approximately 24 h through periodic expression of the clock genes. In insects, the major clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) are rhythmically expressed upon their transactivation by CLOCK/CYCLE, with peak levels in the early night. In Drosophila, clockwork orange (cwo) is known to inhibit the transcription of per and tim during the daytime to enhance the amplitude of the rhythm, but its function in other insects is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of cwo in the clock mechanism of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that under a light/dark (LD) cycle, cwo is rhythmically expressed in the optic lobe (lamina-medulla complex) and peaks during the night. When cwo was knocked down via RNA interference (RNAi), some crickets lost their locomotor rhythm, while others maintained a rhythm but exhibited a longer free-running period under constant darkness (DD). In cwoRNAi crickets, all clock genes except for cryptochrome 2 (cry2) showed arrhythmic expression under DD; under LD, some of the clock genes showed higher mRNA levels, and tim showed rhythmic expression with a delayed phase. Based on these results, we propose that cwo plays an important role in the cricket circadian clock.

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