Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'DEA, Méthode'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'DEA, Méthode.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Nguyen, Thi Thanh Huyen. "Mesurer la performance des universités au Vietnam en termes d’efficience : Une application de la méthode DEA." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1G016/document.
Full textWith the emergence of a knowledge-based economy, the role of higher education is becoming increasingly important. For Vietnam, recent decades have seen an explosion in the demand for higher education. Nevertheless, the current deficiencies of universities in management and in using resources have limited their competitiveness, particularly at regional and international levels. A system of performance measurement becomes indispensable, especially the efficiency. Our study aims to build it, using three techniques: sensitivity analysis, DEA metafrontier and Malmquist index
Geffroy, Bernard. "Efficience et productivité : application de la méthode dea aux opérateurs locaux de telecommunications americains." Paris, ENST, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENST0004.
Full textTarnaud, Albane. "A "DEA-Financial" approach to assess portfolio performance." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL12003.
Full textThis doctoral thesis studies the transposition of a methodology inherited from production theory, and commonly referred to as “DEA” (Data Envelopment Analysis) only, to the study of performance of financial assets. It underlines the accuracy of using DEA as an estimator to assess the performance of financial assets, provides a detailed presentation of the methodology associated to DEA and a review of the literature that applies this methodology to the performance measurement of portfolios of financial assets.The traditional methodology requires the definition of regularity conditions that characterize the technology shared by all entities. It then implies a rigorous definition of inputs and outputs that characterize the production technology. The current literature implicitly assumes a production process that generates returns on investment in portfolios of financial assets by the level of risk taken. This thesis proposes a different treatment based on the idea of joint productions inherited from production theory and according to which inputs can generate undesirable outputs that cannot be freely disposed of. The approach proposed in this thesis then considers the various types of risk associated to the investment as undesirable outputs. This thesis proposes a definition a financial production process and studies the theoretical implications of such a definition on the traditional set of axioms. It also recommends taking into account a possible preference for risk where only risk aversion is generally assumed and reminds the importance to include in the theoretical frameworks some measures of risk associated to preferences for some risks, such as prudence or temperance
Chemak, Fraj. "Comportement des producteurs agricoles et efficacité d'usage de la ressource en eau : Cas des périmètres irrigués de la région de Sidi Bouzid en semi aride Tunisien." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10015.
Full textThreatened by the economic and social development, water is an increasingly rare good. More than ever concerned, Tunisia achieved a successfully water supply management policy. Today, this policy reached its limits with a mobilization rate of 87%. Hence, efforts should target to the demand management. Understanding farmer's strategies and identifying the parameters controlling production technologies are the fundamental elements to modify the consumption of irrigated sector without compromising production objectives. Ln this regard, the objective of this investigation is to analyze the performance of irrigated farms in the region of Sidi Bouzid. First, farm's survey was carried out in both public and private irrigated areas. Second, an analysis of the production system within theses farms showed an appropriate technology process. Moreover, the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach allowed the measurement of technica1 and allocative efficiency. Empirical findings revealed a technical inefficiency use of inputs. The average technical efficiency of water resource was onl y 68%. The comparison between both production systems revealed more important resources wasting in private farms than in public ones. Thus, the surface weIl creation strategy, as a second source of irrigation, was found to be against the sustainable use of an already overexploited ground water. However, such strategy is justified when analyzing allocative efficiency scores. Lndeed, the profitability of an activity, based on wells irrigation, appears to be much more interesting than that based on public resource. The average allocative efficiency of private farms was 73% compared to only 53% for public farms. The Horticultural cropping practice is a determinant factor of this profitability. In addition, results indicate the negative effect of land structure (area and a number of plots) and land input intensification on technical efficiency
Herimalala, Rahobisoa. "Mesure de l'efficience-X dans les processus d'innovation des entreprises : une approche fondée sur la méthode DEA." Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN0502.
Full textThis thesis deals with the problematic of the lack of innovation in the enterprises based on the activity approaches. It first suggests a theoretical scheme of the innovation process, and a formalization of its efficiency based on the concept of the X-efficiency. Secondly, it develops a methodological framework in order to highlight the relationship between "lack of innovation/X-inefficiency in the innovation processes". Then, we have performed a benchmarking model for measuring the X-inefficiency of the innovation process. This framework is based on the DEA method. The empirical study on a sample of 124 innovative companies of Normandy region shows that congestion problem seems to be the most common form of X-inefficiency of innovation process. This highlights the difficulties of the companies in transforming their innovation capacity into value. Then, the lack of innovation is due to these difficulties under X-inefficiency form rather than the insufficiency of innovation capacity. This thesis has led to the implementation of a diagnostic support tool that is registered under the label DYAMI® EQUATION INNOVATION
Vyt, Dany. "Mesure de la performance d'un réseau de points de vente : une approche géomarketing par la méthode DEA." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1G006.
Full textPichetti, Sylvain. "La concurrence par comparaison, applications en économie de la santé." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA0001.
Full textYardstick competition is a way of regulating several regional monopolies so as to induce a form of competition that weakens individual firms' monopolies of information and hence improves the terms of the trade-off between allocative, productive and distributional efficiency. This is done by making the reward to one firm depend on its performance relative to that of other firms. This promising mechanism is however rarely applied in economics. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that it is difficult to compare firms whose environments are heterogeneous. The DEA method is very convenient to treat this problem. The important potential of the method as a way of comparison is illustrated by two original contributions centered on health economics. The first one aims at estimating the efficiency of hospitals in order to assign to each of them a budget target. The second one aims at estimating the efficiency of health expenses at the departmental level through the DEA method
Feng, Chenpeng. "A study on DEA-based environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE028/document.
