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Journal articles on the topic 'Deactivation by carbon'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Garoma, T., and J. Kocher. "Investigation of surfactant-modified activated carbon for recycled water disinfection." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.458.

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This study investigated the effectiveness of surfactant-loaded granular activated carbon (GAC) to deactivate total coliform, E. coli, and enterococci found in tertiary effluent under various experimental conditions, i.e. varying surfactant dose, GAC dose, and contact time. The results indicate that GAC loaded with 100 mg/g of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), achieved log reductions as high as 1.02 and 1.86 of total coliform, respectively. At varying GAC doses and contact times, 200 mg/g of DDAB dose achieved 99.9 to 100% reduction in total coliform at initial concentrations as high as 38,000 MPN/100 mL. Complete deactivation of E. coli and enterococci were observed for CTAB and DDAB at 200 mg/g dose for varying GAC doses and contact times used in this study. DDAB was more effective than CTAB at deactivating total coliform and E. coli, both Gram-negative bacteria, while both surfactants were shown to have similar disinfection capabilities against enterococci. Surfactant dose and GAC dose were shown to enhance bacteria deactivation; however, surfactant dose was found to be the most important parameter. For contact times evaluated in this research, bacterial deactivation remained the same or slightly decreased with contact time. In conclusion, surfactant-modified GAC can be used as an effective disinfection technique for recycled water.

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2

Vander Wal, Randy, and Mpila Makiesse Nkiawete. "Carbons as Catalysts in Thermo-Catalytic Hydrocarbon Decomposition: A Review." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 2 (April 14, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6020023.

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Thermo-catalytic decomposition is well-suited for the generation of hydrogen from natural gas. In a decarbonization process for fossil fuel—pre-combustion—solid carbon is produced, with potential commercial uses including energy storage. Metal catalysts have the disadvantages of coking and deactivation, whereas carbon materials as catalysts offer resistance to deactivation and poisoning. Many forms of carbon have been tested with varied characterization techniques providing insights into the catalyzed carbon deposition. The breadth of studies testing carbon materials motivated this review. Thermocatalytic decomposition (TCD) rates and active duration vary widely across carbons tested. Regeneration remains rarely investigated but does appear necessary in a cyclic TCD–partial oxidation sequence. Presently, studies making fundamental connections between active sites and deposit nanostructures are few.

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3

Liang, Wei, Hao Yan, Chen Chen, Dong Lin, Kexin Tan, Xiang Feng, Yibin Liu, Xiaobo Chen, Chaohe Yang, and Honghong Shan. "Revealing the Effect of Nickel Particle Size on Carbon Formation Type in the Methane Decomposition Reaction." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080890.

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Carbon species deposition is recognized as the primary cause of catalyst deactivation for hydrocarbon cracking and reforming reactions. Exploring the formation mechanism and influencing factors for carbon deposits is crucial for the design of rational catalysts. In this work, a series of NixMgyAl-800 catalysts with nickel particles of varying mean sizes between 13.2 and 25.4 nm were obtained by co-precipitation method. These catalysts showed different deactivation behaviors in the catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) reaction and the deactivation rate of catalysts increased with the decrease in nickel particle size. Employing TG-MS and TEM characterizations, we found that carbon nanotubes which could keep catalyst activity were more prone to form on large nickel particles, while encapsulated carbon species that led to deactivation were inclined to deposit on small particles. Supported by DFT calculations, we proposed the insufficient supply of carbon atoms and rapid nucleation of carbon precursors caused by the lesser terrace/step ratio on smaller nickel particles, compared with large particles, inhibit the formation of carbon nanotube, leading to the formation of encapsulated carbon species. The findings in this work may provide guidance for the rational design of nickel-based catalysts for CDM and other methane conversion reactions.

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4

Hu, Ing-Feng, Dale H. Karweik, and Theodore Kuwana. "Activation and deactivation of glassy carbon electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 188, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(85)80050-4.

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5

Mukkavilli, Suryanarayana, Charles Wittmann, and Lawerence L. Tavlarides. "Carbon deactivation of Fischer-Tropsch ruthenium catalyst." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development 25, no. 2 (April 1986): 487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/i200033a023.

