Academic literature on the topic 'Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing'

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Journal articles on the topic "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

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Pinto, Paulo, Michael McVay, Marc Hoit, and Peter Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Plumb and Battered Pile Groups in Sand." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1569, no. 1 (1997): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1569-02.

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Pile groups are generally used under structures subject to heavy axial loads or large lateral forces with or without scour. The focus in this paper is only on pile groups subject to large lateral forces. Currently, little, if any, full-scale lateral load data exist on pile groups that vary pile head fixity or batter. Reported here is the summary of a series of centrifuge tests on free- and fixed-head plumb and battered pile groups. Influence of pile head constraint, pile spacing, soil density, and vertical dead load is reported for groups ranging from 3 × 3 to 3 × 7 in size. Results reveal a s
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Morrison, C. J., and D. R. Hayhurst. "Design-development of a variable load tension—compression creep testing machine." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 21, no. 1 (1986): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v211025.

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The design and development is described of a variable load tension-compression creep machine (±50 kN) which overcomes the disadvantages of servo-hydraulic and recirculating ball screw testing machines. The use of dead weight levers to apply specimen loads ensures the achievement of low running costs. Screwed end specimens are used with a 25.40 mm parallel sided gauge length and a diameter of 12.70 mm. It is shown that, provided modest rates of loading (0.4 kN/s) are used, high accuracy ‘through zero’ loadings can be achieved. The machine has been shown to operate satisfactorily for long period
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Mustapha, Khameel Bayo. "On the Dynamic Model of a Functionally Graded Spinning Structural Element of an Aircraft Appendage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 629 (October 2014): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.629.89.

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The use of advanced materials in automotive, aerospace and communication technologies has called for re-assessment of classical models of many structural elements. The primary objective of this study relates to the use of a higher-order continuum model for discerning the contribution of certain geometric and material properties on wave propagation behavior of a spinning appendage of an aircraft appendage. The spinning appendage is characterized by a through-thickness functional material gradation and subjected to an axial dead load. The foundation of the present model rests on the trio of the
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Mohammed, Shatha D., Teghreed H. Ibrahim, Ban F. Salman, Abbas A. Allawi, and Ayman El-Zohairy. "Structural Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete under Harmonic Loading." Buildings 13, no. 8 (2023): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081917.

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Industrial buildings usually are designed to sustain several types of load systems, such as dead, live, and dynamic loads (especially the harmonic load produced by rotary motors). In general, these buildings require high-strength structural elements to carry the applied loads. Moreover, Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) has been used for this purpose because of its excellent mechanical strength and endurance. Therefore, this study provides an experimental analysis of the structural behaviors of reinforced RPC beams under harmonic loads. The experimental program consisted of testing six simply sup
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Abdou, Samia, Wuzhen Zhang, and John W. Fisher. "Orthotropic Deck Fatigue Investigation at Triborough Bridge, New York." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1845, no. 1 (2003): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1845-17.

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The Triborough Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx in New York City. The bridge has suspended spans with a total length of 2,700 ft (823 m). The existing concrete deck is being replaced with an orthotropic steel deck to reduce the overall dead load. Before deck replacement, a prototype steel orthotropic deck was installed on the main span for a length of 120 ft (36.6 m). About 300 strain gauges were installed at critical locations to investigate the fatigue strength under static and dynamic loads of the AASHTO fatigue truck and under normal traffic. The strain gaug
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A. Kandasamy, P. Priya Rachel, Mahmoud Al Khazaleh, and K. Athiappan. "Comparative Analysis on Load-deformation Behavior of RC Slabs Incorporating Nano-SiO₂ and Coconut Fibers." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 14, no. 1 (2025): 18–29. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2025.03.2511233.

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For modern building materials, improving the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs is essential, especially when it comes to maximizing strength, durability, and sustainability. The load-deformation properties of RC slabs with Nano-SiO₂ and coconut fibers are examined in this work. By combining these materials, slabs' mechanical qualities, self-weight, and structural efficiency are intended to be improved. Because of its exceptional strength and self-cleaning qualities, Nano-SiO₂ strengthens the concrete matrix, increasing its resilience to environmental deterioration and du
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Wu, Wen-hua, Yan Zhao, Ying Gou, et al. "An Overview of Structural Design, Analysis and Common Monitoring Technologies for Floating Platform and Flexible Cable and Riser." China Ocean Engineering 36, no. 4 (2022): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-022-0044-5.