Full textThe environmental problems have drawn academia’s attention for a long time. This thesis focuses on environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation, which are two crucial issues of the environmental problems. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a mathematical programming tool to evaluate the relative efficiencies of decision making units (DMUs). Specifically, the techniques such as zero sum gains (ZSG) DEA models, centralized DEA models and the uniform frontier are used in environmental performance evaluation and quota allocation. Nevertheless, the ZSG-DEA models in the literature are nonlinear ones, which bring up bottlenecks in real application. In addition, the uniform frontier proposed by Gomes and Lins (2008) can only allocate single undesirable output under variable returns-to-scale (VRS) assumption and it pays no attention to the overall interest, while the centralized models merely concentrate on the overall interest and ignore individual ones.This thesis mainly consists of three works about two topics. The first topic (Chapter 3) focuses on environmental performance evaluation. For the first time, the existing ZSG-DEA models are transformed into linear or parametric linear ones through objective substitution and analytical properties. Then the linearized models are adopted to evaluate the environmental efficiencies of 30 administrative regions in China. The second topic focuses on quota allocation of undesirable outputs with consideration of the individual interests (Chapter 4) or the overall and individual interests (Chapter 5). Two improved ZSG-DEA models under VRS and constant returns-to-scale (CRS) assumptions are proposed to overcome the infeasibility of the existing models. As the uniform frontier plays an important role in resource allocation, based on the analyses of models’ properties, an iterative algorithm is devised to calculate the quota allocation plan when all the DMUs form a uniform frontier. Then the algorithm is tested by an empirical study of allocating the quotas of three industrial wastes for 30 administrative regions in China. Finally, Chapter 5 develops a novel two-step method of allocating carbon emissions abatement (CEA). In the empirical example, the proposed method is applied to the CEAs allocation for the countries in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Nguyen-Thi-Thanh, Huyen. "La mesure de la performance des hedge funds." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE0508.
Full textGoncalves, Olga. "Benchmarking et performances des destinations : Approche par les frontières d'efficience et application aux stations de sports d'hiver." Perpignan, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PERP1133.
Full textTourism is one of the first economic activities in the world but this sector faces an intense competition and ski resorts destinations are particularly affected (attendance decrease, climate change, etc. ). In this context, French ski resorts destinations’ performance is questioned and the need to adopt appropriate strategies constitutes an important challenge for tourism decision-makers. In order to maintain their competitive advantage, destination’ managers need to drive optimal strategic and managerial choices. The need to adopt new criteria to evaluate ski resorts’ performance becomes an important issue. One of the challenges of this doctoral thesis is to promote the use of benchmarking quantitative methods (as the non-parametric efficient frontier methods) to address various issues in the field of Management Sciences. Beyond the performance measurement of decision making units, it is also important to explain these performances to highlight problems about organizational quality and strategic choices. The aim of this thesis is also to provide guidelines for both mountain professional decision-makers and policy makers (at the local or national level) to ensure the development and the attractiveness of ski resorts destination
Kim, Sun Ae. "L'évaluation de l'efficience des bibliothèques universitaires et leur effet sur le travail des étudiants à l'université." Lyon 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO33022.
Full textHoefkens-Bilon, Isabelle. "Evaluation de la performance de la recherche universitaire française en Sciences Humaines et Sociales : observations, premières analyses et création d'outils pour l'aide à la décision publique." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10004.
Full textEssid, Hédi. "L'induction statistique dans le modèle DEA avec inputs quasi-fixes : développements théoriques et une application au secteur de l'éducation tunisien." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50374-2007-Essid.pdf.
Full textHOLLENDER, CHABI SYLVIE. "La relation prix-qualité : une analyse en termes d'efficience." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR1EC01.
Full textJardin, Mathieu. "Trois essais sur la relation entre performance et salaire : une application à l'économie du sport." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G017.
Full textThis dissertation compile three studies aiming at illustrate both aspects of sports economics through the relation between performance and salary. The first aspect considers sport as an object of study (Chap. 3). The second one is about the utilization of sport as a laboratory where economical theories can be tested (Chap. 1 et 2). Chapter 1 study the relation between the intra-organization wage concentration and its performance. We propose to model a tournament where a team probability of victory is function (among others) of the wage concentration. The relation can be positive or negative depending of a parameter value. We then estimate this parameter value for a sample of American baseball matches. Our results show that wage concentration decreases the performance. Chapter 2 question the linearity of the wage concentration / performance relation. We replicate the parametric specifications usually employed with some modifications regarding to the estimations framework scale (same sample as in Chap. 1). Then, we compare these results with some semi-parametrical estimations which allow the relation to be established freely. We are thus able to demonstrate the relation non linearity. Chapter 3 evaluates the French first division football clubs efficiency between 2005 and 2009, with a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In addition, we compute Malmquist indexes from clubs performances of each season in order to know the efficiency evolution. French clubs are globally efficient but the average performance has been decreasing over the studied period
Mazeau, Delphine. "L'efficience des banques françaises dans le cadre de l'Union économique et monétaire européenne." Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40033.
Full textBen, Cheikh Jalal. "Expansion du crédit et de la masse monétaire : analyse comparative de l’efficience des banques conventionnelles et islamiques à l’aide de la méthode mathématique Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020015.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two parts: providing theoretical understanding and investigation of technical efficiency score in Islamic and conventional banks. This study is divided into two parts. In the first part, the study provides useful theoretical illustrations regarding the comparison between conventional banks and Islamic banks in greater details, covering the difference in banking scheme, organization structure, money creation, balance sheet structure, the function of a central bank, and the difference on impact to economic system and economic cycles. The second part is the calculation of technical efficiency score to understand how the distribution of score across banks under three primary assumptions: Constant Return to Scale, Variable return to Scale and Scale Efficiency. The second part involves regression analysis in understanding financial variables affecting technical efficiency and how different the score between Islamic and conventional banks. The sample of this study is 1,425 commercial banks and 85 Islamic banks (Data downloaded from Bankscope Database). The method used in the first part is Data Envelopment Analysis and Descriptive Analysis, while the method used in the second part is Tobit regression. The findings in this study shows that Scale Efficiency score is better to represent efficiency score compared to Variable Return to Scale and Constant Return to Scale. The study also shows that Islamic banks are statistically more efficient than conventional banks. Moreover, the study found that return on average asset, net loan to total asset ratio, net interest margin, and equity to total asset ratio significantly affect the efficiency score
Kablan, Sandrine. "Mesure de l'efficacité des banques de l'UEMOA selon trois perspectives : la zone monétaire, la région d'Afrique subsaharienne et relativement au pays ancre." Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100062.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to analyze banking efficiency in the WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) zone by adopting three different angles. We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to estimate respectively technical and cost-efficiency of banks, then in a second step we strive to explain the efficiency determinants or to link it to the concept of financial development. To carry out such a study, we describe the studied zone in a first chapter,its evolution and the characteristics of its banking system. In a second chapter, we conduct a theoretical and empirical literature review on the various methods of efficiency measurement ; the differences they present, their advantages and disavantages. Finally, chapter three is the main contribution of our thesis. It relates three empirical studies with the application of more or less different methods for the calculation of technical and cost-efficiency indicators. The first study aims at measuring banking efficiency in the WAEMU and its determinants, following the banking reforms at 1996. The results show similar trends for both types of of efficiency (technical and cost) for most WAEMU countries. A more detailed analysis on the type of bank (local private, foreign or public) indicates that the former are the most efficient ones, followed by the second ones, then the third ones. Lastly, banking efficiency depends on variables such as financial strength, the ratio of non performing loans to total loans in the country, bank concentration and GDP per capita. The second empirical analysis extends the analysis to subsaharan Africa, and attempts to link the question of efficiency to that of financial development. Differences in banking cost- efficiency appear given the sub-regions. While the results on the determinants of banking efficiency reinforce those found in the previous application, it is clear that financial development is mitigated by inflation and somehow concentration. The final empirical analysis is to measure the efficiency of banking systems in the WAEMU zone and France, taking into account in the frontier the specificities of each geographical regions. In this case, our result show that the two banking systems display quite close efficiency scores : about 80% over the period 2000-2004. Bringing together the two banking systems, we were able to suggest the implementation of reforms inspired by the french model. This would allow WAEMU banking system to play more active role as a financial intermediary
Belarouci, Matthieu. "The relation between technical efficiency and stock returns : evidence from the US airline industry." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12028/document.