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6

Afineevskii, Andreiy V., Dmitriy A. Prozorov, Mikhail V. Lukin, Tatiana Yu Osadchaya, and Yaroslav P. Sukhachev. "NICKEL CATALYTIC PROPERTIES IN REACTION OF LIQUID-PHASE HYDROGENATION OF CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 6 (July 19, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017606.5409.

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The hydrogenating of carbon-carbon double bond in a molecule of sodium maleate over a partially deactivated catalysts based on nickel in a water solution at atmospheric pressure was investigated. Kinetic regularities of the investigated processes were obtained. It was found that sulfide additives lead to the decrease in an order of the reaction for both skeletal and supported nickel catalysts, however, the correlation of activity versus the amounts of sulfur introduced is complex and independent on the amount of active metal on the catalyst surface. We proposed the method for the synthesis of a supported nickel catalyst resistant to oxidation with atmospheric oxygen and an activity of the one is more than twice better then activity of Raney nickel. The stability of the nickel catalyst (Raney nickel and nickel supported on silica) in the presence of sulfide ions impurities in the reaction system was shown. It was found that the supported nickel catalyst has a much higher resistance to deactivation than the skeletal catalyst. The role of the support at the adsorption of sulfide from solution during deactivation of the investigated catalysts was demonstrated. It was suggested that the higher stability of the supported catalyst for deactivation is due to the sorption of the catalytic poison by silica gel. It is suggested the possibility of adjusting the selectivity of the catalyst deactivation character without changing the nature of the solvent. It was presented the possibility of purposeful variation in a wide range of adsorption properties of the active metal surface relative to the reactants, which makes possible to develop approaches to the synthesis of catalysts with given parameters of activity and selectivity relative to certain classes of organic compounds.Forcitation:Afineevskii A.V., Prozorov D.A., Osadchaya T.Yu., Sukhachev Ya.P., Lukin M.V. Nickel catalytic properties in reaction of liquid-phase hydrogenation of carbon-carbon double bond. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60.N 6. P. 95-101.

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7

Liao, Hsueh-Chun, Jui-Chang Lin, and Ruey-Dar Chang. "Deactivation of Phosphorus by Carbon in Recrystallized Silicon." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (2019): P262—P266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0041904jss.

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8

Kuwana, Kazunori, Hajime Endo, Kozo Saito, Dali Qian, Rodney Andrews, and Eric A. Grulke. "Catalyst deactivation in CVD synthesis of carbon nanotubes." Carbon 43, no. 2 (2005): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.008.

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9

MO, X., D. LOPEZ, K. SUWANNAKARN, Y. LIU, E. LOTERO, J. GOODWINJR, and C. LU. "Activation and deactivation characteristics of sulfonated carbon catalysts." Journal of Catalysis 254, no. 2 (March 10, 2008): 332–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2008.01.011.

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10

LUND, C. "Nickel catalyst deactivation in the steam-carbon reaction." Journal of Catalysis 95, no. 1 (September 1985): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(85)90009-0.

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11

Yang, Yu, Gang Wang, Peng Zheng, Falu Dang, and Jiannian Han. "Carbon deposits during catalytic combustion of toluene on Pd–Pt-based catalysts." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 8 (2020): 2452–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00101e.

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12

Brovko, R., L. Mushinskii, and V. Doluda. "H-ZSM-5 Zeolites Deactivation Mechanisms in Catalytic Transformation of Methanol to Hydrocarbons." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/60/03.

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Zeolite deactivation during the methanol transformation into hydrocarbons is a complex chemical process that includes reversible and irreversible degradation of active sites. The irreversible deactivation of the catalyst is associated with the degradation of active sites during long-term functioning of the zeolite under high-temperature exposure conditions of to water vapor as one of the main reaction products. The carbon deposits formation on the catalyst surface is the main cause of reversible deactivation. The formation of carbon can occur both in the cavities of the zeolites channels, which usually leads to a change in the selectivity of the process for light hydrocarbons, and at the junctions of the channels, which leads to pores blockage and a decrease in the activity of the catalyst. In addition, carbon deposition can occur directly on the active site of the zeolite, which also reduces the activity of the catalyst. The study of the synthesized catalytic systems deactivation rate to process time correlation was carried out in a tubular reactor installation of continuous operation, consisting of a reactor for producing dimethyl ether and a reactor for transformation of dimethyl ether into hydrocarbons. Determination of the kinetic regularities of the deactivation process of zeolite H-ZSM-5 makes it possible to adequately describe the actual course of the catalytic transformation of methanol into hydrocarbons. As a result of solving the differential equations of catalyst deactivation by numerical methods, the values of the preexponential factors and activation energies were obtained. Base on the values of the preexponential factors and activation energies, the methanol into hydrocarbons conditions range optimal for the catalytic transformation was determined, providing the minimum rate of catalyst deactivation, Ptotal = 1 Bar, W (methanol) = 2.3 kg (methanol) / (kg (cat) × h), t = 330–360 °C, which correlates with the results of the literature data on the transformation of methanol into zeolite of the H-ZSM-5 type.