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AbstractOffshore oil and gas development plays an important part in the global energy sector. Offshore platforms and flexible pipes are the key equipments in the whole offshore oil and gas development system. Because of the randomness and uncertainty of wave and current loads in the ocean environment, the structural design and mechanical analysis of the marine equipment can be highly complicated. Therefore, this paper reviews the recent works of the theoretical model, numerical simulation, and experimental test in three research areas: hydrodynamic analysis of offshore platforms, structural me
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Mohd Noh, Hamidun, Nor Lailatul Izzatil Azwani Mohamad, Rolly Bangau, and Nur’Ain Idris. "Performance of Hollow Reinforced Concrete Beam in Structural Member." journal of Mechanical Engineering 17, no. 2 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v17i2.15296.

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Recently, the problem faced by the construction industry is a significant shortage of raw materials of concrete. Thus, the main idea of this research is to replace the use of concrete at the middle area of neutral axis of beam with voided system by incorporating PVC pipe. This research aims to reduce the concrete usage; structure’s self-weight without neglecting its strength performance. The experimental work consists of casting and testing the 1200 x 160 x 160 mm beams with (Ø40 mm, Ø50 mm, and Ø100 mm) and without void at the neutral axis. The test results indicated that the strength perform
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Sinha, N. K., G. W. Timco, and R. Frederking. "Recent Advances in Ice Mechanics in Canada." Applied Mechanics Reviews 40, no. 9 (1987): 1214–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3149553.

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Work on the mechanics of ice, which has been carried forward on a broad front in Canada, has resulted in a number of significant advances in the last 10 years. The factors influencing the growth of various types of sea ice have been quantified fundamentally and methods for examining the resulting material structure have been developed. Extensive work has been done on strength and deformation characteristics of ice. A significant effort has been the development of analytical expressions to describe the rheological behavior of ice. Elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and creep were also treated. A
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Naboka, A., P. Reznik, D. Petrenko, and P. Firsov. "STUDY OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB USING HYDROSTATIC METHOD." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 182 (2024): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2024-1-182-90-96.

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The scientific article is devoted to a complex study of the stress-strain state of a monolithic slab, implemented using the author’s method of hydrostatic loading, which involves setting the load by the weight of water and regulating its value by the height of the water column. To implement the given procedure, we used a tank-shaped facility for field tests of structures for vertical short-term and long-term loads. To determine the deflections of the loaded slab system, we installed mechanical deflection gauges of the 6PAO brand under the slab at pre-planned places. The short-term loading of t
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

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Chan, Andrew Hin-Cheong. "A unified finite element solution to static and dynamic problems of geomechanics." Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624605.

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Wang, Xiaobo Elgaaly Mohamed. "Behavior of steel members with trapezoidally corrugated webs and tubular flanges under static loading /." Philadelphia : Drexel University, 2003. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1721.1/98.

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Jung, Sunghoon. "Nanomechanics model for static equilibrium." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FJung.pdf.

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Peña-Ramos, Carlos Enrique 1962. "CONCRETE PONDING EFFECTS IN COMPOSITE FLOOR SYSTEMS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276421.

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Winterling, Jason. "Monitoring dead load and construction stresses of a heavily skewed HPS bridge." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 172 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1407500871&sid=15&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hajigholi, Pedram. "Optimal block loads of dynamic load history for fatigue durability testing." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67746.

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During a vehicle’s life it is experiencing complex loading from both driving and road conditions. This accumulating of loading might be damaging to the vehicle, leading to possible material fatigue cracking, hence it is a major importance to take it into account. During the design phase the vehicle will be tested on a rig to check the durability and fatigue life. This is done on the system as a whole or at component level. But as it is difficult to reproduce the actual complex loading, a much simpler loading sequence is applied on the component(s) during these tests. The purpose of this master
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Justice, Adam L. "Testing and assessment of FRP strengthened concrete T-beam bridges in Pennsylvania." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/11255.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 223 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-141).
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McColl, Chance C. "A matched-harmonic confluence approach to rotor loads prediction with comprehensive application to flight test." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45837.

