Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'DDT (digital terrestrial television)'

Obiettivo di questo lavoro è definire il processo di interazione con la televisione digitale terrestre secondo una prospettiva psicosociale, che tenga conto delle e modalità di rappresentazione e fruizione della stessa da parte degli utenti e degli esperti del settore. Dal materiale prodotto (interviste agli utenti e analisi della Prima Conferenza Nazionale sulla DTT) emerge una diversità tra i due punti di vista: i telespettatori mostrano di essere ancora legati ad una fruizione tradizionale del medium televisivo, mentre gli esperti ritengono che il digitale sia un prodotto per la massa, in grado di rispondere al bisogno di ascolto e di partecipazione che gli spettatori manifestano.<br>Aim of this work is to define the process of interaction with the DTT according to a psychosocial perspective, taking into account its representation and fruition, from part of the users and the experts of the field. From the data collected (interviews to DTT users and analysis of the First National Conference on DTT) a difference rises between the comparison of the two points of view: the televiewers seem to be still bound to a traditional fruition of the medium; but regarding the experts' representations the digital is thought as a product for the mass that at the same time can answer to that need of participation the televiewers show.

Obiettivo di questo lavoro è definire il processo di interazione con la televisione digitale terrestre secondo una prospettiva psicosociale, che tenga conto delle e modalità di rappresentazione e fruizione della stessa da parte degli utenti e degli esperti del settore. Dal materiale prodotto (interviste agli utenti e analisi della Prima Conferenza Nazionale sulla DTT) emerge una diversità tra i due punti di vista: i telespettatori mostrano di essere ancora legati ad una fruizione tradizionale del medium televisivo, mentre gli esperti ritengono che il digitale sia un prodotto per la massa, in grado di rispondere al bisogno di ascolto e di partecipazione che gli spettatori manifestano.<br>Aim of this work is to define the process of interaction with the DTT according to a psychosocial perspective, taking into account its representation and fruition, from part of the users and the experts of the field. From the data collected (interviews to DTT users and analysis of the First National Conference on DTT) a difference rises between the comparison of the two points of view: the televiewers seem to be still bound to a traditional fruition of the medium; but regarding the experts' representations the digital is thought as a product for the mass that at the same time can answer to that need of participation the televiewers show.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA<br>A tecnologia do rádio cognitivo tem sido pesquisada para utilização mais eficiente do espectro, pois permite o aproveitamento de faixas de frequência subutilizadas. Dispositivos rádio cognitivos que operam na banda de frequência da TV digital são conhecidos como White Space Devices (WSD) e utilizam canais livres sob a condição de não provocar interferência acima do limite estabelecido pelo órgão regulador. A autoridade reguladora do Reino Unido, Office of Communication (Ofcom), publicou, em fevereiro de 2015, a primeira regulação européia permitindo a operação de sistemas WSD na banda da TV digital através do suporte de sistemas de banco de dados geolocalizados. O regulamento Ofcom define uma metodologia para calcular a potência de transmissão máxima de um WSD através de um método de entrada única (single-entry) da interferência intersistema máxima. Devido a isso, a interferência agregada de WSDs co-canais que operam na mesma região pode ultrapassar a interferência intersistema máxima. Além deste problema, verifica-se que a metodologia Ofcom não define a interferência intersistema máxima pelo mesmo critério da interferência intrasistema como foi definida pelo planejamento do sistema primário de TV. Esta tese desenvolve uma nova metodologia de cálculo da potência de transmissão dos WSDs que soluciona os problemas identificados na metodologia Ofcom. A metodologia proposta garante a proteção do receptor de TV digital através de uma abordagem de múltiplas entradas da interferência dos WSDs e, adicionalmente, aumenta a capacidade do sistema WSD quando comparada à metodologia Ofcom.<br>The technology of cognitive radio has been researched for more efficient use of spectrum, since it allows the use of under-utilized frequency bands. Cognitive radio devices operating in the digital TV frequency band are known as White Space Devices (WSD) and use free channels under the condition of not causing interference above the limit set by the regulator. The UK regulatory authority, Office of Communication (Ofcom), published in February 2015, the first European regulation allowing WSD systems in the digital TV band through the support of geo-database systems. The Ofcom regulation defines a methodology to calculate the maximum WSD transmission power through a single-entry method for the maximum intersystem interference. Due to this, the aggregate interference of cochannel WSDs operating in the same region may exceed this maximum intersystem interference. In addition to this problem, it is verified that the Ofcom methodology does not define maximum intersystem interference by the same criterion of intrasystem interference as was defined by the primary TV system planning. This thesis develops a new methodology for calculating the transmission power of WSDs that solves the problems identified in the Ofcom methodology. The proposed methodology guarantees the protection of the digital TV receiver through a multiple-entry approach of the WSDs interference and, additionally, increases the WSD system capacity when compared to the Ofcom methodology.

With the increasing demand for high quality TV service, digital television (DTV) is replacing the conventional analog television. DTV tuner is one of the most critical blocks of the DTV receiver system; it down-converts the desired DTV RF channel to baseband or a low intermediate frequency with enough quality. This research is mainly focused on the analysis and realization of low-cost low-power front-ends for ATSC terrestrial DTV and DVB-H mobile DTV tuner systems. For the design of the ATSC terrestrial tuner, a novel double quadrature tuner architecture, which can not only minimize the tuner power consumption but also achieve the fully integration, has been proposed. A double quadrature down-converter has been designed and fabricated with TSMC 0.35µm CMOS technology; the measurement results verified the proposed concepts. For the mobile DTV tuner, a zero-IF architecture is used and it can achieve the DVB-H specifications with less than 200mW power consumption. In the implementation of the mobile DVB-H tuner, a novel RF variable gain amplifier (RFVGA) and a low flicker noise current-mode passive mixer have been proposed. The proposed RFVGA achieves high dynamic range and robust input impedance matching performance, which is the main design challenge for the traditional implementations. The current-mode passive mixer achieves high-gain, low noise (especially low flicker noise) and high-linearity (over 10dBm IIP3) with low power supplies; it is believed that this is a promising topology for low voltage high dynamic range mixer applications. The RFVGA has been fabricated in TSMC 0.18µm CMOS technology and the measurement results agree well with the theoretical ones.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’analyse du système de télévision numérique chinois (DTMB) et l’optimisation de sa fonction d’estimation de canal. Tout d’abord, une analyse approfondie de ce système est effectuée en comparaison du système DVB-T en termes de spécifications, d’efficacité spectrale et de performances. Ensuite, la fonction d'estimation de canal basée sur la séquence pseudo-aléatoire du système est étudiée dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel, et plusieurs améliorations sont apportées aux méthodes typiques afin de notamment gérer les canaux très dispersifs en temps. Enfin, de nouveaux procédés itératifs aidés par les données et peu complexes sont proposés pour raffiner les estimés de canal. Les fonctions de décodage de canal et d'entrelacement sont exclues de la boucle et des fonctions de filtrage temps/fréquence sont étudiées pour fiabiliser les estimations. Ces nouveaux algorithmes démontrent leur efficacité par rapport aux méthodes courantes de la littérature<br>This thesis mainly focuses on the challenging channel estimation problem in the new Chinese digital television (DTV) standard-DTMB. First, we compare DTMB with DVB-T in terms of system specifications, power efficiency and BER. Secondly, we study channel estimation methods exploring the pseudo noise (PN) sequence in frequency and time domains. The frequency domain method is easy to implement. The time domain technique based on correlation of the PN provides a better performance, but suffers from an estimation error floor. Consequently we propose several methods to mitigate the error floor. Finally, we propose new data-aided channel estimation methods which exclude decoding and interleaving from the feedback loop to reduce the computational complexity. Moving average and Wiener filtering in frequency and time domains have been studied to refine the estimates. The new algorithms provide superior performance over the typical methods in the literatures in different applications and channels

<p>The increasing data rates in digital television networks increase the demands on data capacity of the current transmission channels. Through new standards, the capacity of exisiting channels is increased with new methods of error correction coding and modulation.</p><p>This thesis presents the design and implementation of a modulator for transmission of digital terrestrial television according to the Chinese DTMB standard.</p><p>The system is written in VHDL and is intended for implementation on an FPGA.</p>

This study compares the impact of media ownership, regulation and policy, and technology adoption on the introduction of digital terrestrial television in the United States and Mainland China. Through the use of a case study approach, a qualitative and quantitative examination is given. The results indicate that private group ownership throughout the U.S. digital terrestrial television industry and state ownership in China's television industry lead to the different paths to digital transition. Both governments, however, are deeply involved in respective digital initiatives and play an important role in the implementation from analog to digital. The technical standard adoption in the two countries places the underpinning for the future development of digital television (DTV), which also results in China lagging behind the United States by almost ten years. The differences of technological environments in households and income among consumers in the two countries further predict the intention to DTV adoption.