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13

Rautio, Anne-Riikka, Prem Kumar Seelam, Päivi Mäki-Arvela, Olli Pitkänen, Mika Huuhtanen, Riitta L. Keiski, and Krisztian Kordas. "Carbon supported catalysts in low temperature steam reforming of ethanol: study of catalyst performance." RSC Advances 5, no. 61 (2015): 49487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07282d.

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14

XU, JING, and MARK SAEYS. "COKING MECHANISM AND PROMOTER DESIGN FOR Ni-BASED CATALYSTS: A FIRST PRINCIPLES STUDY." International Journal of Nanoscience 06, no. 02 (April 2007): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x07004389.

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Based on a first principles study of the interaction of carbon with Ni (111), a new way is proposed to improve the coking resistance of Ni -based catalysts. Three forms of chemisorbed carbon—on-surface carbon atoms, bulk nickel carbide and graphene — are distinguished and their relative stability is studied. At low coverages, on-surface carbon atoms will diffuse to the Ni bulk until saturation at a C:Ni mole fraction of about 1:2. The formation of the carbide will affect the catalytic properties of Ni and might lead to catalyst deactivation. When the on-surface carbon can accumulate to high coverages, formation of a graphene overlayer becomes preferred, leading to surface blocking and catalyst deactivation. Boron was found to be a potential promoter to prevent coking of Ni -based catalysts by effectively blocking the diffusion of carbon into the Ni bulk.

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15

Evans, S. E., O. J. Good, J. Z. Staniforth, R. M. Ormerod, and R. J. Darton. "Overcoming carbon deactivation in biogas reforming using a hydrothermally synthesised nickel perovskite catalyst." RSC Adv. 4, no. 58 (2014): 30816–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00846d.

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16

de Souza, Adriana Galdino Figueira, Ayr Manoel Portilho Bentes, Alexandre Carlos Camacho Rodrigues, Luiz Eduardo Pizarro Borges, and José Luiz Fontes Monteiro. "Hydrodechlorination of carbon tetrachloride over PtNaX zeolite: Deactivation studies." Catalysis Today 107-108 (October 2005): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.062.

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17

Yanagi, Kazuhiro, Toshiya Okazaki, Yasumitsu Miyata, and Hiromichi Kataura. "Deactivation of singlet oxygen by single-wall carbon nanohorns." Chemical Physics Letters 431, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.078.

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18

Mentus, Zoja, S. Mentus, N. Marinković, and Z. Laušević. "Investigations on glassy carbon deactivation on aging in air." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 283, no. 1-2 (April 1990): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(90)87409-d.

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19

MCALLISTER, P. "An activation-deactivation model for catalytic deposition of carbon." Journal of Catalysis 138, no. 1 (November 1992): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(92)90012-7.

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20

Liu, Guangli, Dongtai Han, Jie Cheng, Yongshi Feng, Wenbin Quan, Li Yang, and Kozo Saito. "Performance of C2H4 Reductant in Activated-Carbon- Supported MnOx-based SCR Catalyst at Low Temperatures." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010123.

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Hydrocarbons as reductants show promising results for replacing NH3 in SCR technology. Therefore, considerable interest exists for developing low-temperature (<200 °C) and environmentally friendly HC-SCR catalysts. Hence, C2H4 was examined as a reductant using activated-carbon-supported MnOx-based catalyst in low-temperature SCR operation. Its sensitivity to Mn concentration and operating temperature was parametrically studied, the results of which showed that the catalyst activity followed the order of 130 °C > 150 °C > 180 °C with an optimized Mn concentration near 3.0 wt.%. However, rapid deactivation of catalytic activity also occurred when using C2H4 as the reductant. The mechanism of deactivation was explored and is discussed herein in which deactivation is attributed to two factors. The manganese oxide was reduced to Mn3O4 during reaction testing, which contained relatively low activity compared to Mn2O3. Also, increased crystallinity of the reduced manganese and the formation of carbon black occurred during SCR reaction testing, and these constituents on the catalyst’s surface blocked pores and active sites from participating in catalytic activity.

