Academic literature on the topic 'Dcxx'

The continuously increasing Internet coverage and its availability has give rise to an issue that was once considered not important to take into consideration. Today a number of applications use the Internet to de-liver time critical messages. The usage of wireless Access Points involves a considerable percentage to connect mobile devices to the Internet pro-vider. However, these relatively cheaper Internet Access Points have their own disadvantages as compared to the GSM and ADSL. The access points cover a very limited area and thus in order to cover a wider area multiple access points must needs to be installed. In other words, as the user moves he/she is supposed to switch between access points. Never-theless, the basic problem in such cases is involves packet loss during handover. In today’s technological advancements these issues, though very small, are no more insignificant but are required to be handled prop-erly. So protocols such as MobileIP, LISP, HOST have been proposed and are currently being used for such a purpose. Furthermore, in this thesis a mechanism to reduce such packet losses has been studied and proposed in relation to the SensibleThings Internet-of-things platform. A workaround solution known as Mobile DCXP has been proposed and implemented and comparisons with the existing system have been carried out. In addition, a generic solution has been discussed in detail and compared with the Mobile DCXP. However, the implementation of the generic solution has been deferred to the future. The concept of Mobile DCXP has been illustrated with proof-of-concept apps and an implementation of a simple Android Application known as IChat has been conduct. The IChat is a simple chat app that is used in the experi-ment to determine out the packet lost during handover and to carry out a comparison. Finally, based on the data collected from IChat, an evaluation of Mobile DCXP has been presented and a performance comparison with Mobile Proxy DCXP has been illustrated with charts. Furthermore, in the conclusion Mobile DCXP could minimize packet loss as compared to the existing system.

This research explores two issues when implementing drain-source voltage sensed synchronous rectification (SR) on LLC DC-Transformers (DCXs). Firstly, a current resonance issue caused by the SR controller, and secondly a early turn-off issue from parasitics present in the drain-source sensing path. Two novel methods are proposed to solve the early turn-off issue, and an FPGA based solution is built to validate and fix the resonance issue. Simulations are run to quantify the amount of rectifier power savings possible with the proposed solutions.<br>Master of Science<br>This research explores issues and improvements in synchronous rectifiers used in resonant based power conversion circuits. The two issues explored hurt rectifier efficiency, and thus total power conversion circuit efficiency. Implementation issues are identified, simulated, and new solutions are proposed. Simulations are run to quantify the amount of power savings is possible.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Estudia a un marcador del potencial de fertilidad, la dicarbonilo, L-xilulosa reductasa (DCXR) cuya utilidad ha sido descrita para explicar hasta el 14% de casos de infertilidad, según lo descrito en estudios clínicos para humanos. Se evalúa la expresión del gen DCXR, mediante RT-qPCR, en epidídimos de machos de alpaca en edad fértil (n = 39) y, se determinó la correlación con parámetros de fisiología espermática evaluados en el laboratorio. Al igual que en humanos, DCXR muestra asociación estadística únicamente con la capacidad de los espermatozoides de alpaca de unirse a la zona pelúcida homóloga (prueba de Spearman, p< 0,05). No se encuentra asociación significativa (prueba de Spearman, p>0,05) con otros parámetros de fisiología espermática. El gen DCXR puede, entonces, ser utilizado en alpacas macho como un marcador del potencial de fertilidad, que junto a otros marcadores moleculares, formaría parte del panel de biomarcadores predictivos para determinar el potencial de fertilidad en alpacas.<br>Tesis

