Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'De-Broglie'

Orientador: Roberto de Andrade Martins
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo:Este trabalho estuda a história do conceito da dualidade onda-partícula, do início do século XX (trabalhos de Albert Einstein) até o surgimento da teoria de Louis de Broglie. O primeiro capítulo descreve a história inicial da teoria quântica, do estudo da radiação do corpo negro até 1909, dando ênfase especialmente às idéias de Einstein a respeito da natureza da luz, e outras interpretações corpusculares da radiação (William Bragg, J. J. Thomson e Johannes Stark). Nenhuma dessas propostas pode ser descrita como uma síntese dos conceitos de onda e partícula. O segundo capítulo descreve os principais episódios relevantes de 1909 até 1922. Durante esse período, a teoria quântica teve um forte desenvolvimento, especialmente após a Conferência Solvay de 1911 e depois do surgimento da teoria de Niels Bohr sobre os espectros atômicos. No entanto, a natureza do quantum e da radiação permaneceram obscuras. Entretanto, pesquisas sobre raios X trouxeram o problema da dualidade à tona, porque essa radiação exibe de um modo notável várias propriedades corpusculares, embora também exiba propriedades ondulatórias na difração por cristais. A descoberta do efeito Compton em 1922-1923 foi também uma fortíssima evidência a favor da natureza corpuscular dos raios x. Os capítulos seguintes descrevem o trabalho de Louis de Broglie. Seu ponto de partida foi o estudo experimental dos raios X, no laboratório de seu irmão (Maurice). Em 1922, De Broglie publicou seus primeiros estudos teóricos sobre os quanta de luz, e no ano seguinte desenvolveu as idéias fundamentais de sua teoria sobre a dualidade onda-partícula tanto para a luz quanto para a matéria. Os primeiros trabalhos de Louis de Broglie são analisados no capítulo 3, e sua tese de doutoramento, apresentada em 1924, é discutida no capítulo 4. A principal contribuição da presente dissertação é a análise detalhada dos trabalhos de De Broglie, de 1922 a 1924. O último capítulo apresenta uma breve visão de desenvolvimentos posteriores, tais como a conflrlnação experimental das propriedades ondulatórias dos elétrons e a influência da teoria de De Broglie sobre Schrõdinger
Abstract:This work studies the history of the concept of wave-particle duality , from the beginning of the 20th century (Albert Einstein's works) to the emergence of Louis de Broglie's theory. The flfSt chapter describes the early history of quantum theory, from the study of black-body radiation to 1909, with special emphasis upon Einstein's ideas about the nature of light and other corpuscular interpretations of radiation (William Bragg, J. J. Thomson and Johannes Stark). None of those proposals can be described as a synthesis of the wave and particle concepts. The second chapter describes the main relevant episodes from 1909 to 1922. During this period, quantum theory underwent a strong development, especially after the Solvay Conference of 1911 and Niels Bohr' s theory of atomic spectra. The nature of the quantum and of radiation, however, remained obscure. Research on X rays, however, brought the duality problem to the front position, because this radiation exhibited in a remarkable way several corpuscular properties, while it also displayed wave properties in crystal diffraction. The discovery of the Compton effect in 1922-1923 was also a very strong evidence for the corpuscular nature of X rays. The following chapters describe the work of Louis de Broglie. His starting point was the experimental study of X rays, in his brother' s (Maurice) laboratory .In 1922, de Broglie published his first theoretical studies about light quanta, and in the next year he developed the fundamental ideas of his theory of wave-particle duality for both light and matter. Louis de Broglie's flfSt papers are analyzed in chapter 3, and his PhD thesis, presented in 1924, is discussed in chapter 4. The detailed analysis of de Broglie' s works from 1922 to 1924 is the main contribution of the present dissertation. The last chapter gives a brief survey of later developments, such as the experimental confirmation of the wave properties of electrons and the influence of de Broglie' s theory upon Schrõdinger
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física

