Journal articles on the topic 'De edele wilde'

Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule and Aequipecten opercularis were found to ingest zooplankton when suspended in mesh cages in the water column in the Firth of Clyde. Zooplankters were also found in the stomachs of bivalves that had been taken directly from their natural habitat. The bivalves consumed a wide range of zooplankton species, but selectively consumed smaller categories of zooplankton present. Condition of zooplankton in the stomachs of the bivalves varied with zooplankton species. A degree of larviphagy was evident, particularly in Mytilus edulis.

Research on urban systems has documented the contributions of cities as sites where insect pollinators undergo their life cycles, contributing to the reproduction of many groups of plants. However, reports of plants whose reproduction is assisted by specialist pollinators under conditions prevalent in cities are scarce. Cycads and insect pollinators are threatened mainly by loss and modification of their habitats. Here, we describe two cases in which cycad species from two genera distributed in Mexico (Ceratozamia tenuis (Dyer) D.W. Stev. & Vovides and Dioon edule Lindl.) reproduce and germinate successfully in urban areas, aided by insects, near their natural distribution areas. The plants examined were artificially planted in different gardens within the city of Xalapa-Enríquez. We found that specimens two genera of insect pollinators, Pharaxonotha sp. (Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) on C. tenuis, and Parallocorynus sp., (Belidae: Oxycoryninae) on D. edule, can survive in cycad pollen strobili, maintaining ecological interactions as they would occur in wild, conserved environments. In addition, we found beetles in ovulate strobili during the pollen receptivity phase, which suggests that they effectively reach ovulate strobili with pollen from pollen strobili. Characterization of this gymnosperm–beetle pollination system, which is unexpected in urban areas due the effects of human disturbance on insect communities, could promote new conservation biology research on flagship species in environments and landscapes shaped by anthropogenic impacts.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) represents a significant public health problem due to its high persistence in the environment and its transmission through contaminated water and food. Bivalve shellfish are filter feeders that can bioaccumulate human pathogens found in contaminated waters, their consumption being a potential cause of hepatitis A outbreaks. In this work, cultured and wild bivalve shellfish from the Ría de Vigo (Galicia, NW Spain) were analysed for the presence and genotyping of HAV. A total of 160 shellfish samples were collected between March 2004 and December 2006, including 68 samples from cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), 30 from wild clams (Rupitapes decussatus), 31 from wild cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and 31 from wild mussel. HAV detection, carried out by quantitative RT-PCR, was positive for 29 (42.6%) cultured and 40 (43.5%) wild samples, with levels ranging from 3.1 × 102 and 1.4 × 1010 RNA copies/g of shellfish digestive tissue. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1-P2A and VP3-VP1 regions, separately or as concatenated sequences, revealed that all HAV strains analysed belong to subgenotype IB. These results indicate a high prevalence of this subgenotype in the area studied.

ZusammenfassungFür die mittelhochdeutschen Romane um 1200 läßt sich eine spezifische sozialgeschichtliche Einbettung annehmen, die Konsequenzen für ein Modell literarischer Kommunikation hat. Im Zusammenspiel von Verfassern, geistlichen Beratern – dem Hofklerus – und zunächst einmal adligen Damen entstehen die Texte, denen eine hofklerikale Perspektive auf Fragen feudaladliger Existenz eignet: Die ästhetisch komplexen volkssprachigen Texte lassen klare Problembezüge erkennen. Im Rahmen dieses Modells literarischer Kommunikation wird der Erec Hartmanns von Aue als Absage an Versuche ritterlicher Selbsterlösung gedeutet, denen der sich der göttlichen Gnade öffnende Wille des demütig Gläubigen gegenübergestellt wird. Der Tristan Gottfrieds von Straßburg scheint mit Blick auf die Protagonisten ein Negativexempel zu entwickeln, wobei durch suggestive Gestaltungsdynamiken das Abrücken der edelen herzen von Tristan und Isolde zunächst verhindert und dann umso stärker forciert wird.

Chayote (Sechium edule) is cultivated on more than 500 ha in Taiwan for its edible shoots and fruit. In August 2005 and later, 40 to 75% of the chayote plants cultivated in the Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station in Puli developed pale yellow, irregular spots on the upper leaf surfaces with corresponding sporulation on the lower leaf surfaces. The lesions eventually became necrotic and spread over the entire leaf surface, leading to defoliation. Pseudoperonospora cubensis, which was previously reported as the cause of downy mildew on squash (Cucurbita moschata), muskmelon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) in Taiwan, was identified (1). Sporangiophores were 182 to 410 μm long, 4.8 to 7.2 μm wide, and dichotomously branched. Sporangia were grayish, ovoid to ellipsoidal, 18.2 to 38.6 μm long, and 13.5 to 25.2 μm wide. Biflagellate zoospores were 9.5 to 12.6 μm in diameter. Pathogenicity tests were conducted four times with six 2-week-old plants in each trial. A sporangial suspension (1 × 105 spores per ml) prepared from infected leaves (5 to 6 weeks after infection) was sprayed on all leaves until runoff. The plants were then covered with polythene bags and incubated for 48 h at 18 ± 1°C in a growth chamber. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Characteristic symptoms developed on all inoculated plants after 20 days, while control plants remained symptomless. Microscopic observation of leaf tissues of symptomatic plants confirmed the presence of P. cubensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cubensis causing downy mildew on chayote in Taiwan. References: (1) S. T. Hsu et al. List of Plant Diseases in Taiwan. The Phytopathological Society of the Republic of China, 2002.

Physiological processes involved in energy acquisition by the filter-feeding bivalve Cerastoderma edule (L.) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) were quantified under naturally fluctuating feeding conditions imposed by tidal cycles in the Bay of Marennes-Oleron. Physiological measurements were performed during two neap and two spring tidal cycles in order to cover a wide range of seston concentrations (TPM = 15–95 mg I-1). The main effect exerted by tides on the food supply was the resuspension of bottom sediments of low organic content, leading to a strong ‘dilution’ of suspended organic matter.Although filtration rate was found to increase with seston concentration, ingestion rate was strictly regulated by means of pseudofaeces production. Selection efficiencies for chlorophyll a (SEchl), overall organic matter (SE0), carbon (SEC) and nitrogen (SEN) were estimated and related to dietary descriptors. The following ranking was found for the efficiency with which different substrates were selected: SEchl>SEN>SEo>SEc. Absorption efficiency was found to depend on the organic content of ingested matter according to an exponential saturating function. Observed differences between carbon and nitrogen absorption efficiency were not statistically significant. Absorption rate was kept fairly constant through the wide range of seston concentrations and qualities.