L’épididyme est un organe complexe impliqué dans la maturation des spermatozoïdes et l’acquisition de leur pouvoir fécondant. Il possède plusieurs régions présentant toutes, différents profils d’expression génique. Le gène de la DCXR (Dicarbonyle L-xylulose réductase) retrouvé chez plusieurs espèces est fortement conservé au cours de l’évolution. Il code pour une protéine impliquée dans différents processus biologiques dont la voie métabolique énergétique de dégradation de l’inositol. DCXR est exprimée dans l’épididyme chez certaines espèces étudiées (souris, hamster, singe, humain). Chez l’homme, la protéine présente sur les spermatozoïdes est impliquée dans leur liaison à l’ovocyte et son absence sur les spermatozoïdes a été corrélée avec des cas d’infertilité idiopathique. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que, d’une part la conservation de la séquence du gène de la DCXR entre les espèces permet un maintien de son rôle dans l’interaction entre les gamètes chez ces différentes espèces. D’autre part, la séquence de la protéine DCXR contient des domaines qui lui confèrent ses différentes fonctions. Nous avons basé nos recherches sur les modèles murin, humain et bovin. La possibilité de quantifier l’infertilité du taureau, en fait un modèle de choix pour l’étude des protéines impliquées dans la fécondation. Nous rapportons ici, l’identification de la DCXR dans l’épididyme de taureau. La protéine bovine est fortement exprimée dans l’épididyme, mais présente des différences d’expression et de localisation par rapport au modèle humain. Nous démontrons, dans l’épididyme, l’expression des gènes des enzymes de la voie de dégradation de l’inositol. L’activité enzymatique xylitol déshydrogénase mesurable en présence de la DCXR recombinante ou du fluide épididymaire, suggère un rôle de la DCXR dans le maintien du bilan énergétique via la voie de dégradation de l’inositol. Par induction de mutations ponctuelles dans la DCXR d’origine humaine nous avons mis en évidence les régions impliquées dans le pouvoir enzymatique de la protéine, mais l’impact sur la propriété de liaison à la zone pellucide de l’ovocyte n’a pas pu être vérifié. De même, l’incidence de la délétion génique de DCXR n’a pu être étudiée. Nos résultats suggèrent une différence dans le rôle de la DCXR en fonction de l’espèce malgré la présence d’une forte homologie de séquence.<br>The epididymis is a complex organ involved in spermatozoa maturation and acquisition of their fertilization abilities. The epididymis is segmented in different regions with specific gene expression patterns. DCXR gene, found in many species, is highly conserved during the evolution. The DCXR protein is involved in different biological processes of which, the inositol degradation energetic pathway. DCXR is highly expressed in the epididymis of studied species (mouse, hamster, monkey, human). In human, DCXR protein is found on the spermatozoa and is important for the binding of spermatozoa to the oocyte. The lack of this protein has been correlated with idiopathic infertility cases. We hypothesized that the high sequence homology of DCXR between species is associated with functionally conserved properties of the protein in mediating sperm-oocyte binding. We further hypothesized that the DCXR protein sequence contains specific functional domains that permit its multiple biological roles. We used the murine, human and bovine models for our studies. Bovine is a model in which the fertility can be quantified, what makes it interesting for the study of protein involved in fertilization. We report here the identification of DCXR in bull epididymis. The protein is highly expressed in the epididymis but shows expression and localization differences with the human counterpart. In the bovine epididymis, we identify the gene expression of enzymes involved in the inositol degradation metabolic pathway. The recombinant DCXR protein and the epididymis fluids xylitol dehydrogenase enzymatic activity, suggest the involvement of the protein in energy production by means of the inositol degradations pathway. By point mutations induction in the human DCXR, we revealed the protein domains involved in its enzymatic properties. Preliminary experiments did not conclusively demonstrate a role for DCXR during sperm-zona pellucida binding and a pilot test to create a DCXR-null animal model was unsatisfactory. Therefore, future research should focus on elucidating the function of this protein on male reproductive function. All together our results suggest a difference in the role of DCXR depending on the species studied.

Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons aux précurseurs de zircone synthétisés par voie sol-gel: gel,xérogel,couche mince et aérogel. L'objectif est de préciser le rôle spécifique des différents états d'agrégation des particules élémentaires constituant ces précurseurs sur l'évolution de leur microstructure au cours de traitements thermiques à basse température. La technique de caractérisation majoritairement utilisée est la diffusion centrale des rayons X. Dans le cas des couches minces, la géométrie du montage expérimental a été adaptée au cas de l'incidence rasante et un appareillage original de réflectrométrie des rayons X,permettant de mesurer leur épaisseur et leur densité,a également été mis au point. Le sol précurseur de zircone est élaboré dans un système n-propoxyde de zirconium,acétylacétone, n-propanol et eau. Pour la composition choisie,la nature colloi͏̈dale du sol est clairement demontrée. Au cours de la gélification, le réseau solide s'établit par un mécanisme d'agrégation amas-amas limité par la diffusion et présente une microstructure fractale. Au cours d'un séchage par étuvage,cette microstructure s'effondre. Le xérogel est alors constitué d'un empilement compact des particules élémentaires du gel. Lors de recuits isothermes à basse température,il cristallise dans la phase quadralique de la zircone. Les cristaux,nanométriques,sont spacialement ordonnés et leur distribution en taille est relativement étroite. Leur croissance est contrôlée par un mécanisme de diffusion de surface. Les films minces sont réalisés par trempage d'un substrat monocristallin d'alumine dans le sol précurseur de zircone. Ils se forment par concentration de ses particules élémentaires à la surface du substrat. Leur évolution microstructurale, lors de recuits isothermes à faible température, est en tout point similaire à celle du xérogel massif et la présence de l'interface couche-substrat ne semble pas jouer un rôle prépondérant<br>In this work, we are interested in zirconia precursors synthesised by the sol gel method : gel, xerogel, thin film and aerogel. The objective is to precise the specific role of the various states of aggregation of the elementary particles constituting these precursors on the evolution of their microstructure during a low temperature thermal processing

Les Glioblastomes (Gb) sont des tumeurs primaires du SNC les plus fréquentes et sont particulièrement agressives car résistantes à la radio/chimiothérapie. Elles présentent généralement une composante solide et infiltrante. Cette dernière étant difficile à éliminer par la chirurgie sera en partie responsable de la récurrence de la tumeur. Une des avancées majeures du domaine est la mise en évidence dans les Gb de sous populations présentant des caractéristiques de précurseurs neuraux. Ces cellules cancéreuses utilisent des réseaux de gènes spécifiques pour maintenir leur prolifération et leur état indifférencié. Une approche possible pour éliminer ces cellules cancéreuses serait de cibler les facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la prolifération ou encore de forcer leur différenciation. Dans ce but, j'ai étudié le rôle de NKX2.2 et NGN2 à partir de 3 cultures primaires multipotentes. Les résultats montrent que l'expression de NKX2.2 dans ces cultures est nécessaire pour la survie, la prolifération et la capacité à former des neurosphères. A l'inverse, la surexpression de NGN2 conduit à une apoptose massive, à un arrêt de la prolifération avec formation de neurones dont certains sont électrophysiologiquement actifs. Une approche différente consisterait à cibler une des protéines impliquées dans la migration pour limiter la composante infiltrante. Des études antérieures ont montrées un rôle clef de DCX dans la migration des jeunes neurones au cours du développement. La forte expression de DCX dans certains Gb m'a conduit à étudier la régulation et le rôle de ce gène. In vitro, les résultats obtenus montrent que DCX est exprimé par une sous population de cellules. La purification des cellules Dcx+ ainsi qu'une étude clonale a permis de montrer qu'elles se comportent comme des progéniteurs multipotents avec une capacité d'autorenouvellement restreinte. Par ailleurs, j'ai montré que les cellules Dcx+ peuvent réverter vers un état Dcx- et que le gène Dcx est régulé par les voies NOTCH et SHH<br>Glioblastomas (GB) are the most common primary tumors of the CNS and are particularly resistant to radio/chemotherapy. They generally have a solid and infiltrative component. The latter being difficult to remove by surgery will be partly responsible for tumor recurrence. One of the major advances in the field is highlighted in the Gb of subpopulations with features of neural precursors. Cancer cells use specific gene networks to maintain their proliferation and undifferentiated state. One approach to eliminate these cancer cells would be to target transcription factors involved in the proliferation or to force their differentiation. To this end, I studied the role of NKX2.2 and NGN2 from 3 primary multipotent cultures. The results show that NKX2.2 expression in these cultures is necessary for survival, proliferation and ability to form neurospheres. Conversely, overexpression of NGN2 led to massive apoptosis, proliferation arrest with formation of neurons, some of which are electrophysiologically active. A different approach would be to target proteins involved in migration to limit the invasive component. Previous studies have shown a key role of DCX in the migration of young neurons during development. The strong expression of DCX in some Gb led me to study the regulation and the role of this gene. In vitro, the results show that DCX is expressed by a subpopulation of cells. Purification of Dcx+ cells and clonal study has shown that they behave as multipotent progenitors with limited self-renewal capacity. I also found that Dcx+ cells can revert back to a Dcx- state and that DCX is regulated by SHH and NOTCH pathways