The sharing of the terrestrial TV frequency spectrum with Secondary Users (SUs) is presently the focus point of numerous research efforts worldwide. In many regulatory domains, contiguous blocks of VHF and UHF spectrum are available for exclusive use by the terrestrial TV broadcasting incumbents. However, this notion is currently challenged by the spectrum management paradigm of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA), advocating that this spectrum may be shared on a dynamic basis with SUs. The migration of analogue terrestrial TV to Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) has also catalysed the notion that the terrestrial TV frequency spectrum will no longer be exclusively used for terrestrial broadcasting. Some administrations have already embraced this technology, reforming spectrum policy to allow unlicensed secondary access to the Spectral Opportunities (SOs) present in the terrestrial TV frequency bands. The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) has expressed early interest in the possibilities of TV white space technology and its possible utility in exploiting the SOs that exist in the terrestrial TV frequency bands. Core to the issues mentioned above is the quantification of the Spectral Opportunity (SO) available. To this end, the work presented in this thesis gives a quantified estimate of the SO available in South Africa. This work is the first of its kind for the South African environment and uncovers new knowledge regarding SO in South Africa. SO is analysed and quantified on provincial and national level for three discrete points in time: before the start of dual-illumination, during dual illumination and after analogue switch-off. A system model that is able to produce the required geo-referenced field strength coverage and SO maps is conceptualised and implemented. A complete standards compliant model is implemented from scratch, verified and validated, with design decisions specific to the South African context. The analysis methodology is developed with rigour. The construction of the TV transmitter database, definition of incumbent protection criteria and development of the required analysis metrics to quantify SO are presented. SO in the VHF and UHF terrestrial TV frequency bands is quantified by expressing SO in terms of the number of available channels, weighted respectively by land area and population density. The analysis results indicate that significant SO is available for exploitation by TV white space devices in the terrestrial TV spectrum in South Africa. The effects of radio astronomy advantage areas on the SO available are also investigated. The probability of finding contiguous channels in the Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands is also quantified. A comparative study, comparing the SO for South Africa with related work in Europe and the United States of America (USA), is also performed. Finally, maps that visualise the SO available are constructed for the three discrete time periods evaluated.<br>Thesis (PhD (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Nowadays, the digital terrestrial television (DTT) market is characterized by the high capacity needed for high definition TV services. There is a need for an efficient use of the broadcast spectrum, which requires new technologies to guarantee increased capacities. Non-Uniform Constellations (NUC) arise as one of the most innovative techniques to approach those requirements. NUCs reduce the gap between uniform Gray-labelled Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellations and the theoretical unconstrained Shannon limit. With these constellations, symbols are optimized in both in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components by means of signal geometrical shaping, considering a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channel model. There are two types of NUC, one-dimensional and two-dimensional NUCs (1D-NUC and 2D-NUC, respectively). 1D-NUCs maintain the squared shape from QAM, but relaxing the distribution between constellation symbols in a single component, with non-uniform distance between them. These constellations provide better SNR performance than QAM, without any demapping complexity increase. 2D-NUCs also relax the square shape constraint, allowing to optimize the symbol positions in both dimensions, thus achieving higher capacity gains and lower SNR requirements. However, the use of 2D-NUCs implies a higher demapping complexity, since a 2D-demapper is needed, i.e. I and Q components cannot be separated. In this dissertation, NUCs are analyzed from both transmit and receive point of views, using either single-input single-output (SISO) or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configurations. In SISO transmissions, 1D-NUCs and 2D-NUCs are optimized for a wide range of SNRs and different constellation orders. The optimization of rotated 2D-NUCs is also investigated. Even though the demapping complexity is not increased, the SNR gain of these constellations is not significant. The highest rotation gain is obtained for low-order constellations and high SNRs. However, with multi-RF techniques, the SNR gain is drastically increased, since I and Q components are transmitted in different RF channels. In this thesis, multi-RF gains of NUCs with and without rotation are provided for some representative scenarios. At the receiver, two different implementation bottlenecks are explored. First, the demapping complexity of all considered constellations is analyzed. Afterwards, two complexity reduction algorithms for 2D-NUCs are proposed. Both algorithms drastically reduce the number of distances to compute. Moreover, both are finally combined in a single demapper. Quantization of NUCs is also explored in this dissertation, since LLR values and I/Q components are modified when using these constellations, compared to traditional QAM constellations. A new algorithm that is based on the optimization of the quantizer levels for a particular constellation is proposed. The use of NUCs in multi-antenna communications is also investigated. It includes the optimization in one or two antennas, the use of power imbalance, the cross-polar discrimination (XPD) between receive antennas, or the use of different demappers. Assuming different values for the parameters evaluated, new Multi-Antenna Non-Uniform Constellations (MA-NUC) are obtained by means of a particularized re-optimization process, specific for MIMO. At the receiver, an extended demapping complexity analysis is performed, where it is shown that the use of 2D-NUCs in MIMO extremely increases the demapping complexity. As an alternative, an efficient solution for 2D-NUCs and MIMO systems based on Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD) is proposed. The main drawback is that SFSD demappers do not work with 2D-NUCs, since they perform a Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) step that needs to be performed in separated I and Q components. The proposed method quantifies the closest symbol using Voronoi regions and allows SFSD demappers to work.<br>Hoy en día, el mercado de la televisión digital terrestre (TDT) está caracterizado por la alta capacidad requerida para transmitir servicios de televisión de alta definición y el espectro disponible. Es necesario por tanto un uso eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico, el cual requiere nuevas tecnologías para garantizar mayores capacidades. Las constelaciones no-uniformes (NUC) emergen como una de las técnicas más innovadoras para abordar tales requerimientos. Las NUC reducen el espacio existente entre las constelaciones uniformes QAM y el límite teórico de Shannon. Con estas constelaciones, los símbolos se optimizan en ambas componentes fase (I) y cuadratura (Q) mediante técnicas geométricas de modelado de la señal, considerando un nivel señal a ruido (SNR) concreto y un modelo de canal específico. Hay dos tipos de NUC, unidimensionales y bidimensionales (1D-NUC y 2D-NUC, respectivamente). Las 1D-NUC mantienen la forma cuadrada de las QAM, pero permiten cambiar la distribución entre los símbolos en una componente concreta, teniendo una distancia no uniforme entre ellos. Estas constelaciones proporcionan un mejor rendimiento SNR que QAM, sin ningún incremento en la complejidad en el demapper. Las 2D-NUC también permiten cambiar la forma cuadrada de la constelación, permitiendo optimizar los símbolos en ambas dimensiones y por tanto obteniendo mayores ganancias en capacidad y menores requerimientos en SNR. Sin embargo, el uso de 2D-NUCs implica una mayor complejidad en el receptor. En esta tesis se analizan las NUC desde el punto de vista tanto de transmisión como de recepción, utilizando bien configuraciones con una antena (SISO) o con múltiples antenas (MIMO). En transmisiones SISO, se han optimizado 1D-NUCs para un rango amplio de distintas SNR y varios órdenes de constelación. También se ha investigado la optimización de 2D-NUCs rotadas. Aunque la complejidad no aumenta, la ganancia SNR de estas constelaciones no es significativa. La mayor ganancia por rotación se obtiene para bajos órdenes de constelación y altas SNR. Sin embargo, utilizando técnicas multi-RF, la ganancia aumenta drásticamente puesto que las componentes I y Q se transmiten en distintos canales RF. En esta tesis, se han estudiado varias ganancias multi-RF representativas de las NUC, con o sin rotación. En el receptor, se han identificado dos cuellos de botella diferentes en la implementación. Primero, se ha analizado la complejidad en el receptor para todas las constelaciones consideradas y, posteriormente, se proponen dos algoritmos para reducir la complejidad con 2D-NUCs. Además, los dos pueden combinarse en un único demapper. También se ha explorado la cuantización de estas constelaciones, ya que tanto los valores LLR como las componentes I/Q se ven modificados, comparando con constelaciones QAM tradicionales. Además, se ha propuesto un algoritmo que se basa en la optimización para diferentes niveles de cuantización, para una NUC concreta. Igualmente, se ha investigado en detalle el uso de NUCs en MIMO. Se ha incluido la optimización en una sola o en dos antenas, el uso de un desbalance de potencia, factores de discriminación entre antenas receptoras (XPD), o el uso de distintos demappers. Asumiendo distintos valores, se han obtenido nuevas constelaciones multi-antena (MA-NUC) gracias a un nuevo proceso de re-optimización específico para MIMO. En el receptor, se ha extendido el análisis de complejidad en el demapper, la cual se incrementa enormemente con el uso de 2D-NUCs y sistemas MIMO. Como alternativa, se propone una solución basada en el algoritmo Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD). El principal problema es que estos demappers no funcionan con 2D-NUCs, puesto que necesitan de un paso adicional en el que las componentes I y Q necesitan separarse. El método propuesto cuantifica el símbolo más cercano utilizando las regiones de Voronoi, permitiendo el uso de este tipo de receptor.<br>Actualment, el mercat de la televisió digital terrestre (TDT) està caracteritzat per l'alta capacitat requerida per a transmetre servicis de televisió d'alta definició i l'espectre disponible. És necessari per tant un ús eficient de l'espectre radioelèctric, el qual requereix noves tecnologies per a garantir majors capacitats i millors servicis. Les constel·lacions no-uniformes (NUC) emergeixen com una de les tècniques més innovadores en els sistemes de televisió de següent generació per a abordar tals requeriments. Les NUC redueixen l'espai existent entre les constel·lacions uniformes QAM i el límit teòric de Shannon. Amb estes constel·lacions, els símbols s'optimitzen en ambdós components fase (I) i quadratura (Q) per mitjà de tècniques geomètriques de modelatge del senyal, considerant un nivell senyal a soroll (SNR) concret i un model de canal específic. Hi ha dos tipus de NUC, unidimensionals i bidimensionals (1D-NUC i 2D-NUC, respectivament). 1D-NUCs mantenen la forma quadrada de les QAM, però permet canviar la distribució entre els símbols en una component concreta, tenint una distància no uniforme entre ells. Estes constel·lacions proporcionen un millor rendiment SNR que QAM, sense cap increment en la complexitat al demapper. 2D-NUC també canvien la forma quadrada de la constel·lació, permetent optimitzar els símbols en ambdós dimensions i per tant obtenint majors guanys en capacitat i menors requeriments en SNR. No obstant això, l'ús de 2D-NUCs implica una major complexitat en el receptor, ja que es necessita un demapper 2D, on les components I i Q no poden ser separades. En esta tesi s'analitzen les NUC des del punt de vista tant de transmissió com de recepció, utilitzant bé configuracions amb una antena (SISO) o amb múltiples antenes (MIMO). En transmissions SISO, s'han optimitzat 1D-NUCs, per a un rang ampli de distintes SNR i diferents ordes de constel·lació. També s'ha investigat l'optimització de 2D-NUCs rotades. Encara que la complexitat no augmenta, el guany SNR d'estes constel·lacions no és significativa. El major guany per rotació s'obté per a baixos ordes de constel·lació i altes SNR. No obstant això, utilitzant tècniques multi-RF, el guany augmenta dràsticament ja que les components I i Q es transmeten en distints canals RF. En esta tesi, s'ha estudiat el guany multi-RF de les NUC, amb o sense rotació. En el receptor, s'han identificat dos colls de botella diferents en la implementació. Primer, s'ha analitzat la complexitat en el receptor per a totes les constel·lacions considerades i, posteriorment, es proposen dos algoritmes per a reduir la complexitat amb 2D-NUCs. Ambdós algoritmes redueixen dràsticament el nombre de distàncies. A més, els dos poden combinar-se en un únic demapper. També s'ha explorat la quantització d'estes constel·lacions, ja que tant els valors LLR com les components I/Q es veuen modificats, comparant amb constel·lacions QAM tradicionals. A més, s'ha proposat un algoritme que es basa en l'optimització per a diferents nivells de quantització, per a una NUC concreta. Igualment, s'ha investigat en detall l'ús de NUCs en MIMO. S'ha inclòs l'optimització en una sola o en dos antenes, l'ús d'un desbalanç de potència, factors de discriminació entre antenes receptores (XPD), o l'ús de distints demappers. Assumint distints valors, s'han obtingut noves constel·lacions multi-antena (MA-NUC) gràcies a un nou procés de re-optimització específic per a MIMO. En el receptor, s'ha modificat l'anàlisi de complexitat al demapper, la qual s'incrementa enormement amb l'ús de 2D-NUCs i sistemes MIMO. Com a alternativa, es proposa una solució basada en l'algoritme Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD) . El principal problema és que estos demappers no funcionen amb 2D-NUCs, ja que necessiten d'un pas addicional en què les components I i Q necessiten separar-se. El mètode proposat quantifica el símbol més pròxim utilitzan<br>Fuentes Muela, M. (2017). Non-Uniform Constellations for Next-Generation Digital Terrestrial Broadcast Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84743<br>TESIS