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of human forms ofSapovirus, an emerging pathogen of human gastroenteritis, was investigated in an 18-month survey from class B mollusc-harvesting areas in two Galician rias (northwest Spain). The detection and quantification ofSapoviruswas performed by reverse transcription-real-time PCR, according to the recently developed standard method ISO/TS 15216-1:2013, and genotyping by reverse transcription-nested PCR. The bivalve species studied were wild and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (Venerupis philippinarumandVenerupis decussata), and cockles (Cerastoderma edule).Sapoviruswas detected in 30 out of 168 samples (17.9%), with cockles being the species with the highest prevalence of positives (28.1%), followed by clams (22.6%), wild mussels (14.3%), and cultured mussels (12.9%). The estuary in the south of the region demonstrated a higher percentage of positive samples (21.8%) than the one in the north (14.4%). Viral contamination levels for the positive samples ranged between 1.9 × 103and 1.4 × 105RNA copies/g of digestive tissue. ThirteenSapovirussequences could be obtained based on partial capsid gene sequence and were classified into four genotypes: GI.1 (2 samples), GI.2 (8 samples), GIV.1 (2 samples), and GV.1 (1 sample).

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw., also known as mirliton or chayote, is a perennial, monoecious, cucurbitaceous plant native to Mexico and Central America. It is cultivated worldwide for a variety of uses (4). Mirliton fruit is rich in carbohydrates, has 16 amino acids, and is a traditional staple in New Orleans, LA. During the spring of 2009, the LSU AgCenter's Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic received diseased mirliton plants from a small commercial grower in New Orleans. Symptoms included yellow, irregular spots on both surfaces of the leaves. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of powdery mildew conidia and conidiophores. Initially, white, cottony mycelial colonies were present on the abaxial surface, but as the disease progressed, white, cottony colonies developed on the adaxial surface, the spots coalesced, and the entire leaf turned yellow and necrotic. Conidia were hyaline, ovoid, borne in long chains with crenate edges, and measured 25.6 to 36.6 μm long (mean = 31.2) × 14.6 to 18.3 μm wide (mean = 17.1). Conidia contained fibrosin bodies and produced a lateral germ tube with a simple appressorium. Conidiophores were erect, simple, unbranched, and measured 54.9 to 76.9 μm long (mean = 66.4) × 11.0 to 14.6 μm wide (mean = 12.9). The cylindrical foot cell had a simple base with basal septum adjacent to the mycelium. No teleomorph was observed. Morphologically, this powdery mildew fits either Podosphaera fusca or P. xanthii so DNA analysis was conducted. We designed Podosphaera-specific primers PFITS-F (5′-CCAACTCGTGCTGTGAGTGT-3′) and PF5.8-R (5′-TGTTGGTTTCTTTTCCTCCG-3′) to amplify and sequence the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA. The 331-bp sequence (GenBank Accession No. GQ902939) was identical with haplotype 27 of P. fusca (GenBank Accession No. AB040324) (3), which is now called P. xanthii (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by pressing infected leaves against healthy leaves of two vines. A noninoculated vine served as a control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 30°C. Five days after inoculation, yellow, irregular spots appeared on the inoculated vines and white, powdery mildew colonies appeared on the abaxial surface. Spots coalesced and the entire leaf turned yellow 8 days after inoculation and necrotic 12 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on the controls. On the basis of DNA sequence data, this powdery mildew is identified as P. xanthii sensu (1). Erysiphe cichoracearum has been previously reported to cause powdery mildew on mirlitons in Florida and Hawaii (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii on mirliton in the United States. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the Bernard Lowy Mycological Herbarium (LSUM 185359). References: (1) U. Braun and S. Takamatsu. Schlechtendalia 4:31, 2000. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, SMML, Online publication. USDA-ARS, 2009. (3) T. Hirata et al. Can. J. Bot. 78:1521, 2000. (4) M. Janssens et al. Tropical Crops. ARTS; Field and Vegetable Crops, PTS 130. Bonn, Germany, 2002/03.

Abstract ContextThe pale field-rat (Rattus tunneyi) is a small native rat that formerly had a wide distribution throughout Australia. It has suffered substantial range contraction since European settlement and is now largely absent from arid and semiarid Australia. In this biome, it was known to persist only at two Western Australian locations: Edel Land, on the south-western shore of Shark Bay, and islands off the Pilbara coast. AimsWe aimed to establish the extent of the species range at Edel Land, its habitat preference, the temporal stability of its populations with respect to rainfall, and threats to its persistence. MethodsWe trapped at 54 sites to establish distribution and habitat preference, and re-trapped four of these sites at which R. tunneyi was present in each season for 2.5 years to establish trends in abundance. Key resultsTrapping resulted in the capture of 45 R. tunneyi individuals across 17 of 54 sites (4104 trap-nights; 1.1% capture success). Rattus tunneyi typically occupied localised areas of dense shrubland, often in habitats with free water or near-surface moisture from drainage from high dunes allowing denser and taller vegetation and, at some sites, year-round growth of grasses or rushes. Regular re-trapping of four sites in each season (2002 – 2004) suggested a declining population, probably owing to a sequence of dry years. Key conclusionsRattus tunneyi at Shark Bay occurred only in localised mesic refuges, apparently dependent on seepage from high dunes generated by major inputs of rainfall from infrequent cyclones or sequences of high-rainfall years. ImplicationsThis isolated population is likely to be threatened by browsing by feral goats, opening up otherwise densely vegetated habitats of refuge areas, and their trampling of R. tunneyi burrows; by the depletion of grasses from herbivory by European rabbits; and by the long-term impact of a drying climate. It is unlikely to persist without effective on-going management, particularly of the goat population.

Ten plant species native to southeast Alaska and surrounding regions were selected based on their value as ornamentals, food crops, disturbed site revegetation, and traditional Native American uses. Between 2003–05, seeds, cuttings, rhizomes, and bulbs from the 10 native plant species were collected in Sitka, Alaska, and propagated according to existing plant propagation protocol for each species. The most successful propagation method for each species was determined from field trials. This information was provided through workshops and Extension publications to gardeners in southeast Alaska and other parts of Alaska. The purpose of this project was to enhance growing local native plants as ornamentals, food crops, in disturbed site revegetation and for traditional Native American uses, particularly among native elders unable to collect these plants in the wild. A secondary purpose was to create a market for native plants in southeast Alaska and spawn a cadre of local cottage market gardeners to grow native plants for existing small nurseries. The 10 species selected included: Cornus canadensis, C. stolonifera, Empetrum nigrum, Fritillaria camschatcensis, Linnaea borealis, Oplopanax horridus, Rubus chamaemorus, Vaccinium parvifolium, Vaccinium ovalifolium, and Viburnum edule.