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21

Umar, Ahmed, and John T. S. Irvine. "Gasification of Glycerol Over Ni/γ-Al2O3 For Hydrogen Production: Tailoring Catalytic Properties to Control Deactivation." Catalysis for Sustainable Energy 7, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cse-2020-0006.

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AbstractThe effects of catalyst loading, calcination and reaction temperatures on the structural properties and catalytic behavior of Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst system in relation to steam reforming of glycerol and catalyst deactivation were investigated. The results showed that catalyst loading, reaction and calcination temperatures had a profound influence on the structure and catalytic activity in glycerol conversion. Use of high calcination temperature (900-1000 °C) led to phase transformation of the active Ni/Al2O3 to less active spinel specie NiAl2O4 that resulted in a successive change of texture and color. The particle size growth and phase change at this temperature were responsible for the catalyst deactivation and low performance especially among the catalyst calcined at high temperatures. Conversely, at low reaction temperatures, catalyst surfaces were marred by carbon deposition. Whilethe polymeric carbon deposited at metal-support interface was associated with low reaction temperatures, high reaction temperatures were characterized predominantly by both amorphous carbon deposited on the active metal surface and polymeric or graphitic carbon deposited at metal-support interface respectively. Calcination temperature showed no significant influence on the location and type of coke deposited on the catalyst surface. Hence, catalyst loading, calcination and reaction temperatures could be tailored to enhance structural and catalytic properties and guard against catalyst deactivation.

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22

Chesnokov, V. V., R. A. Buyanov, and V. I. Zaikovskii. "Stages of Filamentary Carbon Growth from Hydrocarbons on Nickelcontaining Catalysts and Causes of their Deactivation." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 5, no. 4 (December 29, 2007): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj324.

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<p>Methane decomposition to carbon and hydrogen has been studied using the Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ni-Cu/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Ni-Cu/MgO catalysts at 550 <sup>o</sup>C. The S-shaped kinetic curves of carbon formation from methane exhibit the following periods: induction, acceleration, stationary state and deactivation. The induction period is characterized by oversaturation of metal or alloy particles with carbon atoms and predominant formation of the graphite phase at the (111) faces of the catalyst particles. After formation of the graphite crystallization centers, the acceleration period is accompanied by the growth of graphite filaments and simultaneous reconstruction of the metal particles. After termination of the above processes, the carbon deposition rate becomes constant. Deactivation of the catalyst is caused by blocking of the front side of the metal particle with a carbon film. When the reaction temperature increases to 700 <sup>o</sup>C, deactivation of the nickel-containing catalyst follows a different mechanism. During the growth of the filamentary carbon, the metal particle becomes viscous-flowing. This fact allows for its partial capturing by the inner filament channel. As a result, the formed carbon filament has an internal channel filled either with metal or its alloy. Hydrogen addition to methane leads a decrease in the carbon formation rate on the catalyst and a change in the filamentary carbon morphology: now it contains a hollow channel.</p>

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23

Kestel, Ulrich, Gerd Fröhlich, Dieter Borgmann, and Gerd Wedler. "Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide on cobalt catalysts - activation, deactivation, influence of carbon monoxide." Chemical Engineering & Technology 17, no. 6 (December 1994): 390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270170605.

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24

Piirainen, V. Yu, A. A. Barinkova, V. N. Starovoytov, and V. M. Barinkov. "Deactivation of Red Mud by Primary Aluminum Production Wastes." Materials Science Forum 1040 (July 27, 2021): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1040.109.