The current paradigm shift in computing has placed mobile computation at the centre of focus. Users are now even more connected; demanding everything everywhere services. These services, such as social networking and media, benefit from the availability of context information seamlessly gathered and shared; providing customized and user-centric experiences. The distribution of context information no longer conforms to the paradigms of the existing Internet with regards to heterogeneity, connectivity and availability. This mandates new approaches towards its organization and provisioning in support of dependent applications and services. In response to these developments, the work summarized in this thesis addresses the fundamental problem of presenting context information in organized models as relevant subsets of global information. In approaching this problem, I introduced a distributed collection of context objects that can be arranged into simple relevant subsets called context schemata and presented to applications and services in supporting the realization of context based user experiences. Acknowledging the dynamic behaviour inherent of the real world interactions, I introduced an algorithm for measuring the proximities and similarities among these context objects, providing a metric through which to achieve organization. Additionally, I provided a means of ranking heterogeneous and distributed sensors in response to real time interaction between users and their digital ecosystem. Ranking provides an additional metric with which to achieve organization or identifying important and reputable information sources. The work I present here, additionally details my approach to realizing this complete behaviour an a distributed overlay, exploiting its properties for distribution, persistence and messaging. The overlay is also utilized for the provisioning of the supporting context information. Improvements in the ability to discover and attach new context information sources is fundamental to the ability to continually maintain expressions of context, derived from heterogeneous and disparate sources. By being able to create relevant subsets of organized data related to the requirements of applications and services in an end-point, infrastructures are realized for connecting and supporting the increasingly large numbers of users and their sources of information. Coupled with the distribution, these infrastructures realize improvements with regards to the effort required to achieve the same results. The culmination of the work presented in this thesis is an effort to enable seamless context-centric solutions on a future Internet of Things and thus constituting an adequate solution to the challenges raised above.

With lower output voltage (lower than 1V) and higher output current (more than 160A) required in the near future, the voltage regulators for the microprocessors, a kind of special power supplies are facing more and more critical challenges to achieve high efficiency and high power density. 90% plus efficiency for CPU VRs is expected from industry not only for the thermal management, but also for saving on electricity costs, especially for the large data-center systems. At the same time, high power density VRs are also desired due to the increasing power consumption of microprocessors as well as the precious space on CPU motherboard. Current multi-phase Buck VR has its limitation to achieve 90% plus efficiency. With the state of art devices, the single-stage 12V/1.2V 600kHz Buck VR achieves 85% to 86% efficiency at full load condition. In addition, for the future lower output voltage application, the Buck efficiency will drop another 3~4% due to the extreme small duty cycle. From the power density point of view, due to the switching frequency limitation (normally, from 300 kHz to 600 kHz for typical CPU VRs) for acceptable efficiency performance, the multi-phase Buck VR is unable to ensure a small size since it needs bulky output capacitors to meet the challenging transient requirement as well as the output impedance requirement with relatively low bandwidth design. To attain high efficiency and high power density at the same time, in-series two-stage power architecture was proposed. By cutting the single stage into two and utilizing the low voltage devices, the in-series two stages can achieve around 87% efficiency which is similar as single stage with second-stage operating at 1 MHz for less cost. Compared with the in-series one, the other two-stage power architecture is