A novel species of powdery mildew, Neoerysiphe sechii sp. nov., has been proposed based on host, morphological characteristics, and gene sequences. The new species was found on chayote (Sechium edule) and a wild species, chayotillo (S. mexicanum), in Veracruz, Mexico. This novel species was identified as a member of Neoerysiphe, based on the morphological characteristics of the anamorph: catenescent conidia, lobed appressoria, and Striatoidium-type conidia. No teleomorph was observed. Neoerysiphe sechii is distinguished by foot cells that are frequently cylindrical with a slight widening at the base, a feature not observed previously in other species in the genus. An Erysiphales-specific primer was designed for the 5′ end of the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Independent and concatenated phylogenetic analyses with our rDNA sequences and sequences available in GenBank for Neoerysiphe spp. confirmed that the powdery mildew specimens found in Sechium spp. form an independent and strongly supported lineage. This is the first report of a Neoerysiphe species causing powdery mildew on members of Cucurbitaceae, and it is the second species reported from Mexico after N. cumminsiana. Neoerysiphe sechii is found on cultivated and endemic hosts in Mexico, suggesting that the fungus itself may be endemic.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (Cucurbitaceae, chayote, mirliton) is native to Mexico and Central America. Several trials have recently been conducted to determine the ability of chayote cultivars to grow under the climatic and soil conditions of South Korea. In April 2013, chayote plants were observed showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew in a glasshouse in Jeju City, Korea. Powdery mildew colonies were circular to irregular, forming white patches on both sides of the leaves. As the disease progressed, entire leaves were covered with white mycelium, followed by leaf withering and premature senescence. The same symptoms were also found on chayote plants in a polyethylene-film-covered greenhouse in Iksan City, Korea, in 2014. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F27289, F27422, F28186). Hyphae were flexuous to straight, branched, septate, and 5 to 7 μm wide. Appressoria on the mycelium were nipple-shaped or nearly absent. Conidiophores were straight, 150 to 240 × 10 to 12 μm and produced three to seven immature conidia in chains with a crenate outline. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, cylindric, and 52 to 85 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid-ovoid to barrel-shaped, measured 27 to 36 × 16 to 23 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.3 to 2.0, and had distinct fibrosin bodies. Simple to forked germ tubes were produced from the lateral position of conidia. No chasmothecia were found. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew Euoidium anamorph of the genus Podosphaera. Dimensions of foot-cells and conidia were within the ranges provided for P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff, and the length/width ratio of conidia, appressorial characteristics, and conidial germination patterns also conformed to the standard description (2). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA of isolate KUS-F27289 was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced directly. The resulting 473-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KM657960). A GenBank BLAST search of the Korean isolate showed 99% similarity with P. xanthii isolates from cucurbitaceous hosts (e.g., AB774155 to AB774158, AB040321, JQ340082, etc.). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation tests by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto young leaves of three asymptomatic, potted chayote plants. Three non-inoculated plants were used as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 24 to 34°C. Inoculated leaves started to develop symptoms after 5 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. Powdery mildews of chayote caused by Podosphaera species have been reported in Australia, South Africa, Portugal, India, China, and the United States (1,3,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by P. xanthii on chayote in Korea. Since chayote production was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections may pose a serious threat to the safe production of this vegetable. References: (1) P. Baiswar et al. Australas. Plant Dis. Notes 3:160, 2008. (2) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No. 11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab. Online publication, ARS, USDA, Retrieved October 4, 2014. (4) R. Singh et al. Plant Dis. 93:1348, 2009.

Whilst the demand for nutritious and sustainable seafood is increasing, fishing yields are declining due to overfishing and climate change. The inshore aquaculture of marine molluscs—e.g., the suspension-feeding cockle Cerastoderma edule for NW Europe—might be an alternative practice if cost-effective and nature-based technology enhances growth and survival. Our inshore experiments revealed that increasing the seawater residence time resulted in improved water quality. The reduction in sediment loads and stimulation of pelagic microalgal growth resulted in enhanced shell growth and meat content of the wild cockles seeded into the system. Shorter residence times resulted also in an increase in benthic microalgae, but the concurrent increase in silt content of the sediment appeared to hamper effective filtration by cockles. The growth conditions (with respect to the water and sediment quality) for the inshore cultivation of cockles can indeed be improved by means of ecological engineering, suggesting that the inshore aquaculture of marine shellfish can provide sustainable food and income for coastal communities, in particular when the shellfish farms are located in low-lying salinized coastal areas where common agriculture practices are no longer profitable. The involvement of the shellfishery industry was and will be crucial for studying and understanding the complex practice of cockle cultivation.

AbstractThe Irish Sea and surrounding regions are a rich source of shellfish production as a result of captive fishing and aquaculture. Key species produced include lobsters (Homarus gammarus), edible crabs (Cancer pagurus), langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus), flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), cockles (Cerestoderma edule) and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). The role played by infectious disease in limiting the sustainability of the production of these species is largely neglected. This review summarizes our knowledge of the key diseases of commercially important crustaceans and bivalve molluscs and attempts to determine their role in limiting the population of animals available for food production both at present and in the future. It shows that the key diseases threatening the sustainability of shellfish production are bitter crab disease in langoustines and edible crabs, and a wide range of diseases caused by micro- and macro-parasites in some bivalve molluscs including oysters and cockles. Oceanographic models are also employed to predict how changes in climate over the next half century may affect these key diseases and their hosts as found in the Irish Sea. It is concluded that the paucity of information on the potential transfer of some disease agents in pelagic larval stages of hosts and vectors is a major hurdle in predicting how some changes in environmental conditions may influence the prevalence and severity of shellfish diseases in coming years.

The organic content of the shells of molluscs can represent a significant fraction of the total organic content (Bernard, 1974) but it is often neglected in calculations of energy budgets in these animals. This may be in part due to uncertainty about the true values, since published estimates of the organic content of shells show quite wide variation. The species examined and also the provenance of the selected samples contribute to this variation as does also the method of measurement. The methods principally used have been by ignition at various temperatures from 400 to 550°C for various durations between 2 and 36 h (see Shumway & Newell, 1984; Jørgensen, 1976; Mohlenberg & Kiorboe, 1981; Vahl, 1981; Shafee, 1979; Price et al, 1976) or by acid extraction using different extraction proceedures (see Ivell, 1979; Dame, 1972; Horn, 1986; Griffiths & King, 1979). To calculate the energy content of the organic component some investigators have used the Hughes (1970) coefficient of 5.037 cal mg-1, while others have used Paine's (1971) protein coefficient of 2.39 J g-1. Wilbur & Saleuddin (1983) have called attention to the need for more study of these analyses. We present here the results of a study of the shell organic content of three species of molluscs, using two methods for the measurement and giving data on biochemical composition and energy value.