Un capteur inertiel a interférométrie atomique utilisant des atomes froids d'un atome alcalin, le césium 133, est réalise a l'observatoire de Paris. Il se compose de deux interféromètres temporels a ondes de Broglie disposes tête-bêche. Chacun d'eux permet de mesurer les accélérations et rotations du référentiel de laboratoire par rapport au référentiel inertiel des atomes. L'accélération de Coriolis est calculée par soustraction des deux signaux obtenus. On utilise comme source un nuage d'atomes captures dans un piège magnéto-optique. Lances en vol parabolique, la trajectoire classique des atomes est séparée en deux chemins interféromètriques distincts par action sur l'état interne de l'atome couplé à un changement de son impulsion. L'interféromètre est de type ramsey-borde symétrique. La séparation, la déviation et la recombinaison des fonctions d'onde cohérentes sont assurées par trois transitions Raman a deux photons, entre les niveaux hyperfins du niveau fondamental du césium, par un seul et unique faisceau module temporellement. Ce travail dresse un premier bilan métrologique de l'appareil. La mesure est intrinsèquement limitée par le bruit blanc de projection quantique. Les bruits mécaniques de rotation et de température des atomes ont un niveau plus élevé. Un terme croise entre la non-superposition des trajectoires des deux faisceaux atomiques contra-propageants et les défauts de front d'ondes des faisceaux Raman dégrade la stabilité du signal. Les bruits de phase des faisceaux Raman, même s'ils sont identiques sur les deux interféromètres et disparaissent par soustraction, doivent être minimises. Il en va de même des accélérations parasites. L'étude théorique de la diffraction suivant la loi des matrices A,B,C,D d'un paquet d'ondes de mode hérmito-gaussien, et régie par l'équation de Schrödinger a hamiltonien quadratique en positon et impulsion, affine le calcul de l'effet Sagnac et du déphasage résiduel du aux aberrations optiques
An inertial sensor using matter-wave interferometry with cold alcalii atoms (133 cesium) is under construction at the observatoire de Paris. Two counter- propagating temporal atomic interferometers measure accelerations and rotations of the laboratory frame compared to the inertial frame of the atoms. Carioles acceleration is calculated by subtraction of both signals. The source is a cloud of atoms captured in a magnetic optical trap. The atoms are launched in parabolic flight and separated in two classical trajectories by acting on their internal state coupled to their external impulse state. A symmetric Ramsey-borde interferometer is used : separation, deviation and recombination of the coherent wave functions is made by three two-photon Raman transitions between both hyperfine levels of the cesium ground level with a single temporal modulated laser. This work draws an error budget of the apparatus. Quantum projection white noise is the intrinsic limitation of the measure. Rotation mechanical noises and temperature fluctuations of the clouds have a higher level. A cross effect between optical aberrations of the Raman lasers and non-superposition of the counter-propagating atomic streams decreases signal stability. The phase noise of the Raman lasers, so as parasite accelerations, even disappearing by subtraction because they are equal on both interferometers, must be minimized. The theoretical study was about the diffraction of an hermite-gauss wave packet subdued to Schrödinger equation with an Hamiltonian which is quadratic in position and impulse. It has sharpened the calculation of the Sagnac effect and the residual phase shift due to optical aberrations