called â Sigmaâ architecture which is composed by an unregulated converter (DCX) and a regulated buck converter, with a special connection where the inputs are in series while outputs are paralleled. Through this topology, unlike the in-series two-stage where both two stages deliver the full load power, the power will be distributed between unregulated DCX and regulated Buck. If the unregulated DCX can achieve high efficiency, let most power be handled by it and just small power from buck, the Sigma architecture can achieve high efficiency performance based on this concept. The design consideration and process had been investigated by CPES previous graduates. By the designed 1.2V/120A Sigma VR circuit, approaching 90% efficiency was achieved which is around 3~4% efficiency higher than state of the art multi-phase Buck VR. However, it is not the optimal design for best efficiency performance, the improvement methods for higher efficiency is deeply considered and the efficiency potential benefit of this special structure will be clarified in this thesis. Besides the efficiency interest, transient performance of Sigma VR is also a challenging issue needed to be addressed. The state of the art Buck VR needs a bunch of output bulk capacitors to meet the stringent output impedance requirement from Intel and those output bulk capacitors occupy too much space in the motherboard. For Sigma architecture, through the help of the low impedance DCX which can achieve faster current dynamic response, some low voltage bulk capacitors could be replaced by smaller input high voltage capacitors. It is still not clear for us to identify how input capacitor impacts the DCX dynamic current response and how to best choose this impact factor. This thesis will investigate the faster DCX dynamic current performance of Sigma VR, and explain the dynamic impacts from input capacitors, from control design and from DCX impedance Lout. The high voltage capacitors could provide energy through low impedance DCX to deal with the transient load with smaller capacitance, resulting less total cost and footprint with conventional Buck solution. Low impedance DCX is also a desire for achieving fast current response for providing a â non-obstacleâ path when energy transferring from input capacitors. The control also has the impact to the DCX current response when the bandwidth is higher than certain frequency. The transient benefit will also be discussed from impedance perspective. In order to improve the efficiency and power density of Sigma VR, several methods are proposed. As a critical component of DCX, the transformer design determines the performance of Sigma VR both to efficiency and power density. By optimizing the transformer design to achieve lower winding loss and smaller leakage inductance, the higher efficiency and faster transient DCX can be obtained. Changing the output capacitors to ceramic ones is helpful when control bandwidth is greater than 100 kHz for both lower cost and smaller footprint. Continually pushing bandwidth can reduce the required output ceramic capacitor number further. In addition, from the study of the loss breakdown, by adjusting the energy ratio of DCX and Buck can achieve higher efficiency based on current device level. What is more, with the same simple concept of adjusting power ratio of DCX and Buck, with the development of devices in the future as well as higher efficiency DCX, Sigma architecture will be more attractive for futureâ s lower output voltage VR application. And it will also be more efficient considering higher than 12V input bus voltage by letting high efficiency DCX handle more power. Utilizing this characteristic, changing the power system delivery architecture from AC input to the microprocessors, the end to end efficiency could be improved.<br>Master of Science

Les verres à base de TeO2 présentent des performances optiques non linéaires très élevées qui en font des matériaux très prometteurs pour des applications optoélectroniques. La voie classique de préparation (fusion suivie d'une trempe) n'étant pas adaptée à la réalisation de tels systèmes, sous forme de couches minces, nous avons envisagé la méthode de synthèse par voie sol gel. Des gels sont obtenus dans les systèmes isopropoxyde de tellure / 2-propanol / acide acétique et isopropoxyde de tellure / 2-propanol / acide citrique / eau. Les processus chimiques mis en jeu lors de la gélification sont suivis par IRTF et la microstructure des gels est analysée par DCRX. Le comportement thermique des xérogels est caractérisé par DRX et DSC. L'ajout d'acide acétique pourra permettre la préparation de poudres. Dans le cas où de l'acide citrique est ajouté, la réactivité de l'alcoxyde est très fortement diminuée. Ce système permettra la réalisation de couches minces de bonne qualité<br>Tellurium based glasses are very promising material for the preparation of optoelectronical devices as they present very high non linear indices. As the classical melting quenching technique is not adapted to the realisation of thin films, we have investigated the sol gel route. Gels are obtained in the tellurium isopropoxide / 2-propanol / acetic acid and tellurium isopropoxide / 2-propanol / citric acid / water systems. During gelification, chemical processes are followed by FTIR and the microstructural evolution is analysed by SAXS. The thermal evolution of the xerogels is characterised by XRD and DSC. The system tellurium isopropoxide / 2-propanol / acetic acid could allow to prepare powders. In the tellurium isopropoxide / 2-propanol / citric acid / water system, the reactivity of the alkoxide is strongly reduced and excellent quality thin films could be obtained