Natural disasters that occur in most areas of Indonesia would certainly give rise to a wide range of impacts on the physical, social, and economic life of the society. One of these natural disasters is landslides. KPH Lawu Ds is a owned company Perhutani, which produces pine resin. KPH area Lawu Ds are generally located in areas that have a steep slope has an area prone to landslides are quite extensive. Therefore, in carrying out forest cultivation of plants which are generally homogenous need additional types of vegetation can reduce the level of vulnerability to landslides. Landslides can also be regarded as a form of land use that have little or no attention to soil conservation techniques, but in this study only look from the vegetation in developing soil conservation techniques in homogeneous plantation forests in the forest management unit areas KPH Lawu Ds. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to obtain the right local plant species as the plant are prioritized and appropriate to prevent the occurrence of landslides and obtain the shape and pattern of cultivation. Data analysis using descriptive analysis of qualitative and models that fit the preferences of local preferences of plants grown on land prone to landslides in RPH Cepoko by using the method of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). Alternatives are obtained based on the plants prioritized is clove, coffee, chocolate, calliandra, Leucaena leucocephala, durian, Swietenia macrophylla, Aleuriteus Moluccana, Paraserianthes falcataria, Pangium edule, Anacardium occidentale , and Sterculia foetida and cultivation techniques of forest vegetation on the sides of the plant adjusted based onsolum soil, slope and vegetation cover of pine with dense composition, middle and rare on research plots in the area of KPH Lawu Ds and planting distance is determined by the density of the canopy.Key words: mitigation, native plant species, preference, cultivation techniques.

Abstract Background The common cockle Cerastoderma edule plays an important ecological role in the marine ecosystem both as an infaunal engineer (reef forming and bioturbation) and a food source for protected bird species in its European range. Cockle beds are found in close proximity to aquaculture and fisheries operations, which can be “hot spots” for infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 microVar (OsHV-1 μVar) has spread to many Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas culture sites globally, where it has been associated with significant mortalities in this cultured bivalve. Knowledge on the impact of the virus on the wider ecosystem, is limited. As the likelihood of released virus dispersing into the wider aquatic ecosystem is high, the plasticity of the virus and the susceptibility of C. edule to act as hosts or carriers is unknown. Methods In this study, wild C. edule were sampled biweekly at two C. gigas culture sites over a four-month period during the summer when OsHV-1 μVar prevalence is at its highest in oysters. C. edule were screened for the virus molecularly (PCR, qPCR and Sanger sequencing) and visually (in situ hybridisation (ISH)). The cockle’s ability to act as a carrier and transmit OsHV-1 μVar to the oyster host at a temperature of 14 ℃, when the virus is considered to be dormant until water temperatures exceed 16 ℃, was also assessed in laboratory transmission trials. Results The results demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was detected in all C. edule size/age cohorts, at both culture sites. In the laboratory, viral transmission was effected from cockles to naïve oysters for the first time, five days post-exposure. The laboratory study also demonstrated that OsHV-1 μVar was active and was successfully transmitted from the C. edule at lower temperatures. Conclusions This study demonstrates that OsHV-1 μVar has the plasticity to infect the keystone species C. edule and highlights the possible trophic transmission of the virus from cockles to their mobile top predators. This scenario would have important implications, as a greater geographical range expansion of this significant pathogen via migratory bird species may have an impact on other species that reside in bird habitats most of which are special areas of conservation.

Abstract Despite coinfections being recognized as the rule in animal populations, most studies focus on single pathogen systems. Pathogen interaction networks and the drivers of such associations are lacking in disease ecology studies. Common cockle Cerastoderma edule populations are exposed to a great diversity of pathogens, thus making them a good model system to investigate. This study examined the diversity and prevalence of pathogens from different taxonomic levels in wild and fished C. edule on the Irish coast. Potential interactions were tested focussing on abiotic (seawater temperature and salinity) and biotic (cockle size and age, and epiflora on shells) factors. No Microsporidia nor OsHV-1μVar were detected. Single infections with Haplosporidia (37.7%) or Vibrio (25.3%) were more common than two-pathogen coinfected individuals (9.5%), which may more easily succumb to infection. Fished C. edule populations with high cockle densities were more exposed to infections. Higher temperature and presence of epiflora on cockle shells promoted coinfection in warmer months. Low seawater salinity, host condition and proximity to other infected host species influenced coinfection distribution. A positive association between two Minchinia spp. was observed, most likely due to their different pathogenic effect. Findings highlight the major influence that ecological factors have on pathogen interactions and host–pathogen interplay.

Abstract. Purwayantie S, Suryadi UE. 2020. Plant diversity and nutrient substances of native edible plant: Case study in Suka Maju and Tamao Villages, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 842-852. The existence of plant diversity which is wild, indigenous and edibles, needs to be preserved. The research locations in Suka Maju and Tamao Village, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia were chosen based on population density. The purpose of this study was to determine the plant diversity and nutritional potential from both of regions. The study method used sampling survey and the data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that from a total of 110 plants, the three local plant names were subjected to one species and nine species were found in both locations. So that from 98 plants consisting of 44 fruits (14 of table fruits and 30 fruits of suka-suka), 30 vegetables and mushrooms, 14 seasonings, 7 nuts, 3 cereals, and tuber. The discovery of rare genera reported from West Kalimantan, they are Hydnocarpus sp, Hodgsonia sp, and Hypoxylon spp. The highest proximate content of carbohydrate is from joluk kusuk seeds (C. lacryma jobil), fats from kepayang seeds (P. edule) and dangkuk seeds (Hydnocarpus sp), protein from sengkubak leaves (A. papuana), ash from keranji (Hypoxylon spp) and dangkuk. The highest Fe and Zn mineral content were found from sengkuang fruit (D. dao) and tepus leaves (E. foetidum), respectively. The results of this survey became an initial recommendation in the development of local wisdom for local food security.

Chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) is a vigorous perennial and climbing cucurbits, native to Mesoamerica, and cultivated for alimentary purposes in the American continent, Australia, New Zealand, South Europe, Asia and Africa. During spring 2019, some chayote plants showing bright yellow vein banding rings and lines were observed in a private garden in South Italy (Campania region). Symptoms coalesced in some leaves, covering almost the whole foliar area. Double-stranded RNAs were extracted from symptomatic leaves of a single chayote plant and reverse-transcribed, randomly amplified, and submitted to Illumina sequencing (Marais et al., 2018). Reads were assembled using CLC Genomics Workbench 11.1 (http://www.clcbio.com). Contigs were then annotated by Blastn and Blastx comparison with the Genbank database, which allowed the identification of eight contigs of between 380 and 980 nucleotides sharing significant identity with alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) genomic RNAs. No other viral contigs were identified. Mapping of reads on AMV genomic RNAs identified 4,209 AMV reads (1.26% of total reads) and allowed the scaffolding of the contigs into three scaffolds corresponding to the three AMV genomic RNAs. To complete the sequence of the AMV chayote isolate genome (named See-1), primers were designed from the contig sequences and used to amplify RACE PCR products spanning the 5′ and 3′ terminal regions of the three genomic RNAs using the SMARTer™ RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech, China). All amplicons were cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega, USA) and sequenced (three clones for each amplicon) by Microsynth Seqlab (Microsynth AG, Switzerland). Finally, the complete genomic sequences of the three RNAs were assembled by MacVector 17.5 (MacVector Inc., USA). The RNA1, RNA2 and RNA3 of See-1 are 3,643, 2,593 and 2,037 nt respectively (GenBank accession Nos. MT093209 to MT093211), and share the highest nt sequence identity with the RNA1 and RNA3 of AMV isolate (HZ) from tobacco (99.5% for RNA1, HQ316635; 98.7% for RNA3, HQ316637) and with the RNA2 of isolate AMV-Gym from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (98.1%, MH332898), both from China. AMV isolate See-1 was classified as belonging to subgroup I based on the presence of a BamH I and two AvaII sites in the CP ORF (Parrella et al., 2000). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, using primers targeting the CP gene (Parrella et al., 2000), confirmed AMV infection in three symptomatic cayote plants including that used for Illumina sequencing, with 100% of nt sequence identity of amplicons. Three plants each of Chenopodium amaranticolor, Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicon were mechanically inoculated with sap from isolate See-1 infected plant, leading to the appearance of typical AMV symptoms in all three hosts ten days post-inoculation (Jaspars & Bos, 1980). This note describes the first detection of AMV in cayote in Italy and, to the best of our knowledge, in the world. In some areas of Southern Italy, climatic conditions are favorable enough to allow chayote development in the wild. Further studies would be desirable to determine the distribution and incidence of AMV in chayote and to understand the possibility that this species may play a role in AMV epidemiology, representing a threat to other susceptible crops.