Le chapitre introductif de la presente these situe son objet: presenter la physique en particulier la mecanique ondulatoire et la pensee de louis de broglie, ainsi que les eventuelles influences qui ont permis leur elaboration. Notre travail se subdivise en trois parties. La premiere partie, articulee en cinq chapitres, est consacree a la mecanique ondulatoire: sa naissance, son accueil, l'ecriture de ses equations dans les cas non relativiste (equation d'onde de schrodinger) et relativiste (theories de l'electron de dirac et du photon de de broglie). La deuxieme partie, comprenant egalement cinq chapitres, traite de l'interpretation de la mecanique ondulatoire, qui peut etre indeterministe (interpretation probabiliste, dite de l'ecole de copenhague) ou deterministe (theorie de la double solution de de broglie). En 1927, de broglie abandonne sa theorie au profit de l'indeterminisme copenhaguien, mais la reprend en 1952. La troisieme partie de la these, forte de trois chapitres et intitulee l'ecole de de broglie, evoque la physique et l'epistemologie de six eleves de de broglie, en montrant leurs ressemblances et leurs differences d'avec le maitre. Sont retenus jean-louis destouches, qui oscille entre indeterminisme et determinisme ; olivier costa de beauregard, qui allie la physique a la para-physique ; marie-antoinette tonnelat, qui privilegie la relativite a la mecanique quantique ; jean-pierre vigier, qui insiste sur une causalite non-locale ; mioara mugur-schachter, qui penche pour une conceptualisation probabiliste et logique ; georges lochak, qui s'efforce d'etre le plus fidele possible au maitre. En fonction de cela, l'avenir du modele broglien est presente. La these se termine par une conclusion generale, qui reprend la facon dont louis de broglie a construit sa theorie deterministe en s'inspirant de savants comme descartes, poincare et einstein

A detailed theoretical investigation of the reflection of an atomic de Broglie wave at an evanescent wave mirror is presented. The classical and the semiclassical descriptions of the reflection process are reviewed, and a full wave-mechanical approach based on the analytical soution of the corresponding Schrödinger equation is presented. The phase shift at reflection is calculated exactly and interpreted in terms of instantaneous reflection of the atom at an effective mirror. Besides the semiclassical regime of reflection describable by the WKB method, a pure quantum regime of reflection is identified in the limit where the incident de Broglie wavelength is large compared to the evanescent wave decay length.

In this thesis, properties of particle trajectories associated with the de Broglie-Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics are studied. These trajectories are shown to exhibit deterministic chaos and adiabatic invariance under certain conditions. The very basic elements of the causal interpretation are presented in the first chapter. These include the equations of motion for the particle and the quantum potential. A brief discussion of the philosophically agreeable features of the theory is also included. In Chapter 2, properties of chaotic systems are studied. We define deterministic chaos for a flow and present methods for calculating the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The properties of the different types of systems and the conditions that lead to chaos in these systems are analyzed. We study in detail the specific example of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator in Chapter 3. We find that different types of trajectories include those which are periodic and chaotic. The necessary conditions for obtaining chaos are determined for a superposition of stationary states. Systems which are qualitatively similar to the harmonic oscillator are covered in Chapter 4. These include the two-dimensional infinite well, an infinite well bisected by a finite barrier, and a Rydberg atom in an external electromagnetic field. In Chapter 5, the effect of a spin 1/2 wavefunction is considered. The causal equations of motion for a spin 1/2 particle are introduced. We find that chaotic trajectories are easily obtained. The causal analogue of the geometric phase is defined in Chapter 6. This phase is shown to be an adiabatic invariant for periodic trajectories. We define the geometric frequency for both periodic and aperiodic trajectories. Finally, in Chapter 7 we examine trajectories associated with stationary states. We define necessary conditions for chaos to arise in the trajectories. The properties of entangled boson and fermion systems are analyzed.