This thesis explores the problem of compatibility between generations in the field of Digital Television, and proposes solutions to this problem. Since its inception, the DTV has been under development without taking into account the ability to continue receiving broadcasts with legacy equipment when a new generation is introduced. Therefore, when it comes time to introduce a new technology, a simulcast solution is usually used. The study carried out in this thesis explains the reasons why a traditional simulcast is a problem. As a concrete study example, the case of the transition from SD MPEG-2 to HD H.264 broadcasts according to the DVB-T standard is analyzed. And how this problem unnecessarily extends the transition periods between generations. In this way it postulates that one way to promote the development of new generations of Digital Television is precisely to shorten transition times. In order to facilitate the transition to a new generation, different technical solutions have been studied and developed that provide a certain degree of compatibility between generations. The results obtained conclude that it is not only feasible, but also desirable, to incorporate inter-generational compatibility solutions in Digital Television standards. Using the techniques described here, and others listed as future work, it would be possible for new standards and generations to incorporate this necessary capability.<br>Esta tesis explora el problema de la compatibilidad entre generaciones en el área de la Televisión Digital, y propone soluciones a ese problema. Desde su inicio, la TVD se ha ido desarrollando sin tener en cuenta la capacidad de seguir recibiendo emisiones con equipos antiguos cuando se introduce una nueva generación. Por lo tanto, cuando llega el momento de introducir una nueva tecnología, se suele utilizar una solución de emisión simultánea o simulcast. El estudio realizado en esta tesis explica las razones por las que un simulcast tradicional es un problema. Como ejemplo de estudio específico, se analiza el caso de la transición desde emisiones SD MPEG-2 a HD H.264 utilizando el estándar DVB-T. Y cómo esta dificultad alarga innecesariamente los períodos de transición entre generaciones. En esta línea se postula que una forma de promover la implantación de nuevas generaciones de Televisión Digital es precisamente acortando los tiempos de transición. Para facilitar la transición a una nueva generación, se han estudiado y desarrollado diferentes soluciones técnicas que proporcionan un cierto grado de compatibilidad entre generaciones. Los resultados obtenidos concluyen que no sólo es factible, sino también deseable, incorporar soluciones de compatibilidad intergeneracional en los estándares de Televisión Digital. Utilizando las técnicas aquí descritas, y otras enumeradas como trabajos futuros, sería posible que los nuevos estándares y generaciones incorporaren esta característica necesaria.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo de Melo Valeira.pdf: 5235384 bytes, checksum: b73ab4b64760275d30c77ef2e8a779c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-25<br>The purpose of this work is the development of a transmission platform with a graphical interface and software, using a TV channel of Brazilian Digital Television Standard (SBTVD) to transmit encapsulated data, audio and video. Initially is presented the SBTVD, with major highlight for multiplexing, given its importance in identifying and decoding the received signal. Within the transmitted bitstream there are certain tables that are responsible for identifying the information type present in the channel, being the most important detailed in this work. To make easy this configuration is presented the graphical interface to configure a channel in two situations: encapsulated data in ethernet format and audio/video content. Beside this, are compared the efficiencies of utilizing the packing control of multiprotocol encapsulation, that is used to transmit data in ethernet format. Also is presented an exploratory study of efficiency of bit rate related with the addition of the necessary headers to transmit correctly the signal in ethernet format inside the SBTVD transport protocol.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de transmissão com interface gráfica e software, utilizando um canal de TV do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital (SBTVD) para a transmissão de dados encapsulados, áudio e vídeo. Inicialmente é apresentado o SBTVD, com maior destaque para a multiplexação, haja vista a sua importância na identificação e decodificação do sinal recebido. Dentro do fluxo de bits transmitido existem certas tabelas que são responsáveis pela identificação dos tipos de informação presentes no canal, sendo as mais importantes detalhadas neste trabalho. Para facilitar essa configuração é apresentada a interface gráfica para configurar um canal em duas situações: dados encapsulados no formato ethernet e conteúdo de áudio/vídeo. Além disso, são comparadas as eficiências da utilização do controle de empacotamento do encapsulamento multiprotocolo, que é usado para transmitir dados no formato ethernet. Também é apresentado um estudo exploratório da eficiência da taxa de bits relacionada com a adição dos cabeçalhos necessários para transmitir corretamente o sinal no formato ethernet dentro do protocolo de transporte do SBTVD.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jose.pdf: 2255469 bytes, checksum: cebe37770c4719e5ebf2b60e4ae0d2a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Currently, the majority of multicarrier transmission systems are based on the Fourier transform, which is used as frequency multiplexing technique. The main advantages of this approach include multipath immunity and low computational complexity, due to the use of a family of fast algorithms, known as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). However, when used to provide a robust transmission, this technique presents some disadvantages, like the need for a cyclic prefix, which demands part of the useful datarate. In this work, a study for verifying the possibility of replacing the FFT, by the wavelet transform, was carried out, which has the potential to raise some advantages, such as the removal of the cyclic prefix and a simpler synchronization procedure. A computational model for the transmission layer of the Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial, Brazilian version (ISDB-Tb) was created, aiming to provide a direct comparison between two versions: the traditional one, which is based on FFT, and a new proposal, which is based on wavelets. Such an evaluation was performed through the relation between error bit rate and signal-to-noise ratio, in additive white gaussian noise, Rayleigh and Rician fading and also in frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Similar comparisons were also performed for the ETSI TS 101 475 (HIPERLAN-2) and Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T) systems. The simulation results show that the wavelet-based systems present a similar performance, when compared with the FFT-based ones, for the chosen channel models, and without employing a cyclic prefix, which allows a more efficiente spectrum use.<br>Atualmente, uma grande parte dos sistemas de transmissão multiportadoras é baseada na transformada de Fourier, como técnica de multiplexação em frequência. Dentre as suas principais vantagens, encontram-se a imunidade a multipercursos e a baixa complexidade computacional, através de algoritmos rápidos conhecidos como Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Esta técnica, entretanto, para proporcionar uma transmissão robusta, apresenta a desvantagem de exigir prefixo cíclico, o que resulta no consumo de uma fatia do espectro útil. Neste trabalho, um estudo para se verificar a viabilidade de substituição da FFT pela transformada wavelet foi realizado, o que promete trazer algumas vantagens, tais como a não exigência de prefixo cíclico e uma sincronização mais simples. Um modelo computacional para a camada de transmissão do Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial, Brazilian version (ISDB-Tb) foi criado, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma comparação entre duas versões: a atual, baseada em FFT, e uma nova proposta, baseada em wavelets. Tal avaliação foi realizada em termos das curvas de taxa de erro de bit versus relação sinal ruído, em canais com adição de ruído gaussiano branco, com desvanecimento plano de Rayleigh e Rice e também com desvanecimento seletivo em frequência de Rayleigh. Comparações similares também foram realizadas para os sistemas ETSI TS 101 475 (HIPERLAN-2) e Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial (DVB-T). Os resultados obtidos mostram que os sistemas baseados em wavelets apresentam desempenhos similares aos dos baseados em FFT, para os modelos de canal simulados, com a vantagem adicional de não utilizarem prefixo cíclico, o que promove um uso mais eficiente do espectro.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sette_gm_me_bauru.pdf: 839228 bytes, checksum: 3d2131be52b274d2cc01a20e196353ae (MD5)<br>Esta dissertação realiza a análise do processo de gestão da produção dos programas esportivos Redação SporTV, Arena SporTV, Arena SporTV e SporTV News do canal por assinatura SporTV, pertencente a GloboSat, durante o processo de digitalização do sinal analógico da televisão brasileira. São abordados o jornalismo esportivo nos meios de comunicação de massa, a gestão da produção de televisão que engloba o planejamento, a produção e as formas de veiculação, marketing esportivo e o futebol como negócio. É identificado o processo de gestão da produção de programas na televisão digital, por meio de aplicação de questionário aberto que permitiu também o entendimento de como é realizado o conteúdo esportivo capturado para os programas, a partir da digitalização. É analisado, após análise dos referenciais teóricos, mapeamento do mercado esportivo, levantamento de dados, bem como a configuração atual da gestão da produção no canal de televisão por assinatura e como a equipe de produção dos programas percebe as mudanças ocorridas após a implantação da televisão digital e as perspectivas para o futuro com as ferramentas digitais<br>This dessertation analyzes the productiuon managementof shows Redação SporTV, Arena SporTV and SportTV News, from SporTV, a channel belonging to GloboSat, during the digitalization process in Brazil. This work discusses sports reporting in the mass communication media, management of television production that encompasses the planning, production and ways of serving, and soccer as a sport marketing business. We have identified the process of managing the production of digital television programs through the application of polls which also allowed the understanding of how the content is performed for the sports programs considering the digital television. We also discuss, after theoretical analysis, the mapping of the sports market, survey data, as well as the current status of the production management of pay-TV channels and how the production team of the shows perceive the changes after the implementation of digital television and their prospects for the future with digital tools

Orientador: Juliano Maurício de Carvalho<br>Banca: Francisco Rolfsen Belda<br>Banca: Regina Célia Baptista Belluzzo<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação realiza a análise do processo de gestão da produção dos programas esportivos "Redação SporTV", "Arena SporTV", "Arena SporTV" e "SporTV News" do canal por assinatura SporTV, pertencente a GloboSat, durante o processo de digitalização do sinal analógico da televisão brasileira. São abordados o jornalismo esportivo nos meios de comunicação de massa, a gestão da produção de televisão que engloba o planejamento, a produção e as formas de veiculação, marketing esportivo e o futebol como negócio. É identificado o processo de gestão da produção de programas na televisão digital, por meio de aplicação de questionário aberto que permitiu também o entendimento de como é realizado o conteúdo esportivo capturado para os programas, a partir da digitalização. É analisado, após análise dos referenciais teóricos, mapeamento do mercado esportivo, levantamento de dados, bem como a configuração atual da gestão da produção no canal de televisão por assinatura e como a equipe de produção dos programas percebe as mudanças ocorridas após a implantação da televisão digital e as perspectivas para o futuro com as ferramentas digitais<br>Abstract: This dessertation analyzes the productiuon managementof shows "Redação SporTV", "Arena SporTV" and "SportTV News", from SporTV, a channel belonging to GloboSat, during the digitalization process in Brazil. This work discusses sports reporting in the mass communication media, management of television production that encompasses the planning, production and ways of serving, and soccer as a sport marketing business. We have identified the process of managing the production of digital television programs through the application of polls which also allowed the understanding of how the content is performed for the sports programs considering the digital television. We also discuss, after theoretical analysis, the mapping of the sports market, survey data, as well as the current status of the production management of pay-TV channels and how the production team of the shows perceive the changes after the implementation of digital television and their prospects for the future with digital tools<br>Mestre