The advent of wide band-gap semiconductors in power electronics has led to the scope of efficient power conversion being pushed further than ever before. This development has allowed for systems to operate at higher and higher voltages than previously achieved. One area of consideration during this high voltage transition is the synchronous rectifier, which is traditionally designed as an afterthought. Prior research in synchronous rectifiers have been limited to low voltage, high current converters. There is practically no research in high voltage synchronous rectification. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on discovering the unknown nuances behind high voltage synchronous rectifier design, and ultimately developing a practical, scalable solution. There are three main issues that must be addressed when designing a high voltage synchronous rectifier: (1) high voltage sensing; (2) light load effects; (3) accuracy. The first hurdle to designing a high voltage SR system is the high voltage itself. Traditional methods of synchronous rectification (SR) attempt to directly sense voltage or current, which is not possible with high voltage. Therefore, a solution must be designed to limit the voltage seen by the sensing mechanism without sacrificing accuracy. In this dissertation, a novel blocking solution is proposed, analyzed, and tested to over 1-kV. The solution is practical enough to be implemented on practically any commercial drain-source SR controller. The second hurdle is the light load effect of the SR system on the converter. A large amount of high voltage systems utilize a LLC-based DC transformers (DCX) to provide an efficient means of energy conversion. The LLC-DCX's attractive attributes of soft-switching and high efficiency allure many architects to combine it with an SR system. However, direct implementation of SR on a LLC-DCX will result in a variety of light load oscillation issues, since the rectifier circuitry can excite the resonant tank through a false load transient phenomena. A universal limiting solution is proposed and analyzed, and is validated with a commercial SR controller. The final hurdle is in optimizing the SR system itself. There is an inherent flaw with drain-source sensing, namely parasitic inductance in the drain-source sense loop. This parasitic inductance causes an error in the sensed voltage, resulting in early SR turn-off and increased losses through the parallel diode. The parasitic will always be present in the circuit, and current solutions are too complex to be implemented. Two solutions are proposed depending on the rectifier architecture: (1) multilevel gate driving for single switch rectifiers; (2) sequential parallel switching for parallel switch rectifiers. In summary, this dissertation focuses on developing a practical and reliable high voltage SR solution for LLC-DCX converters. Three main issues are addressed: (1) high voltage sensing; (2) light load effects; (3) accuracy. Novel solutions are proposed for all three issues, and validated with commercial controllers.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>High voltage power electronics are becoming increasing popular in the electronics industry with the help of wide band-gap semiconductors. While high voltage power electronics research is prevalent, a key component of high voltage power converters, the synchronous rectifier, remains unexplored. Conventional synchronous rectifiers are implemented on high current circuits where diode losses are high. However, high voltage power electronics operate at much lower current levels, necessitating changes in current synchronous rectifier methods. This research aims to identify and tackle issues that will be faced by both systems and IC designers when attempting to implement high voltage synchronous rectifiers on LLC-DCXs. While development takes planes on a LLC-DCX, the research is applicable to most resonant converters and applications utilizing drain-source synchronous rectifier technology. This dissertation focuses primarily on three areas of synchronous rectifier developments: (1) high voltage compatibility; (2) light load effects; (3) accuracy. The first issue opens the gate to high voltage synchronous rectifier research, by allowing high voltage sensing. The second issue explores issues that high voltage synchronous rectifiers can inadvertently influence on the LLC-DCX itself - a light load oscillation issue. The third issue explores novel methods of improving the sensing accuracy to further reduce losses for a single and parallel switch rectifier. In each of these areas, the underlying problem is root-caused, analyzed, and a solution proposed. The overarching goal of this dissertation is to develop a practical, low-cost, universal synchronous rectifier system that can be scaled for commercial use.