Unique français parmi les fondateurs de la mécanique quantique, Louis de Broglie est une figuremajeure de l'histoire de la physique française du XXème siècle. Il devient grâce à son prix Nobel dephysique en 1929 le personnage central de la physique théorique française. Dans les récits usuelsportant sur la physique française du XXème siècle, la mécanique quantique est décrite comme s'étanttrès lentement diffusée en France, et il est souvent admis que peu de physiciens de ce pays l'utilisèrentavant la fin de la seconde guerre. De Broglie est souvent désigné comme le grand responsable de cetétat de fait et est dépeint comme un représentant type d'une pratique de physique théorique obsolète.De plus, son rôle institutionnel et sa responsabilité dans l'isolationnisme français sont dénoncés.Le but de ce travail est, premièrement, d'éclairer les modalités de la diffusion de la mécaniquequantique en France et le rôle de Louis de Broglie dans ce processus. Ce faisant, mon propos apporterade fortes nuances aux habituels récits portant sur cet aspect de l'histoire de la physique française duXXème siècle. Deuxièmement, je montrerai que l'essor de domaines tels que la physique des particules,la physique du solide et la physique nucléaire après la seconde guerre mondiale introduit unchangement dans les pratiques des jeunes théoriciens par rapport aux pratiques qui régnaient autour deLouis de Broglie. Je serai alors en mesure d'expliquer pourquoi l'héritage de Louis de Broglie au seinde la physique française de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle est si peu revendiqué, tout en évitant detomber dans le piège des jugements rétrospectifs et péjoratifs.

The de Broglie-Bohm causal interpretation of quantum mechanics is discussed, and applied to the hydrogen atom in several contexts. Prominent critiques of the causal program are noted and responses are given; it is argued that the de Broglie-Bohm theory is of notable interest to physics. Using the causal theory, electron trajectories are found for the conventional Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac hydrogen eigenstates. In the Schrödinger case, an additional term is used to account for the spin; this term was not present in the original formulation of the theory but is necessary for the theory to be embedded in a relativistic formulation. In the Schrödinger, Pauli and Dirac cases, the eigenstate trajectories are shown to be circular, with electron motion revolving around the z-axis. Electron trajectories are also found for the 1s-2p0 transition problem under the Schrödinger equation; it is shown that the transition can be characterized by a comparison of the trajectory to the relevant eigenstate trajectories. The structures of the computed trajectories are relevant to the question of the possible evolution of a quantum distribution towards the standard quantum distribution (quantum equilibrium); this process is known as quantum relaxation. The transition problem is generalized to include all possible transitions in hydrogen stimulated by semi-classical radiation, and all of the trajectories found are examined in light of their implications for the evolution of the distribution to the standard distribution. Several promising avenues for future research are discussed.

Ce mémoire examine de façon critique les réflexions apportées par Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) à la compréhension du passage de la mécanique classique à la mécanique quantique. Après avoir cerné la dichotomie onde-corpuscule instaurée en mécanique classique par la théorie corpusculaire newtonienne et ondulatoire maxwellienne, nous examinons comment, selon de Broglie, la coexistence ou la corrélation des ondes et des corpuscules dans la matière a permis de dépasser cette contradiction et de fonder la mécanique ondulatoire et quantique sur de nouvelles bases. Suite à la présentation de la synthèse broglienne de la mécanique ondulatoire, il ressort de cette analyse que le passage de la mécanique classique à la mécanique quantique résulte de l’évolution du concept de matière. L’onde et le corpuscule de la mécanique classique cèdent désormais la place à la « particule-quanton ». À partir de ce monisme quantique, nous avons analysé, dans la dernière partie de ce travail, les implications épistémologiques de la philosophie scientifique de de Broglie. L’intervention du quantum d’action ayant remis en cause les fondements de la mécanique classique, la modification de ces principes a pour corollaire la crise de l’objectivité mécanique et l’échec du mécanisme classique.
This Master’s thesis critically examines the reflections brought by Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) to the understanding of the transition from classical to quantum mechanics. Afterhaving identified the wave-corpuscule dichotomy established in classical mechanics by Newtonian and Maxwellian corpuscular and wave theory, we examine how, according to de Broglie, the coexistence or correlation of waves and corpuscles in matter made it possible to overcome this contradiction and to base wave and quantum mechanics on new foundations. Following the presentation of the broglian synthesis of wave mechanics, it emerges from this analysis that the transition from classical to quantum mechanics results from the evolution ofthe concept of matter. The wave and corpuscle of classical mechanics are now giving way to the “quantum particle”. From this quantum monism, we have analyzed, in the last part of this work, the epistemological implications of de Broglie's scientific philosophy. The intervention of the quantum of action having called into question the foundations of classical mechanics, the modification of these principles has as a corollary the crisis of mechanical objectivity and the failure of the classical mechanism.