Full textThis investigation explores the relation between two performance measures: technical efficiency and stock returns. Technical efficiency and stock returns are complementary measures. While the abnormal returns - that is to say, the diffrence between the expected and the realized returns - measures the ability of the management at picking investment projects effiently, technical efficiency focuses on the management ability at implementing these investment projects. In addition, both recognize that the performance of the firm ensues from the exposure to common exogenous factors and from the management strategy specific to each firm. They propose in both cases a decomposition of the performance in pure managerial effects and exogenous effects. Through an application on the US airline industry over the period 1990-2012, the study reveals the value relevance of technical efficiency in stock valuation. In addition, the analysis of the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) decompositions based on Hicks-Moorsteen and Färe-Primont indicates that the effect of efficiency information on returns is twofold. First, the changes in pure technical effiency are related to the firms-specific returns. Next, technological change is associated with the variance of returns explained by systemic risks estimated with the Fama-French-Carhart model. Moreover, technological change is positively related to stock returns, while technical efficiency is negatively related. Given technical efficiency is persistent over the five consecutive years, results suggest that improvements in technical efficiency imply the reduction in the firm’s exposure to systematic risk. It results a reduction in the firms’ required rate of returns
Ngo, Cong Khanh. "Etude et amélioration de l'organisation de la production de dispositifs médicaux stériles." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00371165.
Full textBotti, Laurent. "Pour une gestion de la touristicité des territoires : stratégie collective et management de l'attractivité." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON10025.
Full textOur major aim is to elevate the accuracy in reflecting the performance of tourism destinations, as well as focusing on those determinants that lead to a better performance. For that purpose, we first establish a link between works on tourist attraction theory. We show that two classifications can be linked by a common unit of measurement: time. This is of particular interest for destination management because it improves knowledge about the central element of the destination and provides a means for the destinations manager to anticipate the tourist's length of stay and to optimize their attraction offer. In line with this reflexion, we employ an efficiency assessment procedure based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the procedure of Simar and Wilson (2007). We make an evaluation of the French regions for the rationalisation of their tourism strategies and precise which kinds of tourism attractions can improve destination competitiveness. Furthermore, a focus on tourism destination competition can be of particular interest to collective strategy theory aiming at destination development. Tourism destinations are generally dominated by small land medium sized enterprises and more precisely by micro-businesses which often have reservations to employ such collective strategy. This situation is illustrated in our work by the strategy used by a seaside destination in the south of France, Argelès-sur-Mer. This situation implies that the Destination Management Organizations (DMO) which want to develop their destination through a collective strategy have to have a good knowledge of this type of organizations. The aim of our research is to investigate and clarify such small tourism business reservation to participation in local collective strategies. Its contribution lies in the interpretation of such resistance in relation to the proximity management of small and medium sized enterprises theory (Torrès, 2004), and by doing a network analysis
Ben, Hadj Fredj Mejdi. "Les déterminants macro-économiques et financiers de l'efficience bancaire de pays émergents : cas de la Tunisie." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR1005.
Full textOur objective of this work is to study the efficiency of the Tunisian financial market before and after the Jasmin revolution of 2011 and identify macro-economic and financial factors that influence the efficiency score of this market. Our methodology is to use at first multivariate GARCH model to estimate the correlation between market returns and those of individual banks and the Beta coefficient. As this model assumes the residues that follow the multivariate normal law is untested in practice, we used in a second step the copula theory to provide more flexibility in modeling multivariate data. The most influential factors are determined using the linear regression model, the panel data model and TOBIT model. The empirical results show that the Tunisian market is not efficient either before or after the revolution. Many actions are proposed to improve the degree of efficiency of this market
Shen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004.
Full textAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Garrab, Mehdi. "L'apport des ressources, capacités et capacités dynamiques à la performance." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020075.
Full textIn this thesis we have tried to explain business performance based on the resource-based View (RBV) and the Dynamic capabilities View (DCV), two approaches within the resource-based theory (RBT)that benefits from being integrated. To address the problem, we have developed two main stream of research: "The detention of resources / capabilities and performance" and "The management of resources / capabilities and performance." The first conceptual model presented the relations linking the various operational capabilities to performance. The global conceptual model has focused the relation “Ordinary capabilities – Environment – Diversification strategy- Dynamic capabilities –Performance”. Our epistemological position in this research wished to be positivist. At the methodological level we opted for a hypothetical-deductive approach with a quantitative approach based on secondary data collected from the French database DIANE and INSEE statistics, and to evaluate capabilities we used the DEA method. The first empirical study that aims on “ordinary capabilities – performance” link, is based on four industries samples representing the French manufacturing industry: the pharmaceutical industry, the automotive industry, the chemical industry and the clothing industry. The second study tested the empirical model linking ordinary capabilities,dynamic capabilities, environment and diversification, based on a multisectorial sample comprising the four sectors. The results revealed first the importance of financial capability for all sectors, second the moderating role of the environment and the diversification and thirdly the magnitudes of dynamic learning (absorption) and adaptive capabilities in explaining performance. These results could serve managerial decisions and public policy
Jin, Qianying. "Ordinal classification with non-parametric frontier methods : overview and new proposals." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1A007.