[EN] Next-generation terrestrial broadcasting targets at enhancing spectral efficiency to overcome the challenges derived from the spectrum shortage as a result of the progressive allocation of frequencies - the so-called Digital Dividend - to satisfy the growing demands for wireless broadband capacity. Advances in both transmission standards and video coding are paramount to enable the progressive roll-out of high video quality services such as HDTV (High Definition Televison) or Ultra HDTV. The transition to the second generation European terrestrial standard DVB-T2 and the introduction of MPEG-4/AVC video coding already enables the transmission of 4-5 HDTV services per RF (Radio Frequency) channel. However, the impossibility to allocate higher bit-rate within the remaining spectrum could jeopardize the evolution of the DTT platforms in favour of other high-capacity systems such as the satellite or cable distribution platforms. Next steps are focused on the deployment of the recently released High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, which provides more than 50% coding gain with respect to AVC, with the next-generation terrestrial standards. This could ensure the competitiveness of the DTT. This dissertation addresses the use of multi-RF channel aggregation technologies to increase the spectral efficiency of future DTT networks. The core of the Thesis are two technologies: Time Frequency Slicing (TFS) and Channel Bonding (CB). TFS and CB consist in the transmission of the data of a TV service across multiple RF channels instead of using a single channel. CB spreads data of a service over multiple classical RF channels (RF-Mux). TFS spreads the data by time-slicing (slot-by-slot) across multiple RF channels which are sequentially recovered at the receiver by frequency hopping. Transmissions using these features can benefit from capacity and coverage gains. The first one comes from a more efficient statistical multiplexing (StatMux) for Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services due to a StatMux pool over a higher number of services. Furthermore, CB allows increasing service data rate with the number of bonded RF channels and also advantages when combined with SVC (Scalable Video Coding). The coverage gain comes from the increased RF performance due to the reception of the data of a service from different RF channels rather that a single one that could be, eventually, degraded. Robustness against interferences is also improved since the received signal does not depend on a unique potentially interfered RF channel. TFS was firstly introduced as an informative annex in DVB-T2 (not normative) and adopted in DVB-NGH (Next Generation Handheld). TFS and CB are proposed for inclusion in ATSC 3.0. However, they have never been implemented. The investigations carried out in this dissertation employ an information-theoretical approach to obtain their upper bounds, physical layer simulations to evaluate the performance in real systems and the analysis of field measurements that approach realistic conditions of the network deployments. The analysis report coverage gains about 4-5 dB with 4 RF channels and high capacity gains already with 2 RF channels. This dissertation also focuses on implementation aspects. Channel bonding receivers require one tuner per bonded RF channel. The implementation of TFS with a single tuner demands the fulfilment of several timing requirements. However, the use of just two tuners would still allow for a good performance with a cost-effective implementation by the reuse of existing chipsets or the sharing of existing architectures with dual tuner operation such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).<br>[ES] La televisión digital terrestre (TDT) de última generación está orientada a una necesaria mejora de la eficiencia espectral con el fin de abordar los desafíos derivados de la escasez de espectro como resultado de la progresiva asignación de frecuencias - el llamado Dividendo Digital - para satisfacer la creciente demanda de capacidad para la banda ancha inalámbrica. Los avances tanto en los estándares de transmisión como de codificación de vídeo son de suma importancia para la progresiva puesta en marcha de servicios de alta calidad como la televisión de Ultra AD (Alta Definición). La transición al estándar europeo de segunda generación DVB-T2 y la introducción de la codificación de vídeo MPEG-4 / AVC ya permite la transmisión de 4-5 servicios de televisión de AD por canal RF (Radiofrecuencia). Sin embargo, la imposibilidad de asignar una mayor tasa de bit sobre el espectro restante podría poner en peligro la evolución de las plataformas de TDT en favor de otros sistemas de alta capacidad tales como el satélite o las distribuidoras de cable. El siguiente paso se centra en el despliegue del reciente estándar HEVC (High Efficiency Video Coding), que ofrece un 50% de ganancia de codificación con respecto a AVC, junto con los estándares terrestres de próxima generación, lo que podría garantizar la competitividad de la TDT en un futuro cercano. Esta tesis aborda el uso de tecnologías de agregación de canales RF que permitan incrementar la eficiencia espectral de las futuras redes. La tesis se centra en torno a dos tecnologías: Time Frequency Slicing (TFS) y Channel Bonding (CB). TFS y CB consisten en la transmisión de los datos de un servicio de televisión a través de múltiples canales RF en lugar de utilizar un solo canal. CB difunde los datos de un servicio a través de varios canales RF convencionales formando un RF-Mux. TFS difunde los datos a través de ranuras temporales en diferentes canales RF. Los datos son recuperados de forma secuencial en el receptor mediante saltos en frecuencia. La implementación de estas técnicas permite obtener ganancias en capacidad y cobertura. La primera de ellas proviene de una multiplexación estadística (StatMux) de servicios de tasa variable (VBR) más eficiente. Además, CB permite aumentar la tasa de pico de un servicio de forma proporcional al número de canales así como ventajas al combinarla con codificación de vídeo escalable. La ganancia en cobertura proviene de un mejor rendimiento RF debido a la recepción de los datos de un servicio desde diferentes canales en lugar uno sólo que podría estar degradado. Del mismo modo, es posible obtener una mayor robustez frente a interferencias ya que la recepción o no de un servicio no depende de si el canal que lo alberga está o no interferido. TFS fue introducido en primer lugar como un anexo informativo en DVB-T2 (no normativo) y posteriormente fue adoptado en DVB-NGH (Next Generation Handheld). TFS y CB han sido propuestos para su inclusión en ATSC 3.0. Aún así, nunca han sido implementados. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en esta Tesis emplean diversos enfoques basados en teoría de la información para obtener los límites de ganancia, en simulaciones de capa física para evaluar el rendimiento en sistemas reales y en el análisis de medidas de campo. Estos estudios reportan ganancias en cobertura en torno a 4-5 dB con 4 canales e importantes ganancias en capacidad aún con sólo 2 canales RF. Esta tesis también se centra en los aspectos de implementación. Los receptores para CB requieren un sintonizador por canal RF agregado. La implementación de TFS con un solo sintonizador exige el cumplimiento de varios requisito temporales. Sin embargo, el uso de dos sintonizadores permitiría un buen rendimiento con una implementación más rentable con la reutilización de los actuales chips o su introducción junto con las arquitecturas existentes que operan con un doble sintonizador tales como<br>[CAT] La televisió digital terrestre (TDT) d'última generació està orientada a una necessària millora de l'eficiència espectral a fi d'abordar els desafiaments derivats de l'escassetat d'espectre com a resultat de la progressiva assignació de freqüències - l'anomenat Dividend Digital - per a satisfer la creixent demanda de capacitat per a la banda ampla sense fil. Els avanços tant en els estàndards de transmissió com de codificació de vídeo són de la màxima importància per a la progressiva posada en marxa de serveis d'alta qualitat com la televisió d'Ultra AD (Alta Definició). La transició a l'estàndard europeu de segona generació DVB-T2 i la introducció de la codificació de vídeo MPEG-4/AVC ja permet la transmissió de 4-5 serveis de televisió d'AD per canal RF (Radiofreqüència). No obstant això, la impossibilitat d'assignar una major taxa de bit sobre l'espectre restant podria posar en perill l'evolució de les plataformes de TDT en favor d'altres sistemes d'alta capacitat com ara el satèl·lit o les distribuïdores de cable. El següent pas se centra en el desplegament del recent estàndard HEVC (High Efficiency Vídeo Coding), que oferix un 50% de guany de codificació respecte a AVC, junt amb els estàndards terrestres de pròxima generació, la qual cosa podria garantir la competitivitat de la TDT en un futur pròxim. Aquesta tesi aborda l'ús de tecnologies d'agregació de canals RF que permeten incrementar l'eficiència espectral de les futures xarxes. La tesi se centra entorn de dues tecnologies: Time Frequency Slicing (TFS) i Channel Bonding (CB). TFS i CB consistixen en la transmissió de les dades d'un servei de televisió a través de múltiples canals RF en compte d'utilitzar un sol canal. CB difon les dades d'un servei a través d'uns quants canals RF convencionals formant un RF-Mux. TFS difon les dades a través de ranures temporals en diferents canals RF. Les dades són recuperades de forma seqüencial en el receptor per mitjà de salts en freqüència. La implementació d'aquestes tècniques permet obtindre guanys en capacitat i cobertura. La primera d'elles prové d'una multiplexació estadística (StatMux) de serveis de taxa variable (VBR) més eficient. A més, CB permet augmentar la taxa de pic d'un servei de forma proporcional al nombre de canals així com avantatges al combinar-la amb codificació de vídeo escalable. El guany en cobertura prové d'un millor rendiment RF a causa de la recepció de les dades d'un servei des de diferents canals en lloc de només un que podria estar degradat. De la mateixa manera, és possible obtindre una major robustesa enfront d'interferències ja que la recepció o no d'un servei no depén de si el canal que l'allotja està o no interferit. TFS va ser introduït en primer lloc com un annex informatiu en DVB-T2 (no normatiu) i posteriorment va ser adoptat en DVB-NGH (Next Generation Handheld). TFS i CB han sigut proposades per a la seva inclusió en ATSC 3.0. Encara així, mai han sigut implementades. Les investigacions dutes a terme en esta Tesi empren diverses vessants basades en teoria de la informació per a obtindre els límits de guany, en simulacions de capa física per a avaluar el rendiment en sistemes reals i en l'anàlisi de mesures de camp. Aquestos estudis reporten guanys en cobertura entorn als 4-5 dB amb 4 canals i importants guanys en capacitat encara amb només 2 canals RF. Esta tesi també se centra en els aspectes d'implementació. Els receptors per a CB requerixen un sintonitzador per canal RF agregat. La implementació de TFS amb un sol sintonitzador exigix el compliment de diversos requisit temporals. No obstant això, l'ús de dos sintonitzadors permetria un bon rendiment amb una implementació més rendible amb la reutilització dels actuals xips o la seua introducció junt amb les arquitectures existents que operen amb un doble sintonitzador com ara MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).<br>Giménez Gandia, JJ. (2015). Improved Spectrum Usage with Multi-RF Channel Aggregation Technologies for the Next-Generation Terrestrial Broadcasting [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/52520<br>TESIS

Mestrado em Marketing<br>A experiência televisiva em Portugal está a mudar. Com efeito, a passagem da era analógica para a era digital faz com que as potencialidades oferecidas pela televisão aproximem a experiência televisiva da navegação na Internet. A passagem para a era digital é marcada pelo switch-off da televisão analógica agendado, a nível europeu, para o ano de 2012. Este trabalho pretende por um lado, perceber quais serão as novas formas de consumo de televisão por parte dos telespectadores e por outro, tentar antecipar como é que as operadoras nacionais de televisão de sinal aberto poderão encontrar novas formas de financiamento num meio que, muito brevemente, será totalmente digital. Será também objecto de estudo, analisar o grau de conhecimento e de possível utilização das novas potencialidades associadas à TDT por parte dos telespectadores. Foram enviados questionários a decisores de operadoras nacionais de televisão de sinal aberto, de empresas de distribuição de conteúdos, de agências de publicidade e de anunciantes, obtendo-se uma amostra de 26 respondentes em 32 inquiridos. Com base na análise dos dados recolhidos, concluiu-se que é fundamental por um lado, integrar o telespectador na passagem para a era digital e por outro, conseguir que as operadoras nacionais de televisão de sinal aberto encontrem novas formas de aproveitamento do investimento publicitário. Uma conclusão importante deste trabalho é ter ficado claro que a grande arma das televisões para ultrapassar os desafios futuros se mantém quase inalterável: é o foco na produção, na criatividade, na inovação e na modernidade dos conteúdos.<br>Television in Portugal is under change. Digital is gaining momentum, allowing for an internet like experience and leaving the analogue era behind. In 2012 analogue will be switched-off Europe wide. This paper intends to understand new ways of consumption on behalf of viewers, if any, and to anticipate how Free-To-Air (FTA) national TV operators will be able to finance its operations, given that from production to reception everything will be digital. We will also analyse viewers' understanding of the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) and possible uses of the innovations associated. Questionnaires were sent to decision-makers of FTA national TV operators, to content distributors, advertising agencies, with a 26 response to 32 inquired. From the analysed data, we understand that it is essential to guide the viewer in the conversion from analogue to digital TV, and that FTA national TV operators find new means to benefit from advertising investment. It has also been made clear that TV operators' greatest asset hasn't changed; focus must be on production, creativity, innovation and novelty of content.

La calidad de servicio de televisión de señal abierta en el Perú ha sido un inconveniente en las últimas décadas debido a la mala calidad que se brinda a los usuarios, la llegada de las implementaciones de estaciones terrestres digitales de la Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) podrá brindar a los ciudadanos de provincias y lugares lejanos una mejor calidad de imagen en sus televisores, en el cual están involucradas las emisoras televisivas. Una de las características de la señal de la televisión digital es la forma eficiente que tiene para transmitir en cualquier lugar, con alta calidad tanto en video como en audio, ofreciendo al usuario producto mucho mejor, con una de sus cualidades la interacción y acceso a información. En este trabajo se desea realizar una investigación adecuada para el mejoramiento de servicio de televisión de señal abierta de una empresa televisiva en la región de Ica, utilizando una estación terrena digital a través del estándar ISDB-Tb. Se utilizara el método de implementación de una estación terrena digital, con la finalidad de identificar los factores que influyen al ser implementadas con relación a las estaciones televisivas pequeñas. Se establecerá las diferencias que existen en la calidad de servicio para la transmisión análoga y digital en una señal abierta, ya sean sus ventajas o desventajas; y a la vez especificar el cambio que ocasionará al transmitir una señal abierta de estación televisiva pequeña a través de una señal digital. The quality of service television networks in Peru has been a drawback in recent decades due to the poor quality that users are provided, the arrival of the deployments of digital terrestrial stations of the Digital Terrestrial Television may giving citizens and far places better image quality on their TVs, which are involved in television stations. One feature of the digital tv signal is the efficient way it has to transmit anywhere, with high quality in both video and audio, providing users with better product, with one of his qualities interaction and access information. In this work we want to do adequate research to improve service broadcast television from a television company in the region of Ica, using a digital earth station through the ISDB-Tb standard. The method of implementing a digital earth station, in order to identify the factors that influence to be implemented in relation to small television stations were used. The differences in the quality of service for analog to digital signal transmission in an open, whether the advantages or disadvantages will be established; and simultaneously specify the change will cause a small open when transmitting television station signal through a digital signal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICHARD JOHN LINTULAHTI OLANDIM.pdf: 2276167 bytes, checksum: 0d3c0536034c612074740ab02558a1be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-25<br>In Brazil, the broadcasting system for television content in high definition is the ISDB-Tb. Although robust, the content transmission in this system, like in any radio frequency propagation, can suffer from external attenuating factors, such as distortion by multipath propagation. One of the techniques used in radio communications for minimizing the effects of this type of distortion is the spatial diversity reception, which uses multiple antennas connected to a single receiver. The signals, received by different antennas, are combined, in a technique known as MRC or Maximal Ratio Combiner, so that the output signal-to-noise ratio is greater than the individual signal-to-noise ratios, allowing the successfully decoding of the received content, even though the individual signal in each antenna does not have sufficient quality to be decoded independently. This study aims to establish a method of spatial diversity in receiving television signals in ISDB-Tb, pondering between the advantages and disadvantages of their use in edge regions of coverage, where the reception of the Brazilian digital TV system is not yet total.<br>No Brasil, o sistema de radiodifusão para conteúdos televisivos em alta definição é o ISDB-Tb. Apesar de robusto, a transmissão de conteúdos neste sistema, como qualquer propagação em radiofrequência, pode sofrer com fatores externos atenuantes, como por exemplo a distorção por propagação em multi-percurso. Uma das técnicas utilizadas em radiocomunicação para que se minimizem os efeitos deste tipo de distorção é a diversidade espacial na recepção, que utiliza múltiplas antenas conectadas a um mesmo receptor. Os sinais, recebidos pelas diferentes antenas, são trabalhados em uma técnica conhecida como MRC ou Combinação de Máxima Razão, de modo que a relação sinal-ruído de saída seja maior do que as relações sinal-ruído individuais, permitindo a decodificação do conteúdo com sucesso, mesmo que os sinais individuais em cada antena não tenham qualidade suficiente para serem decodificados independentemente. Este estudo tem como objetivo propor um método de diversidade espacial na recepção de sinais televisivos no padrão brasileiro ISDB-Tb, ponderando entre as vantagens e desvantagens de sua utilização em regiões de borda de cobertura, onde a recepção do sistema brasileiro de TV digital ainda não é total.

Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objeto de estudio las políticas públicas de la televisión digital terrestre. Sus principales objetivos son determinar la pertinencia de la acción pública para afrontar la transición analógico-digital de la plataforma terrestre, analizar las principales tendencias de intervención e identificar qué estrategias y mecanismos contribuyen de manera más eficaz a completar la implantación de la TDT con éxito.Para ello, en la primera parte de la investigación se define un marco teórico sobre las políticas públicas de los medios. Además, se exploran las repercusiones de la digitalización sobre el sistema televisivo. En la segunda parte de la tesis, se analizan las líneas de intervención desarrolladas por la Unión Europea y cómo éstas han determinado un marco de referencia que condiciona la acción estatal. Por último, se efectúa un estudio comparado de las políticas públicas implementadas en Suecia y España, dos países pioneros en la implantación de la TDT en el contexto europeo. Sus experiencias permiten extraer lecciones que serán de utilidad para aquellos estados que deban afrontar la digitalización de la televisión terrestre en los próximos años.<br>This PhD dissertation analyses public policy dealing with the implementation of Digital Terrestrial Television. The main objectives of the research carried out were: determining the appropriateness of public intervention, analysing what its main tendencies are and identifying which strategies and policy mechanisms are the most effective ones in order to complete the switchover at the terrestrial platform. In the first part, a theoretical framework regarding public policy for the media is defined. In addition, the repercussions of digitalisation on the television system are analysed. In the second part of the dissertation, the research focuses on the policies carried out by the European Union's Institutions in order to asses how supranational actions condition the Member States' initiatives by means of defining a reference framework. Following that, the cases of Sweden and Spain are compared. Both countries have been pioneers concerning DTT implementation within the European context. Their rich experiences provide useful lessons for other countries that have to confront the digital transition of terrestrial broadcasting in the next few years.

This thesis is focused on a receiver for digital television broadcasting set-top box, mainly on its features, parameters and measurement. The important point of this work is the possibility to analyze and visualize the parallel transport stream in the same time and the solution of this problem. The principle of tuner and its measuring is deeply discussed. The text is supported with oscilloscope screenshots in particular parts of decoding stream. The set-top box is modified for laboratory measurement purpose and the transport stream output is added. An example laboratory exercise was created as a part of this work.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l'analyse du système de télévision numérique chinois (DTMB) et l'optimisation de sa fonction d'estimation de canal. Tout d'abord, une analyse approfondie de ce système est effectuée en comparaison du système DVB-T en termes de spécifications, d'efficacité spectrale et de performances. Ensuite, la fonction d'estimation de canal basée sur la séquence pseudo-aléatoire du système est étudiée dans les domaines temporel et fréquentiel, et plusieurs améliorations sont apportées aux méthodes typiques afin de notamment gérer les canaux très dispersifs en temps. Enfin, de nouveaux procédés itératifs aidés par les données et peu complexes sont proposés pour raffiner les estimés de canal. Les fonctions de décodage de canal et d'entrelacement sont exclues de la boucle et des fonctions de filtrage temps/fréquence sont étudiées pour fiabiliser les estimations. Ces nouveaux algorithmes démontrent leur efficacité par rapport aux méthodes courantes de la littérature.

Desde comienzos del siglo XXI, los sistemas de radiodifusión terrestre han sido culpados de un uso ineficiente del espectro asignado. Para aumentar la eficiencia espectral, los organismos de estandarización de TV digital comenzaron a desarrollar la evolución técnica de los sistemas de TDT de primera generación. Entre otros, uno de los objetivos principales de los sistemas de TDT de próxima generación (DVB-T2 y ATSC 3.0) es proporcionar simultáneamente servicios de TV a dispositivos móviles y fijos. El principal inconveniente de esta entrega simultánea son los diferentes requisitos de cada condición de recepción. Para abordar estas limitaciones, se han considerado diferentes técnicas de multiplexación. Mientras que DVB-T2 acomete la entrega simultánea de los dos servicios mediante TDM, ATSC 3.0 adoptó la Multiplexación por División en Capas (LDM). LDM puede superar a TDM y a FDM al aprovechar la relación de Protección de Error Desigual (UEP), ya que ambos servicios, llamados capas, utilizan todos los recursos de frecuencia y tiempo con diferentes niveles de potencia. En el lado del receptor, se distinguen dos implementaciones, de acuerdo con la capa a decodificar. Los receptores móviles solo están destinados a obtener la capa superior, conocida como Core Layer (CL). Para no aumentar su complejidad en comparación con los receptores de capa única, la capa inferior, conocida como Enhanced Layer (EL), es tratada como un ruido adicional en la decodificación. Los receptores fijos aumentan su complejidad, ya que deben realizar un proceso de Cancelación de Interferencia (SIC) sobre la CL para obtener la EL. Para limitar la complejidad adicional de los receptores fijos, las capas de LDM en ATSC 3.0 están configuradas con diferentes capacidades de corrección, pero comparten el resto de bloques de la capa física, incluido el TIL, el PP, el tamaño de FFT, y el GI. Esta disertación investiga tecnologías avanzadas para optimizar el rendimiento de LDM. Primero se propone una optimización del proceso de demapeo para las dos capas de LDM. El algoritmo propuesto logra un aumento de capacidad, al tener en cuenta la forma de la EL en el proceso de demapeo de la CL. Sin embargo, el número de distancias Euclidianas a computar puede aumentar significativamente, conduciendo no solo a receptores fijos más complejos, sino también a receptores móviles más complejos. A continuación, se determina la configuración de piloto ATSC 3.0 más adecuada para LDM. Teniendo en cuenta que las dos capas comparten el mismo PP, surge una contrapartida entre la densidad de pilotos (CL) y la redundancia sobre los datos (EL). A partir de los resultados de rendimiento, se recomienda el uso de un PP no muy denso, ya que ya han sido diseñados para hacer frente a ecos largos y altas velocidades. La amplitud piloto óptima depende del estimador de canal en los receptores (ej., se recomienda la amplitud mínima para una implementación Wiener, mientras que la máxima para una implementación FFT). También se investiga la potencial transmisión conjunta de LDM con tres tecnologías avanzadas adoptadas en ATSC 3.0: las tecnologías de agregación MultiRF, los esquemas de MISO distribuido y los de MIMO colocalizado. Se estudian los potenciales casos de uso, los aspectos de implementación del transmisor y el receptor, y las ganancias de rendimiento de las configuraciones conjuntas para las dos capas de LDM. Las restricciones adicionales de combinar LDM con las tecnologías avanzadas se consideran admisibles, ya que las mayores demandas ya están contempladas en ATSC 3.0 (ej., una segunda cadena de recepción). Se obtienen ganancias significativas en condiciones de recepción peatonal gracias a la diversidad en frecuencia proporcionada por las tecnologías MultiRF. La conjunción de LDM con esquemas de MISO proporciona ganancias de rendimiento significativas en redes SFN para la capa fija con el esquema de Alamouti.<br>Since the beginning of the 21st century, terrestrial broadcasting systems have been blamed of an inefficient use of the allocated spectrum. To increase the spectral efficiency, digital television Standards Developing Organizations settled to develop the technical evolution of the first-generation DTT systems. Among others, a primary goal of next-generation DTT systems (DVB-T2 and ATSC 3.0) is to simultaneously provide TV services to mobile and fixed devices. The major drawback of this simultaneous delivery is the different requirement of each reception condition. To address these constraints different multiplexing techniques have been considered. While DVB-T2 fulfilled the simultaneous delivery of the two services by TDM, ATSC 3.0 adopted the LDM technology. LDM can outperform TDM and FDM by taking advantage of the UEP ratio, as both services, namely layers, utilize all the frequency and time resources with different power levels. At receiver side, two implementations are distinguished, according to the intended layer. Mobile receivers are only intended to obtain the upper layer, known as CL. In order not to increase their complexity compared to single layer receivers, the lower layer, known as EL is treated as an additional noise on the CL decoding. Fixed receivers, increase their complexity, as they should performed a SIC process on the CL for getting the EL. To limit the additional complexity of fixed receivers, the LDM layers in ATSC 3.0 are configured with different error correction capabilities, but share the rest of physical layer parameters, including the TIL, the PP, the FFT size, and the GI. This dissertation investigates advanced technologies to optimize the LDM performance. A demapping optimization for the two LDM layers is first proposed. A capacity increase is achieved by the proposed algorithm, which takes into account the underlying layer shape in the demapping process. Nevertheless, the number of Euclidean distances to be computed can be significantly increased, contributing to not only more complex fixed receivers, but also more complex mobile receivers. Next, the most suitable ATSC 3.0 pilot configuration for LDM is determined. Considering the two layers share the same PP a trade-off between pilot density (CL) and data overhead (EL) arises. From the performance results, it is recommended the use of a not very dense PP, as they have been already designed to cope with long echoes and high speeds. The optimum pilot amplitude depends on the channel estimator at receivers (e.g. the minimum amplitude is recommended for a Wiener implementation, while the maximum for a FFT implementation). The potential combination of LDM with three advanced technologies that have been adopted in ATSC 3.0 is also investigated: MultiRF technologies, distributed MISO schemes, and co-located MIMO schemes. The potential use cases, the transmitter and receiver implementations, and the performance gains of the joint configurations are studied for the two LDM layers. The additional constraints of combining LDM with the advanced technologies is considered admissible, as the greatest demands (e.g. a second receiving chain) are already contemplated in ATSC 3.0. Significant gains are found for the mobile layer at pedestrian reception conditions thanks to the frequency diversity provided by MultiRF technologies. The conjunction of LDM with distributed MISO schemes provides significant performance gains on SFNs for the fixed layer with Alamouti scheme. Last, considering the complexity in the mobile receivers and the CL performance, the recommended joint configuration is MISO in the CL and MIMO in the EL.<br>Des de començaments del segle XXI, els sistemes de radiodifusió terrestre han sigut culpats d'un ús ineficient de l'espectre assignat. Per a augmentar l'eficiència espectral, els organismes d'estandardització de TV digital van començar a desenvolupar l'evolució tècnica dels sistemes de TDT de primera generació. Entre altres, un dels objectius principals dels sistemes de TDT de pròxima generació (DVB-T2 i el ATSC 3.0) és proporcionar simultàniament serveis de TV a dispositius mòbils i fixos. El principal inconvenient d'aquest lliurament simultani són els diferents requisits de cada condició de recepció. Per a abordar aquestes limitacions, s'han considerat diferents tècniques de multiplexació. Mentre que DVB-T2 escomet el lliurament simultani dels dos serveis mitjançant TDM, ATSC 3.0 va adoptar la Multiplexació per Divisió en Capes (LDM). LDM pot superar a TDM i a FDM en aprofitar la relació de Protecció d'Error Desigual (UEP), ja que tots dos serveis, cridats capes, utilitzen tots els recursos de freqüència i temps amb diferents nivells de potència. En el costat del receptor, es distingeixen dues implementacions, d'acord amb la capa a decodificar. Els receptors mòbils solament estan destinats a obtenir la capa superior, coneguda com Core Layer (CL). Per a no augmentar la seua complexitat en comparació amb els receptors de capa única, la capa inferior, coneguda com Enhanced Layer (EL), és tractada com un soroll addicional en la decodificació. Els receptors fixos augmenten la seua complexitat, ja que han de realitzar un procés de Cancel·lació d'Interferència (SIC) sobre la CL per a obtenir l'EL. Per a limitar la complexitat addicional dels receptors fixos, les capes de LDM en ATSC 3.0 estan configurades amb diferents capacitats de correcció, però comparteixen la resta de blocs de la capa física, inclòs el TIL, el PP, la grandària de FFT i el GI. Aquesta dissertació investiga tecnologies avançades per a optimitzar el rendiment de LDM. Primer es proposa una optimització del procés de demapeo per a les dues capes de LDM. L'algoritme proposat aconsegueix un augment de capacitat, en tenir en compte la forma de l'EL en el procés de demapeo de la CL. No obstant açò, el nombre de distàncies Euclidianes a computar pot augmentar significativament, conduint NO sols a receptors fixos més complexos, sinó també a receptors mòbils més complexos. A continuació, es determina la configuració de pilot ATSC 3.0 més adequada per a LDM. Tenint en compte que les dues capes comparteixen el mateix PP, es produeix una contrapartida entre la densitat de pilots (CL) i la redundància sobre les dades (EL). A partir dels resultats de rendiment, es recomana l'ús d'un PP no gaire dens, ja que ja han sigut dissenyats per a fer front a ecos llargs i altes velocitats. L'amplitud pilot òptima depèn de l'estimador de canal en els receptors (ex., es recomana l'amplitud mínima per a una implementació Wiener, mentre que la màxima per a una implementació FFT). També s'investiga la potencial transmissió conjunta de LDM amb tres tecnologies avançades adoptades en ATSC 3.0: les tecnologies d'agregació de MultiRF, els esquemes de MISO distribuït i els de MIMO colocalitzat. S'estudien els potencials casos d'ús, els principals aspectes d'implementació del transmissor i el receptor, i els guanys de rendiment de les configuracions conjuntes per a les dues capes de LDM. Les restriccions addicionals de combinar LDM amb les tecnologies avançades es consideren admissibles, ja que les majors demandes ja estan contemplades en ATSC 3.0 (ex., una segona cadena de recepció). S'obtenen guanys significatius per a la capa mòbil en condicions de recepció per als vianants gràcies a la diversitat en freqüència proporcionada per les tecnologies MultiRF. La conjunció de LDM amb esquemes MISO distribuïts proporciona guanys de rendiment significatius en xarxes SFN per a la capa fixa amb l'esquema d'Alamouti.<br>Garro Crevillén, E. (2018). Advanced Layered Divsion Multiplexing Technologies for Next-Gen Broadcast [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/105559<br>TESIS