The aim of this thesis was to simulate a part of a proposed experiment by Lev Vaidman by using Bohmian mechanics. To do this a numerical method for solving the Schrödinger equation and theguiding equation was created, with several ways of making the simulation more efficient.To make the simulation work more efficiently the Schrödinger equation was applied to only a small region of the whole setup. This region followed the wavefunction of significant values and could change size during the simulation. A beam splitter was constructed in the form of a thin potential barrier. The beam splitter was tested to verify that the reflected and transmitted angles agreed with expectations. A virtual detector was constructed and used for the calibration of the beam splitter to determine which potential resulted in dividing the wave packet into two wave packets of equal intensity. A fixed angle mirror was used for testing the reflection of a wave packet for the reflected angle and concluded that it agreed with the expectations for it. Testing a time dependent mirror for different frequencies and amplitudes was performed, with the result that the numerical method could be used to determine the particles’ trajectories. These results were used to construct a larger setup that was a small part of Vaidman’s proposed experiment. These setups were done in several version. All setups had one wave packet that went through one beam splitter and separated into two wave packets. These two wave packets reflected at two mirrors with different frequencies and then interfered with each other at either free space or at another beam splitter. The result of the simulation of these setups was that the particles’ trajectories could be calculated with the guiding equation.
Syftet med denna avhandling var att simulera en del av det föreslagna experimentet av Lev Vaidman med hjälp av Bohmsk mekanik. För att göra detta skapades en numerisk metod för att lösa Schrödingerekvationen och den ledande ekvationen, ”the guiding equation”, med flera sätt att effektivisera simuleringen. För att effektivisera simuleringen tillämpades Schrödingerekvationen på endast en liten region i hela uppställningen. Denna region följde vågfunktionen med betydande värden och kunde ändra storlek under simuleringen.En stråldelare konstruerades i form av en tunn potentialbarriär. Stråldelaren testades för att verifiera attde reflekterade och överförda vinklarna överensstämde med förväntningarna. En virtuell detektorkonstruerades och användes för kalibrering av stråldelaren för att bestämma vilken potential som resulterade i att vågpaketet delades in i två vågpaket med samma intensitet.En spegel med fast vinkel användes för att testa reflektionen av ett vågpaket för den reflekterade vinkeln och kom fram till att den överensstämde med förväntningarna för den. Att testa en tidsberoendespegel för olika frekvenser och amplituder utfördes med resultatet att den numeriska metoden kunde användas för att bestämma partiklarnas banor. Dessa resultat användes för att konstruera en större uppställning av ett experiment som var en liten delav Vaidmans föreslagna experiment. Dessa uppställningar gjordes i flera versioner. Alla uppställningar hade ett vågpaket som gick igenom en stråldelare och separerades i två vågpaket. Dessa två vågpaket reflekterades vid två speglar med olika frekvenser och interfererade sedan varandra antingen i en tom rymd eller vid en annan stråldelare. Resultatet av simuleringen av dessa inställningar var att partiklarnas banor kunde beräknas med ledande ekvation.