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Future management of helicopter fleets will be more heavily based on individual component damage tracking and less on legacy usage monitoring (flight parameter-based) methods. This enhances health assessment capabilities by taking into account the actual loads on a component-by-component basis. However, accurate loads prediction in rotating frame components remains a challenge. Even with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques, prediction of the unsteady aerodynamic loads acting on the rotor blades is computationally intensive and problematic in terms of accurate loads predictio
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Broderick, Rick D. "Statnamic lateral loading testing of full-scale 15 and 9 group piles in clay /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1800.pdf.

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Wannenburg, Johann. "A study of fatigue loading on automotive and transport structures." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04032008-100638/.

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Books on the topic "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

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Gowda, Shankare. Duration of load effect on curved glulam beams: Part 2. Long term load tests and analysis. VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1998.

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Sreeramesh, Kalluri, Bonacuse Peter J. 1960-, and Symposium on Multiaxial Fatigue and Deformation: Testing and Prediction (1999 : Seattle, Wash.), eds. Multiaxial fatigue and deformation: Testing and prediction. ASTM, 2000.

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Ludwig, Kirschke, and Zick Rolf, eds. Initiation and propagation of cracks in notched unidirectional laminates of carbonfiber-reinforced epoxy under static tensile load. DFVLR, 1986.

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Blight, Geoffrey. Assessing loads on silos and other bulk storage structures: Research applied to practice. Taylor & Francis, 2006.

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Barczak, Thomas M. Canopy and base load distribution on a longwall shield. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1992.

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C, Shaw Harry, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Dynamic response assessment for the MEMS accelerometer under severe shock loads. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 2001.

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Shukla, A. Dynamic failure of materials and structures / Arun Shukla, Guruswami Ravichandran, Yapa D.S. Rajapakse, editors,. Springer, 2010.

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M, Kwaśniewski, Li Xiaochun 1964-, and Takahashi Manabu 1955-, eds. True triaxial testing of rocks. CRC Press/Balkema, 2012.

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Fellenius, Bengt H. Basics of foundation design: A geotechnical textbook and a background to the UniSoft programs. BiTech Publishers Ltd., 1996.

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Fellenius, Bengt H. Basics of foundation design. 2nd ed. BiTech Publishers Ltd., 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

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Rouse, Marshall, and Dawn Jegley. "Testing a Multi-bay Box Subjected to Combined Loads." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22449-7_21.

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Kennedy, Monty, and Jason Blough. "Improvements Are Needed by the Customer and Launch Vehicle Provider on Spacecraft Shock Loads, Required Analysis, and Required Testing." In Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-68184-4_3.

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Clifford Teme S. and Eton Godwin. "Determination of soil bearing pressures using a modified Plate Load Tester in the Nigerian Niger Delta." In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-761.

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The determination of the bearing capacity of sub-soils using the conventional Plate Load Testing Techniques usually involves firmly grouted heavy reaction piles, H-beams, extremely heavy dead weights, slow-moving barges and tug-boats that are not only time &amp;ndash; consuming but very expensive to employ. A Modified Plate Load Tester that comprises a 0.4064meter (16.00 inch) square base, a 0.2032meter (8.00 inch) diameter and 0.762m (2.50 feet) long cylindrical steel stem with a receptacle for load bearing at its top, two (2) 254mm-range dial gauges for settlement measurements, two (2) magne
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England, A. H., T. G. Rogers, and I. D. R. Bradford. "Finite deformations of a fibre-reinforced cantilever: distributed-load solutions." In Nonlinear Elasticity and Theoretical Mechanics. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198534860.003.0014.

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Abstract This paper considers the finite plane deformations of a cantilever beam composed of an elastic ideal fibre-reinforced material. The fibres are aligned along the beam. The cantilever is deformed by loads distributed over its lateral (upper and lower) surfaces. It is assumed that these forces either are ‘dead loads’ which do not change in magnitude or direction throughout the deformation, or that they act normally to the deformed lateral surfaces of the beam. In both cases solutions are derived using stationary-energy methods.
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Kirichek Y. "In situ testing in soil dynamics." In Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-199-1-271.

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The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of same field measuring techniques of soil properties under dynamic loading. Evaluation of determination of spring and dumper properties of dynamically loaded soil are presented. The methods of measuring basic parameters such as the spring constant and damping coefficient are given. The responses of the single mass system, supported by a linear spring and a viscous damper are investigated for vertical, sliding, rocking, and torsion vibrations. Dynamic plate loading tests are used for measuring soil properties in a wide range of independent vari
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Svinkin M.R. and Woods R.D. "Dynamic loads for high-strain dynamic pile testing." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-1259.