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Current global environmental challenges and, above all, global warming associated with a change in the carbon balance in the atmosphere has led to the need for urgent and rapid search for ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, which primarily include carbon dioxide as a by-product of human activity and technological progress. One of these ways is the creation of industries with a complete cycle of turnover of carbon dioxide. Aluminum is the most sought-after nonferrous metal in the world, but its production is not environmentally safe, so it constantly requires the development of knowledge-intensive technologies to improve the technological process of cleaning and disposal of production waste, primarily harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Another environmental problem related to aluminum production is the formation and accumulation in mud lagoon of huge amounts of so-called highly alkaline "red mud," which is a waste product of natural bauxite raw material processing into alumina - the feedstock for aluminum production. Commonly known resources and technological methods of neutralizing red mud and working with it as ore materials for further extraction of useful components are still not used because of their low productivity and cost-effectiveness. This article describes the negative impact of waste in the form of "red" mud and carbon dioxide of primary aluminum production on the environment. The results showed that thanks to carbonization of red mud using carbon dioxide, it is possible to achieve rapid curing and its compact formation for safer transportation and storage until further use. Strength tests of concrete samples filled with deactivated red mud were also carried out, which showed the prospects of using concrete with magnesia binder.

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25

Hou, Jifei, Lixia Xu, Yuxiang Han, Yuqiong Tang, Haiqin Wan, Zhaoyi Xu, and Shourong Zheng. "Deactivation and regeneration of carbon nanotubes and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes in catalytic peroxymonosulfate activation for phenol degradation: variation of surface functionalities." RSC Advances 9, no. 2 (2019): 974–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07696k.

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Both CNT and NCNT catalysts presented marked deactivation after activating PMS. Moreover, the initial activities of deactivated CNT and NCNT were restored by thermal treatment at different temperatures (T-350, T-550 and T-750) and chemical reduction (R–NaBH₄).

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26

Mahadevan, Ravishankar, Sushil Adhikari, Rajdeep Shakya, and Oladiran Fasina. "Influence of Biomass Inorganics on the Functionality of H+ZSM-5 Catalyst during In-Situ Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010124.

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In this study, the contamination of H+ZSM-5 catalyst by calcium, potassium and sodium was investigated by deactivating the catalyst with various concentrations of these inorganics, and the subsequent changes in the properties of the catalyst are reported. Specific surface area analysis of the catalysts revealed a progressive reduction with increasing concentrations of the inorganics, which could be attributed to pore blocking and diffusion resistance. Chemisorption studies (NH3-TPD) showed that the Bronsted acid sites on the catalyst had reacted with potassium and sodium, resulting in a clear loss of active sites, whereas the presence of calcium did not appear to cause extensive chemical deactivation. Pyrolysis experiments revealed the progressive loss in catalytic activity, evident due the shift in selectivity from producing only aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalenes and others) with the fresh catalyst to oxygenated compounds such as phenols, guaiacols, furans and ketones with increasing contamination by the inorganics. The carbon yield of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased from 22.3% with the fresh catalyst to 1.4% and 2.1% when deactivated by potassium and sodium at 2 wt %, respectively. However, calcium appears to only cause physical deactivation.

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27

Xia, Qineng, Xiaojing Zhuang, Molly Meng-Jung Li, Yung-Kang Peng, Guoliang Liu, Tai-Sing Wu, Yun-Liang Soo, Xue-Qing Gong, Yanqin Wang, and Shik Chi Edman Tsang. "Cooperative catalysis for the direct hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils into diesel-range alkanes over Pd/NbOPO4." Chemical Communications 52, no. 29 (2016): 5160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc10419j.

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28

Mueanngern, Yutichai, Cheng-Han Li, Meiling Spelic, Joshua Graham, Nathan Pimental, Yehia Khalifa, Joerg R. Jinschek, and L. Robert Baker. "Deactivation-free ethanol steam reforming at nickel-tipped carbon filaments." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 20 (2021): 11764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp00637a.

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29

Pimenov, Alexander, Alexander Mitilineos, Galina Pendinen, Vladimir Chernov, Alexander Lieberman, Joseph Shmidt, and Huk Cheh. "THE ADSORPTION AND DEACTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMS BY ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER." Separation Science and Technology 36, no. 15 (November 30, 2001): 3385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-100107909.

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30

Lin, Bingyu, Yunjie Guo, Jingdong Lin, Jun Ni, Jianxin Lin, Lilong Jiang, and Yong Wang. "Deactivation study of carbon-supported ruthenium catalyst with potassium promoter." Applied Catalysis A: General 541 (July 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2017.04.020.

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31

Bracht, Hartmut, S. Brotzmann, and Alexander Chroneos. "Impact of Carbon on the Diffusion of Donor Atoms in Germanium." Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (April 2009): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.289-292.689.