L'interprétation causale de la mécanique quantique a été décrite en premier lieu par les historiens comme une conséquence de l'influence croissante du marxisme chez les physiciens des pays occidentaux. En effet, au cours des années 1950, le noyau du groupe de physiciens impliqués dans le programme causal autour de Jean-Pierre Vigier et Louis de Broglie à l'Institut Henri Poincaré est majoritairement constitué soit de membres, soit de sympathisants du PCF. Leurs travaux sont fortement influencés par les critiques soviétiques contre l'interprétation dominante de la mécanique quantique, l'interprétation dite de Copenhague. Entre autres, Vigier critique le pragmatisme qui règne dans la physique de l'après-guerre et pense que le manque de réflexion philosophique est en grande partie responsable de la crise que traverse la physique fondamentale, telle que le problème de la renormalisation. Le groupe a également porté la question de l'interprétation de la théorie au sein du PCF d'où est née une controverse au sein du parti qui a soulevé la problématique de la relation entre le marxisme et la science.La théorie fait également partie d'un programme de recherche plus global lié aux questions contemporaines en physique. Ce point est souvent oublié, ce qui mène à la conclusion erronée que la motivation du groupe IHP est seulement de nature idéologique et, par conséquent, que leur activité est hors de la science. Dès 1957, en collaboration avec des physiciens japonais, le groupe a proposé une théorie des particules élémentaires et un système de classification, à une époque où une théorie consensuelle manque encore
The Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics was in the first place described by historians as a consequence of the growing influence of Marxism among physicists in Western countries. Indeed, during the 1950s, the core of the group of physicists involved in the Causal program around Jean-Pierre Vigier and Louis de Broglie at the Institut Henri Poincaré was mainly constituted either of members or sympathizers of the PCF. Their works were strongly influenced by critics from Soviet Union against the mainstream interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, the so called Copenhagen interpretation. Vigier criticized the pragmatism which prevailed in the Postwar physics and thought that the lack of philosophical considerations was in great part responsible for the crisis in fundamental physics, such as the problem of renormalization. They also put the issue of the interpretation of the theory inside the PCF and created a controversy inside the party which raised the relationship between Marxism and science. The theory was also part of a more global research program linked with contemporary questions in physics. This point is often forgotten which leads to the erroneous conclusion that the motivation of the IHP group was only ideological and, therefore, their activity was out of science. As early as 1957, in collaboration with Japanese physicists, the group proposed a theory for elementary particles and a method of their classification, in a period in where a standard theory was still missing

Il est peu connu que les problèmes de dynamique quantique peuvent être résolus au moyen de trajectoires, issues de l'interprétation Bohmienne de la mécanique quantique. La propagation numérique de ces trajectoires quantiques constitue cependant un véritable défi, du fait de la difficulté d'évaluer précisément les dérivées spatiales mises
en jeu dans les équations. Dans cette thèse nous présentons des approximations permettant de propager les trajectoires quantiques sans instabilités numériques. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux systèmes constitués de plusieurs états électroniques couplés. D'une part, nous développons une approximation semi-classique qui découple partiellement la propagation des trajectoires des transitions
inter-états. D'autre part, nous appliquons aux systèmes à plusieurs états une reformulation des équations hydrodynamiques en termes de dérivées spatiales. Dans les deux cas, le formalisme est établi puis appliqué numériquement à des processus modèles.

I defend three general claims concerning inter-theoretic reduction in physics. First, the popular notion that a superseded theory in physics is generally a simple limit of the theory that supersedes it paints an oversimplified picture of reductive relations in physics. Second, where reduction specifically between two dynamical systems models of a single system is concerned, reduction requires the existence of a particular sort of function from the state space of the low-level (purportedly more accurate and encompassing) model to that of the high-level (purportedly less accurate and encompassing) model that approximately commutes, in a specific sense, with the rules of dynamical evolution prescribed by the models. The third point addresses a tension between, on the one hand, the frequent need to take into account system-specific details in providing a full derivation of the high-level theory’s success in a particular context, and, on the other hand, a desire to understand the general mechanisms and results that under- write reduction between two theories across a wide and disparate range of different systems; I suggest a reconciliation based on the use of partial proofs of reduction, designed to reveal these general mechanisms of reduction at work across a range of systems, while leaving certain gaps to be filled in on the basis of system-specific details. After discussing these points of general methodology, I go on to demonstrate their application to a number of particular inter-theory reductions in physics involving quantum theory. I consider three reductions: first, connecting classical mechanics and non-relativistic quantum mechanics; second,connecting classical electrodynamics and quantum electrodynamics; and third, connecting non-relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. I approach these reductions from a realist perspective, and for this reason consider two realist interpretations of quantum theory - the Everett and Bohm theories - as potential bases for these reductions. Nevertheless, many of the technical results concerning these reductions pertain also more generally to the bare, uninterpreted formalism of quantum theory. Throughout my analysis, I make the application of the general methodological claims of the thesis explicit, so as to provide concrete illustration of their validity.