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The main purpose of high strain dynamic pile testing is the determination of the pile capacity at the time of testing. It is important to know the magnitude of the applied dynamic load in high-strain testing. Nevertheless, there are no widely accepted requirements for producing or measuring the load except that the pile capacity must be fully mobilized during dynamic testing. A simplified procedure to calculate short-duration impact loads is suggested that takes into consideration pile capacity and parameters when performing high-strain dynamic pile tests. Comments are also included regarding
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el-Geneidy A.M. "Combined load testing of piles." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-1120.

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Although, in practice, piles are often subjected to a combination of both vertical and lateral loads, only few experimental studies have been conducted to investigate the behavior of piles under this combined case of loading. A rare case combined load testing is presented and compared with a three-dimensional numerical model to prove the importance of studying the combined effect of loading in the analysis of piles, and the need for specificastions and reference codes to judge their combined behavior.
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El-Mossallamy Y., Ghalayini I., Demerdash M., and Hammad W. "Design Considerations for Offshore Structures in the Dead Sea." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-1362.

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Exploitation of the Dead Sea minerals using a solar evaporation system is a major industrial enterprise in Jordan that has been in operation since 1982. The process involves the pumping of brine from the Dead Sea to the solar evaporation ponds via a transfer canal. Because of the continual reduction in the Dead Sea water level at a rate of about 1.1 m per annum, a new intake pumping station has been recently commissioned by the Arab Potash Company. The area of interest is located in a vast tectonic depression that is part of the Dead Sea Jordan Rift valley system. The subsoil consists mainly o
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Ullner, C. "Instrumented Indentation Test." In Hardness Testing. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310167.

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Abstract Instrumented indentation hardness testing significantly expands on the capabilities of traditional hardness testing. It employs high-resolution instrumentation to continuously control and monitor the loads and displacements of an indenter as it is driven into and withdrawn from a material. The scope of application comprises displacements even smaller than 200 nm (nano range) and forces even up to 30 kN . Mechanical properties are derived from the indentation load-displacement data obtained in simple tests. The chapter presents the elements of contact mechanics that are important for t
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"Full-scale testing of concrete deck slabs under fatigue-causing axle loads." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-138.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dead loads (Mechanics) Testing"

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Ronneteg, Sabina, Anna Juhlin, and Ulf Kivisäkk. "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Duplex Stainless Steels Testing of Different Product Forms at Low Temperature." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07498.

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Abstract During the last 10 years, failures have occurred in duplex stainless steels in subsea applications. When the duplex stainless steels are cathodic protected, the hydrogen concentration on the surface increases significantly and when combined with stress, failures and cracks can occur due to hydrogen embrittlement. This study is a part of a larger test program covering hydrogen embrittlement in different duplex stainless steel grades and different product forms. So far, it has focused on UNS S32750. Materials have been tested using a constant load with dead weight, a potential of -1050
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Benn, Ernie, Simon Yuen, Andrea Weston, Michael J. Jirinec, George Y. Lai, and Mark Stoutamire. "Restoration of a Petroleum Refinery Vessel Using Weld Metal Overlay." In CORROSION 1998. NACE International, 1998. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1998-98581.

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Abstract An atmospheric crude tower was subjected to accelerated corrosion over a short period of time. The corrosion mechanism was due primarily to changes in the feed, with higher quantities of sulfur compounds being processed at higher operating temperatures. The corrosion damage extended over a height of 14ft (4.3m) between the medium gas oil and diesel zones in the carbon steel section of the tower. In view of the criticality of the vessel to the refinery’s operations, a decision was made to restore the vessel integrity using weld metal overlay. After a complete structural design review,
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Kivisäkk, U. "Investigation of Low Temperature Creep and Relaxation Behaviour of Stainless Steels at Stress Levels Representative for Hydrogen Embrittlement." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07495.