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We report experiments on the diffusion of n-type dopants in isotopically controlled Ge multilayer structures doped with carbon. The diffusion profiles reveal a strong aggregation of the dopants within the carbon-doped layers and a retarded penetration depth compared to dopant diffusion in high purity natural Ge. Dopant aggregation and diffusion retardation is strongest for Sb and similar for P and As. Successful modeling of the simultaneous self- and dopant diffusion is performed on the basis of the vacancy mechanism and additional reactions that take into account the formation of carbon-vacancy-dopant and dopant-vacancy complexes. The stability of these complexes is confirmed by density functional theory calculations. The overall consistency between experimental and theoretical results supports the stabilization of donor-vacancy complexes in Ge by the presence of carbon and the dopant deactivation via the formation of dopant-vacancy complexes. These results help to develop concepts to suppress the enhanced diffusion of n-type dopants and the donor deactivation in Ge. Both issues hamper the formation of ultra shallow donor profiles with high active dopant concentrations that are required for the fabrication of Ge-based n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors.

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32

Duong-Viet, Cuong, Jean-Mario Nhut, Tri Truong-Huu, Giulia Tuci, Lam Nguyen-Dinh, Yuefeng Liu, Charlotte Pham, Giuliano Giambastiani, and Cuong Pham-Huu. "A nitrogen-doped carbon-coated silicon carbide as a robust and highly efficient metal-free catalyst for sour gas desulfurization in the presence of aromatics as contaminants." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 16 (2020): 5487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00945h.

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A mesoporous N-doped carbon coating for SiC extrudates shows excellent H₂S desulfurization performance along with remarkably high resistance towards deactivation/fouling in the presence of aromatics as contaminant.

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33

Gholidoust, Abedeh, Abbas Naderifar, Mohammad Rahmani, and Saeed Sahebdelfar. "Platinum nano particles dispersed in alumina." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 05 (January 2012): 168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512001985.

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We report the propane dehydrogenation behavior of catalysts prepared using wet impregnation method that immobilize Pt nano cluster on the alumina surface. The immobilization of the metal particles and their nano size dimensions were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Selectivity to propylene for these catalysts is comparable to those obtained over industrial Pt catalysts, yet the resistance to deactivation by carbon poisoning is much greater for our catalysts. The deactivation behavior is more typical of traditionally prepared PtSn catalysts on γ-alumina than of catalysts supported onθ-alumina.

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34

Dufresne, Stéphane, Thomas Skalski, and W. G. Skene. "Insights into the effect of ketylimine, aldimine, and vinylene group attachment and regiosubstitution on the fluorescence deactivation of fluorene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 89, no. 2 (February 2011): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-089.

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The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of a 9-substituted fluorene ketylimine (3) were investigated and compared with those of its vinylene analogue (4) to determine the origins of the quenched fluorescence of these compounds. The predominate mode of singlet excited state deactivation of the heteroatomic fluorene was found to be internal conversion involving bond rotation. Meanwhile, its carbon counterpart was found to undergo deactivation preferentially by intersystem crossing to form its triplet, which was confirmed by laser flash photolysis. Both 3 and 4 quenched the fluorescence of fluorene with diffusion-controlled rate constants, implying that the singlet excited states of 3 and 4 are also quenched by intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET). This deactivation mode was found to be exergonically favorable (–90 kJ/mol for 3 and –81 kJ/mol for 4) according to the Rehm–Weller equation. The position of the heteroatomic bond on the fluorene moiety was further found to influence the singlet excited state deactivation pathway. The 2-substituted regioisomer decayed predominately by intramolecular PET and its fluorescence can be restored by acid protonation. Conversely, the PET mechanism is a minor deactivation mode for the 9-substituted fluorene derivative and its fluorescence can be enhanced by suppressing bond rotational modes, possible at low temperature and potentially in thin films.

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35

Ahmad, Naushad, Fahad Alharthi, Manawwer Alam, Rizwan Wahab, Salim Manoharadas, and Basel Alrayes. "Syngas Production via CO2 Reforming of Methane over SrNiO3 and CeNiO3 Perovskites." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102928.