Full textFollowing the idea of separating two groups with a hypersurface, the convex (C) frontier generated from the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method is employed as a separating hypersurface in classification. No assumption on the shape of the separating hypersurface is required while using a DEA frontier. Moreover, its reasoning of the membership is quite clear by referring to a benchmark observation. Despite these strengths, the DEA frontier-based classifier does not always perform well in classification. Therefore, this thesis focuses on modifying the existing frontier-based classifiers and proposing novel frontier-based classifiers for the ordinal classification problem. In the classification literature, all axioms used to construct the C DEA frontier are kept in generating a separating frontier, without arguing their correspondence with the related background information. This motivates our work in Chapter 2 where the connections between the axioms and the background information are explored. First, by reflecting on the monotonic relation, both input-type and output-type characteristic variables are incorporated. Moreover, the minimize sum of deviations model is proposed to detect the underlying monotonic relation if this relation is not priori given. Second, a nonconvex (NC) frontier classifier is constructed by relaxing the commonly used convexity assumption. Third, the directional distance function (DDF) measure is introduced for providing further managerial implications, although it does not change the classification results comparing to the radial measure. The empirical results show that the NC frontier classifier has the highest classification accuracy. A comparison with six classic classifiers also reveals the superiority of applying the NC frontier classifier. While the relation of the characteristic variables often suggests consideration of a monotonic relation, its parallel problem of considering a non-monotonic relation is rarely considered. In Chapter 3, a generalized disposal assumption which limits the disposability within a value range is developed for characterizing the non-monotonic relation. Instead of having a single separating frontier, a NC separating hull which consists of several frontiers is constructed to separate the groups. By adding the convexity assumption, a C separating hull is then constructed. An illustrative example is used to test the performance. The NC hull classifier outperforms the C hull classifier. Moreover, a comparison with some existing frontier classifiers also reveals the superiority of applying the proposed NC hull classifier. Chapter 4 proposes novel frontier classifiers for accommodating different mixes of classification information. To be specific, by reflecting on the monotonic relation, a NC classifier is constructed. If there is a priori information of the substitution relation, then a C classifier is generated. Both the NC and C classifiers generate two frontiers where each envelops one group of observations. The intersection of two frontiers is known as the overlap which may lead to misclassifications. The overlap is reduced by allowing the two frontiers to shift inwards to the extent that the total misclassification cost is minimized. The shifted cost-sensitive frontiers are then used to separate the groups. The discriminant rules are also designed to incorporate the cost information. The empirical results show that the NC classifier provides a better separation than the C one does. Moreover, the proposed DDF measure outperforms the commonly used radial measure in providing a reasonable separation
Godard, Marie-Elodie. "Relaxations structurales dans les poly(α-n-alkyl)acrylates de méthyle : influence de la longueur de la chaîne alkyle latérale." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES093.
Full textThis work is placed under the general framework of slow molecular movements study in disordered materials. Due to their metastable nature, glasses at amorphous state evolve towards more stable thermodynamic states, this is called the structural relaxation. This work deals with the influence of the lateral chain length, i. E. The influence of the intermolecular interactions, on the main a relaxation and the secondary b relaxation processes in polymethyl(α-n-alkyl)acrylates. This was done using three complementary techniques : the ThermoStimulated Current Depolarization (TSDC), the Dielectric Spectroscopy (SD) and the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The analyse of the experimental results lead us to constat that the increase of the lateral chain length increases the relaxation rate of the α relaxation, but has no influence on the β relaxation. The analyse of the results thanks to Angell's Strong-Fragile concept has helped us to show that the longuest the lateral the lateral chain, the more thermodynamically stable the polymer. Thanks to the thermodynamic approach of Adam-Gibbs, we also have evaluated the number of relaxing species and the elemental energy associated to each particle. This has allowed us to show the presence of a critical chain length that separates two kinds of contribution to the main α relaxation
Ojo, Oluwaseun. "Cost efficiency analysis of pesticide use reduction in crop activities on french farms." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12006/document.
Full textIn the context of the agreement of about 50% reduction in pesticide uses according to the accords du “Grenelle de l’environnement” (the Environment Round Table) in France, the central part of this study is to use some efficiency analysis to estimate the substantial productivity improvements and cost reductions on French farms. By employing Activity Analysis Models and estimating cost frontiers with non-parametric approaches such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH)], total cost and/or pesticide expense reductions are evaluated on crop farms. Based on this, a sample of 600 and 700 farms in the Meuse and Eure & Loir departments were respectively observed over a 12 year period (1992-2003) and in year 2008. A non parametric cost function is essentially employed to assess the cost efficiency dominance between technologies using either more or less pesticide and a robust approach frontier is introduced in order to reduce the sensitivity of the cost frontier to the influence of potential outliers, thus improving the accuracy of the result. With respect to this, two cost functions characterized by a relatively lower or higher pesticide level per ha are compared. The estimated efficiency scores indicated that substantial efficiency improvements are possible on French crop farms with a strong potential for cost decreases if farmers could manage inputs more efficiently. Therefore, agricultural practices using less pesticide per ha are more cost competitive which does not only benefit the farmers but also the society, thereby promoting new agricultural practices that are more environmentally friendly
Shen, Zhiyang. "Essays on Green Productivity." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL12004/document.
Full textAs economic development and population growth, human’s production activity lays a heavy burden on the natural environment. In order to maintain sustainable development, investigating the relationship between economic development and environmental impact has received much attention. This thesis takes into account undesirable factors in production technology and tries to integrate the negative externality of carbon emissions into the measurement of economic performance, referred to as green productivity. This thesis employs a nonparametric estimation approach with directional distance function to analyze environmental efficiency, total factor productivity, and carbon shadow prices among different developed and developing countries at the macro level. We propose new contributions to the measurement and decomposition of productivity indices which capture environmental efficiency. Based on empirical results, we discuss the current environmental regulations and economic policies among countries, to provide useful information for decision and policy makers from an economic point of view
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016/document.
Full textThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Berre, David. "Les nouveaux enjeux économiques et environnementaux des productions animales : développements méthodologiques par une approche interdisciplinaire des frontières d’efficience." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12016.