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>科技管理所<br>89<br>Due to the progress in digital technologies, digital TV has become an emerging multimedia communications vehicle that will be one of the major broadband accesses to information and entertainment content from home. Because terrestrial TV broadcasting makes use of public resource of radio spectrum, a well conceived government policy is essential to make DTV a driving force to promte the econmic, social cultural and educational development. This research explores the trend of DTV new services and applications, focues on the issues of transmission standards and DTV channel ownership and management. Scholars in media and communication management are surveyed about their opinions, on several aspects in DTV policies and regulations. The findings of this research shall provide as input to the regulators.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>電信管理研究所<br>102<br>Digital terrestrial television (DTT) takes the free-to-air service and delivering emergent message. However, according to National Communications Commission (NCC)’s TV behavior and satisfaction report that the DTT’s penetration is decreasing to 14% due to competition from the other multimedia content platforms and technologies. Cable television (CATV)’s penetration has reached about 83%. The penetration of mainstream internet protocol TV (IPTV) service provided by Chung-Hua telecom (CHT) has reached 12%. There are many kinds of new over the top (OTT) service in the couple years. And NCC has not planned the DTT’s upgrade plan after they held some public hearings. There are still many uncertainties for Taiwan’s DTT development. On May, 2014, in America, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) planned to hold a 600MHz broadcasting spectrum license into auction for mobile use in mid-2015. This recalled us whether we should to allocate as much spectrum resource on DTT as before or not. This research adopted analytic network process (ANP) to find out what are the dimensions and factors that policy makers should care when terminating DTT service. The results indicate that viewers and industrials care the viewers’ dimension the most when DTT service is terminated, and “ways to watch TV after terminating DTT” is the most important factor for both experts. Besides, the officials care the government’s dimension and the “spectrum efficiency” is the most important factor. As for overall experts’ opinion, the viewers’ dimension should be care the most, and the “ways to watch TV after terminating DTT” is the most important factor.

碩士<br>世新大學<br>資訊傳播學研究所(含碩專班)<br>95<br>The digital television will have high-definition, multi channels, interactive interface function,and may enable the user to be allowed to depend on habits to choice and combination reception of TV content. From Digital Terrestrial TV start to test broadcasting, not only covers the traditional television `s content production way,but also causes terrestrial television station, transfers by the early program decision turning to content provider, condition on also faces the big transformation in the content promotion. The digital television have European specification and American specification two systems. The first stage in European specification digital television is changing the interface ,project technology and transmission network into digitization. Second step considers high-definition, motion receive application. The American specification development emphatically the television which broadcast to standard analogy quality transforms into digitization broadcast, does not consider the industrial conformity. Japan is similar American specification, but takes the transformation in the system design by the European technology. Taiwan's digital television development had transformed by American specification to European specification. The European specification first stage, brings multi channels and can motion receive application, suits to develops the multi channels and the vehicle motion the receive. The next stage may further develop high-definition,and motion television`s value.Taiwan is being at the first stage to complete marches into the second stage time, the present localization and the strategy will affect the result which digital terrestrial television will carry out. This research definition Digital Terrestrial TV is: From the production, broadcast,and transmission mode, all transfers from analogy into digital technology,including the entire television station broadcasting,start from digital cameras to the non-linear editing system. After compression the content broadcasts by the television station, and will receive the signal by television to decode, to restore the common television signal to provide the audience to watch television. This research use literature analysis, overseas present situation analysis and industrial correlation research to specifically present Taiwan Digital Terrestrial TV`s marketing. The purpose in this research, expected to penetration Taiwan digital terrestrial TV`s management and marketing managers, to understand Taiwan terrestrial digital television`s content broadcasting present situation, and the experences in the marketing correlation, does for the following terrestrial television`s marketing promotion reference.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>資訊管理系<br>95<br>There are five terrestrial television companies in Taiwan. The oldest one, Taiwan Television Enterprise, Ltd. (TTV) was established , in 1962, and served as a pioneer of Taiwan’s television industry. As broadcasting technologies improves, TTV and the other terrestrial channels broadcast black and white signals, then color footage, and then, from July 2004, digital terrestrial signals. , Taiwan’s television industry has stridden across a new phase since the launch of digital television. The turnover of the fifteen digital terrestrial channels for the past three years did not have any contribution to their mother companies except increase their costs. The hope that digital broadcasting would turn the terrestrial televisions away from the red vanished into air and operating digital broadcasting made it even more difficult to survive for these terrestrial TV stations. At the mean time, the government set a deadline of taking back all the analogue frequencies, which are regarded as rare resources, without considering the loss-making reality of the newly launched digital broadcasting with the fact that more and more players joined in the platform competition including telecommunication and IT industries. European experiences showed that value-added services is the best money-making tools for digital terrestrial broadcasting, which also marks the biggest difference between analogue and digital terrestrial channels in terms of profiting model. Digital terrestrial television have run for three years. That had not been contributed profit for terrestrial television companies till now. Not only becoming fifteen 「video players」,but also increasing business operating cost. Originally, Digitization would be expected to be a business operate turning point, but turn to operating hard just like adding frost to snow. On the government , on the basis of that bandwith is rare resource, always hint to retrieve the analog’s bandwith. Time going, science and technology that make progress. A lot of competition platform join to the market, both Communication and Computer in television domain, and win over audience’s vision. Furthermore, from European development experience had been viewed as The Value-Added Services taken by digital terrestrial television as the best efficient instrument, is the biggest difference with the traditional television. The research probe into the critical success factors of the Value-Added Services for digital terrestrial television, and look into the way how to turn the crisis value-creating vitality. The author has worked for terrestrial televisions for more than two decades. He took part in planning, establishing, and operation of the value-added services of digital terrestrial channels. He has immense interests in topics like how technologies and policies affect markets and its business models. Through persistent observation, participation, and in-depth interviews with top executives of Taiwan’s terrestrial TV stations, he advocates the VALUE framework for operating value-added services for digital broadcasting. VALUE refers to Variety, Alliance, Little Gap, Universal, and Excellence, which are the five pillars of a successful operation. He concludes: (1) Alliance: priority strategy of operating digital televisions (2) Integrating platform of technologies: digital television development strategy (3) Multi-channel synergy: digital TV marketing strategy (4) Multi-platform synergy: digital content planning strategy (5) Long-term systematic operating: digital TV promotion strategy (6) Elite personnel training: strategy for digital TV human resources improvement He believes these strategies will help the terrestrial stations with their revenues and will provide the audience with quality broadcast contents. Keywords: Digital Television, Digital Terrestrial Television, Value-Added Services, Critical Success Factor

碩士<br>世新大學<br>傳播管理學研究所(含碩專班)<br>93<br>The government-planned digitization schedule for Taiwan’s five terrestrial television stations is changing the structure of domestic terrestrial television. The profitable bases of the traditional terrestrial television structures are no longer valid in the digitized environment. Since the terrestrial television stations are symbolic of domestic television structures, this move towards digitization is an important change. It is agreed, amongst those in this field, that the digitization is necessary. However, there is a lack of research and information on the area. Therefore, this paper will investigate the profitable bases for the digitization of Taiwan’s domestic terrestrial television media. This author proposed a model that is unique to the Taiwanese terrestrial television structure based on relevant domestic and international analyses and related studies. On the basis of this model, the author predicted that the profitable bases of this structure depend on actors in the industrial value chain: content provider, content aggregator, service provider, network provider, and consumer facilities provider. Through an in-depth interview of related actors, the information gathered proves the model is valid. Most of the interviewees indicated that the industrial structure is moving towards a horizontal integration as the model proposed by the author suggests. However, some suggested that the industry should stick to the traditional model of vertical management in order to maintain a total television production and management. Through this interview, this author pointed that there are five factors that contribute to the standstill of Taiwan’s terrestrial television structure: unclear definition of a digitized system, a lack of government policies, trend of horizontal integration, and lack of diversified content. In addition, lack of well trained professionals in the industry and are also urgently wanted. In conclusion, the study found that the digital process is hindered, since the industry is prepared –both on the psychological and operation levels- for the arrives of digital age.