Reinhardt, Volker, Pontifex. Die Geschichte der Päpste. Von Petrus bis Franziskus, München 2017, Beck, 928 S. / Abb., € 38,00. (Bernward Schmidt, Eichstätt) Schneider, Bernhard, Christliche Armenfürsorge. Von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des Mittelalters. Eine Geschichte des Helfens und seiner Grenzen, Freiburg i. Br. / Basel / Wien 2017, Herder, 480 S. / Abb., € 29,99. (Benjamin Laqua, Wiesbaden) Kotecki, Radosław / Jacek Maciejewski / John S. Ott (Hrsg.), Between Sword and Prayer. Warfare and Medieval Clergy in Cultural Perspective (Explorations in Medieval Culture, 3), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XVII u. 546 S., € 135,00. (Florian Messner, Innsbruck) Mews, Constant J. / Anna Welch (Hrsg.), Poverty and Devotion in Mendicant Cultures 1200 – 1450 (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West), London / New York 2016, Routledge, XI u. 214 S. / Abb., £ 110,00. (Margit Mersch, Bochum) Krötzl, Christian / Sari Katajala-Peltomaa (Hrsg.), Miracles in Medieval Canonization Processes. Structures, Functions, and Methodologies (International Medieval Research, 23), Turnhout 2018, Brepols, VI u. 290 S., € 80,00. (Otfried Krafft, Marburg) Carocci, Sandro / Isabella Lazzarini (Hrsg.), Social Mobility in Medieval Italy (1100 – 1500) (Viella Historical Research, 8), Rom 2018, Viella, 426 S. / Abb., € 75,00. (Christian Hesse, Bern) Seggern, Harm von, Geschichte der Burgundischen Niederlande (Urban-Taschenbücher), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, 294 S. / Karten, € 29,00. (Malte Prietzel, Paderborn) Pätzold, Stefan / Felicitas Schmieder (Hrsg.), Die Grafen von der Mark. Neue Forschungen zur Sozial-‍, Mentalitäts- und Kulturgeschichte (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen. Neue Folge, 41), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 171 S., € 29,00. (Dieter Scheler, Bochum) Selzer, Stephan (Hrsg.), Die Konsumentenstadt – Konsumenten in der Stadt des Mittelalters (Städteforschung. Reihe A: Darstellungen, 98), Köln / Weimar / Wien 2018, Böhlau, 287 S. / Abb., € 35,00. (Eberhard Isenmann, Brühl / Köln) Arlinghaus, Franz-Josef, Inklusion – Exklusion. Funktion und Formen des Rechts in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt. Das Beispiel Köln (Norm und Struktur, 48), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2018, Böhlau, 439 S. / Abb., € 70,00. (Laurence Buchholzer, Straßburg) Die Reichenauer Lehenbücher der Äbte Friedrich von Zollern (1402 – 1427) und Friedrich von Wartenberg (1428 – 1453), bearb. v. Harald Derschka (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Würtemberg. Reihe A: Quellen, 61), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, LXXXVI u. 416 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Joachim Wild, München) Hülscher, Katharina, Das Statutenbuch des Stiftes Xanten (Die Stiftskirche des heiligen Viktor zu Xanten. Neue Folge, 1), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, 710 S. / Karten, € 86,00. (Heike Hawicks, Heidelberg) Kießling, Rolf / Gernot M. Müller (Hrsg.), Konrad Peutinger. Ein Universalgelehrter zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit: Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven (Colloquia Augustana, 35), Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VIII u. 240 S. / Abb., € 59,95. (Harald Müller, Aachen) Rizzi, Andrea (Hrsg.), Trust and Proof. Translators in Renaissance Print Culture (Library of the Written Word, 63 / The Handpress World, 48), Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XVI u. 295 S. / Abb., € 142,00. (Gabriele Müller-Oberhäuser, Münster) Zwierlein, Cornel (Hrsg.), The Dark Side of Knowledge. Histories of Ignorance, 1400 to 1800 (Intersections, 46), Leiden / Boston 2016, Brill, XVII u. 436 S., € 179,00. (Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger, Münster / Berlin) González Cuerva, Rubén / Alexander Koller (Hrsg.), A Europe of Courts, a Europe of Factions. Political Groups at Early Modern Centres of Power (1550 – 1700) (Rulers and Elites, 12), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, IX u. 263 S., € 119,00. (Volker Bauer, Wolfenbüttel) Matheson-Pollock, Helen / Joanne Paul / Catherine Fletcher (Hrsg.), Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe (Queenship and Power), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XIII u. 284 S. / Abb., € 106,99. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Dunn, Caroline / Elizabeth Carney (Hrsg.), Royal Women and Dynastic Loyalty (Queenship and Power), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XIV u. 199 S., € 96,29. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Maurer, Michael. Konfessionskulturen. Die Europäer als Protestanten und Katholiken, Paderborn 2019, Schöningh, 415 S., € 49,90. (Wolfgang Reinhard, Freiburg i. Br.) Duffy, Eamon, Reformation Divided. Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England, London [u. a.] 2017, Bloomsbury, 441 S., £ 27,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Kelly, James E. / Susan Royal (Hrsg.), Early Modern English Catholicism. Identity, Memory, and Counter-Reformation (Catholic Christendom, 1300 – 1700), Leiden / Boston 2017, Brill, XIII u. 260 S., € 125,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) The Correspondence and Unpublished Papers of Robert Persons, SJ, Bd. 1: 1574 – 1588, hrsg. v. Victor Houliston / Ginevra Crosignani / Thomas M. McCoog (Catholic and Recusant Texts of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods, 4), Toronto 2017, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, XX u. 729 S., € 110,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Schumann, Eva (Hrsg.), Justiz und Verfahren im Wandel der Zeit. Gelehrte Literatur, gerichtliche Praxis und bildliche Symbolik. Festgabe für Wolfgang Sellert zum 80. Geburtstag (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen. Neue Folge, 44), Berlin / Boston 2017, de Gruyter, X u. 194 S. / Abb., € 79,95. (Ralf-Peter Fuchs, Essen) Priesching, Nicole, Sklaverei im Urteil der Jesuiten. Eine theologiegeschichtliche Spurensuche im Collegio Romano (Sklaverei – Knechtschaft – Zwangsarbeit, 15), Hildesheim / Zürich / New York 2017, Olms, VI u. 344 S., € 58,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Lorenz, Maren, Menschenzucht. Frühe Ideen und Strategien 1500 – 1870, Göttingen 2018, Wallstein, 416 S. / Abb., € 34,90. (Pierre Pfütsch, Stuttgart) Lamb, Edel, Reading Children in Early Modern Culture (Early Modern Literature in History), Cham 2018, Palgrave Macmillan, XI u. 258 S., € 96,29. (Helmut Puff, Ann Arbor) Kissane, Christopher, Food, Religion, and Communities in Early Modern Europe (Cultures of Early Modern Europe), London [u. a.] 2018, Bloomsbury Academic, X u. 226 S. / Abb., £ 85,00. (Mario Kliewer, Dresden) Cavallo, Sandra / Tessa Storey (Hrsg.), Conserving Health in Early Modern Culture. Bodies and Environments in Italy and England, Manchester 2017, Manchester University Press, XVI