Full textThe challenge of feeding 9.6 billion people in 2050 requires to identify sustainable livestock production systems that are able to produce more agricultural products while consuming less resources and producing less externalities. As part of a multidisciplinary research program (ANR-EPAD), we explored microeconomic tools for productivity analysis such as efficient frontiers to shed a new light on sustainable development of livestock production. Our models empirically showed that the progress margins can significantly differ depending on the objectives pursued in the context of eco-inefficiency reduction (input and pollution reduction, output augmentation). Exploration of "dual" models also showed that efficient frontier methods were relevant to provide an economic valuation of non-monetary negative externalities. For instance, our results on the economic value of carbon emissions were close to the observed carbon tax levels. The possibility for farmers to consider that nitrogen surpluses can generate some revenue illustrates the current debate on the integration of undesirable outputs in the Data Envelopment analysis (DEA), and the ambivalence of this indicator of environmental impact as well (either considered as a source of pollution to the air or soil as well as a source of income through organic fertilization). We developed an innovative approach to assess the determinants of eco-efficiency in livestock production. By combining GAMEDE (a "whole-farm" model) with a DEA methodology, we highlighted the potential for further questioning raised by the exploration of new types of modelling in agronomy (such as "simulation-based optimization" or "inverse modelling")
Chu, Junfei. "Méthodes d’amélioration pour l'évaluation de l'enveloppement des données évaluation de l'efficacité croisée." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC096/document.
Full textData envelopment analysis (DEA) cross-efficiency evaluation has been widely applied for efficiencyevaluation and ranking of decision-making units (DMUs). However, two issues still need to be addressed: nonuniquenessof optimal weights attached to the inputs and outputs and non-Pareto optimality of the evaluationresults. This thesis proposes alternative methods to address these issues. We first point out that the crossefficiencytargets for the DMUs in the traditional secondary goal models are not always feasible. We then givea model which can always provide feasible cross-efficiency targets for all the DMUs. New benevolent andaggressive secondary goal models and a neutral model are proposed. A numerical example is further used tocompare the proposed models with the previous ones. Then, we present a DEA cross-efficiency evaluationapproach based on Pareto improvement. This approach contains two models and an algorithm. The models areused to estimate whether a given set of cross-efficiency scores is Pareto optimal and to improve the crossefficiencyscores if possible, respectively. The algorithm is used to generate a set of Pareto-optimal crossefficiencyscores for the DMUs. The proposed approach is finally applied for R&D project selection andcompared with the traditional approaches. Additionally, we give a cross-bargaining game DEA cross-efficiencyevaluation approach which addresses both the issues mentioned above. A cross-bargaining game model is proposedto simulate the bargaining between each pair of DMUs among the group to identify a unique set of weights to beused in each other’s cross-efficiency calculation. An algorithm is then developed to solve this model by solvinga series of linear programs. The approach is finally illustrated by applying it to green supplier selection. Finally,we propose a DEA cross-efficiency evaluation approach based on satisfaction degree. We first introduce theconcept of satisfaction degree of each DMU on the optimal weights selected by the other DMUs. Then, a maxminmodel is given to select the set of optimal weights for each DMU which maximizes all the DMUs’satisfaction degrees. Two algorithms are given to solve the model and to ensure the uniqueness of each DMU’soptimal weights, respectively. Finally, the proposed approach is used for a case study for technology selection
Shitikova, Karina. "Productivity gains decomposition and distribution of the price effects among stakeholders." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1A006/document.
Full textThe financial performance of a firm depends both on its productive efficiency and the economic environment in which this firm performs its activity. This thesis adds to the literature by developing new links between productive efficiency, financial performance and productivity gains distribution. Namely, this doctoral thesis contributes in the three following ways. First, we propose an original way on how to decompose the profit gaps among firms at the cross-sectional level taking into account their productive inefficiency and then relating these productivity-based gaps to the price advantages/disadvantages of the firm’s stakeholders. Second, we define an indicator of price environment for a firm comparing its distance to the volume- and value-based efficiency frontier. These price environment effects were computed for US industries from 1987 to 2014. Third, we suggest a decomposition of the overall technical inefficiency of firms at the aggregated level into two components: individual technical and individual structural inefficiencies. This essay tends to show that generation of productivity gains and their distribution are two sides of the same coin. The former is related to the economic analysis of TFP based on the estimation of a production technology while the latter deals with an accounting approach of business performance
Ganouati, Janet. "A Cross-efficiency approach to portfolio selection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1A013.
Full textThe process of portfolio selection could be divided into two stages: the first one is the evaluation of financial assets and the second is to choose the best ones to construct portfolio. It can be considered as Multi-Criteria-Decision-Making (MCDM) process. It consists in selecting a combination of financial assets that can best meet the investors’ objective. In this dissertation, different criteria are analyzed and the question of where and how much money to allocate to each of the financial asset is processed. We propose a new multi-criteria analysis approach to portfolio selection based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) cross-efficiency model. The first methodology consists in nesting the DEA cross-efficiency model into the Mean-Variance-Skewness-Kurtosis (MVSK) space. The second model combines the DEA game cross-efficiency approach with risk component to select portfolio. Finally, we propose a model incorporating the DEA game cross-efficiency into Profitability-Efficiency. Overall, these methodologies provide more discrimination for financial assets by providing unique ranks in a first step and permit to select portfolio by underlying preferences of the decision-maker in a second step
Dakouo, Cyprien. "La convergence des productivités : comparaison entre la zone euro et les autres pays de l’OCDE." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12011.