Créée sous l’Ancien Régime sous le nom de 'Comédie Françoise', l’institution qui fait aujourd’hui partie de l’Opéra National du Rhin a une histoire mouvementée au XIXe siècle. Elle reflète la spécificité culturelle de la ville, dont une partie de la population est germanophone au XIXe siècle. Deux théâtres vont cohabiter dans la ville pendant près d’un siècle, jusqu’à l’interdiction de celui en langue allemande. L’histoire architecturale de l’institution a une vie propre, marquée par d’autres événements, mais toujours liée à la présence de la culture française. Au XVIIIe siècle, le théâtre de langue française est imposé par les autorités. Il est le seul théâtre privilégié de la ville. Il sera hébergé dans quatre lieux successifs plus ou moins provisoires, dont une ancienne église abbatiale, jusqu’à la construction de l’édifice actuel, entre 1801 et 1821. Le choix urbain définitif est le résultat de l’histoire d’un lieu voué depuis le Moyen Age au commerce et aux loisirs : l’actuelle place Broglie. Le choix architectural est lui aussi le résultat d’une histoire qui commence sous l’Ancien Régime, avec plusieurs projets de papier pour la construction d’un vrai théâtre. Sous l’Ancien Régime, la corporation des Drapiers prend l’initiative d’aménager une salle appelée Théâtre allemand et située dans un autre quartier. Il y a donc deux théâtres. Mais entre 1789 et 1805, le Théâtre français décline jusqu’à disparaître complètement en 1806, tandis que son homologue allemand est florissant. Cependant la nouvelle législation du Premier Empire met fin à la liberté théâtrale instaurée par la Révolution. Elle entraînera la mort du Théâtre allemand en 1808. À partir de ce moment, et jusqu’en 1821, le Théâtre français se maintient tant bien que mal à la Salle Saint-Etienne, dans un cadre législatif de plus en plus rigide. Le directeur est confronté à d’innombrables difficultés humaines et matérielles...[]
The Strasbourg Theatre was an institution that is now belonging to the Opera National du Rhin. It has been created under the “Ancien Régime”, and was named 'Comédie Françoise' at that time. Its tormented history reflects the cultural particularity of the city, in which a large part of the population is German speaking in the 19th century. Two theatres will cohabit in the town during nearly one century, until the prohibition of the German one. The architectural story of the institution hat its own life, marked by other events, but always linked to the presence of the French culture.The authorities order the creation of the French Theatre. It is the only one that has the privilege of the French King. It is going to use four different places, more or less temporary. One of them will be, after the French Revolution, a former church. The actual house is build between 1801 and 1821. The urban choice is resulting of the story of a place dedicated until the Middle Ages to trade and leisure : the actual Broglie square. The architectural choice is resulting of a story that begins before the French Revolution, with various projects remaining paper designs. At that time, the guild of the drapers takes the initiative of creating a special room for the German Theatre, in another part of the town. The city has now two heatres. But between 1789 and 1805, the French Theatre looses its importance until disappearing completely in the year 1806. Meanwhile, the German Theatre is flourishing.But the new legislation of the First Empire ends the period of freedom of the French Revolution for theatres. It will soon kill the German Theatre, in the year 1808. Since that year, and until 1821, the French Theatre has the greatest difficulties in the former church called Salle Saint-Etienne. The legislation becomes more and more rigorous. The manager has human and material difficulties...[]