u. 328 S. / Abb., £ 70,00. (Siglinde Clementi, Bozen) Rogger, Philippe / Nadir Weber (Hrsg.), Beobachten, Vernetzen, Verhandeln. Diplomatische Akteure und politische Kulturen in der frühneuzeitlichen Eidgenossenschaft / Observer, connecter, négocier. Acteurs diplomatiques et cultures politiques dans le Corps helvétique, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Itinera, 45), Basel 2018, Schwabe, 198 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Beat Kümin, Warwick) Greyerz, Kaspar von / André Holenstein / Andreas Würgler (Hrsg.), Soldgeschäfte, Klientelismus, Korruption in der Frühen Neuzeit. Zum Soldunternehmertum der Familie Zurlauben im schweizerischen und europäischen Kontext (Herrschaft und soziale Systeme in der Frühen Neuzeit 25), Göttingen 2018, V&R unipress, 289 S., € 45,00 / Open Access. (Marco Tomaszewski, Freiburg i. Br.) Absmeier, Christine / Matthias Asche / Márta Fata / Annemarie Röder / Anton Schindling (Hrsg.), Religiös motivierte Migrationen zwischen dem östlichen Europa und dem deutschen Südwesten vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert (Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für geschichtliche Landeskunde in Baden-Württemberg. Reihe B: Forschungen, 219), Stuttgart 2018, Kohlhammer, XIV u. 334 S. / Abb., € 34,00. (Maciej Ptaszyński, Warschau) Warnicke, Retha M., Elizabeth of York and Her Six Daughters-in-Law. Fashioning Tudor Queenship, 1485 – 1547 (Queenship and Power), Cham 2017, Palgrave Macmillan, IX u. 291 S., £ 74,50. (Annette C. Cremer, Gießen) Paranque, Estelle, Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes. Power, Representation, and Diplomacy in the Reign of the Queen, 1558 – 1588 (Queenship and Power), Cham 2019, Palgrave Macmillan, XV u. 235 S., € 74,89. (Georg Eckert, Wuppertal) Greinert, Melanie, Zwischen Unterordnung und Selbstbehauptung. Handlungsspielräume Gottorfer Fürstinnen (1564 – 1721) (Kieler Schriften zur Regionalgeschichte, 1), Kiel / Hamburg 2018, Wachholtz, 447 S. / graph. Darst., € 39,90. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Hodapp, Julia, Habsburgerinnen und Konfessionalisierung im späten 16. Jahrhundert (Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, 169), Münster 2018, Aschendorff, IX u. 482 S., € 62,00. (Arndt Schreiber, Freiburg i. Br.) Ziegler, Hannes, Trauen und Glauben. Vertrauen in der politischen Kultur des Alten Reiches im Konfessionellen Zeitalter (Kulturgeschichten, 3), Affalterbach 2017, Didymos-Verlag, 397 S., € 54,00. (Niels Grüne, Innsbruck) Baumann, Anette, Visitationen am Reichskammergericht. Speyer als politischer und juristischer Aktionsraum des Reiches (1529 – 1588) (Bibliothek Altes Reich, Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, IX u. 264 S. / Abb., € 59,95. (Filippo Ranieri, Saarbrücken) Fuchs, Stefan, Herrschaftswissen und Raumerfassung im 16. Jahrhundert. Kartengebrauch im Dienste des Nürnberger Stadtstaates (Medienwandel – Medienwechsel – Medienwissen, 35), Zürich 2018, Chronos, 312 S. / Abb., € 48,00. (Gerda Brunnlechner, Hagen) Büren, Guido von / Ralf-Peter Fuchs / Georg Mölich (Hrsg.), Herrschaft, Hof und Humanismus. Wilhelm V. von Jülich-Kleve-Berg und seine Zeit (Schriftenreihe der Niederrhein-Akademie, 11), Bielefeld 2018, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, 608 S. / Abb., € 34,00. (Albert Schirrmeister, Paris) Körber, Esther-Beate, Messrelationen. Biobibliographie der deutsch- und lateinischsprachigen „messentlichen“ Periodika von 1588 bis 1805, 2 Bde. (Presse und Geschichte – Neue Beiträge, 93 bzw. 94), Bremen 2018, edition lumière, VIII u. 1564 S. / Abb., € 59,80. (Mark Häberlein, Bamberg) Menne, Mareike, Diskurs und Dekor. Die China-Rezeption in Mitteleuropa, 1600 – 1800 (Histoire, 136), Bielefeld 2018, transcript, 406 S. / Abb., € 44,99. (Nadine Amsler, Frankfurt a. M.) Schreuder, Yda, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants and the Atlantic Sugar Trade in the Seventeenth Century, Cham 2019, Palgrave Macmillan, XVI u. 287 S. / graph. Darst., € 85,59. (Jorun Poettering, Rostock) Rublack, Ulinka, Der Astronom und die Hexe. Johannes Kepler und seine Zeit, aus dem Englischen übers. v. Hainer Kober, Stuttgart 2018, Klett-Cotta, 409 S. / Abb., € 26,00. (Gerd Schwerhoff, Dresden) Akkerman, Nadine, Invisible Agents. Women and Espionage in Seventeenth-Century Britain, Oxford 2018, Oxford University Press, XXII u. 288 S. / Abb., £ 20,00. (Tobias Graf, Berlin/Oxford) Fitzgibbons, Jonathan, Cromwell’s House of Lords. Politics, Parliaments and Constitutional Revolution, 1642 – 1660 (Studies in Early Modern Cultural, Political and Social History, 30), Woodbridge / Rochester 2018, Boydell, VIII u. 274 S., £ 75,00. (Ronald G. Asch, Freiburg i. Br.) Malcolm, Alistair, Royal Favouritism and the Governing Elite of the Spanish Monarchy, 1640 – 1665 (Oxford Historical Monographs), Oxford 2017, Oxford University Press, XIII u. 305 S. / Abb., £ 72,00. (Christian Windler, Bern) Strobach, Berndt, Der Hofjude Berend Lehmann (1661 – 1730). Eine Biografie (Bibliothek Altes Reich, 26), Berlin / Boston 2018, de Gruyter Oldenbourg, VII u. 469 S. / Abb., € 89,95. (Daniel Jütte, New York) Albrecht, Ruth / Ulrike Gleixner / Corinna Kirschstein / Eva Kormann / Pia Schmidt (Hrsg.), Pietismus und Adel. Genderhistorische Analysen (Hallesche Forschungen, 49), Halle 2018, Verlag der Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle / Harrassowitz in Kommission, VIII u. 255 S. / Abb., € 46,00. (Heike Talkenberger, Stuttgart) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover. Briefwechsel, hrsg. v. Wenchao Li, aus dem Französischen v. Gerda Utermöhlen / Sabine Sellschopp, Göttingen 2017, Wallstein, 872 S. / Abb., € 39,90. (Sophie Ruppel, Basel) Sangmeister, Dirk / Martin Mulsow (Hrsg.), Deutsche Pornographie in der Aufklärung, Göttingen 2018, Wallstein, 753 S. / Abb., € 39,90. (Norbert Finzsch, Köln / Berlin) Jones, Peter M., Agricultural Enlightenment. Knowledge, Technology, and Nature, 1750 – 1840, Oxford / New York 2016, Oxford University Press, X u. 268 S. / Abb., £ 76,00. (Frank Konersmann, Bielefeld) Wharton, Joanna, Material Enlightenment. Women Writers and the Science of Mind, 1770 – 1830 (Studies in the Eighteenth Century), Woodbridge / Rochester 2018, The Boydell Press, X u. 276 S. / Abb., £ 60,00. (Claire Gantet, Fribourg) Briefe der Liebe. Henriette von der Malsburg und Georg Ernst von und zu Gilsa, 1765 bis 1767, hrsg. v. Ulrike Leuschner (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, 46. Kleine Schriften, 15), Marburg 2018, Historische Kommission für Hessen, 272 S. / Abb., € 28,00. (Michael Maurer, Jena) Bernsee, Robert, Moralische Erneuerung. Korruption und bürokratische Reformen in Bayern und Preußen, 1780 – 1820 (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für europäische Geschichte Mainz, Abteilung für Universalgeschichte, 241), Göttingen 2017, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 436 S., € 80,00. (Eckhart Hellmuth, München)