碩士<br>國立臺灣師範大學<br>圖文傳播學系<br>93<br>Abstract The 21st century is a digital era. The rapid development of digital technology has made an enormous impact on traditional media. With the rise of numerous new digital media, the traditional media are facing the fate of either to adapt or be replaced. As one of the major broadcasting medium, television has been greatly affected by this digital revolution. The rise of digital television has pushed broadcasting industry into the era of digitization, where the audiences expect not only high quality and variety of programs, but also other value-added services such as interactive multimedia. To network televisions, the biggest concern is the effects on the company’s financial bottom-line after making the large and necessary investment to become compliant to the new standard. Therefore, how to benefit from digital technology, instead of falling into crisis because of change in service nature, has become the main topic for network television management. The purpose of this research is to examine the audiences’ need of value-added services associated with digital television, and to identify thefeatures that the audiences wish to utilize. It is determined that Internet-related value-added functions, such as video-on-demand, net surfing, and file-downloads, are the ones most frequently used by the audiences. The research also found that the audiences are more willing to purchase a digital television if it has more value-added functions they are interested in. While surveying the network industry, it was noted that there appear to be a huge disparity between the planned offerings by the networks and what the audiences are actually demanding. The network industry, under pressure to generate profit, believes interactive shopping is the must-have feature, while the audiences placed their emphasis on service convenience. In fact, interactive shopping is the last among the value-added features the audiences will consider when making decision on whether to purchase a digital television. Clearly, the broadcasters and the audiences have a very different view on market demand. It is hoped that the broadcasting industry will take into consideration the findings and recommendations presented in this thesis while formulating management strategies in the digital era.

A research report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in ICT Policy and Regulation to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2016<br>South Africa has a nascent community television sector, which is legislated as a tier of broadcasting. This sector is important in deepening democracy, creating access to information, giving communities the space to share information, and expanding media ownership to communities beyond the public and commercial television broadcasting sectors. Since 2007, when Soweto TV was the first community television station to be licensed, the processes towards migrating analogue to digital terrestrial television have been beset with delays and the experience of the community TV sector with respect to this migration have been not well understood. The conceptual-analytical framework for this historical study of the period 2007 to 2014 drew on the key themes of sector and institutional governance including the effectiveness of policy and regulation, technological advancement, content and services. Using a constructivist methodology the key documents pertaining to broadcast digital migration were reviewed and interviews were conducted with three community TV stations, Soweto TV, Bay TV and Cape Town TV, as well as with the policy-maker, the regulator and sector experts. The findings revealed that the community television (CTV) sector was faced with problems of sector and institutional governance not being effectively addressed in legislation and regulation, stagnation as a result of lack of spectrum in the analogue television-broadcasting dispensation and limitations on content provision. Using McConnell’s 2010 framework, analysis of the data led to the conclusion that the DTTM programme has failed with respect to the community TV sector. Advances for the CTV sector will require revision to legislation and future regulation to guide the governance of the CTV sector and the digital terrestrial television migration should be concluded without further delay, in order to enable the sector to grow. Although CTV stations are providing content to communities, the opportunity for them to make a greater impact, if digital terrestrial television (DTT) is finally launched, should be prioritised as the new technology can provide them with the scope to expand their content offerings.<br>MT2017

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電子工程系<br>94<br>In the recent decade, our government has been promoting the development of digital television (DTV) in Taiwan with ceaseless efforts. Under the government support and promotion, the incumbent 5 local TV operators have established their terrestrial DTV networks and launched commercial broadcasts networks over the whole island for a couple of years. Meanwhile, the government already announced the switch-off of analog TV at the end of 2010. Obviously, the terrestrial DTV (TDTV) will play an important role in the broadcasting industry in the near future. Currently, local TDTV broadcasts are based on the DVB-T transmission standard, which allows multi-channel transmission of DTV programs and services in a large capacity and diverse convergence with other communication streams. However, although the DVB-T networks have now been in operation for more than 2 years, there are few surveys or studies to identify whether or not the DTV signals are universally receivable by local consumers. Hence, the coverage of terrestrial DTV services in Taiwan remains unjustified. In particular, Taiwan’s topographical and geographical conditions are too complicated to allow good and comprehensive reception of DTV signals. These circumstances would somehow have impact on the development of the DTV industry in Taiwan. Under this scenario, it is necessary to spend more efforts on the study of the DTV radio-wave coverage over the island and provide useful references for the DTV consumers, operators and manufacturers. And this concept serves the initiative of this Study. This study is aimed at the measurement and analysis on the coverage of DTV signals in Great Taipei Area. The potential factors regarding the propagation loss of the DTV signals are part of the measuring and analyzing operations. The measured targets include urban, dense urban, and hilly/valley areas for outdoor reception as well as open space, semi-open and closed space for indoor reception. In indoor measurement, a block-proportioned analysis scheme is applied to calculate the coverage rages of the indoor received signals. In outdoor measurement, a picture-layer analysis method is adopted to figure out the coverage rates of the outdoor reception. In practical operation, field measurement is performed in parallel with simulated measurement using a software simulator. All of these efforts are made to find out working schemes and propagation modes feasible for measurement on local environments and to define the relations of the field strengths between outdoor and indoor reception as a reference mode available in Taiwan.

碩士<br>國立臺中技術學院<br>多媒體設計研究所<br>94<br>This research is based on the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) for Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) in Taiwan. We present a novel method of Television-Commerce (T-commerce) for the Digital TV and Mobile Commerce Integrated System (DTVMC). DTVMC can process and integrate content from the TV and websites that conform to the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). 　The DTV has become one of the most important media in the new century. Compared to the Analog TV, the DTV provides higher quality interactive video and audio programs. To study the DVB-T business model in Taiwan, we use the Value Net and Value Chain theories to analyze the competition and cooperation scheme and the possible modes of operation for relevant industries. In this research, we utilize scenario analysis to conceptualize and develop systems for the DTVMC. Finally, we use this framework as the basis of designing and implementing the DTVMC prototype. Preliminary tests of this system show that it achieves three objectives: 1. Enrich the content of DTV programs, 2. Establish DVB-T business models that diversify management and profit-generating methods, 3. Provide a basis for related future research.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>傳播研究所<br>98<br>Taiwan’s five terrestrial television stations started their process of digital conversion in 1998, and all the terrestrial television stations have finished their digitalization in 2004. However, most people in Taiwan do not feel a need to have digital television, which has greatly slowed down the diffusion process of digital terrestrial television in Taiwan. This study adopted the technology acceptance model (TAM) as theoretical framework to examine the factors that influenced the adoption of digital terrestrial television in Taiwan. A telephone survey with 300 valid interviews was used to collect data for this study. The data analysis shows that most assumptions proposed by TAM were supported except that social norms did not have a significant effect on the adoption intention. More findings are discussed in this thesis.

碩士<br>佛光大學<br>傳播學系<br>99<br>The national digital terrestrial television now has been developed for nearly ten years but no significant improvement was shown with regard to its popularity rate. Spearheaded by scholars in various industries in recent years, Pinglin Township in Taipei County completed the experimental “digital switchover” by the end of July 2010. The National Communication Commission (NCC) also plans to release 5-Second Single Frequency Network Licenses and 2 Mobile Reception Licenses next year infuse relevant funds, which had been done since 2010, so as to take such supporting measures as reinforcing the signal transmitting station and providing subsidies to the digital terrestrial television set-up boxes. It is expected to formally stop the analogue broadcast and complete the digital transformation nationwide by 2011. The Government spares no efforts to popularize the digital terrestrial television, which is supposed to be welcomed by all citizens; however, there is still a need to examine the development difficulties of the digital terrestrial television from the perspective of the audience. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) of Davis (1989), plus the Extended TAM proposed by Moon & Kim (2001) when they studied Internet acceptability as its framework, this study aims to discuss the correlation among the “external factors”, “internal behavior ideation” and “individual willingness to use” of 300 people from Yilan District during their use of the digital terrestrial television. The study results show that: 1. The impact on “perceived usefulness” is greater than that on “perceived usability”, which conforms to the hypothesis put forward by Davis (1989). “Perceived entertainability” of the internal behavior ideation has the greatest impact on the willingness to use, “perceived usefulness” and “perceived usability” are the second, and the third impact factors. 2. Several variances of the external factors have fairly intervening effects and influence on both the internal behavior ideation and individual willingness to use, wherein “subjective norm” has the strongest effect. 3. “Subjective norm” contains “external influence” and “interpersonal influence” that are, however, further distinguished in the questionnaire of this study, therefore, it is unable to find out whether the effect of media or the peer group has greater influence.

The continuous developments made on the network infrastructures allow to provide quality in multimedia services over-the-top. Also, mobile data traffic has been increasingly growing along with smartphone’s capabilities. This growth motivates the creation of multi-platform solutions that can target not only these devices but, in the case of the IPTV world, also the set-top-boxes, smart televisions and computers. HTTP streaming is a technique directed to stream over-the-top multimedia. Many global platforms make use of HTTP streaming, with names like Youtube or Netflix. In this work, a server architecture for streaming the public Portuguese channels as well as a multiplatform client architecture are proposed. The proposed software can be deployed on any regular server and provide extra functionalities such as tv listings. The client can run on any Media Source Extension (MSE) browser, without the need of any plugin like Flash. Finally, some tests were made on the two entities (server and client) in order to test the performance of the server and behaviour of the client through different network conditions.<br>Os constantes desenvolvimentos a nível de infraestrutura de rede permitem fornecer serviços multimedia de qualidade sobre redes IP. Além disso, tráfego de dados em redes móveis tem crescido com o aumento de capacidades dos dispositivos móveis inteligentes, crescimento esse que motivou a criação de soluçõesmulti-plataformaquepodemdirecionarnãosóessesmesmosdispositivos, mas, no caso do mundo IPTV, também as set-top-boxes, televisores inteligentes e computadores. HTTP streaming é uma técnica direcionada a transmissão de dados multimedia sobre redes IP. Várias plataformas a nível global fazem uso de streaming HTTP, sendo Youtube ou Netflix dos exemplos mais conhecidos. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma arquitetura para um servidor de streaming dos canais públicos Portugueses, bem como, uma arquitetura de cliente multiplataforma. O software proposto pode ser implementado emqualquerservidorregularefornecerfuncionalidadesextra,comogrelhade programação. O cliente é suportado por qualquer navegador Media Source Extension (MSE) sem a necessidade de programas ou extensões adicionais, como o Flash. Finalmente, foram feitos alguns testes nas duas entidades (servidor e cliente) para testar o desempenho do servidor e o comportamento do cliente através de diferentes condições a nível de rede.<br>Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ciências da Comunicação (área de especialização em Especialização em Audiovisual e Multimédia)<br>O distrito de Bragança é, por vezes, negligenciado nas noticias que passam nos canais generalistas, quer seja em termos de promoção da região quer pelo levantamento de assuntos de interesse para os seus habitantes. Este é o mote para o presente trabalho: o estudo da viabilidade para a criação de um canal de televisão em que temática incide sobre o distrito de Bragança, seja pela programação seja pelo acesso generalizado com recurso às plataformas tecnológicas para a sua transmissão. Neste trabalho será aprofundada a importância de haver nas plataformas da Web uma forma de fazer chegar a um universo mais lato os conteúdos sobre a região, encurtando distâncias entre o local e o público.􀀁 Em várias regiões do país foram criados canais de televisão regional, sendo que em Bragança, apesar de várias tentativas, nunca foi possível uma implementação do mesmo. Sendo considerada uma das regiões mais negligenciadas do país, era justificável a região já possuir este meio de comunicação. A falta de investimento dos órgãos de comunicação local neste meio é justificável pela falta de retorno monetário do mesmo, mas também porque os meios possíveis de transmissão não são acessíveis a todos os cidadão da região, principalmente porque a população da região está envelhecida e não tem ou não sabe aceder aos meios de transmissão existentes e possíveis para a criação da plataforma. O meio de implementação, para reduzir custos e pela viabilidade só poderá ser via Web, logo teria de existir uma sensibilização e uma divulgação forte dentro da região. Quanto a custos, deveria empreender-se uma campanha de angariação de publicidade, para posteriormente se realizarem spots publicitários, para que se pudesse reduzir as perdas monetárias. Dada a proximidade geográfica, será convocado a título comparativo a realidade verificada na vizinha Espanha com o processo de migração para a TDT, a televisão digital terrestre, que veio alargar a projeção das suas várias regiões por meio de canais regionais existentes na grelha nacional espanhola.<br>The district of Bragança is often overlooked on the news presented on generalista channels, whether in terms of promotion of the region, or on the raising of issues of interest to its inhabitants. This is the motto for this work: the study of the feasibility of creating a TV channel focused on the district of Bragança, through its programmes and generalized access by using technological platforms for its transmission. It will be further investigated the importance of the Web platforms as a way to reach a broader universe with the information on the region, shortening distances between the local and the public scene. Regional TV channels have been created in several regions of the country, but in Bragança, despite several attempts, its implementation was never possible. Being considered one of the most neglected regions of the country, it was reasonable to already have this kind of media on the region of Bragança. The lack of investment of the local media is justified by its lack of financial return, but also because these kind of broadband transmission media are not accessible to all citizens, mainly because the population of the region is aged and does not have access or does not know how to access the existing broadband transmission media that make possible the creation of the platform. To reduce costs and be feasible, the implementation could only be made via Web, which implies a strong promotion and consciousness campaign within the region. As for costs, it should be undertaken an advertising fund raising campaign and, subsequently, the creation of advertising spots, in order to reduce financial losses. Given the geographic proximity, this reality will be compared with the reality verified in neighbouring Spain, regarding to the migration process to DTT, Digital terrestrial television, which extended the visibility of its various regions through the regional channels broadcast in the Spanish national grid.