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The development of a transition-metal-based catalyst with concomitant high activity and stability due to its distinguishing characteristics, yielding an abundance of active sites, is considered to be the bottleneck for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). This work presents the catalytic activity and durability of SrNiO3 and CeNiO3 perovskites for syngas production via DRM. CeNiO3 exhibits a higher specific surface area, pore volume, number of reducible species, and nickel dispersion when compared to SrNiO3. The catalytic activity results demonstrate higher CH4 (54.3%) and CO2 (64.8%) conversions for CeNiO3, compared to 22% (CH4 conversion) and 34.7% (CO2 conversion) for SrNiO3. The decrease in catalytic activity after replacing cerium with strontium is attributed to a decrease in specific surface area and pore volume, and nickel active sites covered with strontium carbonate. The stability results reveal the deactivation of both the catalysts (SrNiO3 and CeNiO3) but SrNiO3 showed more deactivation than CeNiO3, as demonstrated by deactivation factors. The catalyst deactivation is mainly attributed to carbon deposition and these findings are verified by characterizing the spent catalysts.

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36

Wang, Xiaolong, Guojun Lan, Huazhang Liu, Yihan Zhu, and Ying Li. "Effect of acidity and ruthenium species on catalytic performance of ruthenium catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 23 (2018): 6143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy01677a.

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Carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts are promising mercury-free catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination, due to their high activity and relatively low price. The deactivation mechanism was identified and solved by a simple ammonia treated method.

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37

Bronikowski, Michael J., and Melissa King. "Refractory-Metal Diffusion Inhibitors Slow Erosion of Catalytic Metal Particles in the growth of Carbon Nanotubes." MRS Advances 4, no. 3-4 (2019): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.666.

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ABSTRACTCatalytic growth of substantial amounts of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) to lengths greater than 1 – 2 cm is currently limited by several factors, including especially the deactivation of the catalyst particles due to erosion of catalyst atoms from the catalyst particles at elevated CNT growth temperatures. Inclusion of refractory metals in the CNT growth catalyst has recently been proposed as a method to prevent this catalytic particle erosion and deactivation, allowing the CNT to grow for greater times and reach substantially greater lengths. Here are presented results of recent investigations into this method. The system investigated employs Molybdenum as the erosion inhibitor and Iron as the CNT growth catalyst. Results show that inclusion of Mo leads to substantially longer catalyst particle lifetimes.

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Liao, Hsueh-Chun, Jui-Chang Lin, and Ruey-Dar Chang. "Time evolution of boron deactivation with carbon coimplantation in preamorphized silicon." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 8 (July 9, 2018): 081301. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.081301.

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39

Chang, Ruey-Dar, Yu-Ting Ling, and Wan-Ting Su. "Suppression of uphill diffusion caused by phosphorus deactivation using carbon implantation." Applied Surface Science 356 (November 2015): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.153.

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40

Suyadal, Y. "Deactivation Model for Desorption of Tricholoroethylene Vapor from Granular Activated Carbon." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 4 (February 2003): 897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie020229i.

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41

Scholz, David, Oliver Kröcher, and Frédéric Vogel. "Deactivation and Regeneration of Sulfonated Carbon Catalysts in Hydrothermal Reaction Environments." ChemSusChem 11, no. 13 (June 6, 2018): 2189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201800678.

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42

Li, Xingyun, Pan Li, Xiulian Pan, Hao Ma, and Xinhe Bao. "Deactivation mechanism and regeneration of carbon nanocomposite catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 210 (August 2017): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.046.

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43

Leboda, R., A. Gierak, B. Charmas, and L. Łodyga. "On the activation and deactivation of patch-like carbon-mineral adsorbents." Reaction Kinetics & Catalysis Letters 50, no. 1-2 (September 1993): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02062190.

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44

Kalakkad, D. S., M. Shroff, and A. K. Datye. "The changes caused by activation and reaction conditions on the morphology of iron catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171626.

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Iron is considered to be one of the most active/low cost catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) used to produce higher order hydrocarbons and synthetic fuels from coal. One of the biggest obstacles faced by the industry in the use of iron is that of rapid deactivation and attrition. While it is generally accepted that deactivation occurs due to carbon deposition or “coking”, the actual steps involved in the formation and deposition of carbon have not yet been thoroughly understood. Also, the causes for attrition in these catalysts have not yet been established.Our present study involves use of transmission electron microscopy to find the effect of various pretreatment and reaction conditions on the microstructure of Fe catalysts and scanning electron microscopy to study the problem of attrition. The transmission electron microscopy was performed on a 200 kVJEOL JEM 2000FX microscope and the SEM was done using a Hitachi S800 microscope.