Full textThe objective of reducing differences in living standards among the Eurozone countries requires the convergence of productivity levels between economies. Our contribution is to compare the long-run dynamics of the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) among the Eurozone countries to that of another group, referred to as "other OECD countries". This general objective is divided into two more specific research subjects: 1) To analyze the productivity gains based on a parametric activity framework of production set to investigate the absolute Sigma-convergence of the TFPs in the two zones. 2) To examine the evolution of the productive inefficiencies underlying the dynamics of the TFP, based on a nonparametric activity model. We observed the evolutions of 11 Eurozone countries, and 11 other OECD countries over the period 1965-2015. Our empirical results show that the level of productivity still seems to be higher in other OECD countries even the growth rate of productivity is greater in the Eurozone. This indicates a catch- up phenomenon between two groups and a sigma-convergence is observed before the end of 1990s. However, the catching up efficiency processes do not move the countries toward the frontier but make them converge below the frontier. Additionally, a significant decrease in structural inefficiencies is noticed between the mid-1970s and the early 2000s which indicates the homogenization of output / input mixes for each zone. The convergence process is conditional to real and monetary variables which may differ according to the technical catch-up or the structural efficiency dynamics. However, it seems that these dynamics have been interrupted since the creation of the Euro and have been even turned to a movement of divergence since the subprime crisis in 2008
Ferhat, Fouad. "Une analyse économique de la qualité et de l'efficience des universités et des systèmes universitaires : une comparaison au niveau international." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E040/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to economically analyze the quality and efficiency of universities and university systems at an international level of comparison, by using input/output indicators and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter entitled "university rankings: a critical perspective" presents and evaluates the relevance of inputs/outputs indicators used by most university rankings. It is the opportunity to present a number of criticisms found in the literature and focus on a common methodological problem in the rankings. It is the use of inputs as measures of university quality. This practice confuses means and results and ignores the basic concepts of accounting models in terms of production functions and efficiency. The second chapter entitled "characteristics and rankings of universities : around some factors that can explain the differences in performance between universities", compares the results of two rankings: QS-Times and Shanghai and offers a list of factors that may explain why there are such differences in quality, according to these rankings between universities. [...] The third chapter entitled "performance and efficiency of universities and their determinants: an evaluation using world university rankings and DEA methodology" evaluates on the basis of a DEA methodology the efficiency of 214 universities from 13 different countries, in order to find if the top ranked universities among traditional rankings are also universities that best utilize their financial and human resources. [...] The fourth chapter titled "efficiency of university systems in 35 countries and its determinants: an assessment by DEA methodology and the calculation of Malmquist indices (2006-2012)" assesses the efficiency and performance of university systems of 35 countries. It offers new scores for overall efficiency that complement the first two studies on this topic in the literature by Agasisti (2011) and St.Aubyn et al (2009). Compared to the article of Agasisti (2011), we identify five new developments in our study : the sample is higher (35 countries instead of 18), the observation period is updated, the evolution of efficiency between two periods is calculated, the number of inputs and outputs incorporated into each model is higher and a specific model for evaluating the efficiency of research is proposed. Our study confirms the thesis that the university systems of Switzerland and the United Kingdom are the most efficient. It also shows based on the calculations of Malmquist indices between 2006 and 2012 that teaching efficiency of 35 reviewed university systems has a tendency of declining while the research efficiency and that of attractivity-reputation is rather increasing. This allows a better assessment of the impact of reforms inspired by the Shanghai ranking on university systems. These reforms led the academic staff of universities to abandon their focus on teaching in favor of research activities
Tsopela, Alexandra. "Modélisation hydromécanique de la réactivation de faille par la méthode des éléments discrets." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI046/document.
Full textFaults in the Earth crust are localized zones of deformation which can drive fluids over long distances. Estimating the permeability of fault zones and their hydro-mechanical properties is crucial in a wide range of fields of research and industrial applications. In the petroleum industry, and more specifically in exploration and production applications, the seal integrity of faults in low permeability formations (e.g. shale) needs to be evaluated for the detection of hydrocarbon traps. There already exist approaches able to sufficiently estimate the "side-sealing" capacity of a fault based on the clay or shale content of the layers (e.g. Shale Gouge Ratio). Nevertheless, the conditions under which the fault acts as a drain along its structure are still not properly constrained. In this context, the response of the fault is directly controlled by a number of factors that can be better approached from a geomechanics point of view. These factors include the stress field, the fluid pressure, the orientation of the fault-related structures and the material properties. Meso-scale field injection experiments were carried out inside a fault zone located in the Tournemire massif at the South of France during which the fluid pressure, the deformation, the seismicity and the flow rate were monitored. Based on the Tournemire experiments and field observations, a numerical study was performed exploring the evolution of the permeability and how it is related to the fault hydro-mechanical reactivation and potentially to the induced seismicity. Fault-related structures such as subsidiary faults or fractures that were targeted during the experiments together with the surrounding intact rock, were modeled using the Discrete Element method. Modeling of the experimental tests and the analysis of generic models used to perform parametric studies highlighted the primary role of the in-situ stress conditions. The combined effect of stress and orientation of the fault structures determine in the first place the nature of the reactivation according to the critically stressed fault concept reported in the literature. For given stress conditions and structural features, it was shown that depending on the fluid pressure level, the fault offers three different ranges of permeability: i) permeability that is equivalent to the formation's permeability, ii) 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher and iii) more than 4 orders of magnitude higher. While for the two extreme cases the fault is characterized as hydro-mechanically inactive or active, the second case is mostly controlled by fluid channeling mechanisms promoted by heterogeneities at the scale of a single fracture or at the scale of the fracture network. Changes in the hydraulic properties are in some cases detected by the seismicity triggered during the injection under the assumption that the seismicity is the direct effect of fluid propagation, fluid pressure increase and effective stress drop.However, the mechanisms behind the injection induced seismicity are still poorly understood. Using experimental results from the Tournemire site, the role of the hydraulic diffusivity of the fault-related structures was explored on the recorded seismicity in the framework of a hydro-mechanical analysis. The results suggest that the induced microseismicity was possibly related to stress perturbations caused by a significant aseismic deformation rather than fluid propagation through hydraulically connected structures
Avenas, Quentin. "Intégration d’une méthode d’actuation électrocinétique sur biocapteur plasmonique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI122/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of an integrated plasmonic sensor capable to perform mass transport on targeted objects. The goal is to overcome the diffusion limit by trapping particules directly on the sensing surface. The adopted strategy was to structure the gold layer used for plasmonic detection in order to use the sofabricated structures to set the fluid and the molecules in motion by applying electric fields in the fluid. The mass transfer is realized through dielectrophoresis and electroosmosis, those two electrokinetic effects being operated by electrodes acting as sensor and actuator at the same time. An exhaustive state of the art as well as multiphysical simulations allowed us for designing a prototype for an integrated sensor consisting in gold interdigitated electrodes enabling plasmoninc sensing. The proposed device was obtained through microfabrication in clean room facilities and was characterized before the study of its performances. A first sequence of tests on a model system – polystyrene microbeads in water – brought the proof of concept we needed to validate the correct operation of the sensor, which is indeed capable of quickly trapping targeted objects on its surface and detecting them. The mass transfer mechanisms were explained and we showed the enhancement of the limit of detection by a factor greater than 100. In a second phase, performances of the sensor applied to biological objects were evaluated. It can effectively trap yeasts and proteins but no enhancement has been observed while detecting DNA hybridization events. Causes for this result were discussed and understood and two different solutions were explored: the adaptation of the operating frequency and the optimization of the electrodes geometry. Thus, this study highlighted the problematic of operating electrokinetic effects in biological media and suggested relevant leads towards its resolution
Cohen, Jonathan. "Formation dynamique d'équipes dans les DEC-POMDPS ouverts à base de méthodes Monte-Carlo." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC225/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the problem where a team of cooperative and autonomous agents, working in a stochastic and partially observable environment towards solving a complex task, needs toe dynamically modify its structure during the process execution, so as to adapt to the evolution of the task. It is a problem that has been seldom studied in the field of multi-agent planning. However, there are many situations where the team of agents is likely to evolve over time.We are particularly interested in the case where the agents can decide for themselves to leave or join the operational team. Sometimes, using few agents can be for the greater good. Conversely, it can sometimes be useful to call on more agents if the situation gets worse and the skills of some agents turn out to be valuable assets.In order to propose a decision model that can represent those situations, we base upon the decentralized and partially observable Markov decision processes, the standard model for planning under uncertainty in decentralized multi-agent settings. We extend this model to allow agents to enter and exit the system. This is what is called agent openness. We then present two planning algorithms based on the popular Monte-Carlo Tree Search methods. The first algorithm builds separable joint policies by computing series of best responses individual policies, while the second algorithm builds non-separable joint policies by ranking the teams in each situation via an Elo rating system. We evaluate our methods on new benchmarks that allow to highlight some interesting features of open systems
Gibaud, Robin. "Application de la méthode des éléments discrets aux déformations finies inélastiques dans les multi-matériaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI086/document.