This thesis describes digital television transition in the United States. Its goal is to introduce the way how digital television broadcasting in the United States was formed and analog broadcasting was switched off, and how these changes affected American television market and usage of broadcasting spectrum. In the first part I explain a context in which American television market has been formed and has developed until the beginning of 1990s, when the debate about digital television broadcasting commenced. Reason for a development of the new television norm was a desire to broadcast in high definition. Establishment of ATSC norm is explained in 4th chapter. Following chapter describes how digital television coverage grew and what the expenses were for viewers. The thesis then describes spectrum auctions and changes in the television market which digital television transition brought. When the transition ended need for a new debate about television emerged because current norm is becoming obsolete and did not allow broadcasting in ultra high definition. This lead to the development of ATSC 3.0 norm which allows broadcasting more programs in terrestrial television broadcasting and allows expanding terrestrial broadcasting to other mobile devices.

Com o crescimento das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs), a Televisão Analógica Terrestre se tornou obsoleta frente às tecnologias entrantes, por não oferecer serviços tecnológicos de qualidade aos seus utilizadores. Assim, faz-se impreterível a migração das Emissoras de Televisão do sistema analógico para o digital. Nesse contexto, a investigação visou a o estudo de viabilidade, nos planos tecnológico e econômico-financeiro, para a implantação da Televisão Digital Terrestre (TDT), estudo esse suportado num modelo criado para esse efeito. Para tanto, a investigação levantou, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e estudo de caso, aspectos tecnológicos e de gestão referentes à TDT, tendo como foco a realidade brasileira. Esses levantamentos serviram de subsídio para a formação das alternativas tecnológicas possíveis na implantação da TDT e também para a concepção dos modelos de negócio utilizando o datacasting. As análises efetuadas mostraram-se eficientes na escolha da tecnologia e dos modelos de negócios. Definidos os modelos, realizou-se uma análise econômica e financeira, a qual mostra que os modelos de negócios através do datacasting e com as configurações tecnológicas utilizadas são economicamente viáveis. A solução proposta está consubstanciada no modelo formulado, o qual resulta da análise crítica dos modelos estudados, permitindo assim, responder à problemática e ao problema de investigação e fundamentar a viabilidade tecnológica e econômicofinanceira relacionada com o objeto e objetivos desta investigação. O modelo permitiu, também, evidenciar que, além da interação com o espectador, a TDT constitui um poderoso meio de distribuição de dados e abre novas frentes de pesquisa nesta área de conhecimento.<br>The increased development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) turned Analog Terrestrial Television obsolete when compared to new coming technologies, as it cannot provide quality technological services to its users. Thus, the migration of analog Television Stations to digital is imperative. In this context, this research aimed at the feasibility study, in the technological and financial economic plans, for the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) implantation and it was supported by an appropriate model that was developed. This model took into account a deep literature review, where different case studies, including technological and management aspects related to DTT, were analysed and adapted to the Brazilian reality. These studies were considered for the possible formation of alternative technologies in the deployment of DTT and also for the design of business models using datacasting. This analysis was effective for the selection of the adopted technological and business models. After defining the proposed models, an economic and financial analysis was performed, which shows that the business models for datacasting, with the technological configurations used, are economically viable. The proposed solution is consolidated in the model formulated, which results from a critical analysis of the studied models, thus, to respond to the problematic and research problem identified and to support the technological, financial and economic feasibility related to the purpose and objectives of this research. The proposed solution also shows that, besides the possibility of interaction with viewers, DTT is a powerful system for data distribution that opens a wide range of new opportunities in this field.

Innowacyjność jest wpisana w dzieje rozwoju ludzkości ale jej byt często pozostawał poza kontrolą twórcy, przekształcając jego intencje i zyskując autonomię. Historia innowacji technologicznych to historia powolnych zmian, przyjmowanych i rozwijanych przez całe pokolenia. Rewolucja technologiczna przekształciła ten proces, powołując do życia maszyny, zmieniające kształt społeczeństwa w czasie życia jednego pokolenia. Ilość nowoczesnych zmian technologicznych, jakie wprowadzono od pojawienia się silnika parowego, była często źródłem cierpienia całych grup społecznych, stając się przyczynkiem do niepokojów XX wieku. Wraz z zakończeniem II Wojny Światowej społeczeństwa nie zaprzestały rozwoju. Masowe innowacje zaczęto jednak coraz częściej przeprowadzać w sposób ściśle zaplanowany i z wykorzystaniem badań społecznych. Zamiast narzucać zmiany, tworzono nowoczesne kampanie informacyjne, skłaniając obywateli do zaangażowania we wprowadzanie nowych technologii, niwelując problem wykluczenia. W dziejach ludzkości pojawiła się, jak twierdzę, zmiana mandatoryjna - złożony proces, który pozwolił na ograniczenie społecznych kosztów zmian, wprowadzanych odgórnie przez państwa narodowe. Temu poświęciłem moją pracę, studia opierając na teoretycznej analizie cyfryzacji naziemnej telewizji w krajach Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce.<br>Innovation is inscribed in the history of human development, but its existence often remained out of control of the developer and gained autonomy, while the developer’s intentions were transformed. The history of technological innovation is a story of slow change, adopted and developed throughout the life of whole generations. The Technological Revolution has transformed this process by bringing machines to life that have changed the shape of society within the time span of a single generation. The amount of modern technological changes that have been made since the appearance of the steam engine was often a source of suffering among entire social groups, making a contribution to the unrests of the 20th century. Societies did not cease the development with the end of World War II. Mass innovations were carried out in a strictly scheduled way and with the use of social research. Rather than imposing changes, modern campaigns were created, prompting citizens to get involved in the introduction of new technologies; thus, bridging the problem of exclusion and divide. The history of humanity has seen the appearance of mandatory change - a complex process which helped to reduce the social costs of the changes imposed by the nation state. I have devoted my work to this issue and based my studies on the theoretical analysis of the digitization of terrestrial television in the European Union and Poland.

This is an exploratory study conducted to assess the way in which social media could enhance the experience for audiences of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) television drama. This study focused on Facebook and Twitter since they are two of the top five social media networks that are popular in the country and which have the potential to offer television more mileage in terms of communicating with its audience and extending its reach. The guiding theory for this study was uses and gratifications theory. This theory was employed to assist in assessing the opportunities that exist for SABC television drama, as well as to assess the ways in which the audience believe social media could be helpful in interacting with SABC television drama. The results for this study are interesting in that the majority of respondents believed that having a hashtag on screen during a drama broadcast would help to increase interactivity with the programme, as it could help direct audiences to the correct interactive space for that programme and they would be able to share their ideas and comments on the drama directly with the producers, making feedback immediate. It was interesting to note that the respondents believed that they could interact with SABC television drama for information relating to the story. The findings suggest that SABC television drama needs to actively adopt social media in its programmes for maximum interaction. There is also the need for an understanding of how they Facebook and Twitter could be embedded in SABC drama.<br>Communication Science<br>M.A. (Communication Science)

Diploma thesis examines the form of television market in the age of digitalized terrestrial broadcasting with regard to the extent to which there can be found genre innovations, wider scale of origin countries and the placement of its own or foreign programme premieres. For this purpose, it concentrates on eight new digital channels distributed in terrestrial network; available nationwide, not monothematic and having audience share of at least around one percent. In the theoretical part, there is briefly summarized the history of the digitalization process in the Czech Republic, there are profiles of examined TV channels and thesis also presents extinct or minor digital channels shortly. For research purpose, thesis uses quantitative analysis methodology; it allows to explore larger amount of materials and achieve the general knowledge. The results consist of the comparison between the eight channels in three categories, description of the evolution of programme in the course of the time compared to the first month of broadcasting and contextual contrast using partial analysis of broadcasting of main and then only analogue available channels . The major positive aspect of the new channels is a higher degree of ambiguity genre. However, U.S. still holds important role as origin country of the programmes.

Ao longo dos tempos, os sistemas de transmissão de televisão beneficiaram de vários avanços tecnológicos e já há cerca de três décadas que a transmissão digital dos sinais televisivos se tornaram uma realidade. Até agora são conhecidas 5 normas da televisão digital, doravante designada de TVD (ATSC, DVB, ISDB, SBTVD e DMB). Vários países já adotaram o sistema da TVD, devido às inúmeras vantagens que esta apresenta, para os broadcasters, operadores da televisão, fabricantes de equipamentos, entidades gestores do espetro radioelétrico e os utilizadores finais, nos mais variados sentidos. A TVD proporcionou uma maior quantidade e qualidade de canais, aparecimento de canais temáticos, variedade de informações e serviços, maior interatividade e facilidade de ligação com os outros meios de comunicação da atualidade. Sendo normas digitais apresentam menos largura de banda por canal, mais robustez à deformação do sinal pelo canal de transmissão e imunidade aos efeitos de múltiplos percursos, além de permitir uma utilização e gestão mais eficiente do espetro de radiofrequência, já que os recursos são limitados e serão muito úteis para vários outros futuros projetos tecnológicos. Vendo estas infinitas vantagens da transição da televisão analógica para digital, o presente trabalho visa fazer uma análise cuidadosa dos vários sistemas e normas já existentes, das dificuldades nas suas implementações, dos constrangimentos da transmissão, do espetro, e de planear a implementação da TDT, nomeadamente a norma DVB-T/H, em Cabo Verde, com o caso de estudo da Ilha de Santiago.<br>Over time, television broadcasting systems have benefited from many technological advances and the digital broadcasting of TV signals has become a reality for some two decades now. So far 5 Digital Television standards are known, henceforth called DTV (ATSC, DVB, ISDB, SBTVD and DMB). Several countries have already adopted the DTV system, due to the numerous advantages it presents for broadcasters, television operators, equipment manufacturers, radio spectrum managers and end users in a wide range of ways. DTV provides a greater quantity and quality of channels, thematic channel appearances, variety of information and services, greater interactivity and ease of connection with the other media of today. Being digital standards, they have less bandwidth per channel, are more robustness to the deformation of the signal by the transmission channel and immunity to the multi-effects effects, besides allowing a more efficient use and management of radio spectrum, since it is limited and will be very useful for several future technological projects. Seeing these infinite advantages of the transition from analogue to digital television, the present work aims to make a careful analysis of the various existing systems and norms, the difficulties in their implementations, the constraints of transmission, the frequency spectrum, and to plan the DTV implementation, namely DVB-T/H, in Cape Verde, namely, in the Santiago island.