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45

Wang, Fen, Xiumiao Yang, and Jingcai Zhang. "Well-Dispersed MgAl2O4 Supported Ni Catalyst with Enhanced Catalytic Performance and the Reason of Its Deactivation for Long-Term Dry Methanation Reaction." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091117.

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Dry methanation of syngas is a promising route for synthetic natural gas production because of its water and cost saving characteristics, as we reported previously. Here, we report a simple soaking process for the preparation of well-dispersed Ni/MgAl2O4-E catalyst with an average Ni size of 6.4 nm. The catalytic test results showed that the Ni/MgAl2O4-E catalyst exhibited considerably higher activity and better stability than Ni/MgAl2O4-W catalyst prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation method in dry methanation reaction. The long-term stability test result of 335 h has demonstrated that the deactivation of the Ni/MgAl2O4-E catalyst is inevitable. With multiple characterization techniques including ICP, EDS, XRD, STEM, TEM, SEM and TG, we reveal that the graphitic carbon encapsulating Ni nanoparticles are the major reasons responsible for catalyst deactivation, and the rate of carbon deposition decreases with reaction time.

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46

Champon, Isabelle, Alain Bengaouer, Albin Chaise, Sébastien Thomas, and Anne-Cécile Roger. "Modelling the Sintering of Nickel Particles Supported on γ-Alumina under Hydrothermal Conditions." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2020): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121477.

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Sintering of nickel particles is a well-known path of deactivation for Ni/Al2O3 catalysts. Considering the CO2 methanation in the context of Power-to-Gas, a sintering study for up to 300 h was performed in a controlled atmosphere between 450 and 600 °C. Since water is a product of the methanation reaction and is known to favor the particle sintering, the H2O:H2 molar ratio was varied in the range 0–3.2. Characterization of the post mortem samples showed sintering of both nickel and support particles. The absence of carbon oxides in the gas feed allows us to rule out other causes of deactivation such as carbon deposits. A sintering law is derived from the loss of metallic surface area with time-on-stream according to local temperature and H2O:H2 molar ratio. An excellent fit of the experimental data was obtained allowing the prediction of the metallic surface area within 15%.

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Mazo, M. Alejandra, Javier Sanguino, Aitana Tamayo, and Juan Rubio. "Carbon Nanofibers Grown In Situ on Porous Glass." Journal of Nano Research 50 (November 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.50.1.

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were grown in situ on porous glass at different temperatures and times using a Ni acetate catalyst and CH4/N2 as a carbon source. The porous glass was obtained by acid leaching of phase separated borosilicate glass, which generates a broad size distribution of mesopores (≈20 nm). Subsequent impregnation with Ni acetate reduces the pore size to ≈ 4 nm but also creates new micropores, thus increasing the surface area. During thermal treatment the surface area decreases as temperature rises, mainly due to shrinkage of the glassy matrix; however new pores are created at ≈ 70 nm (mainly at 600 oC) associated to the generation of CNFs on the glass surface, indicating this temperature offers the best conditions. The CNFs grow inside and fill in the micro-mesopores in the porous glass. They do not grow at 500 oC as the Ni acetate is not transformed into metallic Ni. Ni deactivation occurs at temperatures over 700 oC, thus reducing the formation of CNFs. At 1000 oC the degradation of CH4 leads to a thickening of the CNFs. The thermal degradation of the CNFs occurs in two steps, the first (360-416oC) corresponding to CNFs grown on the glass surface and the second (518-649oC) to CNFs grown inside the glass pores. Treatment times over 2 h lead to the deactivation of Ni, pore shrinkage and hence lower CNF yields.

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Dey, S., and G. C. Dhal. "Deactivation and regeneration of hopcalite catalyst for carbon monoxide oxidation: a review." Materials Today Chemistry 14 (December 2019): 100180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.07.002.

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49

Bedewy, Mostafa, Eric R. Meshot, and A. John Hart. "Diameter-dependent kinetics of activation and deactivation in carbon nanotube population growth." Carbon 50, no. 14 (November 2012): 5106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.06.051.

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50

Mok, K. R. C., F. Benistant, R. S. Teo, and S. Chu. "TCAD modeling and simulation of boron deactivation in NMOS carbon-implanted channel." Solid-State Electronics 53, no. 6 (June 2009): 658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2009.04.003.

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