Full textForming of multiphase materials involves complex mechanisms linked with therheology,morphology and topology of the phases.From a numerical point of view,modeling such phenomena by solving the partial differential equation (PDE) system accounting for thecontinuous behavior of the phases can be challenging.The description of the motion and the interaction of numerous discontinuities,associated with the phases,can be conceptually delicate and computationally costly.In this PhD,the discrete element method (DEM) is used to phenomenologically model finite inelastic strain inmulti-materials.This framework,natively suited for discrete phenomena,allows a flexible handling of morphological and topological changes.Ad hoc attractive-repulsive interaction laws are designed betweenfictitious particles,collectively rearranging to model irreversible strain in continuous media.The numerical behavior of a packing of particles can be tuned to mimic keyfeatures of isochoric perfect viscoplasticity:flow stress, strain rate sensitivity, volume conservation.The results for compression tests of simple bi-material configurations,simulated with the DEM,are compared to the finite element method (FEM) and show good agreement.The model is extended to cope with tensile loads.A method for the detection of contact and self-contact events of physicalobjects is proposed,based on a local approximation of the free surfaces.The potential of the general methodology is tested on complex mesostructuresobtained by X-ray tomography.The high temperature compression of a dense metallic composite is modeled.The co-deformation can be observed at the length scale of the phases.Two cases of ``porous'' material are considered.Firstly,the simulation of the compression and the tension of aluminum alloys with poresis investigated.These pores stem from the casting of the material,their closure and re-opening is modeled,including the potential coalescence occurring at large strain.Secondly,the compression of a metallic foam,with low relative density,is modeled.Typically used in energy absorption applications,the compression up to densification involves numerous interactions between thearms
Radi, Kaoutar. "Matériaux bioinspirés : Optimisation du comportement mécanique en utilisant la méthode des éléments discrets." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI066/document.
Full textNatural materials such as bone and the nacre of some seashells are made of relatively weak building blocks and yet often exhibit remarkable combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness. Such performances are due in large part to their brick and mortar architectures. Many efforts are devoted to translate these design principles into synthetic materials. However, much of the progress is based on trial-and-error approaches, which are time consuming and do not guarantee that an optimum is achieved.Modeling is an appealing alternative to guide the design and processing routes of such materials. In this work, we develop a numerical model based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) to understand the reinforcement mechanisms and optimize the mechanical properties of nacre-like materials based on their microstructural parameters. The model follows the crack propagation, accounts for different reinforcement mechanisms, and quantitatively assess stiffness, strength, and toughness. An interesting approach, based on EBSD imaging, is presented to model the real material and its different microstructural variations. Results are then combined to provide design guidelines for synthetic brick-and-mortar composites comprising with only brittle constituents
Dakpo, K. Hervé. "Non-parametric modelling of pollution-generating technologies : theoretical and methodological considerations, with an application to the case of greenhouse gas emissions in suckler breeding systems in French grassland areas." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10474/document.
Full textThe growing importance of environmental matters in social responsibility of firms has generated many frameworks of analysis in the economic literature. Among those frameworks, performance evaluation and benchmarking using the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) have increased at a very fast rate. This PhD research focuses on models that include undesirable outputs such as pollution in the overall production system, to appraise eco-efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). Besides, the recent awareness on the large contribution of agriculture and particularly livestock farming to global warming, has highlighted for this sector the challenge of reaching both economic and environmental performances. In this line, the overall objective of this dissertation is to provide a theoretical and empirical background in modelling pollution-generating technologies and to suggest theoretical improvements that are consistent with the particular case of greenhouse gas emissions in extensive livestock systems. Firstly, we showed that all existing approaches that deal with undesirable outputs in the non-parametric analysis (i.e. DEA) have some strong drawbacks. However, the models grounded on the estimation of multiple independent sub-technologies offer interesting opportunities. Secondly, I developed a new framework that extends the by-production approach through the introduction of some explicit dependence constraints that link the sub-technologies in order to build a unified system. Thirdly, an empirical comparison, using a sample of French sheep meat farms, of this by-production modelling extension with the existing approaches, revealed some inconsistencies of these latter. Finally, we expanded this new by-production formulation to account for dynamic aspects related to the presence of adjustment costs. The application to the case of French suckler cow farms underlined the necessity of accounting for dynamic aspects and also showed high heterogeneity in investment strategies of these farmers
Sabit, Souhila. "Les méthodes numériques de transport réactif." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01057870.
Full textStenger, Agathe. "Contribution à l'indicateur de Hicks-Moorsteen et à la théorie de la productivité." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0010/document.
Full textThis phd contributes to the definition of efficiency measures and productivity indicator, in the microeconomic theory. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. Firstly, this phd develops a review on standard measures of efficiency and productivity. It is shown that the directional measure, under the assumption of constant returns to scale, raises some problems in the assessment of productivity changes. Moreover, it is established that the "slacks-based" and directional "slack-based" measures (or Färe-Lovell measures) do not allow to characterize technology. It follows that such measures do not allow to evaluate efficiency and productivity changes. An alternative approach is proposed which overcomes this difficulty. Then, this phd introduces two new indicators: a social Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen indicator and a generalized indicator of productivity. The first mesure the impact of publics policies in the line of the capability theory introduce by A. Sen. This indicator consists on a transposition of the Hicks-Moorsteen indicator by considering a sub-vector of social factors. The second indicator generalizes standards productivity indicators. It allows to find the Luenberger and the Luenberger Hicks-Moortsteen as special cases of this general indicator. Considering the multiplicative version of the generalized indicator, on can find the Malmquist and Hicks-Moorsteen indicators, as special cases. Finally, this phd presents some empirical applications to illustrate the methodology. These studies evaluate and compare the performance of the tourist destination, and specifically for the Languedoc-Roussillon, which involves a cross-border analysis framework
Moradian, Zabihallah. "Application de la méthode d'émission acoustique pour la surveillance du comportement au cisaillement des joints actifs." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1961.