Find your black holes and white walls, know them … it is the only way you will be able to dismantle them and draw your lines of flight.—Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus Defined by originator David Belle as “an art to help you pass any obstacle”, the practice of “parkour” or “free running” constitutes both a mode of movement and a new way of interacting with the urban environment. Parkour was created by Belle (partly in collaboration with his childhood friend Sébastien Foucan) in France in the late 1980s. As seen in the following short video “Rush Hour”, a trailer for BBC One featuring Belle, parkour practitioners (known as “traceurs”), leap, spring, and vault from objects in the urban milieu that are intended to limit movement (walls, curbs, railings, fences) or that unintentionally hamper passage (lampposts, street signs, benches) through the space. “Rush Hour” was among the first media representations of parkour, and it had a significant role in introducing and popularizing the practice in Britain. Parkour has subsequently been widely disseminated via news reports, Nike and Toyota ads, the documentaries Jump London (2003) and Jump Britain (2005), and feature films, including Luc Besson’s Yamakasi – Les Samouraïs des Temps Modernes (2001) and Banlieu 13 (2004; just released in the U.S. as District B13), starring David Belle as Leto and Cyril Raffaelli as Damien. Sébastien Foucan will appear in the upcoming James Bond film Casino Royale as Mollaka, a terrorist who is chased (parkour-style) and then killed by Bond. (Foucan can also be seen in the film’s trailer, currently available at both SonyPictures.com and AOL.com; the film itself is scheduled for release in November 2006). Madonna’s current “Confessions” tour features an extended parkour sequence (accompanying the song “Jump”), albeit one limited to the confines of a scaffold erected over the stage. Perhaps most important in the rapid development of parkour into a world-wide youth movement, however, has been the proliferation of parkour websites featuring amateur videos, photos, tutorials, and blogs. The word “parkour” is derived from the French “parcours” (as the sport is known in France): a line, course, circuit, road, way or route, and the verb “parcourir”: to travel through, to run over or through, to traverse. As a physical discipline, parkour might be said to have a “poetics” — first, in general, in the Aristotelian sense of constructing through its various techniques (tekhnē) the drama of each parkour event. Secondly, one can consider parkour following Aristotle’s model of four-cause analysis as regards its specific materials (the body and the city), form or “vocabulary” of movements (drawn primarily from gymnastics, the martial arts, and modern dance), genre (as against, say, gymnastics), and purpose, including its effects upon its audience and the traceurs themselves. The existing literature on parkour (at this point, mostly news reports or websites) tends to emphasize the elements of form or movement, such as parkour’s various climbs, leaps, vaults, and drops, and the question of genre, particularly the ongoing, heated disputes among traceurs as to what is or is not true parkour. By contrast, my argument in this essay will focus principally on the materials and purpose of parkour: on the nature of the city and the body as they relate to parkour, and on the ways in which parkour can be seen to “remap” urban space and to demonstrate a resistance to its disciplinary functions, particularly as manifest in the urban street “grid.” The institution of the street “grid” (or variations upon it such as Haussmann’s Parisian star-configuration) facilitates both the intelligibility — in terms of both navigation and surveillance — and control of space in the city. It situates people in urban spaces in determinate ways and channels the flow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The “grid” thus carries a number of normalizing and disciplinary functions, creating in effect what the philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari refer to as a “striation” of urban space. This striation constitutes “a process of capture of flows of all kinds, populations, commodities or commerce, money or capital, etc.” within a field of determinate spatial coordinates (Deleuze and Guattari 386). It establishes “fixed paths in well-defined directions, which restrict speed, regulate circulation, relativize movement, and measure in detail the relative movements of subjects and objects” (Deleuze and Guattari 386). Many of these aspects of striation can be seen in the ways urban space is depicted in the “Rush Hour” video: in the gridlocked traffic, the flashing tail-lights, the “STOP” light and “WAIT” sign, the sign indicating the proper directional flow of traffic, and the grim, bundled-up pedestrians trudging home en masse along the congested streets. Against these images of conformity, regulation, and confinement, the video presents the parkour ethos of originality, “reach,” escape, and freedom. Belle’s (shirtless) aerial traversal of the urban space between his office and his flat — a swift, improvisational flow across the open rooftops (and the voids between them), off walls, and finally down the sloping roof into his apartment window — cuts across the striated space of the streets below and positions him, for that time, beyond the constrictions of the social realm and its “concrete” manifestations. Though parkour necessarily involves obstacles that must be “overcome,” the goal of parkour is to do this as smoothly and efficiently as possible, or, in the language of its practitioners, for the movement to be “fluid like water.” The experience of parkour might, then, be said to transform the urban landscape into “smooth space,” in Deleuze and Guattari’s sense of “a field without conduits or channels” (371), and thus into a space of uninhibited movement, at least in certain ideal moments. Parkour seems to trace a path of desire (even if the desire is simply to avoid the crowds and get home in time to watch BBC One) that moves along a Deleuzean “line of flight,” a potential avenue of escape from the forces of striation and repression. Here the body is propelled over or through (most parkour movement actually takes place at ground level) the strata of urban space, perhaps with the hope that, as Deleuze and Guattari suggest, “one will bolster oneself directly on a line of flight enabling one to blow apart strata, cut roots, and make new connections” (15). In the process, parkour becomes “an art of displacement,” appropriating urban space in ways that temporarily disrupt their controlling logics and even imply the possibility of a smooth space of desire. One might see parkour as an overcoming of social space (and its various constrictions and inhibitions of desire, its “stop” and “wait” signs) through the interplay of body and material barriers. The body becomes an instrument of freedom. This, again, is graphically conveyed in “Rush Hour” through the opening scene in which Belle strips off his business suit and through the subsequent repeated contrasts of his limber, revealed body to the rigid, swathed figures of the pedestrians below. In part an effect of the various camera angles from which it is shot, there is also an element of the “heroic” in this depiction of the body. This aspect of the representation appears to be knowingly acknowledged in the video’s opening sequence. The first frame is a close-up, tightly focused on a model of a ninja-like figure with a Japanese sword who first appears to be contemplating a building (with an out-of-focus Belle in the background contemplating it from the opposite direction), but then, in the next, full shot, is revealed to be scaling it — in the manner of superheroes and King Kong. The model remains in the frame as Belle undresses (inevitably evoking images of Clark Kent stripping down to his Superman costume) and, in the final shot of that sequence, the figure mirrors Belle’s as he climbs through the window and ascends the building wall outside. In the next sequence, Belle executes a breath-taking handstand on a guard railing on the edge of the roof with the panorama of the city behind him, his upper body spanning the space from the street to the edge of the city skyline, his lower body set against the darkening sky. Through the practice of parkour, the relation between body and space is made dynamic, two reality principles in concert, interacting amid a suspension of the social strata. One might even say that the urban space is re-embodied — its rigid strata effectively “liquified.” In Jump London, the traceur Jerome Ben Aoues speaks of a Zen-like “harmony between you and the obstacle,” an idealization of what is sometimes described as a state of “flow,” a seemingly effortless immersion in an activity with a concomitant loss of self-consciousness. It suggests a different way of knowing the city, a knowledge of experience as opposed to abstract knowledge: parkour is, Jaclyn Law argues, “about curiosity and seeing possibilities — looking at a lamppost or bus shelter as an extension of the sidewalk” (np.). “You just have to look,” Sébastien Foucan insists in Jump London, “you just have to think like children….” Parkour effectively remaps urban space, creating a parallel, “ludic” city, a city of movement and free play within and against the city of obstacles and inhibitions. It reminds us that, in the words of the philosopher of urban space Henri Lefebvre, “the space of play has coexisted and still coexists with spaces of exchange and circulation, political space and cultural space” (172). Parkour tells us that in order to enter this space of play, we only need to make the leap. References Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. Jump London (2003). Mike Christie, director. Mike Smith, producer. Featuring Jerome Ben Aoues, Sébastien Foucan, and Johann Vigroux. Law, Jaclyn. “PK and Fly.” This Magazine May/June 2005 http://www.thismagazine.ca/issues/2005/05/>. Lefebvre, Henri. “Perspective or Prospective?” Writings on Cities. Trans. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. Rush Hour (2002). BBC One promotion trailer. Tom Carty, dir. Edel Erickson, pro. Produced by BBC Broadcast. See also: Wikipedia on parkour: http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkour> Parkour Worldwide Association: http://www.pawa.fr/> Parkour Net (multilingual): http://parkour.net/> NYParkour: http://www.nyparkour.com/> PKLondon.com: http://www.pklondon.com/> Nike’s “The Angry Chicken” (featuring Sébastien Foucan): http://video.google.com/videoplay? docid=-6571575392378784144&q=nike+chicken> There is an extensive collection of parkour videos available at YouTube A rehearsal clip featuring Sébastien Foucan coaching the dancers for Madonna’s Confessions tour can be seen at YouTube Citation reference for this article MLA Style Geyh, Paula. "Urban Free Flow: A Poetics of Parkour." M/C Journal 9.3 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/06-geyh.php>. APA Style Geyh, P. (Jul. 2006) "Urban Free Flow: A Poetics of Parkour," M/C Journal, 9(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0607/06-geyh.php>.