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Abstract It is today well known that low temperature creep or relaxation plays an important role in the failure mechanism for hydrogen embrittlement of duplex stainless steel subject to cathodic protection. Avoiding low temperature creep or relaxation during service has been one important principle in recent design recommendations in order to avoid hydrogen embrittlement. Low temperature creep and relaxation experiments at room temperature have been performed for stainless steels at relevant stress levels for hydrogen embrittlement. The creep experiments were performed with dead weight creep t
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Cernocky, Paul. "Overview of Recent Three-Dimensional, Small-Scale, Mini-Pipe Testing of Carbon Steel Well Tubulars with Internal Pressure, Axial Load, and Internal/External H2S Exposure." In CORROSION 2007. NACE International, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2007-07rts7.

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Abstract Mini-pipe testing has been used to expose miniature low-alloy carbon steel pipes to one-sided and two-sided H2S combined with high internal pressures (20,000+ psi) and axial loads. This paper explains the types of tests that have been done and the results that have been observed. One-sided vs two-sided H2S exposure combined with stress gradients across the pipe wall is shown to lead to differences in pipe performance. Test results indicate a substantial increase in pipe material performance when one-sided H2S exposure is taken into account compared with two-sided H2S exposure. Tests o
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Jackson, Karen, Edwin Fasanella, and Justin Littell. "Development of a Continuum Damage Mechanics Material Model of a Graphite- Kevlar Hybrid Fabric for Simulating the Impact Response of Energy Absorbing Subfloor Concepts." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12035.

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This paper describes the development of input properties for a continuum damage mechanics based material model, Mat 58, within LS-DYNA® to simulate the response of a graphite-Kevlar® hybrid plain weave fabric. A limited set of material characterization tests were performed on the hybrid graphite-Kevlar® fabric. Simple finite element models were executed in LS-DYNA® to simulate the material characterization tests and to verify the Mat 58 material model. Once verified, the Mat 58 model was used in finite element models of two composite energy absorbers: a conical-shaped design, designated the "c
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Green, A., M. Benge, Y. Lu, M. Kelley, and A. P. Bunger. "Work Hardening and Stress Memory for Granite Under Repetitious Triaxial Loading Cycles." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0288.

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ABSTRACT Granitic rock subjected to multiple load/unload/reload cycles is observed to have a much lower stiffness on the first loading step compared to subsequent cycles. This apparent work hardening has been proposed to provide unique insight into a rock's stress history, making this mechanism the basis for the core-based in-situ stress estimation method known as Deformation Rate Analysis (DRA). This paper presents cyclic triaxial testing of quarried granite (Cold Spring Charcoal Granite). The basic unit of the experiments is a load/unload/load/unload (LULU) cycle, where the sample is at a co
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da Costa Figueiredo, Fabio, Lavinia Maria Alves Borges, and Luiz Felipe Vieira Moreira. "Analysis of Lateral Resistance of Buried Pipes by Limit Analysis Considering Dead-Loads." In 9th International Symposium on Solid Mechanics. ABCM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.mecsol2024.msl24-0111.

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Li, Feng, Yongzhi Wang, and Andrea Da Ronch. "Flight Testing an Adaptive Feedforward Controller for Gust Loads Alleviation on a Flexible Aircraft." In AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3100.

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Jochmann, Peter, Karl-Ulrich Evers, and Walter L. Kuehnlein. "Model Testing of Ice Barriers Used for Reduction of Design Ice Loads." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37385.

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The drilling rig Sunkar, owned and operated by Parker Drilling under contract to Agip KCO, was the first drilling rig in the North Caspian Sea. In this area sea ice may occur between November and April. The original ice protection concept of the drilling rig was based on the fact that ice loads were partly taken and/or reduced by two rows of heavy piles. As an alternative concept ice model tests for Sunkar with installed ice barriers (Ice Rubble Generators) around the rig were carried out in the Large Ice Model Basin of HSVA in order to establish the design ice loads and to prove that the desi
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Gu¨rtner, Arne, and Joachim Berger. "Results From Model Testing of Ice Protection Piles in Shallow Water." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92100.

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The development of oil and gas fields in shallow icy waters, for instance in the Northern Caspian Sea, have increased the awareness of protecting offshore structures by means of ice barriers from the impacts of drifting ice. Protection could be provided by Ice Protection Piles (IPPs), installed in close vicinity to the offshore structure to be protected. Piles then take the main loads from the drifting ice by pre-fracturing the advancing ice sheet. Hence, the partly shielded offshore structure could be designed according to significant lower global design ice loads. In this regard, various con
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