Full textNguyen, Van Vinh. "Méthodes exactes pour l'optimisation DC polyédrale en variables mixtes 0-1 basées sur DCA et des nouvelles coupes." INSA de Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAM0003.
Full textTa, Minh Thuy. "Techniques d'optimisation non convexe basée sur la programmation DC et DCA et méthodes évolutives pour la classification non supervisée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0099/document.
Full textThis thesis focus on four problems in data mining and machine learning: clustering data streams, clustering massive data sets, weighted hard and fuzzy clustering and finally the clustering without a prior knowledge of the clusters number. Our methods are based on deterministic optimization approaches, namely the DC (Difference of Convex functions) programming and DCA (Difference of Convex Algorithm) for solving some classes of clustering problems cited before. Our methods are also, based on elitist evolutionary approaches. We adapt the clustering algorithm DCA–MSSC to deal with data streams using two windows models: sub–windows and sliding windows. For the problem of clustering massive data sets, we propose to use the DCA algorithm with two phases. In the first phase, massive data is divided into several subsets, on which the algorithm DCA–MSSC performs clustering. In the second phase, we propose a DCA–Weight algorithm to perform a weighted clustering on the obtained centers in the first phase. For the weighted clustering, we also propose two approaches: weighted hard clustering and weighted fuzzy clustering. We test our approach on image segmentation application. The final issue addressed in this thesis is the clustering without a prior knowledge of the clusters number. We propose an elitist evolutionary approach, where we apply several evolutionary algorithms (EAs) at the same time, to find the optimal combination of initial clusters seed and in the same time the optimal clusters number. The various tests performed on several sets of large data are very promising and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches
Andurand, Lewis. "Développement d'une méthode de génération de trajectoire versatile pour la réalisation de pièces par procédés DED multi-axes à partir de surfaces facettisées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOUL0001.
Full textAdditive manufacturing is a category of processes that allows the production of mechanical parts by the adding of material. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes can be combined with multi-axis robots and are a promising option to obtain parts with complex structures. However, the path generation methods and the machine structures used remain an issue. With innovations in these areas, the industrial possibilities would increase tenfold.This thesis presents a numerical and systematic path generation method based on meshed surfaces and adapted to DED processes. The method was validated through simulations on minimal triply periodic surfaces and allows the creation of a first deposition path that meets the distance constraint between the part and the tool. This first path can be combined with region prioritization feedback to obtain a final path adapted to the physical warnings provided by the robot, the manufacturing material and the tool
Bednarek, Xavier. "Simulation de l'homogénéisation de poudres dans un mélangeur conique à vis par la méthode des éléments discrets." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEM016.
Full textThe homogenization of powders in a conical screw mixer is studied with numerical simulations using the discrete element method (DEM). Following a literature review, two major aspects are presented: a robust calibration method of the numerical model and the study of the mixing process itself.The aim of the calibration of the DEM model is the replication of laboratory measurement by a simulation. We show that the simulation of the measurement of the yield locus with the Freeman Technology’s FT4 shear cell experiment is the best option. We developed an automated and robust simulation procedure. The difficulty of depicting a grain of real powder by a numerical one required some considerations on the parameters to be calibrated. We conduct a sensitivity analysis on a wide range of parameters values, whether they are parameters of the force models or those called "collective" - i.e. related to the number of grains used and to the particle size distribution. The Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) algorithm is used to optimize the degree of fitness between the numerical measurements and the experimental ones.The numerical study of the mixing process was conducted with one million particles, for several configurations. We discuss the issue of the scale-up, from the test mixer to the production mixer. We perform different analysis methods based on various mixing indices and study velocity fields, granular temperature and dispersion. A time extrapolation method based on Kuhn’s Hungarian algorithm solving the assignment problem was also implemented and tested with good results
Nguyen, Quang Thuan. "Approches locales et globales basées sur la programmation DC et DCA pour des problèmes combinatoires en variables mixtes 0-1 : applications à la planification opérationnelle." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ037S/document.
Full textThis thesis develops two local and global approaches based on DC programming and DCA for mixed 0-1 combinatorial optimization and their applications to many problems in operational planning. More particularly, this thesis consists of: the improvement of the outer approximation algorithm based on DCA (called DCACUT) introduced by Nguyen V.V and Le Thi for mixed 0-1 linear programming, the combinations of global algorithms and DCA and the comparative numerical study of these approaches for mixed 0-1 linear programming, the use of DCA for solving mixed 0-1 programming via an exact penalty technique, the implementation of the algorithms developed for solving large scale problems in operational planning: two problems in wireless telecommunication network, two scheduling problems, an UAV task assignment problem and an inventory routing problem in supply chains
Tran, Duc Kien. "Modélisation numérique discrète de l'érosion interne par renard hydraulique dans les barrages ou digues en terre." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEC055/document.
Full textThe work reported in this thesis consists in a discrete modelling of the backward front propagation of an erosion pipe, as can take place in embankment dams or dikes. Some numerical tools have been developed to this end, based on the coupling between the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for the representation of the solid and uid phases, respectively. The implementation of DEM follows a standard molecular dynamics approach and the interaction among grains are regulated by unilteral frictional visco-elastic and breakable visco-elastic bonds, in order to take into account a slightly cohesive soil behaviour. The LBM was implemented according to the Multiple Relaxation Time (MRT) scheme along with an interpolated non-slip conditions for moving boundaries, in order to improve the numerical stability of the calculations. The coupling scheme is described along with the criteria for the numerical parameters of the two methods. A representative specimen of a granular soil located at the front of an erosion pipe is first assembled by a \dry" preparation precedure and then tested under fully-saturated conditions and increasing hydraulic load over time. Backward erosion is takes place in the form of clusters of grain being eroded at the erosion front after a degradation of the material due to the breakage of tensile bonds. The other interesting feature that was observed is the creation of arches of compressive force chains. These arches enabled the specimen to maintain a stable or metastable configuration under the increasing hydraulic load